ARMY TEST and EVALUATION COMMA DUGWAY PROVING GROUND 'I TECHNICAL FACI LIT1ES

TECHNICAL FACILITIES BROCHURE U 2

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ARMY TEST AND EVALUATION COMMA DUGWAY PROVING GROUND 'i TECHNICAL FACI LIT1ES

-4 BROCHURE

1 OCTOBER 1964

PLANNING COORDINATION DIVISON DUGWAY PROVING GROUND DUGWAY, UTAH TABLE OF CONTENTS

Introduction 1

Administrative Area 8

Chemical Laboratory Facilities 14

Biological Laboratory Facilities 30

Radiological Facilities 60

Grids and Samplers 80

Grids 81

Sampling Devices 136

Technical Support Facilities 158

Munition Storage, Handling and Environmental Testing Facilities 159

Decontamination and Laundry Facilities 180

Photographic Facilities 192

Instrument Repair Facilities 210

Meteorological Facilities 2 24

Communication Facilities 236

Air Operations 252

Crash Rescue Operations 259

Computer Facilities 262 Introduction

Dugway Proving Ground, located approximately 75 miles south west of

Salt'Lakc City, Utah in the vast area of the Great Salt Lake desert, is

8 Class 11 installation under the command of the Commanding General, Head-

quarters, U. s. Army Test and Evaluation Command. The-CommandingOfficer

of the Proving Ground has the mission for (a) providing and operat-

ing a CBR Proving Ground for the U. S. Army; (b) planning and conducting

or partictpating in tests of CBR munitions, agents and other materiel as

directed by U. S. Army Test and Evaluation Command; (c) planning and con-

ducting field and laboratory tests and investigations in chemical, biolog-

ical, radiological, meteorological, and ecological and epidemiological

areas to insure the responsible technological and safety capability for efficient field testing of CBR weapons systems, defense systems and materiel;

and (d) planning, monitoring and participating in service tests as directed by U. S.~Army Test and Evaluation Command.

The Proving Ground encompasses an area of approximately 1500 square miles and includes a variety of terrains such as portions of the Cedar c

~ and Dugway mountain ranges, the Great Salt Lake desert and variously j vegetated semi arid regions. Meteorological extremes include temperatures ranging from -15OF to 120°F, relative humidities of from 4'% to 90%, wind speeds ranging from near calm up to 40-50 mph and meteorologicsl regimes both synoptic and localized in nature. 1 The combination of terrains1 and meteorological conditions provides the possibility for testing of DOD wezpons, defensive systems and auxiliary

1 Y equipment in 8 number of operationally important situations. Evaluation

of these test items is made possible by a complex of instrumented target /$& 15 --dl9 1 . areas and grids supplemented by a technological complex of over 1000 I Although the prime mission responsibility is ' h. buildings and structures.

I \. the provision of Proving Ground facilities for CBR testing, the combina-

m tion of isolation, large area, varied terrains and environments and grid

and technological facilities provides the capability for testing such

items as armored equipment, vehicles and associated equipment, engineer

materiel, air defense systems (including weapons and fire distribution

systems), target drones for air defense weapons, air defense electronic

counter measures and counter-counter measures, atomic demolition muni-

tions, airborne equipment (including aircraft), communications equipment

and systems used by units normally a part of the field army, automatic

.- data processing equipment and ancillary items for use by units normally

a part of the field army, army aviation items including aircraft and

allied army aviation equipment, antipersonnel mines and related equipment,

protective clothing, protective and defensive materiel systems and tech-

niques, tactical and non-tactical surface transportation vehicles, rockets,

guided missiles and sub-component systems, weapons, weapons systems,

items of ammunition, combat vehicles and other eutomotive materiel, sig- 4 nal communications equipment, meteorological equipment, projectiles,

propellants, cartridge cases, primers, fuzes, mines, grenades and other

types of munitions. - Types of tests possible of accomplishment on the above items include

2 research tests, engineering design tests, engineering tests, environ-

mental tests, service tests, check tests, pre-production tests, initial

':'production tests, confirmatory tests, acceptance tests and troop tests. 1.:- :~:: ..1.: Test areas under direct Army control are adjacent to similar areas contrLlled by the U. S. Air Force, including the Wendover Bombing Range

which provides a total of approximately 3000 square miles available for

test purposes. The shared control between the Depts. of Army and Air

Force of the air space up to 60,000 feet over this combined area facili-

tates the scheduling of essential DOD testing with no interference from

civilian aircraft.

Approximately 400 miles of improved road system permits rapid trans-

portation of personnel and equipment from the main technical and adminis-

trative areas to the varlous target grids. Aircraft support for test

oper+tions and maintenance of safety and meteorological controls is .?' ,P,, - \ ,. ,. l-.i'c. maintained from Michael Army Air Field at Dugway; which includes a main

runway of 8000 feet in length and 200 feet in width, a taxiway 75 feet

wide and approximately 2500 feet in length and parking and decontamin-

ation aprons which are adjacent to these. A helicopter landing strip

is-available in the administrative area near the U. S. Army Rospltal and

there is a landing strip capable of handling light aircraft adjacent

to the main gate (11 miles from Michael Army Air Field).

Although no direct rail facilities are available to the Proving Ground,

the nearest rail head locations being at St. John and Timpe, Utah, approxi-

mately 30 and 40 miles distant from the Proving Ground respectively, two

3 main access roads provide for truck transportation of items and equipment?'.

The facilities providing the indicated test capahilities and those

supporting the test mission elements are presented on the succeeding pages. I__------...__, /FFIClAl- USE OW-

ADMINISTRATION AREA

! Administrative Area

The administrative and housing facilities (Easy Area) lie just inside the extreme eastern boundary of the proving ground approximately ten miles east of the central scientific area, Within this area personnel employed at the proving ground and their families live in a community of homes, schools and facilities found in any small American city. Living and recreational activities are geared to satisfy the requirements of active well educated residents. In addition to the homes located in Easy Area, there is a trailer court that can accomodate over

150 units. 8 Housing Area

Post Chapel

9 - School facilfties

Post Gymnasium

and

Swimming pool - . .- c .

POSE Exchange

11 Within Easy Area, in addition to the adrninstrative and housing

,I facilities, are located certain other operations which provide essential i support to the technical mission of the post. These include the Post

. Engineer shops, Motor Pool, Transportation Office, Sewage Disposal

Plant, Water Purification Plant', Post Printing Plant, Safety Office, .. .. Signal Office and Post Hospital.

, t

13 14 Chemical Laboratory Facilities

The Chemical Laboratory, located in Dog Area, contains the facilities to support the field test and laboratory programs for the evaluation of chemical items produced by the Department of Defense as well as for specialized chemical test technology directed to the improve- ment of field testing. The facilities include laboratories equipped for analytical, physical, organic and biochemistry; facilities for the preparation of reagents and sampling equipment for field tests; for the support of laboratory and field test animals and for the automated receipt, handling and assessment of the thousands of samples resulting from field tests.

Among the specialized pieces of apparatus utilized by the research chemists are the electron microscope, infra red and ultra violet spect- rophotometers, Spinco preparative and analytical centrifuges, Podbielniak

Research High Vacuum stills, recording polarographs, Barcraft-Warburg apparatus, Craig counter-current distribution apparatus as well as a variety of routine laboratory equipment including pH meters, titrimeters, colorimeters, spectrometers, etc. Typical examples of the major items of equipment are presented on the following pages.

15 Zlectron 1.5croscope

The electron !:icrosco?c provide; the cc.pp;bility for the investi-

Kction af the finc structure cf chcmic:.l .ad biolcgicA miteri.:.I.,? ?r related to the molecular confimrr.tion cf the invcrti&ed cubstznces

.I i, Beclunzn DK 2.': Spectrophotometer

As the standzrd for visible, and to a lesser extent in the near infrared and ultrxiolet region of the spectra, the Chemical Division utilizes s Beckman Model DK 2.4 Spectrophoton-cer.

me xnge and accuracy of the DK 2A is well sulted to the mission of chemical analysis. Repetitive scanning allows the analyst to dettr- mine rates of reaction as well 2s to maximize response in an analytical procedure. Infrared Recording Spectrophotometer, Perkin-Elmer Model 12

Qualitative and quantitative measurements in the infrared range between 2 and 15 microns are produced by this instrument. The Model 12

Infrared Recording Spectrophotometer is of the double beam optical type and has a sodium chloride optical system. A pen- and ink recording system is used to illustrate the absorption spectrograms, It has a reproducibility of %% in the transmission phase and .005 microns in wave length.

The physical chemists utilize this spectophotometer primarily for identification of compounds and reaction intermediates, and for quantitative analysis of agents. The instrument is also used to determine the purity of organic compounds synthesized locally.

18 Cary Recording Spectrophotometer Applied Physics Corp., Node1 11

This item of equipment is operated by physical chemists and is used to obtain spectrain the ultraviolet and visible range. The resulting data is both qualitative and quantitative.

The Cary Spectrophotometer has a range of from 1850 to 9000 angstroms, with a resolution range of 2-5 angstroms. The optical density range is from 0 to 3.5.

The Chenical Laboratory uses this spectrophotometer for routine mass analysis of field samples, for a variety of research projects where it is desirable to find the purity of compounds, to determine reaction.

19 intermediates, to follow reaction rates, and to develop new analytical

methods for routine analysis or modify old methods for use with new

agents,

Spinco Ultracentrifuge, Model E, Analytical

The Model E Analytical Ultracentrifuge is utilized in research work

. with proteins, primarily to characterize the physical properties of

proteins being measured.

20 The instrument is capable of making estimates of particle sizes, precipitation time and sedimentation constants. The optical method included utilizes the deviation of light due to the difference between the refractive Index of the solute and that of the medium.

The Ultracentrifuge consists of a high speed drive unit, a rotor vacuum chamber, analytical and preparative rotors, an optical track and tube with camera assembly, a light source, vacuum pumps, a refrigerator and a drive unit speed control. It has a height of 84" and a weight of

2400 pounds and a frequency rate of 50 or 60 cycles.

Sargent Model 21 Recording Polarograph

This item of laboratory equipment is utilized to achieve agent- purity analysis and provide analyses for some cations.

The Sargent Polarograph produces a continuous, visible record of the current-voltage curve which Is characteristic of a solution undergoing electrolysis between a dropping mercury electrode and a mercury electrode. Controls are provided to permit selection of the voltage range in which the useful portion of the curve lies, and adjustment of the sensitivity of the recorder to the current developed. By making proper adjustments, it is possible to control the size and shape of the curve so as to facilltace measurement and to emphasize detail.

The Model 21 requires 115V, 50 or 60 cycles AC, five 1.5 volt Bur- gess 6F batteries and one 1.5 volt Columbia No. 6 recorder battery. It

21 has an accuracy of 12.5 microvolts or 0.5% of the current measured.

The height is 30.5", depth 20,O" and weight 185 pounds.

Barcraft-Warburg Apparatus, Precision Inst-Corp.

A Barcraft-Warburg Apparatus is located in the Chemical Laboratory and is used primarily for the determination of cholinesterase levels from animal blood samples.

22 The apparatus is a twenty-manometer unit model capable of measuring cell respiration and similar processes depending upon reactions wherein a gas is either absorbed or evolved under carefully controlled conditions, but is also suitable for almost any micro or macro analytical procedure involving a kinetic gas charge, It can be used specifically for such measurements as respiratory exchange in yeast, bacterial spores plant and animal tissue, blood gases, reactions of hemoglobin and other blood pigmencs, etc. Reactions in wLich acid or alkali are produced or consumed in bicarbonate solutions in equilibrium with C02 gas mixtures can also be accomplished with this apparatus.

23 \

Countercurrent Distribution Apparatus

The Countercurrent Distribution Apparatus, manufactured by the

H. 0. Post Scientific Instruments Co., is of the original Craig design and is the fifty-four metal tube model.

It is used by the proving ground laboratories as a method of determining, quaititatively, the distribution of a chemical substance between two immisible solvents. The results of the determination yield the purity of a compound.

24 Spinco Batch Rotor No. 1600 Ultracentrifuge, Model L, Preparative

The Model L l!ltracentrifuge is utilized by bio organic chemists to achieve purification of high-molecular weight rnateri-1.

The Spinco Preparative Ultracentrifuge is capable of treating large

amounts of material cmtrifugaily and is highly efficient fc- sedimenting materials that pack readily. The rotor bowl grooves are two-dimensional to allow for efficipTt packing and resuspension of material. The central core prevents sloshing and keeps possible imbalance and stirback at a

minimum. The design of the rotating bowl permits development of high

centrifugal forces in the fluid being processed.

Specialized organic laboratory equipment is utilized in the prepa-

ration of purified standard reagents. solvents and chemical agents as

._ bueii 25 for research intermediates.

Podbielniak Xesearch High Vacuum Still

The Podbielniak high vacuum still permits the preparaTion of highly purify.& samples of easily decomposable and heat labile oompounds end

:he 5eFi.rztion 05 research cheni,21s with sli.:hz Cifferences in physicii properties and molecular structure.

Routine Analysis Laboratory

The requirement for the rapid analysis of 10,000 to 30,000 chemical samples resulting from a field test has necessitated the automatlon of facilities for the preparation, handling and analysis of agents. This action includes punching of data concerning sample agent concentratlon on punch cords for use in mach~neevaluation of test re=..lts. E.:uipment is a1:zilable to permit the handling md asse ;m t of chemical materiels zs gases, liquids or particulate solids and is adaptable to the analysis of all present and past chemic21 candidate or type classified sp,ents. Infrared Capabilities

The Perkin-Elmer 14odel 21 Infrared Spectrophotometer 2nd the

Perkin-Elmer Eodel12 Infrared Spectrophotometer as shown on page 18 provide the Chemical Division wit:: 2 reliable capability in the infrared region of the spectra. Both in-truments zre equipped with severLl prisms to allow obsenration from the near to the fEr infrared. Various cells

ellow for use of micro, liquid or gas samples. tin attenuated Totcil F.e- flectence attachment pem:ts observation of powders as well as solid i surfaces,

The complete Saddler Spectra L-brary aids the analyst in indent- ificztion of compounds prepared in the laboratories. Automatic Spot Counter and Sizer

The Automatic Spot Counter and Sizer was developed for Dugway

Proving Ground by Airborne Instruments Laboratory for the automatic measurement and counting of spot images recorded on 35m microfilm.

ASCK is a flying-spot film scanner. fL 5 micron spot scans 90 lines on a 9 by 9mm area of the microfilm at a rate of 900 lines per

second. R set of logic circuits comprising 2 special purpose computer is programed through 32 steps fiving a complete counting and sizing operation in 32 Seconds.

The output from .&CS is a printed tape record of the nwmber of spots in each of ten size categories. The size boundaries can range from 10 microns to 2550 microns. The sizing accuracy for ideal spots is 5 ::,. ASCAS will count up to 400,000 images per second. X-Ray D,iffraction and Fluorescence Unit

Tiis instrument ic used as a tool for positive identii'icati>n

of crystiiline materials through chnrxteristir "d" spacings 3f the

corr;.xund. It is clso ?. ,,:etul tool for qualitctive 2nd qucctitative identification of trace meTzlc eitner ir, solutior or in zolid p&se.

Micmscope-Cmerz

'1 Leitz htomctic Cnera co3ipled t.o a Leitr. research model

J:llcrOsCOpe z.Lov~sthe resczrcher to obtain a permanent record of microscopic occurances. Films of micm-wganisrns or pov-ders can zrovide an in?ut for the automaTic spot counter and sizer thus makinz

2o:;cible ?).tomatic rather thnn visual counting and sizing. Technicon Auto Analyzer

The Technicon Auto Analyzer is an automated Colorimeter which processes up to 60 samples per hour. 'Fne various components allow for automated reactions, mixing, ex%ractions, etc., between the smpling point 2nd the analyzer. The versatility of the device permits adaption of most test tube bench 2nhlyses to zn automated strem.

Environment a1 Incubat or-Shaker

i'. Bruns::ick Environmental IncubatorShaker provides z stable environment :t refrigerated as well as elevated temperatures. Construc- tion is such thzt the ztmosphere in the incubator can be controlled and regulzted. "%io sets of lights are evailable for varying the illumination znd ;I -milt in shzker platform agitates Et any of a large range of speeds. I Raytheon Nodel LG-9 G-s Leser

The Reytheon Hodel LG-9 Gas Leser has 6,328 1i3, 11,523 no, End

33,912 wavelength outputs. In the hemispherical resonator config-

urzzion the power output in a uniphase sphericzl wavefront is 10 mw

cii. LKth a modified confocal resonator the output is a 30 mw cw multi- mode wavefront. r’ron the hemisphericel resonator the laser beam can

be csllbeted to lesr than 25 seconds of arc. _.. nlken' s Aerogrzph 664 ;. ;. Eeckmen GC-ZA and a Vilken's Lerogrcph 664 provide a complete ccpability in the area of gas chromatogrzphy. The GC-ZX has a hydrogen flme detector, programed temperature replator znd various iajection end collection modes. The ;ierograph as pictured above with both a hydrogen flame and eletron capture detector will Give sensitivities io meet cli requirements. The dual-chamel operation of the .':eroCraph ccn be used for identification as vel1 as quantitative andyses. 29f

BIOLOGICAL LABORATORY FACILITIES

Principal laboratory functions for the Biological Division are located at Baker Area, which is approximately eight miles west of Dog Area.

Facilities at Baker consist of a biological laboratory, a munitions filling building, animal rearing and holding facilities, a decontamination building and munitions holding buildings.

A portion of the operations previously performed at Baker Laboratory have been relocated at the Radiological Laboratory at Able Area. These functions will hereafter be referred to as occurring at the Able Area

Biological Laboratory.

The biological laboratory at Baker Area consists of approximately sixty rooms and has the capability to conduct laboratory tests and

31 assessment of field trial smples in connection with the testing of live organisms.

One area within the laboratory is used for the rearing and breeding of test animals. Facilities are available here for holding animals prior to and following exposure. Facilities illustrated provide holding space

,... .

for smaller animals such as guinea pigs, rabhits and mice. Facilitie5 for holding larger animals such as goats and monkeys are also available.

32 An area where cages can be washed and processed is also located in this building.

In connection with the animal operations, two large walk-in autociaves are found in the Laboratory where equipment associated with exposed animals is decontaminated.

33 A recently remodeled section of the Baker Laboratory has resulted

in a fully equipped preparation room which is used for cleaning, sterilization and preparation of equipment. This room also includes a small autoclave and a chemical fume hood.

34 Before sampling devices can be taken to the field for conduct of

biological trials, they must be prepared with such items as agent collect-

;ng media, fluids, etc. and assembled with other pieces of necessary

equlpment. These procedures are accomplished in a "cold frame" holding room, From three to five hundred separate sets of sampling equipment de-

pending on the specific test requirement can be prepared simultaneously

in this room.

35 In an effort to reduce hazards and simplify decontamination,a plastic

suit has recently been developed and its use initiated in the Laboratory.

This air supplied suit covers the wearer completely. Certain rooms con- --~~~ ~-~ taining laboratory work benches are left in a continually contaminated . - - ..~~~~~ ~~ ~ condition so employees must don these protective plastic suits before

._ ~~ ~~ . entering the rooms to work. At the completion of the work period, the

employee wears his contaminated suit into a shower where the suit is

36 Y decontaminated by a variety of solutions which may be disseminated through

the shower. Wearing this suit, the employee renlins free from contact wirh viable agents.

37 Equipment for the accomplishment of specific functions in the biological :..ea is also located in ilhe Laboratory. Virology studies

presently in progress require the use of a large number of embryonated eggs. These eggs must be incubated for periods of time for the purpose of checking growth statusa The incubators located in the Laboratory have a capacity of 10,000 eggs per batch,

The Reynier Chambtr

The Reynicr Chamber is a device used to create and study aerosol clouds

The chamber contains a temperature and relative humidity environment which can he regu:ated and controlled to simulate any kind of outside condition.

DEC~Yrate studies are mace on bacterial suspensions in the aerosol clouds generated in the chamber.

38 Test animals car. also be exposed to the suspensions within the chambers, being inserted into the chamber by means of hoods located in the next room and connected to the chamber interior. Newly installed Class

111 hoods facilitate this operation.

39 Class 111

Hoods

Additional autoclaves for the sterilization and decontamination of smaller pieces c.: equipment and laboratory apparatus, such as instruments, pipettes, petr:. dishes, hbblers, etc.

2re locared in the Assay

Room

4G The Torroid Drum Chamber

In addition to the information supplied through use of the Reynier

Chamber, the study of bacterial aerosol clouds is continued with the

Torroid Drum Chamber. The continual notion of this drum provides the ability to conduct extended time studies because of the lessening of settling effects. This chamber also produces aerosol clouds under oon- trolled conditions of temperature and relative humidity.

41 Laboratory Analysis Procedures

Many laboratory anelysis procedures are incorporated in Dugway

Proving Ground operations. Pictured above are sone of those involved with the reections, preparation 2nd use of various serums as acoomplished by the biolo,-ical laboratory at Able Area. The majority of the serological analyses pertain to comple:r.ent fixation tests vith experimental animal serurc.

Chemical Hood, Autoclave and Incubator

Tne chemical hood, the autoclave 2nd the incubator are 211 pieces of oquipnent located in and essential to the operations of the Able Area biological laboratory.

42 IAL

The chemical kood serves the purpose of evacuating all toxic fidmes and aeroscls produced by experiments which are performed in

Yh? hod. Items requiring deomt,anination or sterilization are

ii? the au:oclave. .

43 Tiselius Electrophoresis Apparatus

The Tiselius Electrophoresis apparatus, manufactured by the Perkin-

Elmer Corp., is used in the Able Area biological laboratory primarily for measuring the rate of protein migration in an electrical field. It is also used to study alteration in plasma proteins as a result of infection

and to examine various microbiological proteins.

Beckman Spectrophotome.or, Model DU Quartz ,

This spectophotometer, located in the Able Area biological laboratory, is used primarily for the photometric assay of various compounds. It contains an electrical measuring circuit with high photometric sensitivity and linear characteristics and spectral absorbance curves from 320 millimicrons through the visible spectrun. 44 The Fluorescence Accessory deteots fluorescent substances as low as one

ten-billionth of a gram per milliliter of solution.

Coleman Universal SpectrophotoneTer, Model 14

The Model 14 spectrophotometer is designed to utilize liEht as a laboratory tool in three different manners: namely as a spectrophofo- mster, as a photofluorometer, and as a phoionephelometer. The instr- ment contains a removable s-ale calibrated in both percent, transmittanc,e and In terns of optical decsiTy.

The Universal Spectrophodometer ogerates with sample (cuvettes)

45 volumes of greater than 2.5 milliliters and measures transmission, trans-

mittance and density. It produces a light of any selected color and is

calibrated to express the color of the monochromatic light it produces in

terms of vave length ( ) of the test. It is also capable of determining

the end point in colorimetric titrations and making pH determinations.

In the course of biological operations at Dugvay Proving Ground,

this spectrophotometer is used prinarilg to standardize bacterial

solutions (piotonephelometer) and to assay various chenical compounds.

46 Raytneon Magnetostriction Oscillator, Model S-102

The Magnetostriction Oscillator located in the hibogical laboratory at Able Area is used to vibrate a sample of liquid at a freqiiency in the order of 9 Kilocycles.

Operation of the oscillator is ba: ?d on the fact that magnetic materials change dimensions when placed in a changing magnetic field.

Magnetostriction effect is utilized by attaching a sample cup to a magnetic rod and planoing the rod within a coil of wire connected to an electronic oscillator. It is also used .as a sonic disintegraror

47 Berkele:; Decimal Scaler, Model 2000, Nuclear Inst. Corp. Binary Scaler,

and Technical Associates Lead Shield

The three items listed above are located in the Biological Opera-

tions Division labcraAory at Able Area and will be-used primarily in

connection with the planned post participation in a project utilizing

samples eerosolized in 2 Tcrroid drum and then assaJ-ed biologicelly end

radiologically for comparison of the physical decay rate to :he biologi-

cal decay rate of the aerrsol.

The Berkeley Decimal Scaler contains a direct reading electric scale

of 1000, a cechanical register, tir..e clock, regulated high voltage supply, pre amps, etc. and will provide accurate quantitative datp..

4e The Scaler is 16" wide X 3/4" high x 10 3/8" deep and weighs 38 lbs.

Breun-Knecht-Hoinmann Chromatocab

The Chromatocab is used for both ascending and descending chromatographic separations of filter paper sheets having a maximum size of 188 x

22$" and may also be used for one-diminsional separations. A window located in the front permits easy observation of all chromatograms during operation.

. ..~ To form a unit, the Chromatocab also includes a 12" x 24" chromato-

graphy glass unit. This glass unit occupies a small area of table space

and accomodates four solvent troughs. Up to nine-inch widths of filter

paper can be used in the solvent through assemblies, making a total of

72" available. The solvent trough assemblies are supported on a stain- , less steel rack which carries angle brackets adjustable for height. The

Chromatocab assembly is used at Dugway Proving Ground to study the perm-

eability of cell walls to amino acids.

Barcraft-Warburg Apparatus

A Barcroft-Warburg apparatus is located in the Able Area.Labaratory

and is used primarily for the determination of the effect of cell age

suspending media on cellular respiration.

The apparatus is a twenty-manometer unit model capable of measuring

cell respiration and similar processes depending upon reactions wherein

a gas is either absorbed or evolved under carefully controlled conditions,

but is also suitable for almost any macro or micro analytical procedure

involving a kinetic gas change. It can be used specifically for such

rmasurer;ents as respiratory exchange in yeast, bacteria spores, plant

and animal tissues, blood gases, reactions of hemoglobin and other

blood pigments. Reactions in which acid or alkali are produced or

consumed in bicarbonate solutions in equilibrium with C02 gas mixtures

can also be accomplished with this apparatus.

50 The bath solution has a temperature range of from 25O to 6OoC with a uniformity of & 0. lo Cat 37O 6 A noiseless shaking mechanism

is found in the manometer assembly.

The apparatus also contains two 1000-watt Low Drift immersion

heaters, hp stirrer, k hp variahle "v" belt drive, a micro-set thermo-regulator, a merc-to-merc relay, etc. The overall dimensions are 36" high x 28" wide x 28" deep,

51 Torbal Desalter and Thin Layer Chromatography Device

The Torbal Chromatographic Desalting Device, Model CD-1 is used primarily for ion exchange, desalting of such items as amino acids in serum and in microbiological samples. It is also used to purify proteins and large polypeptides. The thin layer chromatography process increases the rapidity with which chromatography may be accomplished.

The mechanism has pH solutions, contains a milliammeter, a current adjustment knob, a cell unit, connecting springs for electrode contacts,

Pasteur pipettes, etc. Up to 6 milliliters of sample can be desalted in a single operation by charging all cells to the limit of their capacity.

52 Y Spinco Ultracentrifuge - Model L.

The Model L Spinco Ultracdntrifuge is housed in the Able Area biological laboratory and serves the primary function of separating

cellular fractions and differentiating various antigenic fractions

of bacteria. It is also used to prepare cells for metabolic studies.

High centrifugal force is used as a means of concentrating,

purifying, and classifying macromolecules and particulate matter of

submicroscopic size.

i The machine permits more than 100 milliliters of material to be subjected to any centrifugal field up to 140,000 times gravity, or amounts of approximately one liter to lower forces at controlled temperatures. It has adjustable speed, rapid-cycling, is refrigerated, and of the vacuum type,

The Spinco Ultracentrifuge is 40f" high x 27" wide x 31" deep and weighs 735 lbs.

Autotechnicon

The Autotechnicon is a fully automatic machine used for the

! preparation of tissues, adaptable to any method or technique. It will accomplish fixation, dehydration, clearing, impregnation with paraffin (or other media) and staining.

The required reagents are contained in Pyrex beakers resting on a circular platform surmounting the enclosed timing and operating mechanisms. The tissues to be processed are placed in small separable receptacles, and loaded into a perforated basket. The besket is hung from a motor driven turning mechanism which can be mounted on any of the twelve spider arms. The other arms carry flexibly suspended cover discs which rest on the ground lips of the beakers to retard evaporation of volatile solutions during processing.

All the operations are accomplished by a strictly governed time cycle contained within the cabinet. The time length of immersion in any of the steps is controlled by an adjustable timing disc. The disc can be notched to provide any successive time periods in increments of fifteen minutes over a twenty-four haur period. Through the entire processing cycle, the basket containing tissues is constantly turning,

The slow rotation keeps reagents in a state of gentle agitation which materially increases penetration efficiency.

Its primary use in the Biological Laboratory is for imbedding tissue to study effects of infection.

55 Safety stwdards for use of biological agents prescribe that waste materials be disposed of by special methods to ensure complete destruction of all biological organisms. Baker Laboratory houses 2n incinerator with a grzte surface of thirteen square feet for this purpose. hima1 2nd vegtzble material, with wzter contents ranging from 50:: to 7555, can be disposed of by this incinerator at the rate of 1000 lbs. per hour. Dis- posed effluent is checked periodically to ensure negative biolcXic21. count.

I :,’ (1 ,.-., .

Amino Acid Arralyzer

This is one of several new instmxnts which have recently been imorporated into the Biologicnl Lzboratory. This instrument autmat- ically analyzes proteins, foods and phzrmaceuticals for thcir amino mi?. cmtent. It reccrds the various pecks each of which denetes a different mino wid. Tnis is recordeo on a chart and can be ma1:ied to determine the specific amino acids which are ;?resect. ,. . . .-. -+:,

Ecology e: Epidemology (Field Ej?izoology) Operations

In order to conduct field trials utilizing live bacterial agents,

Jhmrey Proving Ground initiated procedures in 1952 vhich would allow the 2ppro-c-a1 and permission of the U. S. Public !Iealth Service in the

Ut~h%ate Departnent of Public Heelth to test live agents in this area.

The mcchmism estzblished then has continued \:ith appropriate modification throughout the succeedinc yex-s.

These procedures include detailed studies of native animals,

1x1 iinr birds, arthropods and insects within the geographic range of the

Proving Ground. The aninals are studied with reference to species range, population density, population dynamics (feeding habits, nesting and resting habits, reproductive aspects, interassociation, etc .), the disposition to infection of each species, and the presence of natural antibodies so as to determine which viral, rickettsial or bacterial organisms are already present in native specimens and the extent to which they are present in regard to future candidate agents.

59 RADIOLOGICAL FAC I LIT1ES Radiological Facilities

In conjunction with testing of nuclear and thermonuclear weapons, the military establishment of the United States has conducted many experiments designed to produce information on the hazards of the residual radiation produced by these weapons. These experfments have produced much data and much useable information. However, because of the diffi- culty of exact measurement under these test conditions and the non=reproducibility of the conditions of the experiment, many desirable experiments could not be accomplished. It was planned to fill in these data gaps by use of point sources or radiation fields produced by mul-

tiple point sources. To further this type of investigation the construc-

tion of a radiation facility unique in concept and design was initiated

at the Proving Ground. Although construction-has been stopped, this

facility if required, could be made operable within a short time of reine-

tiation of construction.

When completed the site, designated Radiological Test Facility No.

1, will provide a simulated fallout field of reasonable intensity com-

bined with maximum flexibility and excellent reproducibility of test

conditions. The radiation source to be used with the facility will

consist of approximately 20 million pellets, each about 1/8 inch diame-

ter and of roughly spherical shape, and each containing cobalt 60 as the

radioactive element. Remote control handling equipment will permit

operations to be conducted without direct exposure of personnel. The design of the facility incorporates the shielding necessary to provide radiological safety.

The significant features of the facility are as follows:

1. The test area consists of a 200 yard diameter hard surfaced

pad surrounded by a two foot high concrete barrier wall. To provide drainage for precipitation the entire area is sloped slightly toward the entranceway.

The surface of the test area will be coarsely stippled to provide a means of assuring the stability of whatever pellet contaminant distribution is desired.

62 2. Travel Way

A diametric strip 21 feet wide tra'rerses the area. This srrip, composed of reinforced concrete, will prov;de for traversal by the hez,viest of vehicles. The enlzrgement of this strip to 75 feet square provides for a turn-around and parking space at the center of the test area.

3. Catch 3asins

Eight cylindrical catch basins, set into inserts in the barrier wall, and one rectangular catch hasln, across the entrance wav,

63 ... .,. provide outlets for the run of precipitation from the test area. Each of these drainways is so designed that if anv pellets become water borne, they will be deposited at the catch basin and not carried on into the drainage system.

4- Entrance Ramp

From the edge of the test area an entrance ramp slopes down to the level of the dry moat surrounding the side. Concrete retaining walls provide the support necescar); to allow movement of heavy equipnent without damage KO the roadway.

5. Pellet Srorage

The pellet storage facility consists of a concrete block t3. nee- "I. containing eight storage wells. Each well is 15 inches in diameter and six feet deep. Radiation shielding over the well opening is provided by an eight inch thick lead cap, A monorail crane and electromagnet will be used to transfer the pellets into and out of the storage wells.

6. Dry Moat

Surrounding the entire test area is a trench whose bottom is six feet below the surface of the test area. Located in this moat are the large, underground catch basins which comprise the second stage of the drainage system and a roadway which traverses the entire circum- ference of the moat.

. . .~,...... ~ . . .. _.. -.. .:. - .. 1. , .. .- ,~.., ...... , ...... - .:. .:...... -. 7. Berm (Inner)

Circumscribing the dry moat is an earthen embankment which

rises to a height of six feet above the surface of the test area.

8. Control House

The main control house is set into the berm next to the

access roadway. One wall of this control house is formed by the re-

taining walls of the berm. Concrete walls provide shielding for occu-

pants and lead glass windows provide direct viewing into the test area and into the access roadway between the berm retaining walls.

9. Control House

A second control house is set into the berm exactly 90° from the main control house. One lead glass window permits viewing of the entire test area.

......

.. ,

.. .. ~ .. , . .. . I .. . .- . r ::...:...... ;::..= :- ..... I. ., .. - , ,......

,...... ,. ... ,.. ..

6h 10. Entrance Road

From the base of the entrance ramplthe entrance road, remain-

ing at the level of the dry moat, passes through the berm retaining walls,

turns behind the berm, and gradually slopes upward to the service pits

and to the entrance gate.

.. ..I'

11. Drainage Disposal Bed

A deep trench provides a dispossl bed for the precipitstion runoff from the test area after it has passed through the series of catch basins.

12. Vehicle Monitoring Area

This area will he utilized as a final staging area for equip- vent going into or coming out of the reqt area. Two s?rvice pits wiil permit access to the under side of vehicles in order to assure that none

of t,he contaminative pellets are inadvertently carried out of the area.

13. Berm (outer)

This earthen embankment, approximately 10 feet in height,

protects the gate house and the surrounding area from direct radiation

from the test area by completely blocking direot view into the test area

via the access roadway through the inner berm. Should the initial rad-

iation safety investigations show any lack of adequacy, the berm may be

increased, in height or length, as required, to provide the necessary i additional shielding.

...... -, .~~, ....

.... ., ..~ .z...... ,...... <~...... ~. .,. .X< .~,,..8.. ;..,-.. , ...... , ,...... ~ ~21 :. ; !, ,. .:' ~ ...... " .... :'

This building provides space for the installation of remote area monitoring instrumentation controls and some oontrol facilities for remote control vehicles. Acoess through the chain link fence, which surrounds the entire facility, will be controlled at this point.

Radiation pr.otection is provided by the location of the building behind

the protecting berm and by the heavy slab concrete roof which overhangs the wails of the building.

15. Television Towers

Three tovers, each adjusTable for HeighT, nil1 be spotted

120' apart around the area. Each tower vi11 mount a closed circuit 69 FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY

television camera which can be remotely controlled for pan, tilt, and

lens selection.

16. Storage Building

This is a metal pre-fabricated ti-pe building to be used as a

garage and service shop for the remote control vehicles and as a storage

area for supplies and equipment required on site.

The radiation source for which this facility was designed will consist

of approximately 20 million spherical pellets, each containing approximate-

ly three-tenths of a millicurie of cobalt 60. These pellets will be pre-

pared so as to have suitable corrosion and abrasion resistant properties.

Ferromagnetic constituents will permit handling and recovery of the mil-

titude of sources by magnetic means. Since these sowces will, in the aggregate, represent a total souroe strength of approximately 6000 curies,

there must be provided some manner of distributing these pellets over the

test area by remote control. To this end, an all purpose crop drill has been specially adapted for remote operation with spherical radioactive

"seeds". This equipment will permit seeding of the pellets in any desired present. distribution density. The seeding pattern will be clontrolled and varied as desired by controlling the vehicle towing the seeder.

Once seeded, the pattern and distribution density will be maintained by the stippled surface of tie test area resisting pellet movement. Re- covery of the pellets from the test area surface will be accomplished by means of an especially designed magnetic drum sweeper. The action of this device will be similar to that of magnetic sweepers such as

70 FOR 3FFICIAL USE ONLY those used in clearing airport runways except that the rotating magnetic

drum and its associated hopper system will permit continuous sweeping

without the unloading delays inherent in fixed magnet sweepers. Trans-

fer of pellets into and out of the storage wells will be by means of

an electromamet supported by a monorail crane. Demagnetizing coils will

be utilized as necessary to eliminate undesirable induced magnetism.

The first pellet distributions made on the test surfaoe will be only

partial (strip) seedings to check the adequacy of radiological safety

measures. The first full seeding of the area will be a uniform distri-

bution density of approximately .1 curie per square yard over the entire

test area, to yield a radiation field of approximately 5 roentgens per

hour at one meter above the surface. After some initial trials and

thorough safety checks, the distribution density will be inoreased in-

crementally. The anticipated final density will yield a radiation field

of approximately 10 roentgens per hour over most of the test area. The

ability to recover the seeded pellets, and the flexibility in seeding

densities and seeding p&rns will, of course, permit many variations

from the uniform distribution mentioned. Any sort of special seeding

pattern and/or density can be evolved to produce the field required by a particular test.

In order to provide the best possible description of the radiological environment to which any test object is exposed, a multichannel analyzer will be used to generate information on the energy spectra experienced in the field. Other instrumentation will provide data on dose rate

71 profiles. These data, combined with the flexibility alluded to above, will permit almost exact reproducibility of test conditions.

To permit the movement of equipment and supplies into and out of

the test area while limiting to an absolute minimum the exposure of per-

sonnel to the radiation field, two specialized remote control vehicles

are being designed. These vehioles, both battery powered, will be capa-

ble of movement over the entire test area with no direct mechanical or

electrical connection to the operating console. Methods for handling loads which are beyond the capabilities of these vehicles are currently under investigation.

A materials handling tractor, capable of 2000 pound drawbar pull will be provided with three modes of remote control. Mode 1 is a complete radio control provided by 13 separate channels. Six channels are used to direct the basic movements of the tractor. Sir other channels, any or all of which may be operated simultaneously, provideremote control of any accessory or towed equipment, and the last channel, which may be operated in conjunction with any of the other 12 channels, pr- vides for the optional selection of any one of 18 relays for accomplishment of presele?ted functions. Mode 2 provides only for the guidance of the vehicles. In this mode, paired photocells activate the steering mechanism and cause the vehicle to follow the path designated by a line of flourescent paint previously patterned over the surface of the test area. The third mode is likewise only a guidance system. In this mode, magnetic sensing devices act.uate the steering meohanism and cause the vehicle to follow a path prescribed by an electrical wire buried approx- imatelj- one inch below the surface of the test area. An audio frequency signal passed through this wire provides for the activation of the magnetic sensing devices. The preselected pattern for the guidance wire

Is indicated by the looped lines covering one half of the test a~ea.

In use, the vehicle will be controlled by a combination of either

Mode 2 or Mode 3 with Mode 1 if the vehicle is to follow a preselected path, or by use of Mode 1 done if complete fretdom of movement is 73 desired. .This vehicle will be the primary operator in the seeding and recovery operations.

The second vehicle is a 4000 pound capacity fork lift truck modified for remote operation. Radio channels will remotely control all of the usual vehicle movements, including raising and lowering of the lift forks and the tilting of the lift bed.

! The speed, steering and braking of the vehicle will be a proportional control provided by an accelerator, a steering wheel, and a brake pedal mounted at the control console. These controls, suitably engineered, will provide the operator with a feel of "normal" driving while the vehicle is in motion. A low power television broadcast camera will be mounted on the vehicle with the receiver mounted at the control console.

75 The camerap with remote pan, tilt, focus, iris, and zoom lens

control, will provide the operator with an "on the vehicle" view of operations. This camera will, of course, also be a valuable adjunct to

test operations, allowing a close up viewing of equipment or materials in place in the test areaD Fourteen spare radio channels will be available on the vehicle for operation of accessory equipment. This vehicle will not have the capability of independently following a present guidance path as will the tow tractor.

In the radiological activities area (Able Area), located approxi-

~. ~~~ ~ .~ ~ ~~ - ... .~. , .. ~ ~.~~ mately six miles from the RTF, are located laboratory, administrative .~ -_ -..-. ~ ~ ~ and high radiation facilities, which can be made available to support - a radiological program if required. The laboratory facilities consist of a chemistry laboratory, two radiological counting rooms and a photo laboratory and darkroom, A hot cell, capable of containing up to 300,000 curies activity, and prqvided with appropriate mechanical and of ~. . hydraulic manipulators, is located in the main building. ~~.-. .. A 15 ton capacity gantry crane and a standard gauge rail system permits the handling of heavy items within the area. A small machine shop containing a lathe, drill press, grinders, welders, saws, etc., permits limited fabrication of special items, Sources in use within -:.,

~ this area have included a 30 curie cobalt 60 source, a 2,200 curie _-- cobalt 60 source and a 200,000 curie spent fuel rod source, each - .~ . ~~~~ . -. ~ -. . ~ -- . having its own shielding and associated mechanical components.

76 Hot cell

(interior)

(exterior) Monitoring room

Spent Fuel Rod

Soarce in Hot Cell

NEXT PAGE IS BLANK

78 79 GRIDS &SAMPLERS

-Y' e3'

80 Grids

The Dugway Proving Ground grids range in size from 1800 feet

square to 150 square miles, Approximately 30 areas have been

selected and instrumented for varying degrees of sampling from:

1) areas which are surveyed and staked for ballistic and function-

ing trials to 2) areas elaborately instrumented for chemical,

biological, and meteorological sampling, Fortification complexes

are available for the determination of the degree of protection

afforded against HE, chemical and biological attack and determination

of the effectiveness of chemical and biological munitions in the

neutralization..of these xomplexes e

Test areas are also available for toxic and pathogenic hazard

and decontamination studies as well as to provide service tests

of the mitfons, defensive items or vehicles.

Examples of these gr$d$ are given on the following pages.

81 Aerial Spray Grid

The Aerial Spray Grid is located 12 miles west southwest of Dog

0 .',:ea. It cmcists-of two grids located approximately 160 apart and

i having a cOfmnon vertex. Located at this point is a 3OO-foot tower.

Three radials, 20' apart, extending from the tower in both directions

form the two grids. Sampling on the 300 foot tower is accomplished by means of a vacuum line which is installed in ten-foot sections and

reised to the top of the tower. A sample can be obtained at lmeter

increments. Remotely controlled portable sampling equipment is utiZized to obtain sampling data on the three radials. Four 100-

foot sampling towers are installed on the center radial of each grid.

These are located $ mile, 2 miles, 6 miles and 10 miles downwind from the 300 foot tower.

Extended downwind sampling may be conducted on the North grid throught the use of two lines, 30.ind 36 miles frcun the tower, utilizing portable, remote controlled sampling equipment. A helicopter is required to service this area as it lays in the salt flat region and is frequently not accessible by standard vehicle.

The 300' tower is of square construction, 8' per side. The vacuum line is raised to the top by means of an electrically operated hoist. (See picture on next page.) A 132 CFU vacuum pmp supplies the vacuum source for this facility. Portable electrical generators are used as the power source,

The grid area is used primarily for the testing of biological munitions and dissemination devices. Base of 300 Foot Tower

The following diagram illustrates the grid array of the Aerial

Spray Grid indicating the basic grid, extended downwind sampling stations, peripheral sampling stations, flight lines and meteorological stations.

.. ,

Tower Grid

Tower grid is located nine miles south-west of Dog Area. The grid is centered around two munition impacr points on opposite sides of a

50 ft. artillery tcwer, thereby creating two circular overlapping grids.

The center area of the grid has a piped cacuum system, 400 feet by 600 feet with sampling stations located every 10 feet.

The east grid consists of a series of circles having radii ranging from 22 yards to 1760 yards. The number of sampling starions varies

I from 360 on the inner circle to 192 on the outer rim. The 22 yard radius circle consists of 60 vertical sampling masts, the remaining samplers are at ground level.

With the exception of the 170 yard erc the 1000 yard radius circles, a11 positions e.e wired for 110 volts single phase and 220 volt three phase power. SarnplinE equipment used is portable and remotely controlled for ot,-,aining sequential samples, The West grid is composed of the dense array and sampling circles,

ranging from 16 yard to 220 yard radii. It contains 600 sampling

positions. No power or vacuum system is installed on this grid with

the exception of those portions of the circles which fall within the piped portion of the center area.

This facility is used primarily for the testing of chemical munitions and dissemination devices. Its structures include:

a. Artillery tower This is a structural steel tower, 50 feet high, on which a 155m howitzer or a 105mm howitzer may be mounted for firing into the arrays. Located at a distance from the base of the tower is 8 sand-filled pit into which shells are impacted;. This impact', point determines the center of each grid.

b. Rocket. tower - This is a steel framework tower 325 feet high. with working levels at 200 feet, 250 feet, and 300 feet. The tower width is 6E x 6p6" with an elevator shaft enclosed by the tower sides.

nrrini A I I inr Tube type rocket Ieunchers ere used to fire rockets into the impact

9;t. 90 c. A-frame ~ This is a steel framework 50 feet high, positioned over the West pit. It is used for dropping or firing small munitions into the impact pit.

Power for this facility is supplied by a 200 KVA generator and an

85W generator. Three 132 cfm vaouum pumps are used on the dense piped

area e

The following grid diagrams illustrate the center or inner and total sampling arrays of the ‘Iower grid. 4 J

CIRCLE N w X Y z

92 NO m u) c) 0 P Ln P U P P

525

517

0 0 0

0000 0 0 0 0 477 >< m X1 0 0 0 0 0000 0 0 0 o 469

0000 0 0 0

00 0 0 0 0

00 0 0 0 0 0 ae7 A'+ 00 429

00 421

A Burst Point Ground-level E-35 Sampler 48-yd radius (N row) x Vertical Sampler

93 CDA Grid

This grid area is located sixteen miles north west of Dog Area.

The facility consists of seven rows of hasty-type fixed fortifications with eleven located in each row. These fortifications are constructed on thirty-six foot centers. They consist of bunkers; one-man foxholes, covered, partly covered, and open; and two-man foxholes, covered and partly covered. The different types are scattered in a random pattern throughout the rows for variety.

94 The grid has a piped vacuum system and a 110-volt single phase control network to allow for obtaining sequential samples, both imide and outside the fortifications. Vacuum is supplied by two 132 cfm vacuum pumps and power by three 30 KW generators.

The CDA grid is used primarily for the testing of chemical-fiIled artillery shells.

On the following page is a diagram of the fortification complex

O;I this grid.

95 A* 0 P P P

M* 6 8 8 Q I 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 9 LEGEND 2 MAN FOXHOLE, €z COVERED I MAN FOXHOLE, OPEN 2 MAN FOXHOLE, BPARTIALLY COVERED I MAN FOXHOLE, PARTIALLY COVERED

BUNKER I MAN FOXHOLE, COVERED 0 E-35 SEQUENTIAL SAMPLER - ARC INDICATES APERTURE 7 - CUTOFF SAMPLER (MODIFIED E-35)

96 Horizontal Grid

The Horizontal Grid is located fifteen miles WBS~north west of

Dog Area. The grid area consists of 2700 square feet and contains twenty-eight sampling rows spaced at 100 ft. intervals. Sampling stations are located every 100 feet on each row. (Eight of these rows have been modified to provide for sampling at 50 foot intervals.)

Each row has an independently controlled piped vacuum system, with the vacuum provided by an 85 cfm vacuum pump. Three 75 kw generators

97 provide the power necessary for the operation of the grid.

Downwind sampling is accomplished on this grid through the use of

four lines extending to the north and four to the South. Samplirgsta-

tions are positioned as follows: 68 stations located at 100 foot intervals

on the 3/4 mile line; 54 stations located at 150 foot intervals on the

. 1 mile line; 38 stations located at 300 foot intervals on the 1 112

mile line; and 35 stations located at 400 foot intervals on the 2 112

mile line. Thn lines are wired for 220 volt, three phase power and

require the use of individual motor-vacuum pump assemblies at each sta-

tion. Power is supplied by portable 30 KWgenerators.

The Horizontal Grid is used primarily for the testing of biological

munitions and dissemination devices when total dose sampling is desired.

The following two diagrams illustrate the basic sampling array and

outer array for this grid.

98 0-

i 35 stations, ~+-rnllearc 400-foot apcing

0 54 stations, lalle row 150-foot spacing

60 stations, 3,’k-ds row 100-foot spaclog

267 statlonsi Bsric Array

A 100-foot Meteorologlcal Tower 0

0 Panned 2-merer metcorologlcal statlon 0 Unmanned 2-meter metcorologlcal statlon

100 ? I: c r II

. ., . .-

West Vertical Grid

The West Vertical Grid is located fifteen miles west northwest of

Dog Area. The grid is of circular construction with sampling stations located in a circtilar pattern at distances of 25, 50, 100, 200, 400,

600, 1200, 1760, and 2640 yards from grid center.

The 25-yard circle is considered the dense array of the grid and consists of a rail track on which a vacuum pump car and four sampling cars are positioned. The san.pling cars contain a series of vacuum lines

101 which can be raised for vertical positioning of samplers up to 36 feet, with air samples obtainable every three feet. The sampling cars and pump car are connected to form a continuous sampling line. The vacuum

source is a 200 cfm pump and necessary power is supplied by a 30 kw generator, both of which are installed in the pump car. The train is not self-powered and must be towed into a position determined by the current wind direction.

102

i The sampling stations located outside the dense array are as follows:

a. 50 yard radius circle. - 80 stations located at 4.50'intervals.

b. 100 yard radius circle - 80 stations located at 4.5O intervals.

c. 200 yard radius circle - 160 stations located at 2.25O in- te rva 1s.

d. 400 yard radius circle - 240 stations located at 1.5' intervals.

e. 600 yard radius circle - 320 stations located at 1.125' intervals.

f. 1200 yard radius circle - 320 stations located at 1.125O intervals.

g. 1760 yard radius circle - 320 stations located at 1.125' intervals.

The radius circles are wired for 220 volt, three phase power and require the utilization of individual motor-vacuum pump assemblies at each station in use, Power is supplied by portable 30 kw generators which are towed to the portion to be used and attached to the network.

103 The West Vertical grid is used primarily for the total dose testing of biological munitions and dissemination devices.

The following diagram illustrates the downwind arcs of this grid.

104 105 I East Vertical Grid

This grid, utilized in the past for the testing of chemical

munitions, consists of a series of concentric circles with radii of

. 25, 50, 100, 200, 400, 600, 1200, 1760, and 2640 yards. 'The overall grid design and utilizacfon is similar to that just described for

. the West Vertical Grid, with the center points of.the East and

West Vertical Grids located 1275 yards apart along a northeast-south-

west axis.

106 East Wig Grid

The East Wig Grid is located fourteen miles north westof Dog Area.

The grid area consirits of 2900 square fett and contains thirty sampling rows spaced 100 feet apart with a sampling station located every 100

feet on each row. ho power or vacuum facilities exist on the grid and sampling is accomplished through the use of remotely controlled portable sampling devices.

i 07 The facility is utilized primarily for testing of chemical munitions

and dissemination devices.

Following is a diagram of the sampling stations on East Wig Grid.

108 Ti

109 Target "S" Grid

Target "S" is located fifteen miles South West of Dog Area and forms the dense array of the Downwind Grid. The grid area is approximately one mile square with three downwind sampling circles having radii of one, one and one half, and three miles each.

Portable, remote controlled or manually operated sampling devices are used on the grid. Sampling stations are surveyed and installed in accordance with program requirements and may include devices for either biological or chemical sampling.

The inner and outer arrays of this grid are presented in the

following two diagrams.

110 111 614

112

I North Wig Grid

The North Wig Grid is located twenty miles north west of Dog Area.

The grid proper is 2700 feec square and consists of twenty-eight samp-

ling rows spaced 100 feet apart.

The center of the grid, which is 500 feet square, has sampling

stations located on 25 foot centers. For the remainder of the grid,

these stations decrease to 50 foot centers for a 900-foot square, and every 100 feet for the remainder of the grid.

Each of the twenty-eight sampling rows has a piped vacuum system and is controlled independantly, A 132 cfm vacuum pump provides the required vacuum for each row and power is supplied to the grid by three

generators.

,.. . .

113 The grid is wired with a 110

volc single phase control system

to allow for operation of se-

ql;entfal sampling sysrems.

The North Wig grid is used to

function both chemical and bfo-

1og;cal munictons and dessemi-

naclng devices but has no

provisions for conducting downwind sampling. The grid array is given on the following page.

114 at-mm- mm-mor-m- F-m -mFmm mmaacna3ulcoF-w~e*m~ 98...... [email protected]\Ic\JcJ..... 96- ...... *-+;00f+ 94..4 ...... 92...... go, ...... 88...... 84. 0 . 0 ...... I ..... c Y- .....+t O OIcn i- ...... 32. .... 30.~.c ...... 0 280-00 ......

26..&. 0 24*T...... 22...... 1900 ft E-35 vapor sampler . 1 N

115 .

"V-Gr id"

The V-Grid facility is located twenty-three miles west of Dog Area.

It was designed in a circular shape, making ir particularly suirable

for the testing of chemical agents in the "V" series. Due to rhe high

rate of persistency of these agents, stringent safety measures govern

the use of this grid and only V-type agents are tested at tnis site.

by the point source release method.

The grid has a dense array of 100 yards by 100 yards square, with

samplers positioned every two yards. Beyond the dense array are eight arcs ranging from 125 yards radius to 1500 yards radius from the grid center. Each of these arcs contain 117 sampling positions. The 200 yard and 500 yard radius arcs are wired for 220 volt, three phase power. The remainder of the grid has no power requirement as a collective-type paper is used as the sampling device. The 500 yard arc has 117 vertical samplers,

30-ft. high with a sampling station every five feet on each mast.

Four 100-ft. towers are installed on the 125 yard arc and four on the

300 ftyard arc to obtain additional vertical sampling data.

117 ranging from the 125 meter arc to the 1000 meter arc. (These arcs are measured in meters rather than yards to differentiate them from the V-grid proper arcs).

Because this grid is used strictly for the testing of persistent toxic chemical agents and presents critical decontamination and safety problems it contains within its Command Post, facilities for personnel decontamination, a change house, clothing and equipment decontamination facilities, and a “hot” equipment area.

Vehicles are permanently assigned to this grid and not removed.

The inner, middle and outer grid arrays are presented on the following pages along with the special hard target array.

t The grid center contains an A-frame, 60 feet high, which is used for the functioning of munitions. These munitions are functioned either by suspending them to simulate an air burst or by suspending a target and firing a round into it.

ll 'I'

A special hard targets type grid has also been constructed within the V-grid proper. It consists of 18 open and 18 half closed two-man foxholes contained in a dense array having an 85 yard radius. The hard targets grid contains 316 sampling positions on 10 wter centers.

119 I W{Yk 4 9' 0' "/ m #...a ...& 1 z .... z, z \ \ at'.'. z ...... z w\\ ::::0...... a*:, .. /" \ .. , . .'.*.8*.'.'.. ' )/+ I \ x.....~~.-:.'.::/. ... :::,*:4 z \ ...... '**&::,a ...... \ ...... / M. M. . * . . * * * .*.'.'0.k..*,. . , , , , , . .no ...... H ...... '.*#.'*...... J ...... X'.*P.'...... *~*'.~'.~.*.~~, ...... s ...... ,* -B¶ m . .&*. .'.*@'...... :e'. * *...... * P...... ~~~~.~.~.'.'.~.~.'~,... **,*.',.&'.~. - ...... * c :df, ... ,'*a ...... J**. . *k ... - a. ....;e ...... - m- ..... *'...... ':::,'~:.~ ...... -80 - ...B.' .'a:..,.....,....x... **.~*'.'.*U&~.'.... * ... ,***,*.~&?~...... '.'.*.*.*?4m~...... & - ...... I - - .'.~.~,~~~.'...... *k ..... a4:::. - e- .'*'.>.'.*.*#* ...... *k'. ..*'#..**'. -83 ...... a,.. .. c .',~~**.~.~.~~...... z ...... :/:. -L - .a...... fl:...... ,. .:e...... *#. . .c 6; ...... :0. ....C...... '.'.'p...... -100 m- ...... I ...... ','~:.-.~'...... I ...... -:*~.*~*k'...... # ...... -.. r ~.~,~.~.~,~.~.~.'.~~,...... -...... :?*:&++:.'. ha e', ...... \ r '*-.'.'.*.~*.*.'.'l#...... \ z ..... \ '.'.'.~.'.~,~,~.~.~~..... \ I/ ...... *. , . . , .'.*..&'. .... * ,'no d s ! Q4

120 d

. a.

X t +

121 e

122 b

s .45.

. . .

0 Horizontal filter-paper sampler 30 Vertical filter-paper sampler 0 Horizontal and vertical iilter- Y' psper ssmplers "i .. E-34 pmp sampler 25. , .

123 Downwind Grid

The Downwind Grid was constructed in the Dugway Valley on a south

east to north west center line and extends north west, for thirteen miles.

-.. The grid is three miles wide at'the south east end and nine miles wide

at the north west end, The dense array is located on the south boundary

. of the Proving Ground and is commonly called the Target "S" grid.

124 Access roads to the dense array area are located every 1/10 mile.

Downwind sampling roads are spaced at 112 mile intervals for the first two miles and 1 mile intervals for the remaining nine miles.

Sampling stations on the grid area are surveyed and instaIled as required by specific test programs. Portable sampling equipment, both remote and manually controlled, is used to obtain the air samples. No permanently installed power or vacuum facilities are available on this grid. Equipment can be installed to obtain data from either biological or chemical test efforts.

A schematic diagram of the downwind grid is provided on the following page.

.., ...... ~....

125 i .

SCALE-- 0 l0,OOO FT D 1 Hw2’v ACCESSRD. BASE ROAD

126 Rising Sun Grid

This grid, located 16 miles southwest of Dog Area has been utilized in previous years for the testing of chemical munitions.

It consists of 8 group of underground bunkers and tunnels built into

the banks of a dry river bed. The grid is surrounded by fox holes and

the surface has been surveyed for the location of samplers at 50 foot

intervals. Sampling positions have also been located inside the

fortification and in the fox holes to permit comparison, of dosages

in protected and unprotected positions.

127 I28 Ballistics Grid

The Proving Ground has a number of areas available for ballistic

testing of both simulant and agent filled munitions. Several areas are

especially suitable for this type of effort because of the unpopulated

land spaces available and because of the terrain, which in the clay

and salt flats area is almost complztely devoid of vegetation. The

area illustrated has been surveyed to provide the capability for the

simultaneous release of several munitions and for ease in munition

recovery.

129 Nuclear Engine Grid

Because of Dugway's vast size and remote location, its areas may

be used for a wide variety of purposes. An example of this is the

Nuclear Engine Grid located on the Salt Flats. This grid, triangular

in shape with five sampling radii for down wind sampling and three to . fifteen semi-circular arcs for sampling up to 15 miles down wind was designed and utilized for testing of the destruction of nuclear

engines for aircraft,

i ...

130 German Village

This building is the remaining part of a simulated German Village which was built during World War 11. It is in a location where tests can be conducted easily and safely, This building has been utilized to provide data on gas penetration into well-constructed buildings. The building has brick walls, double window panes, and well-constructed floors. arid roof to make it as nearly weather tight as possible.

131 ; .o ,.-, -7 I-. ~ . a,-.- . (n.

Rough Road Haul Terrain

Tiie Rougn Road Haul course LS designed for transport of test mgiter. ral in caciiiai v'enicl.:s over rendom samples of rough terrain. The course is selected to provfde a reasonable similarity to the terrain expected to be encountered under field conditions. Accelerations in the three major planes are continuously monitored using mechanically driven, seismic mass accelerometers. Accelerations of boch the test item and the vehicle are measured. Maximum shock is measured in any problem area using additional accelerometers.

Testing on this course is limited to any item which can be trans-

. -. -1 ...... porte in a €our-wheel drive type tactical vehicle and which is :signed to be field operable,

The varied types of terrain present at the Proving Ground provide an excellent test for the rough road haul. The conditions run the gamut from deep mud and sand, through dry river bottoms to varying size hills, with rutred and rock-filled non-surfaced roads, and roads containing numerous curves,

1 ?L

SAMPLING DEVICES

The primary purpose of testing at Dugway Proving Ground is to

obtain data on the behavior of gases and aerosols when disseminated

under field conditions, These gases and aerosols can be disseminated

through the use of a variety of devices ranging from artillery shells

to spray tanks. The dissemination of the agents, however, is only

one step in the entire program required to arrive at useful data.

A very essential step in this program is the acquisition of the

data from the field in a manner which will neither damage nor destroy

the agents and will collect them in such a way as to permit analysis

necessary to the formation of valid conclusions.

Many sampling devices and component parts have been used over a

period of years to acquire data from field trials; some have been

discarded for reasons of economy, others have been replaced by more

efficient models or modifications. The types are also determined by

the composition of the agent to be tested, the prevailing weather

conditions, the type of vacuum source employed to draw the agent into

the sampler, the rate of sampling required to produce desired results, and many other factors.

Depicted on the following pages are some of the devices in current use at Dugway Proving Ground,

136 . Gas Bubbler

For the collection of gaseous samples, the gas bubbler or gas washing bottle is employed. The device consists of a bottle with a glass stem or

intake tube reaching nearly to the bottom of the vessel. During use, the bottle is partially filled with liquid and the gas to be sampled is drawn

into the bottle through the intake tube by means of a vacuum line attached to the side arm. The indrawn gas is absorbed by the fluid through which it must pass.

The bubbler measures 15.6 cm in height by 2.5 cm in diameter. The intake tube is 1.0 cm and terminates in a capillary 0.75 mm in diameter which reaches to within 2mm of the bottom of the vessel. The fluid for the

137 collection of gas has a volume of 6 ml. The collection fluid used is hex- ylene-glycol. The bubbler is operated at a flow rate of 1.0 ml per minute and may be operated singly or in sequences of 10 or fewer by means of a mechanical switching apparatus.

The switching apparatus can be regulated so that each bubbler may function from three seconds to several hours depending upon the concentration of vapor or gas anticipated.

E34 Sequential Sampler

The E-34 Sequential Sampler serves as the vacuum source for the gas bubbler. It contains twelve positions which are selected by a rotary solenoid controlled by radio or wire. Two of these pos€tions control lights on the sampler and the other ten are attached to bubblers. The

138 lights are to indicate whether the E-34 is operable or tf a malfunction has occurred. The ten bubblers operate on an intake flow of 1 liter per minute. The sampler also contains two total dosage sampling positions which operate at flow rates of 1 liter per minute and 0.5 liters per minute. The apparatus contains its own vacuum pump. I I

E-35 Sequential Sampler

The E-35 Sequential Sampler is very similar to the E-34, except that the bubbler sequence is selected by a rotary solenoid controlled only by electric wires. IK does not contain its own vacuum pump and the bubblers are operated by a separate electric motor-vacuum pump assembly or by means of suction from a vacuum piped grfd.

Amodification of chis sampler, called the E-35 cut-off sampler was

139 developed to compensate for a fifteen-second lag in the switching mechanism of the E-35. This fifteen seconds is the estimated time required for troops to don protective masks and is too long a time period for prediction of casualty production characteristics during the initial toxfc vapor build up for surprise effect on troops, The modification permits six bubblers to be in operition at the beginning of the sampling sequence and chen cuc off in turn to provrde €or the collection of short-time samples,

Frintflex Cards

To obtain data from chemical agents disseminated in droplet form,

:: is necessary to utilize sampling methods entirely differenc from those

Enployed for gas or Gapx sampling, Bq edding Dupon: Of1 Red dye to the agent to ser"

Printflex offset cover stock (80 lb substance) is a suitable paper for this purpose as it provides uniformity of spreading of dyed droplets, absence of feathering at the stam edge, freedom of the stain co follow individual paper fibers, formation of circular stains rather than ellipses, and a high ratio of stain size to droplet size.

To accomplish horizontal sampling, Printflex cards 6 inches by 7 inches are placed upon the ground. For vertical sampling the Printflex paper is wrapped around glass bottles which are attached to a stationary i mast.

Suffield Rotary Distributor

In 1953 a rotary distributor was designed and fabricated by Dugway

Proving Ground personnel for sampling chemical vapor. It was patterned after a similar device used by Suffield Experimental Station in Canada.

It provides twelve sampling positions which can be operated in sequence

142 by pulsing with a 100-v power source. The vacuum for the distributor is supplied by an electric motor-pump assembly or by a fixed vacuum-piped grid. The sampler has limited usage, being employed only where a light weight sequentiarizer is desired and where radio control is necessary.

Miltipore Filters (Chemical)

When several chemical agents are dispersed into the air in the form of finely divided particles, a sampling device similar to those employed for biological agents is required.

For collection of these agents the millipore filter developed by

Goetz, et. al, is utilized. This is a thin cellulose, porous membrane measuring 47mm in diameter. For collection, the membrane is fitted into a special plastic holder which exposes a circular area 44mm in diameter.

The holder is open at one end with the other end terminating in a tube to which a vacuum hose is attached. The membrane is supported on the vacuum side by crepe paper, folded to permit easy air flow.

Manikins

In order to relate the quantity of agent disseminated to that which would be found on man, a clothed manikin, is used.

To determine the amount of agent deposited on the manikin,

143 the white coveralls, gloves and masks are removed and the agent extracted iri ethanol.

144 ?i'ologlcai ImTiiger Pre-Imhinger' The Biological Impinger - Pre-Impinger is a collecting device used to sample viable biological particulates, i.e. bacteria, rickettsia and toxins.

Generally the sampling mechanism is manufactured of glass but may also be made of nylon. The pre-impinger is always glass. The all-glass impinger is 10.5 in high, 1% in. in diameter and weighs 4.4 OZ. The nylon impinger has a height of 9.25 in., a diameter of 1.5 in., and weighs 1.8

OZ. The pre-impinger bulb is 1.25 in. in diameter and has a stem 1 in.

145 long and 7/16 in. in diameter, It weighs 0.42 02.

The impinger pre-impinger sampling mechanism may be utilized for cold weather testing provided it is contained within a thermos bottle to prevent rhe collecting fluid from freezing. The sampler is used

w;rhout che rhermos bortle when the temperature is not expected to be below freezing.

Thfs 1s an elevaced-type sampler and generally attached to a sampllng tower or a masc for field use.

146 During the actual sampling operation of this item, the agent-laden air is aspirated through the sampler by means of a vacuum tube operated by any of the following power sources: Vacuum grid, E-33 Pump unit,

Gast electric vacuum pump or a Gast gasoline engine pump. These power

sources, depending on which one is used, can be activated by radio, by wire, or manually.

The sampler, as it is used at Jhgway, has a flow rate of 6 Llmin.

The impinger with the pre-impinger samples particles in the 4-5 micron or smaller size range; the pre-impinger particles down to 5 microns.

The type of collecting fluid utilized in this sampler varies according to the agent being used. The impinger will accommodate a volume of 18,s ml of fluid.

The efficiency of this sampler is unknown as no standards for comparison exist. The effect upon organisms collected by this method seems to be negligible; it differs according to the agent sampled. A small percentage of the organism is killed by aspiration and standing.

The percentage killed by impingement is unknown. After use, this impinger is deconcaminated by autoclaving.

Cold Weather Sampling Box

The Cold Weather Sampling Box was developed for use with the all- glass impinger during cold weather trials to prevent the fluid in the irnpinger from freezing. It is constructed to contain a thermos bottle for the impinger and to house the electric motor-vacuum pump assembly so

147 that the heat generated by this pump during operation can be retained and utlized also.

The box is constructed of insulated material and is 12.5 inches deep by 11.5 inches wide by 16 inches in height. The thermos bottle is filled w:rh warm water prior to transporting the unit to the test site and will prevent freezing of the fluid up to three hours. The heat generated by the pump will maintain a satisfactory remperature through extended periods of operation in the most severe weacher.

148 Cascade Sieve Sampler (Andersen Sempler)

The six-stage Andersen Sampler has beer. used at the Proving Ground for sampling of biological aerosols.

The sampler is manufactured of aluminum and when assemble& is 8 in. high and 4k inches in diameter.

Tb. device consists of seven aluminum Ciscs, compactly fitted together and held securely by a system of springs. Six of the discs are drilled with small holes in graduated sizes which filter particles, drawn in by a vacuum system, from large microns down to 0.3 microns

149 at a flow rate of 28.3 L/m. Each disc contains a petri dish supplied with a solid culture medium, which varies according to agent sampled.

In operation, the agent-laden air is drawn into this sampler by means of a vacuum tube operated by any of the following power sources:

Vacuum grid, E33 pump unit, Gast electric vacuum pump or a Gast gasoline engine pump. With the Andersen sampler they are usually activated manually, but they can be radio or wire controlled.

The Andersen sampler has an efficiency of 100% in low concentration aerosols. The efficiency is less in high concentration aerosols due

150 to overcrowding of plates. There is apparently no effect upon low

concentration aerosols caused by this sampling mechanism, but the

effect on viability is difficult to enumerate in high concentrations

due to overcrowding of places. The mechanism is decontaminated by

the autoclave method.

Biological Millipore Filter

This sampling mechanism is used prir.orily in the collection of fluorescent particles, or tracer materials, on a membrane hut may be used to collect bacteria in some instances.

It consists of a plastic filter holder with the exposed surface having a diameter of 44mm. It may also be made of metal, where the exposed surface of the filter holder is 21.28 mm in dfameter. The

plastic holder is considered Model A12 and weighs 1.14 02. The metal holder has a weight of 3.35 02. Air is aspirated through this filter- holder by means of a vacuum grid, an E33 pump unit, a Gast eIectric vacuum pump or a gasoline engine vacuum pump, all of which may be activated either by radio, wire or manually.

The millipore filter collects solid particulates in the 0.3 micron and larger size range, and has a flow rate of 6 to 12 L/min,

The sampler has a very high efficiency rate for fluorescent particles but has a tendency to kill bacteria by drying and continued aspiration of air.

152 The fluorescent particles are counted subsequent to collection by means of ultra-violet light. If a viable agent is sampled, the apparatus is decontaminated by use of ultra-violet light and autoclaving.

Rotorod Sampler

The Rotorod sampler consists of a chromel-ribbon wire 0.0159 inches by 0.065 inches, bent into a H-shape and mounted on a small 12 volt,

DC electric motor. Power for this motor is supplied by small dry cell

153 batteries. The.H-shaped rod measures 4 3/4 inches in overall length with each arm of the "H" measuring 1 3/16 inches in length.

The rod rotates at a speed of 2,400 rpm, sampling 40 liters of air per minute. As the rod rotates, fluorescent particles are collected and retained on the leading edge. These particles are analyzed in the laboratory by use of a microscope and ultraviolet light. The biological simulant bacillus alobigii may also be sampled with this unit. The sampling in this instance is analyzed by means of incubated agar plates.

The Rotorod sampler may also be used for vertical smpling by attaching the instruments at intervals along the length of cables holding tethered balloons.

The sampler has a 57.32 efficiency with particles in the 1 to 5 micron size range and is decontaminated by autoclaving.

The Pulse Drum Sampler

The Pulse Drum Sampler is used for sampling of fluorescent particles disseminated by aircraft. It will obtain sequential samples over short periods of time with a minimum of change-over time between releases.

The item consists of an enclosed drum, 12.5 cm. in diameter, wrapped with tape manufactured of aluminum foil coated with a thin layer of sili- cone grease. A slit orifice in the drum casing permits the FP-laden air to be drawn in and impact on the tape. The vacuum necessary to draw the

FP into the drum is supplied by a pump mounted inside the aircraft.

To accomplish sampling, the drum is rotated in a step-wise fashion

154 \

through a 300 angle, remaining starionary through each collecting period, but presenting R new collecting surface under the nozzle at predetermined

time intervals. A series of aepositions is thereby obtnined, each having

the approximate dimensions of che nozzle orifice wich the long dimension

printed across the tape.

The item provides 3.5 hours of sampling time. When used with air= draft, the assembly consists of a motor, a pump, a control panel, and tne sampler with housing. The unit has a total weight of sixty-five pounds,

The vacuum motor is a 27 volt, DC, 30 amp, 0.5 horse power model operating at 1750 rpm. The pulse drum sampler will produce data on particles of all

155

tUK !

size, sampling at a rate of 48.3 liters per minute. It is 10% efficient and has no known effect upon the material collected. Pathogenic agents, have not, as yet, been sampled with this device, but in the event they were, decontamination could be affected through the use of ethylene oxide. B/C Sampler

The B/C Smpler is a radio or wire controlled sampling device,

capable of obtaining sequential and/or total dosage sc.mples of vapor

or particulate Biological or Chemical agent or agent shulants at given time intervals. !hen assembled for operation it has three main units, the control unit, the Biologicel or Chemical smpler rack c?ssembly,

-and the 12-volt nickel c-admium wet cell storage battery. Tne control nit contains the redio receive:, ciecoder, vacuum pump, pipine, :: v-acum manifold, solemid velves, and required electric circuitr,. and electriccl eqLipnen'i.. The Biological smqler rack mcl.- contain up to

4 iropingers 2nd 4 millipore filters with holders and hzs a self-contained heating element. The Chemical sapler rack m2y cxtain up to Ti

sequrntialbubblers 2nd 1 total dosege bubbler. Tie smpler rcckr. &re f~bricztedto attccli to the mountins bracket on the ?ide of the cor.trs!. unit. .

Biological Sequential Smpler

This sanpler vas desimed by Aircraft Armments. It is an

experimental sampler designed for sequential saupling with a variety of

samplers over en extended period of time. Initial sampling is activated

by a radio pulse. The sampler is designed to operate over a six month

period ;rithout maintenance.

TECHNICAL SUPPORT

,. FACI L IT1ES MUNITION STORAGE, HANDLING AND ENVIRONMENTAL FACILITIES

The following dispersion devices: spray tanks, bombs, rockets, grenades, generators, artillery shells, missiles and drones, require either storage, arming, filling, registering, recharging, or calibration at some point during the testing procedures. These functions are performed by Charlie Area personnel trained in the handling of munitions. These personnel also supervise and accomplish many of the operations concerned with the actual dissemination phases.

Environmental tesring operations are also performed by this group including installation of test items in the environmental chambers, timing of storage periods and collation of data.

These operations are described in additional detail on the following pages.

159 Toxic Gas Area Storage Magazines

Depicted are some of the munition storage magazines located

above ground and within prescribed barbed wire fences in the Toxic Gas

area.

Munitions Storage Igloos

The igloos are utilized to store all types of munitions, both

standard and experimental. An igloo used for storage of white phosphorus

is also maintained on Five Mile Hill.

160 161 Material Handling Equipment Building

The Material Handling Equipment building is located in Charlie Area and is used to store material handling equipment during inclement weather, as a recharging site for electrically operated equipment and as a maintenance and training area. An electrically operated rail-mounted lift facilitates the handling of equipment weighing up to five tons.

162 Xunition Filling and Transfer Sices

Many munition fill or loading operations are accomplished at outdoor transfer sites. These sites consist of a concrete base, a drain for toxic materials, an electric power supply, a safety shower, and a lighted over- head cover. All munitions for use on chemical trials, with the exception of persistent agents, are transferred and loaded on these sites.

163 Field pieces such as the 8” howitzer are frequently used to obtain range table data and operational functioning data for chemical field testing .

This emplacement is remotely instrumented to collect firing data

such as pressure, velocity, range, and deflection. When fired, the pres-

sure in the chamber is measured by obturation. A calibrated copper cylinder

or sphere in a closed housing is used for this purpose. Velocity is measured by timing the passage of the projectile through two points using electrical or photoelectric screens, then mathematically reducing the data to muzzle velocity based on calculation of drag. Range and deflection are measured by theodolite or transit intersection. All raw data collected are recorded on punched cards for reference and for processing to the desired parameters.

164 Baker Area Cold Storage Room

This room, located at Baker Laboratory, is used for storage of filled biological munitions. Controlled temperatures of from 32OF to 38'F pre- venr: spoilage of agent while the munitions are stored awaiting favorable firing conditions. Bulk biological agent storage is also accomplished in the large chests pictured. The agent is kept frozen with dry ice.

165 FFllllAl IISF nNI Y

Mechanical Vibrator

Prior to acceptance and firing, most items undergoing engineering test are subjected to vibration tests utilizing this vibrator. This illustration shows an Honest John Warhead mounted in position. The vibrator has a load capacity of 5,000 lbs. and the platform portion can be varied to accept any size or shape of test item within the load lim- itations. The vibrator is electrically powered.

, , , ~ , -,--- -.. . . . ~ ..~.. . . - . ** I

166 Moment of Inertia and Drop Test Device

The two items of equipment shown in this photograph are utilized

in final engineering and field test applications and in surveillance

procedures,

The supported rod shown at the top of the photo is mounted on a

nearlv frictionless bearing. Small rockets are attached to the rod and their compound pendulum oeriod maasured. The moment of inertia &round the center of gravity is computed from this data. This information, along with renge and deflection pressure and velocity is submitted to the appropriate laboratories for preparation of fi-ing tables.

15; The device located in the lower center of the photograph is a

standard 2 Kg drop test sensitivity tester. Explosives are prepared in

pure form, placed in a small cup located at the base, and the height of

drop which produces an explosion is measured. This test is used in

determining the condition of stored explosives or of explosive samples

suspected of causing malfunctions.

Impact Test Device

This Conbus-type inctined impact test device, is a standard device

used for impact testing of packaged items. The item is subjected to a

series of impacts accomplished by releasing it and letting it roll down an inclined plane on a steel-wheeled dolly. The velocity of impact is con-

trolled by the height of release and is usually ten to twelve feet per sec.

168 Radial Center of Gravity Fixture

This device, pictured in an unloaded condition, is used to determine the displacement of the true center of gravity from the longitudinal axis crf large missiles. The radial center of gravity of a missile, useful for fire direction or quality control, is quickly determined by this device prior to firing or shipment,

The center of gravity fixture is aligned and calibrated, the missile placed in the cradle and the moment of imbalance measured by use of weights. The missile is then turned 900 and a second moment of imbalance measured, thus determining the resultant total moment, which, when divided by the missile weight, will give the displacement distance.

169 Munition Loading Systems

The lifts depicted are equipment commonly used for loading

bombs and spray tanks on aircraft wings and in bombays. The Aero 23B

is designed expressly for naval wing loading use. Height, position and

loading angle are variable as desired to fit the aircraft loading station.

The MK6 lift is a bomber loading system which has positioning adjustments in all three planes and which can be elevated to reach a shackle height of 6 feet. The MK 6 has largely been replaced by the MK7 except for

170

1 applications where the lift must have a loaded clearance of 3 feet or less. The MK7 has a larger capacity.

Load capacity on the Aero 23 B is gpproximately 2500 lbs., while the MK 6 is limited to 1000 lbs.

17 1 Environmental Chambers

Of the many types of tests this Proving Ground has the capability

to conduct or perform, the following types may, at one point, require

the use of the environmental chambers: Research, Engineering Design,

Engineering Testing, Environmental Testing, Check Tests, Acceptance b Tests, Initial Production, Pre-production, Confirmatory, or Proof

Testing.

These environmental chambers are operated by engineers and

technicians, who provide maintenance, supervise the installation

and removal of items, and, following outlined procedures, provide the

test conditions. The types of chambers available include an Arctic

Chamber, . Desert Chamber, a Tropic Chamber, an Altitude Chamber, a

Dust Test Chamber and a Rain Chamber which contains Salt Spray and

Immersion test units,

Altitude Chamber (Tenney)

The Altitude Chamber is designed to achieve temperature

variations ranging from -lOO°F to b3S0°F at altitude levels of from

4300 feet to 100,000 feet. This permits operation at conditions

which simulate air transportation or low-level missile flights.

Special pressure equalizing equipment holds the coolant pressure at

atmospheric levels. The Altitude Chamber consist of a working area of 6'

x 5' x 8', of which about half is occupied by the 1200 pound force output

electrodynamic vibrator, which was installed to accomplish vibration

172 testing under chember conditions. The vibrator delivers full rated output at all frequencies to 2000 cps. Frequency displacement and output are controlled manually from en external control console.

Altitude, relative humidity and temperature are controlled manually also, or programmed in a predetermined twenty-four hour cycle.

17 3 The picture below shows the relative size of the vacuum and

refrigeration equipment as compared to the chamber, which may be

seen in the background. The power supply and control equipment

required by the electrodynamic vibrator is shown at the left.

Arctic Test Chamber (Interior)

The Arctic Test Chamber is utilized for testing items when simulated arctic conditions are desired and is .capable of maintaining sustained low temperatures of minus 80°F and above. The chamber has dimensions of 14' x 32' x 18'. 174 Desert Test Chamber (In~erior)

Test items are suhjected to stcr.-.ge under desert conditions in an acce1era:ed conditioning cycle, usually nine weeks, under a controlled temperature of lSOcF. Temperatures up to 180'may be achieved in thls chamber which is 21" x 21" x 13" in size and large enough tc permit en- try and testing of items as large as a vehiculer stock.

175 Tropical Chamber

The Tropical Chamber is used to subject items of any size which will pass through a 7' wide by 12' high door to a simulated tropicel conditions of temperature and humidity. These conditions ere controlled by wet and dry bulb recording controllers for up to 120°F temperature and 95% relative humidity. The Tropical Chamber is 21' x 24'' x 13" in size. Sand and Dust Chamber

The sand and dust chamber is desiaed to expose a test item to

an atmosphere of sand 2nd dust uni?r controlled tenperature and rel- ztive.. hmidity conditions as required by bIIL-E-5272C and other en- :-ironmentcl test sttndards. Sand of various sizes is constantly main- t-ined in the chamber circulatLlE :t a specified velocity.. Clob’infi

sand md dust can be simulated up TO a velocity of 40 miles per hour.

Refrigeration, heat and relative humidity is program controlled st

2.11 tb.es to meet the test stands-ds specified. Rain Chamber

The rain chamber was constructed to spray simulated rain on test

items at rates ranging from three to six gallons per square foot per

hour at floor level, Water temperatures can be controlled from 60'

to 100°F and the total chamber size is 14'by 7' by 8'. t

Salt Spray Test Unit

The Salt Spray Test unit can be used for testing items up to

3' x 2' x 4' in size. A 28% salt solution is sprayed at controlled

temperatures ranging to 140°F. Items are placed in the chamber and

178 controls set for the desirtj temperature. The spray is initiated and brine solution ma? be added to maintain salt concentration until the test is completed,

179 V T .f

Variable Temperature Chambers

Besides the various environmental chambers there are also chambers

desimed to be used over a vide temperature range. ii van-type portable

0 0 chvnber as shom in the photograph ha& a -85 to 250 F cap5oility. It

is used to precondition test items in the field prior to testing. It is approximately 8 feet by 8 feet by 12 feet. Also shown on the next page is a smaller stationery chamber. It has a capability of from

0 ambient to 2:G F. It is approximately 2 feet by 2 feet by 4 feet.

DECONTAMINATION AND LAUNDRY FACILITIES

Dugway Proving Ground, due to the nature of the t ting a complished

at the installation, has decontamination problems involving clothing, t equipment and personnel which are peculiar almost exclusively to this

activity,

Because of the stringent safety requirements imposed on testing

here by the Army Materiel Command, The Public Health Service, and

the Dept. of Agriculture, no test crews or equipment are allowed to

enter the field to conduct a trial or to leave the field after a test

has been fired without protective clothing and without observing

prescribed decontamination procedures.

The items included as protective clothing consist of rubber

suits, rubber boots, rubber gloves, protective masks with related

equipment, wind-resistent cotton suits and laboratory clothing

which can be sterilized and decontaminated.

Decontamination equipment includes primarily the Power Driven

Decontamination Apparatus, hereafter referred to as a PDDA, which

is a 25-ton vehicle consisting of a 400 gallon tank which holds.

various decontamination solutions and has a spraying apqaratus

attached, The Proving Ground has 14 of these vehicles on hand at

present. The vehicles are used in the field to decontaminate by

spraying both personnel and equipment following field trials which

permit this type of decontamination, generally non-persistent chemical

agents, although, depending on the nature of the agent, personnel and

equipment may also be sprayed using che €DDA following biological

trials. In this case, the equipment is sprayed in the field and 180 remains there in the sunlight for decontamination until such time as

the Range Control, or field safety office, determines that the item

has become completely free of contamination.

The biological testing operations also require the use of ultro-

violet chambers, or "locks" which are provided at the Baker Area

decontamination facilities.

In addition to field decontamination, the clothing, personnel

and equipment must also undergo more stringent procedures after

leaving the field. Personnel who have conducted non-persistent chemical tests shed their decontaminated rubber clothing in the field at times and return to the Chemical Change House in Dog Area where they must shower before donning their personal clothing, If a persistent chemical agent has been tested, a more complicated process is followed, The protective clothing is worn into the

Decontamination Station located at the V-Grid where it is removed in a "hot" undressing room and handed through windows to an attendant in a sorting room. Here it is sorted as to type and returned in batches to the Technical Processing Plant where it must be boiled at a temperature of 212f0. The personnel, in the meantime, have proceeded through an airlock into the shower rooms where they shower using a water supply provided by a PDDA. They may then enter a

"cold" change room and dress in street clothing. The procedure for

personnel following a biological trial is much the same with the

181 exception of the addition of the necessary ultraviolet decontamination.

All of the protective clothing worn in the field is returned to

the Technical Processing Plant for decontamination by washing, boiling or autoclaving at 240°, depending on the type of trial which has been accomplished. It is then dried, folded and stored for future use.

The equipment used on the trials is decontaminated by washing with a solution of soda ash and water for non-persistent chemical agent tests; by either autoclaving, sunlight, washing or spray fumigation for biological agents; and not decontaminated, hut left in the field in a permanently contaminated state for trials using persistent chemical agents, if possible, if not, then boiled.

182 Technical Processing Plant

The Technics! Processing Plant is located in Dog Area and is a permanent-type building of block construction, The plant contains a boiler room, a clothing repair room, a supply room, two shower rooms, a formula control laboratory room and an office. The building also houses an "-2 impregnation plant, a petroleum solvent type dry cleaning plant com7lete with solvent type distillation facilities, two trash wheels, a complete set of shir: presses with a folding unit, a starch c2oker, two extractors, a spotting unit, folding tables and a steam p.es5. Fortions of this equipment have been modified to meet

183 needs peculiar to Dugway Proving Ground.

The laundry facilities have a capacity which varies greatly depending upon the agent which has been used and the degree of contamination. The maximum possible load would exceed 8,0001bs. dry weight during a twenty-four hour period. Because different agents, require different procedures and solutions, items are processed separately by type. (For example all items for the Baker Laboratory

"hot" areas are processed at one time, with this further broken down as to type of material, colors of material, or types of dye used in the materials). This necessary separation almost eliminates this equipment being used to its full capacity.

184 The dry cleaning processes are utilized in a manner very similar to the laundry facilities and have a maximum load capacity of 850 Ibs. dry weight per twenty-four hour period.

The repair required for protective clothing varies with different types of testing. Some phases of operations require very little repair while others demand almost 100% renovation. Pressing and spotting are accomplished only on a request basis and clothing impregnation activities are spasmodic depending on test requirements.

185 18h Power Driven Decontamination Apparatus

This is a Zk-ton vehicle containing a 400-gallon capacity tank which holds either water or decontamination solutions required by specific tests, An outlet on the top allows a hose with a spraying nozzle to be attached. Fourteen of these vehicles are available for use at Dugway.

Auxiliary equipment such as M-1 heaters, portable pumps, steam generators and other supplies of a non-combustible nature are used with these vehicles, The PDDA's are used in the field for decontaminating other pieces of equipment and personn?l. They are also used to supply the fluids for personnel qhowering in the V-Grid Decontamination

Station.

The trucks are decontaminated following a trip to the field then stored and maintained in readiness for future operations,

188 Chemical Decontamination Station

This building is located in Dog Area and is Used primarily for decontamination of personnel following non-persistent chemical agent

trials. These personnel have very often been partially decontaminated

in the field through use of the FDDA trucks, so this building is used almost exclusively as a "change" house and issuing point. F?--5-,7.--";.- "--.-3. '.-"r..Pr.-.q;~--'~~~~'~.,~~.-- 5. .+. .. /-3: * .....M,. ...&7:7 ,.. , ,. '. ,/ , ,_- ir. . .,, 1; ,~ . i :. . - . >m.%.;.J. ,. ' '9.:'..;A ' . ~)..., ,.. /, .._, ,.... .~, . .-. . .. - , , t' I .-:,, ~..,. , ,r ., _, .- , .I ! ,. ?.' /.: ..,./,. ,..

.~. .. .

Clothing and equipment are issued efficiently to a continual line of personnel and the cold change room can accommodate up to sixty people at one time.

Access to the shovers may be made from either the hot or the cold sides of the building. The contaminated side contains an undresqing room for personnel returning from the field. This room provides a

AI iinr foot pan for cleaning of contaminated boots and containers of

decontaminating solutions are placed in the room for various other

articles of clothing such as gloves, suits, etc.

Laundry facilities are also provided in the building for

decontaminating clothing and some pieces of equipment such as

. protective masks. Drying and storage facilities in the building aid

in efficient and rapid issuance of materials.

Decontamination Station - Baker Area This block and concrete permanent-type building is located in

Baker Area and is used as a change house and decontamination station

for personnel and equipment following trials using pathogenic bacterial

190 agents. The building has a controlled air circulating system with

positive air pressure In the uncontaminated wing. The air on the

contaminated side is filtered during circulation to prevent

contamination of the "cold" side.

A steam heating system provides heat for the building, steam for

the autoclaves and hot water for the showers.

The building contains three ultraviolet locks; one as 8 pre-

entrance to the contaminated changing areas, one between the "hot"

change room and the showering facilities, and one between the showers

and the "cold" change room. Personnel returning from biological

trials must pass through all of these ultraviolet locks.

Adjacent to the contaminated change room is a sorting rooh with

a slot between rooms for the transfer of contaminated clothing. The

clothing is processed through a steam autoclave into the "cold" issue room.

The building also contains a gas processing chamber where groups of protective clothing are processed through a one-week cycle using an ethylene oxide-Freon mix,

Field equipment can also be processed using a decontamination slah adjacent to the north side of the main building. A vehicle rack for decontamination of vehicles is also found in this area.

191 Photographic Facilities

The Photographic Laboratory at Dugway Proving Ground is located in

a relatively new permanent cype building in Dog Area and provides complete

photographic support to all organizations within the activity, utilizing

a group of well-qualified personnel.

. The primary purpose of the Photographic Laboratory is to provide

photographic support for the Dugway field program. This effort can be

broadly divided into two areas of work. First, pictorial records of the

tests are produced with s~illor motion picture cameras, These records

serve as aids in test evaluation, as historical documentation of trial

series and to assist in the preparation of test reports.

Secondly, phorography is also used extensively as a data gathering

media utilizing photometric and standard photographic instrumentation pro-

ceedures. Photocinetheodolites, high speed motion picture cameras, photo-

grammetric cameras and a variety of other special units are utilized to

assist in the solution of test problems.

192 Photographic Equipment Utilized for High-speed Photographic Motion

Analysis Studies

Dugway Proving Ground utilizes high-speed photographic techniques to assist study and analysis of items in the test program.

Film for study and analysis is provided mainly by motion picture cameras operating with frame rates up to 8,000 pictures per second. Fas- tax 16 millimeter motion picture cameras with 100 and 400 foot film capacities provide coverage in the 1000 pictures per second to the

8,000 pictures per second operating range. These cameras utilize a

193 continuously movfng film transport and a parallel sided prism which is

designed to synchronize the image sweep with the moving film. Their

speed is determined by motor input voltage and is normally controlled

by a separate camera control unit which incorporates timers for camera

and event syncronization. One 35mm Fastax camera is also available.

. This camera has a 500 foot film capacity and a maximum Erametate of about

3500 pictures per second.

Pin registered intermittant movement type 16mm motion picture cameras are also extensively utilized on field trials. These cameras provide

a very stable, steady picture at all speeds. They operare at speeds

from 4 pictures per second to 400 pictures per second. In this series

of cameras are two 16mm Mftchells with high speed motors capable of oper-

ating up to 144 frames per second with 1200 foot lengths of film, and

194 two 16mm Cinerama cameras with 400 foot lengths of film capable of operating up to 400 frames per second. These cameras can be operated in a start-stop mode or on a continuous run.

Motion Picture Camera, Bell 6 Howell Go. Model PH-4308

This is a lbmm motion picture camera with a 3 turret lens mount normally equipped with an 0.7 inch lens, a 1 inch lens, and a 2 inch telephoto lens. It has a spring wound motor system with 8 to 64 exposures per second capacity. It takes up to 100 feet of film per loading and is very compact and light weight. It is suitable for limited type photography snd is easily operated and maintained.

195 Arriflex 16mm Motion Picture Camera, Kling Photo Corp.

The Arriflex 16mm Motion picture camera Is unique In havfng a

mirror reflex shutter for continuous viewing and focusing through

the lens.

The camera operates in the range of eight to forty-eight frames

. per second, and has shutter openings of 180 degrees. The Arriflex has

a three-lens turret and can accommodate a wide variety of lenses. An

external four-hundred foot magazine Is driven by an 8 volt variable

speed motor. It Is very adaptable to close-up photography and for

work which requires sighting the subject while filming.

196 Speed Graphic Still Camera, Graflex Corp., Model KS4 (A)

The Speed Graphic Still camera is equipped with an G:4.5 lens and two shutters with speed ranges of one second to one one-thousandth of a second. It utilizes 4" x 5" cut film a6 well as sheet film and contains an interchangeable lens board for wide angle and telephoto lenses. The ground glass back permits critical focusing for close-up

197 photography while the range-finder permits quick and accurate focusing

for other types of photography.

This camera is rugged and versatile and is widely used for normal

photographic work in both the black and white and color mediums.

Spotting Set Photo-Cinetheodolite, Akeley Camera

. Corp., Model PH-32F

The Ph-32F Photo cinetheodolite is utilized in the acquisition of

preliminary spatial positioning information of test items on field

trials. Designed originally as a antiaircraft spotting instrument, it

has been extensively modified so that it may be used in the solution of

special tracking problems. It is not as sophisticated nor does it have

the inherant accuracy of the more elaborate instruments, but it does

fulfill the need for a portable instrument of great ruggedness, capable

of being installed or removed from a site in a short period of time.

The PH-32F photo cinetheodolite utilizes standard 35mm film in 200 foot

magazines, It has a twelve inch camera lens with a matched tracking

telescope. The original timing system has been modified so that it

may be operated and syncronized by pulses transmitted by radio. A

variety of timing modes are available depending upon the test require-

ments.

198 Spotting Set Photo Cinetheodolite

Copy Camera, W. A. Brown Manufacturing Co,, Model 1822

This large copy camera is mounted into a wall between two rooms,

Copy work is mounted and lighted from two large blue fluorescent lights

inoneroom, while the film is loaded, exposed and developed in the adjoining room. The camera is equipped with a Goertz Artar 16%'' commercial lens. Film sizes used vary from miniature Smm to 18" x 22';

199 Uses for this copy camera include photolithography, photomechanical

and many other types of standard copy processes. It may be used to

duplicate maps, charts, drawings or photographs in any desired size.

70mm Microfilm Camera, Micro-Tronics Corp.

The 70mm microfilm camera is a custom manufactured machine

designed to be used in photographing contaminated sample cards exposed

to toxic agents during field trials. The unit is rigidly constructed

200 and alisned to provide an accurate recording of microscopic drop stains down to a diameter of 100 microns. It utilized standard ?Om mic:ofilm, a special process lens and a vacuum card holder, Although primarily used as a sample card camera, it can also be used for standard microfilm photography. In addition to 70mm film 35m may also be utilized.

Copy Mount Machine, Repro Art Machinery Co,, Model M.

This copy mount machine assembly consists of a parallel glass mount

20 1 board and a metal track guide rail. It is equipped with R Graphic camera.

The lighting system includes four No. 2 photoflood lights. The sliding

camera mount is adjustable for copying large or small prints as well as

J variable sized negatives. The copy mount machine is also used to

produce slides and other visual aid materials.

Animation Stand, Forman and Babb Co.

The animation stand provides a rigid support for motion picture

cameras when these cameras are used for preparing motion picture titles

or animation sequences. It has screw-controlled camera movements which

enable the camera to be moved in all directions in increments of 1/1OOth

of an inch measured by veeder root counters, The stand is equipped to

20 2 accornodate either transparent cells for rear illumination or opaque title boards. A rotating cell holder provides for the rapid repositioning of cells.

Black and W'nite Print Processing Room

This room contains the Fakonomg Print Straightener, Pakonorny Print

Dryer and Pakolux Print Washer (Left to right in picture on next page).

Print Straightener, Eastman Kodak Co. Model D

This item of equipment is used to straighten photographic prints.

203 .

It operates on the steam principal by heating a water jacket to provide

steam to a rotating belt. Prints then pass through the steam and. are

straightened. Various weights and thicknesses of print paper can be

accommodated e

Pakonomy Print Dryer, Pako Corp. Models PH-75B and 26W

This print dryer is capable of drying 230 8x10 prints per hour. It

has a drum heated with 2400 watrs and will dry either glossy or macc

prints. Controlled adjustments can be made to vary the heat as well as

the speed of the machine.

Pakolux Print Washer, Pako Corp. Model 2350

This machine will handle the washing of over 150 8'klO"photograpnic

prints at a time, or equivalent. It contains a drum which raises or

lowers the prints for ease of handling and washing.

204 Omega Enlarger, Simon Bros., Inc., Type D

This photo enlarger is used in the printing and enlarging of film ranging in size from 35mm to 4" x 5". It is equipped with a 75 watt condenser type lamphouse for use with 110 volt electric current. Lens boards equipped with 75mm to 135mm focal length lenses are available for producing any size finished print. The enlarger is designed to accomplish color printing as well as black and white.

205 Motion Picture Printer, Frank Hernfeld Engineering Corp., Model PH-314-A

This motion picture film printer will duplicate 16mm films in

black and white or color. It has a 1600 foot capacity with adjustable i controls for exposure and film speed. It also has an optical sound

track duplicating device which will permit the duplicating of sound

4 only, sound and film, or film only. It is a contact type printer which

exposes the processed film on unexposed film at the rate of approxima- !

tely 60 feet per minute.

206 Black and White Motion Picture Processing Nachine, Houston- Fearless Corp. Model 22 BC

The machine is located in the Photographic Branch and is utilized in support of the field test program to process black and white motion picture film. It has the capability of processing both 16mm and 35mm film to the negative stage only. With a simple developer change, it can also be used to process positive motion picture film. It processes film at a speed of 2 to 22 feet per minute and is completely variable within this range.

207 Color Motion Picture Processing Facilities

The color motion picture processing facility at Dugway is centered

around the operation of a Houston Fearless Corporation "Labmaster" color

film processor. This machine is designed to continuously process either

16 or 35 millimeter Eastman Ektachrome Type 7255, Eastman Ektachrome ER . film Type 7257 and Type 7258 (Type B) or Anscochrome Revers81 Color motion picture film.

The machine can process film in rolls up to 1200 feet in

length; with operating speeds up to 40 feet per minute.

208 Rear View of Color Motion Picture Film Processing Machine

The machine is being set up and balanced to process Eastman Ektach- rome ER film. Anscochrome film stocks will not be processed due to the small demand for such services at Dugway. A sensitometer, densitometer and other devices are available for suitable process control,

The processing speed of Ektachrome Er film is 15 feet per minute for normal operations. A modified ME-2A process will be utilized and with continuous replenishment of processing solutions, a daily schedule of

5000 feet of processed film will be established.

209 n,.racking Ifcurt

In order to obtain total coveraze or. tes7;s involvinG aircrafi 2nd

zirci-afi sprq tznks, the tracking mount vcs developed at Du@ury Drov-

in: C-rcund. The mount is 2 no2ified If55 carricge adapted €or various

cmerx. '=he mount as shown here contains en llrriflex 161lrm motion

picture cmner& with 15 inch lens cnd a I.'itchelll~mmotion picture

:rith c 10O~CmxLens. The operctor is able to track the aircraft throua :Lo3 Giving total coverage. 209b Instrument Repair Facilities

A large quantity of instrumentation is required to conduct field

trials having the scope of those performed by Dugway Proving Ground.

Mayn conditions determine when a trial will be conducted, including out-

lined meteorological requirements. The equipment used in the field as

. well as the crews who conduct the tests, must be ready to perform an

effort whenever these oonditions are favorable, often on short notice.

In order to do this efficiently, the equipment must be maintained in

an operable condition.

The post shops have the capability to repair, modify and in some

cases, fabricate, all types of small instruments required to meet the

needs of testing operations. Extensive sabipling device repair and main-

tenance facilities also play an important role in the successful con-

duct of field trials. The proving ground capability to perform these

functions is described on the following pages.

210 Small Instrument Repair Shop

Located in Dog Area is a shop designed for the exacting and intricste work required to repabr small instruments such as photographic equipment,

optioal equipment, timing devices, delicately balanced laboratory apparatus, etc. The snop and its employees have the carrrbility necessary to accor;?lish any repairs required by such organizations as Meteorology, the

Photographic Lab, the Chemical and Biological labs, and other organizations using scientific or technical equipment.

211 Instrumentation Machine Shop

This machine shop, is used for the fabrication and repair of parts for large pieces of test equipment. The shop contains, in addition to other items, an Atlas Model MF Milling machine, an Atlas Model 7B Shaper and a Sheldon Lathe. The milling machine is used primarily for cutting keyways, grooves or slots in metal, plastic or woooden items. The shaping of metal or plastic items used in the repair or fabrication of instruments is acoomplished by the Atlas Shaper. The 56" bed lathe is a metal-turning tool utilized to size both inside and ou&side diameters on metal pieoes requiring repair or for use in minor fabrication requirements made of this Section.

212 ' Sampler Repair Shop

The majority of field trials conduoted at Dugway Proving Ground to assess the behavior of chemical or biological agents in the field require some kind of air sampling device. As is pointed out in the section deal- ing with these devices, they may be of many types, however the majsrity of those utilized are mechanical and include components necessary to activate :heir action, such as generators, radio transmitter receivers, batteries, and so forth. In order to reoover data from the field trials whioh is valid, the sampling mechanisms must be kept operative and dependable.

213 Using many types of test equipment such as oscilloscopes, oscil-

lators, signal generators, impe&nce bridges, etc, the sampling mechan-

isms and particularly, the power source which activates them, are

ohecked, repaired and maintained in this shop.of the Instrumentation

Section.

The following items of test equipment are also utilized in this section:

Leeds & Northrup Potentiometer

The beds and Northrup Potentiometer is a labora;tory type instrument used for precise determination of small voltages in elctrio circuits. It operates by setting up an accurately hown voltage through

214 comparison to a standard cell and then comparing this to the unknown voltage by means of a system of preoision adjustable resistors.

Operation is in the range of 0 to 1.5 volts.

Hewlett-Packard Model 608D VHF Siganl Generator

This signal generator is a general purpose test instrument which furnishes accurately adjustable radio frequency signals from 0.1 micno volts to 0.5 volts over the frequency range from 10 to 420 megacycles.

It may be amplitude modulated by internally generated sine waves or by externally applied sine waves OP pulses.

215 The generator includes a built-in crystal-controlled heterodyne

calibrator which permits the operator to adjust the output frequency

aocurately at check points at every 5 megacycles over the full

frequency range of the instrument. The output signal level is adjusted . by an attenuator calibrated in both volts and dbm and can be read directly to an accuraoy of f 1 db over the full frequency range with-

out the use of external pads, monitoring devices or charts.

The Hewlett-Paokard Model 608D is designed to meet the exacting

requirements of precision laboratory work and yet to be equally use-

ful for general applications. It can be used for testing, calibrating

and trouble shooting W radio equipment and circuits and for measuring

standing wave ratios, antenna and transmission line characteristics,

receiver sensitivity, etc.

Specifications: Width 13 3/4", Height 16", Depth ZO", Weight 64. Us.

Housed in an aluminum cabinet.

I Hewlett-Packard ZOO AB Oscillator

The Hewlett-Packard ZOO AB Oscillator is a portable basic tool for

making electical and electronic measurements of precise accuracy. The

primary uses of this oscillator are for amplifier testing, transmitter

audio response, voltage source for bridge measurements, modulating

signal generators, supersonic voltage source, driving mechanical

systems, synchronizing pulse generators, loudspeacker resonance tests,

etc.

216 , ..

The oscillator has a frequency range of 20 cps to 40 ko and a full watt output.

Specifications: Width 'I",length ll", height ll", with an aluminum case.

beds & Northup Type 9836-B Stabilized DC Microvolt

Indicating Amplifer

This item of test equipment, located in the Instrumentation Section, is designed for low-level d-c measurements of voltage and can be used no'. only as a null detector, but also as a recorder pre-amplifier or as a direct-reading instrument.

Through tlie use of a zero-center meter, accurate and convenient measurements can be made in a wide range of applications,

217 Typical ilses for this amplifier are with thermocouples; strain guages; balometers; in bridge and potentiometer circuits; for ionization, leadage and phototube measurements: and for any extremely small d-c voltage. The basic range is -25 to +25 microvolts, with multiples of

1, 2, 4, 10, 20, and 40 times.

Specifications: Height 10 3/4", Width 19 3/E", Depth E 3/E':,

Weight 34 lbs. Housed in e. metal case.

General Radio Co. Type 650-A Impedance Bridge

The GeneralF.-.dio Co; Type 650-A Impedance Bridge is located in the Instrumentation Section, It is used at the Proving Groupd primarily for short-range development work.

218 The Type 650-A Impedance Bridge is a direct-reading, self-contained bridge for making the following types of measurements rapidly and conveniently:

a, Resistors

1. Direct-current resistance

2. Alternating current resistance at 1 KC.

b. Capacitors

1. Capacitance at 1 KC

2. Dissipation foot (P=R!vC) at 1 KC

c. Inductors

1. Inductance at 1 KC

2. Storage factor (Q=C)at 1 KC r

Specifications: Length 18 3/4", Width 12", Height 8", Housed in wooden Cabinet.

Hewlett Packard Model 712A Power Supply

This item of test equipment is primarily used at Dugway Proving

Ground as a power sowce for small transmitters, constant frequency oscillators and general laboratory use,

The model 712-4 Power Supply is a very stable souroe of continuously variable direct current for plate and bias circuits. It also provides up to 10 amperes, 6.3 volts alternating current for filament circuits.

A twc- range volt meter and a milliammeter (high voltage only) are provided to measure the direct current output.

219 Specifications: Width 19', Height 10 l/2', Depth 14 1/8', Weight,

62 lbs.

. -......

Tektronix Oscilloscope and Hew1etl;Paokard Power Supply

Tektronix Type 513 Oscilloscope

The Tektronix-type 513 is a portable, self-contained, precision

instrument specifically designed for displaying a plot of the

variations with respect to time of a voltage pulse or wave, with a

220 self-contained means of measuring its duration and magnitude. It is primarily intended for stpdy of short duration pulses.

Specifications: Height la+'', Width I&", Depth 21+", Weight 75 lbs.

Gorton Pantograph, Model 3U

This item of shop equipment serves the function in this section of engraving on all soft metals and all types of plastic for use on d-ds, plates, panels, etc. It may also Le used for milling of small itea for instr.nents.

221 Programmer

This item of equipment was designed and fabricated by Dugway Prov-

ing Ground personnel.

Its primary use is to electronically progrq activities during

the conduct of field trials.

E It can electrically activate any series of ten events at intervals

down to 1 second over a time span of three hours and eleven minutes.

.L ‘.I

222 Automatic Mechanical Impedance Measuring System

The SD1002A system was built primarily for analysis and analog

displzy of nechanical impedance and its assorted parameters. The

systen incorporates all the features and csntrols necessary to display these functions as a result of sinusoidal and/or a random excita-

tion. Here at Dugway Proving Ground this system has been integrated

into the physical test program. The system is connected to various

stress end strain pages which are used on tests such as incline-in- pact machines, rough road hauls and vibration tests. A direct read- out cf stress vs. strain is obtiiined and is used in physics1 testing.

233 Thiolrol Vehicle

Pictured above is a Thiokolvehicle designed to be used in areas which are swampy or muddy. The vehicle is used on the Sclt Flats. hing most of the year the irater table on the Salt Flzts is just be- lox the surface. Only c thin crust on tie top prevents vehicles from lisqpecrlng in the mud below the surface. Due to the wide tracks, the 'R-.iokol vehicle is capable of maneuvering on the flats where tact- ic.1 vehicles 1:suI.d be prohibited. The vehicle is used for retrieving test itens and for placing smplinl: equipment. Battery Shop

Loceted iri Dog hea is perhaps the lergest battery plat any- tinere in the uorld. It has 2 cqecity of charging 930 six volt led-

xid b:-ttei-%s xi; me time. 3cSctteries are used in the vzrious

smplers on the Crids where Chere is c3 source of power. The pLcture shows the battery chop in opxtlon. 223d Glass Instrument at ion

Because a mcjority of the sapling equipment is made of glass, it is necessary to hme a complete glass fabrtcation laboratory. In this

1aborLtxy ell glass samplers ere blom and constructed. Such items as condensers, glass bubblers, test tubes, and vacuum manifolds car. be constructed. to meet the indi--idual neec?.

223c Meteorological Facilities

A major requirement for the scheduling of field trials and for analysis of data obtained' on these trials is the acquisition of meteorological information both prior to and during the conduct of a trial.

To obtain this information and to reduce it to a useable form, a variety of meteorological measuring and data receiving and recording equipment is utilized. Some of the major pieces of equipment are described on the following pages.

Meteorology Van

The Meteorology Van is a mobile unit used in the field. It is equipped with instruments that record meteorological elements

2 24 Interior of

Meteorological Van

View inside

Meteorological Van

FlClAI IISF I)NI Y received from the weather towers located on different test sites.

The operators within the vans are thus able to immediately determine

any changes in weather or wind conditions which might adversely affect

field trials,

Vind Speed end Direction Transmitter Heads

This system of micro-meteorological equipment is used in the field to electronically transmit wind speed and wind direction.

2 26 Meteorological Masts

These meteoro-

logical masts are fixed

weather towers, located

on the major grid areas,

which are used for the

mounting of meteoro-

logical instruments.

227 Rawin Set, Cardwell Co. Model No. AN/GMD-18

The Cardwell Rawin Set is a transportable radio direction finder which is designed to track a balloon-borne radiosonde automatically.

Signals received from the radiosonde are converted to values of temperature, humidity and pressure by the Rawin Set, to provide information on wind speed and direction.

228 lAl IISF nNI V

Wind Tunnel

The wind tunnel, located in the Meteorology Division, was designed

and fabricated by local personnel for the purpose of conducting small

scale tests on proto-type items where the use of controlled wind speeds was necessary. Items may be tested in the wind tunnel under simulated conditions ranging from .5 to 50 knots. The information acquired plays

an essential part in the study of atmospheric transport and diffusion

processes involved with testing the behavior of aerosolized or gaseous materials. The tunnel is also used for the calibration of meteorological instruments and other experimental work.

229 Theodolite and Pibal Equipment (David White Co-Model ML-47-C)

This equipment is used to measure and follow the movement of pilot balloons as they move upward through the atmosphere and are carried horizontally by the air flow at different levels. This enables the speed and direction of the wind at various atmospheric levels to be plotted. Since wind speed and direction are generally a primary factor governing the conduct of field trials,the acquisition of this information is a vital part of the testing activities.

230 Micro-Meteorological Telemetering Network

An eight-station network of automatic weather-data gathering stations covering Dugway's test area has been established and has become an integral part of the testing activities. Components for this system were manufactured by the Bendix Corp. and consist primarily of remote transmitting stations in the field which transmit weather data to receiving/recording stations located in the Meteorology Division.

231 The receivingfrecording station collects and records on an automatic electric typewriter and a cerd punch machine, meteorological data which may be used for micro-forecasting, micro-climatological research, test control and test evaluarion.

231 Teletype Corp. Automatic Send-Receive Teletypewriters, Model 28

Located in the Teletype Room of the Meteorology Division are a series of teletypewriters. These teletypewriters are electrical printers which send and receive, on a twenty-four hour basis, hourly weather condition reports from over four hundred weather stations in the United States and Canada. These reports are used for plotting surface and upper air charts for use by the duty weather forecaster.

A large majority of the field tests conducted at the Proving Ground are accomplished under very stringent meteorological conditions, necessitating a capability for rapid and accurate weather forecasting.

233 Benson-Lehner Oscar Model K Data Reduction Equipment

Manufactured by the aenson-Lenner Corp, tne Oscar Model K is a semi-automatic data rediiction component deslgned to convert analog data from continuous oscillograph traces into decimal-digical form.

The equipment is contained in a compact, self-lighted meral COnSOlE which houses the concrol and display panel ,viewing unit, cape transport mechanism, digitizrng translacor and outpljC control. Out- put receptacles are provided for connection LO electrotypers or key punch and a modification enabling connection to a paper tape punch is

234 available.

The Oscar K is used at Dugway Proving Ground to reduce wind speed

and wind direction data, which are recorded on curvilinear strip charts,

into digitized values of averages and ranges of these quantities over

specified time intervals. It is also used to reduce vertical bi-vane

angles of inclination to digitized data over specific time intervals.

The recent acquisition of an IBM 024 Card Punch has enabled the

digitized data output from the Oscar K to be fed into either an

electric typewriter or the card punch or both simultaneously. Future

plans to incorporate the IBM 1620 computer with the output from the 024 Card Punch will increase the versatility of the Oscar K - 024 Card Punch combination and will enable final outputs of computed values

such as variances and standard deviations of wind direction and bi- vane data to be obtained directly from the 1620 Computer.

235 Communication Facilities

In addition to providing norrpal telephc~ccommunication for Dupay

Proving Ground, the Signal Office plays an integral part in the conduct

of field trials.

Test crews are faced with many problems in the course of a field effort. Conditions under which they must work are often dangerous and highly complex due to agent hazards and isolated locations, these conditions are further complicated by the fact that the majority of work is accomplished at night. Occasionally, but with increasing frequency lately, some sampling stations 51-0 located outside the borders of the

Proving Ground. Due to these conditions,- test efforts conducted by this installation are messureably improved through the use of the Internal Radio

Network devised and msintained by the Signal Office. Since test crews must rely solely on radio comunication for the efficient performance e of their functions, dependable communication is critical both from the standpoints of safety and efficiency.

The Internal Radio Network, as it is-ooncerned with tasting, consists of two radio vans which act in three tdifferent: capacities. They serve the function of: (1) mobile dommand posts (CP), providing special CP to

CP communications wherever they are required withiqthe Proving Ground range; (2) central control point for all communication between vehicles equipped vith radios ( .lthough the drivers of these vehicles can comunicate with each other without going through the radio vans); and

236 f

(3) radio back-up facilities which include (a) alternate automatic relay and (b) a stock of spare operational radios.

One of the vans has an antenna mast which can be raised to a height of 115 feet. The other van has a mast with a maximum height of 50 feet.

Both of these masts include a cross arm containing a total of five antenna systems. In addition, the vans also include five fixed radio masts one of which is used for air to ground communications.

237 Radio Van Interior

Interior of Radio

Van. Ground to Ground

Facility

238 Seventy-five v-ehioles me equipped to utilize this Interal Redio

N6t.wor-k.

239 The Internal Radio Network also includes, on a differeqt channel, those communication facilities required by the fire prevention and security guard forces. Twenty-five vehicles used in these areas are equipped with,rsdios, including fire.fighting equipment and sedans utilized by the military police and security guards, for the purposes of fire fighting, fire prevention, and the preservation of law and order. Communications on this channel are controlled by the network control station facilities located in the Security Building.

240 I

Main transmitter facilities for these netwol.ics are located on whet is called Five-Mile Hill, halfway between Easy Aree end Doc Awe. Deily oper-etions end naintenance checks arL performed on this equipment to insure that Dep:. of Arny rzininum standards of perforaence are me:.

241 -, .. ..

......

This tr&csmitter site also includes some equipment associated with the navigational aid facilities required by Air Operrtions activities

Nsvigaiional aiZs ere primarily provided through use of the cor,trol console located in the Airfield tower. This console providesdirect communication between the tower and the Air Operations Building, the

Meteorology Building and the Fire Station. The installations UHF and

VHF communication capability is elso centered in this console. Additional control tower navigational aids include a fixed tele-

phone plant providing direct communication between the tower and the

hospital, the Security Guard force, the Executive Officer, the Safety

Office and the Fire Station to conform with procedures outlined for

orash rescue operations plus an aircraft direction finder, U€W backup

! facilities and an input to the Internal Radio Network channel utilized

by the fire and guard forces. The main transmitters for the navigation-

al aid facilities are housed in the RawinsdBuilding east of the air-

field.

A,-

244 --

Navigational Aid Facility

Avionics communications are provided by UHF facilities which are found in each aircraft utilized at the installation. All aircraft with the exception of the L-23 are also equipped with an FM receiver and transmitter. Standard configuration of signal equipment to include VHF#

UHF, EP, FM, Interphone, VOR, MB, ADF, etc., is present in each Uugway

Proving Ground based aircraft.

Low frequency transmitters west of the airfield establish a network which aids planes in finding and landing at Michael Army Air Field. This

245 network broadcasts "DPG" continually and is also checked and maintained daily.

Communications are also aided by the use of an automatic payout and retrieval system for communication lines. This system materially aids

Testing in that a line can be laid within a short period of time where- ever it is needed within the test sites and retrieved equelly rapidly when the effort is completed.

In aedition t,o these major functions directly concerned with testing, the Signal Office is also responsible for the operation and maintenance of the installation's two telephone exchanges. The Essy Aera exchange consists of 1200 lines, with the Dog Areaexchange containing 300.

In all, the Signal Office has installed a total of 1700 telephones on the Post. The telephone distribution plant includes 193,960 feet of

246 c buried cable, 65:773 feet of aerial cable, for a total of 259,753 feet of cable, plus an open wire plant consisting of 1,216,572 feet of copper line sire and 511,636 faet of iron line wire.

Services are elso provided which include full field. maintenance for the Ueteorology receivers and iransrnitters plus m&intenance of e five- channel closed ciruit television distribution system which is operated for a specie1 application by the CBR Weapons Orientetion Course based at Dugway Prosing Ground Western Union, ?wX and crypto operations are also provided by the

Signal Office as well as maintenance of such services as intercoms, public address systems, paging systems, etc.

The Post recently beoame a part of the voioe transmission facilities associated with the SCAN line system. In the near future it is planned to add the automatic data transmission capability. Operation and maintenance of the SCAN Network is also the responsibility of the Signal

Office.

248 The brcad backgrounds, experience and talents of Signal Personnel provide a significant capability for the support of unique field operations. Typical examples are:

a. The plastic suits used by personnel in the Biological hboratory to reduoe decontamination problems have been equipped with two-way radio headset systems developed and installed by Signal Personnel to enable laboratory workers to communicate effeotively with one another without removing headgear.

b. Another problem whioh is currently under development

249 concerns Handy-Talkie portable radios used by crews involved with

testing on the V-Grid, which remains permanently contaminated.

Communications personnel must find a method which will allow these ._.. radios to be taken into the field enoased in some material which will resist contamination and also supplg power for operation without rely-

ing on the vehiole in which they are transported to the field for the

power supply.

NEXT PAGE IS BLANK

250 251 AIR OPERATIONS

Michael Army Airfield, located at an elevation of 4349 feet M.S.L., has facilities for both jet and prop type aircraft and is utilized for support of all test aircraft.

An 80 ft high, 20 ft in diameter control tower contain instruments providing the following frequences:

Primary UHF 241.0 Mgs

Secondary UHF 248.2 Mgs

Emergency UHF 243.0 Mgs

252 c r- r-

Primary VHF 126.2 Mgs

Emergency VHF 121.5 Mgs

Tactical UHF 32.2 Mgs

ADF Homer 284.0 Mgs as well as an ADF approach and UHF Directional finder.

Runways available for use consist of the following:

1. 30 Rll2L 8000 ft x 200 ft bituminous paved runway with a 1000 ft over-run on either end, emergency chain arresting 8ear (type E-5) located 1000 ft from approach ends of 30R and 12L and approach lights.

2. 30L/12R 7000 ft x 150 ft bituminous paved 3. 07/24 - 2592 Et in length 100 ft in width and 626 ft in length, 26 ft in width, dirt improved

253 4. 181364182 ft x 150 ft dirt improved

5. 16/34 2436 ft x 34 ft dirt improved

6. 03/21 2463 ft x 34 ft dirt improved

CHAIN ARRESTING GEAR

There is a 75 ft wid&$ lighted bituminous paved taxiway, a 150 ft x

300 ft decon pad, and a 900 f.c x 250 ft bituminous paved, lighted ramp which contains tie down facilities capable of parking 20 alrcraft and has limited hanger space.

First and second echelon and limited third echelon aircraft maintenance support for Army aircraft is available.

254 Aircraft refueling facilities include a 12,000 gal and an 8,000 gal underground storage tank for 115/145 fuel and a 25,000 gal tank for JP/4

jet fuel, Mobile tank facilities include two semi-trailers with capacities of 2,000 gal and 4,000 gal of 115/145 fuel, respectively, and a semi- trailer with a capacity of 2,500 gal. of JP/4 fuel.

Aviation Aircraft Ground Service equipment includes an MD-3 Mobile

Auxillary Power Generator Unit (AC h DC Power), an MA-1 Air Jet Starter, an MD-1 Mobile 50 gal liquid oxygen trailer, a Davies MC-1A High Ccm pression Air Compressor (maximum pressure 5000 lbs.), a Clark fork- lift truck (weight capacity 3500 lbs lift height 10 ft) and several maintenance platforms (aviation - hydraulic operated.) Adequate crash truck facilities are also available. At the present time, one U-8D, one

U-6A, two 0-1A and two UH-19 D aircrafr are stationed ar Dugway Proving

Ground for support of test activities. 255 Jet Starter

Oxygen Cart AL UmLY

Within the air operation building are adequate facilfties for flight planning including FAA Flight Service Drop Line and Commercial

Telephone to Salt Lake City FAA for IFR and Composite flight plans. In addition, Det 15, 16th Weather Squadron USAF is available for flight weather briefings.

257 i

Flight

Planning

Room

deather

Briefing

Room

258 Crash Rescue Operations

The Fire Station in Dog Area, in addition to providing fire protection 2nd services to the buildings and personnel located there, serves the function of performing crash rescue operations in connection with the aircrafr utilizing Michael Army Air Field.

In the event of an accident involving aircraft, the Fire Station can be contacted immediately through the use of the fixed telephone plant facilities located in the airfield tower which are connected on a direct line to the station. For routine flights, the Fire Station

259 provides stand-by trucks which are present at the field during every take-off and landing.

The complement of trucks for these purposes includes one Class

1500 Crash truck which is used for all high performance aircraft and those in the large propeller class, one Class 530B structural fire truck for use in case of building fires, and one one-quarter ton dry powder chemical truck, utilized for light aircraft.

, One-Qarter

Ton Dry

Powder

Chemical . ._ . Truck ..~.~ .... .- .__,.- . _..,

Class 530B

Structural

Fire Truck Computer Facilities

The computer facilities, located in the Air Operations building

in Dog Area, provide the capability to meet the computational data re-

ceipt, storage, evaluation, and programming requirements of the technical

administrative and support effort. Data obtained from field testing are

either telemetered to a central location for introduction into the punch

card system or are provided on punch cards from other elements of the

automated system for reduction, evaluation in accordance with the

program requirements of the particular test, and print-out for trans-

mission to utilizing agencies on and off post.

The equipment list includes an IBM 1620 Computer; accessory card

punching, collating and sorting equipment; and an IBM accounting

machine. Descriptions of the major pieces of equipment are given on

the following pages. . IBM 1620 Computer The IBM 1620 Computer is an electronic digital computer having a

punched card input and output, as well as an additional output for an elec-

tric typewriter. It has a core storage capability of 20,000 positions

and utilizes variable word lengths. The computer will add 428, 520

five-digit numbers per minute.

262 The computer is used for 1) the integration of meteorological, log- istical and personnel data so as to permit forecasting of weather proba- bilities for test scheduling, 2) the preparation of climatological studies,

3) the conduct of statistical and mathematical evaluations and analyses and 4) the comparison of various theoretical concepts and models with empirical equations developed from field test data.

263 IBM 407 ELECTRIC ACCOUNTING MACHINE

The computer installation includes two IBM 407 Electric Accounting

Machines. These machines add, subtract and compare numbers by means of the punched hole positions on the cards. The machine lists and totals cards at the rate of 150 per minute. All of the cards punched as answers to the technical calculations of the computer are printed in final form by this machine.

Cost distribution is a major application of these machines at the

Proving Ground. Other areas of use include report preparation for the offices of Civilian Personnel, Manpower Management, Supply, Facilities,

Transportation, Commissary and the General Accounting.

c F ONLY

IBM CARD PUNCHING EQUIPMENT

The initiation of all computing and card punching operations is the transcription of source data into punched card form. Here, hand written inforx-tion from, for example, motor pool trip tickets, is copied into

80 column punched cards. There are two IBM 026 Printing Punches and three

IBY 024 Card Punches in the computer installation, A second key-driven operation compares the holes punched in the cards with the source data and causes 2 red light and a machine lock if there is an er:-or. Computer fzcilities also include three IBPi 056 Vprifiers, IBM COLLATING SORTING EQJ.JIPhENT

Other equipment utilizing punched cards includes and IB4 085

Collator and an IBF4 082 and 083 Sprter shown above. The Collator will merge or cormpare ordered files of czrds at a maximum speed of

240 cards per minute. The 082 and 083 Sorters will arrange cards into numerical or alphabetical sequence at a rate of 650 and 1,000 cards per minute respectively. Not pictured are an 1E.I 519 Repro- ducer and an IBM 548 Interpreter. --HRl$6CIAl USE ONU

:‘Aove is sham c. cumrncry ?f the inputs tc the conputer system.

This gives m over--11 idee of the l,.:ork of this section.