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TO STRENGHTEN PROFESSIONAL COMPETENCE IN THE HELDS OF ARCHAEOLOGY AND FINE ARTS THROUGH SHARING OF RESOURCES AND EXPERIENCES ON A REGIONAL BASIS.

TO PROMOTE BETTER UNDERSTANDING AMONG THE COUNTRIES OF SOUTHEAST ASIA THROUGH JOINT PROGRAMMES IN ARCHAEOLOGY AND FINE ARTS.

THE SPAFA JOURNAL

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SPAFA JOURNAL VOLUME TWO NUMBER THREE 1 EDITORIAL BOARD

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2 SPAFA JOURNAL VOLUME TWO NUMBER THREE SPAFA JOURNAL Volume 2 Number 3 September-December, 1992 ISSN 0858-1975

FEATURES

ARCHAEOLOGY Recent Finds of More Slab-Graves in the Bemam Valley, Peninsular Malaysia BY LEONG SAU HENG

Development of Archaeology in Vietnam BY HA VAN TAN

VISUAL ARTS Buddhas of Vientiane 16 AND CRAFTS PHOTOGRAPHS BY SACHA JOTISALIKORN

PERFORMING ARTS Cosmology and Aesthetics of the Javanese Dance 24 BY BEN SUHARTO

World Festival of Children's Theatre: Antalya 1992 31 BY ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR DR. CHUA SOO PONG

CONSERVATION Chemical Identification of Palm Leaf (Corypha umbraculifera) 34 BY SIRICHAl WANGCHAREONTRAKUL AND KULPANTHADA JANPOSRI

DEPARTMENTS

SPAFA Affairs 44 Bookmark 50

COVER BUDDHA IMAGE FROM VIENTIANE, LAO PDR. PHOTOGRAPH BY SACHA JOTISALIKORN

SPAFA JOURNAL VOLUME TWO NUMBER THREE 3 Recent finds of more slab-graves in the Bernam Valley, Peninsular Malaysia

BY LEONG SAU HENG

Stone cist graves have long been known from a limited number of areas in Southeast Asia, especially from the Bernam Valley of Peninsular Malaysia, the Pasemah highlands of south Sumatra, and from central, west and east Java. Solitary finds of stone cist graves have also been reported from South Vietnam, at Sa Huynh and Xuan Loc, and the Philippines l. These cist graves are normally regarded as Late Metal Age antiquities from the early first millennium AD and are also considered to be one of the many manifestations of early Southeast Asian megalithic cultures. One scholar (Heine-Geldern, 1945), for instance, had grouped these stone monuments as belonging to a younger megalithic complex considered to be distinct from earlier megalithic cultures predating the Metal Age.

4 SPAFA JOURNAL VOLUME TWO NUMBER THREE In general, despite the fact that Manteri, a low hill on the banks of who had worked in the estate for a archaeological investigations on cist the Bernam River was chosen as the long time, had become familiar with graves in Southeast Asia had begun first point of our reconnaissance what we were looking for. According since the early decades of this work in the Bernam Valley. In fact, to some of these workers, at least 5 century, our knowledge of these the very first slab-grave reported in other graves had been unearthed culture(s) remains rather vague. This the Bernam Valley was accidentally accidently in the past. According to is due to the fact that the majority of discovered on this hill in 1895 by a one informer, 3 graves were exposed the sites were excavated in the pre- British sub-assistant surveyor. The by tractors some 20 years ago in a war era when field techniques and grave was later excavated in 1919 by field2 just next to Field 8 where K 1 laboratory analyses were not as H.C. Robinson (director of Museums, is located. One large grave was advanced as that of today, Federated Malay States) and R.O. found on top of a hill at Ulu Basir consequently much data that could Winstedt. Meanwhile, archaeological nearby. All these went unrecognised have been obtained from such sites interest seemed to have shifted from (for their archaeological signifcances) were not retrieved. In Peninsular Changkat Menteri when more slab- and were subsequently bulldozed. Malaysia, for instance, although a graves were found elsewhere, namely The same fate would have befallen total of 9 slab graves (so called at Sungkai (which were excavated by the recently discovered slab-graves K because they were constructed of I.H.N. Evans in 1927 and 1930) and 3 and K 4 had it not been for the large slabs of granite) were excavated at Slim River (exvavated by H.D. fact that by now the local folks are from the Bernam Valley between the Collings in 1936). No further able to recognise such structures. years 1919-1936, these ancient graves discoveries of such graves were Both K 3 and K 4 were recently continue to be an enigma in the pre/ made in Changkat Menteri until our found by a tractor driver while proto history of the region. Several recent archaeological reconnaissance levelling a large tract of land in a scholars, both archaeologists and work there last year. Two slab graves neighbour's estate in Ulu Bernam historians have spent much time on were discovered. These are all about less than 2 km downstream the questions of the origin and located in a palm oil estate belonging from Kl. The land here was being chronology of the graves and of the to United Plantations. The first grave, cleared (of old oil palm trees) for people who constructed them (Evans, designated K 1 was found on rising replanting purposes. The findings 1928; Wilkinson, 1939; Bradell, 1939; ground not far from the bank of the were ported to the estate authorities Noone, 1939; Winstedt, 1941; River Bernam. The second, who immediately contacted me at the Linehan, 1951; Lowenstein, 1956; and designated K 2 was found on high university. Slab grave K3 is just 76 Sieveking, 1956). ground, just slighty over 2 metres metres northeast of K4. Excavation of below the top of a low hill. The site both sites was conducted in February For more than half a century (since is about 2 km north of K 1. Slab 1993. 1936), no further discoveries of slab- grave K 1 was excavated in late graves were made. This rather dismal October 1992 while K 2 was As work at all the four sites has only situation is now being changed by excavated in early January 1993. The just been completed, it is only our recent discoveries of four more excavation team comprised nine possible to present here our slab graves in the Bernam Valley. personnel from the Selangor State preliminary findings. In all our Two were found at Changkat Museum and three from the excavations small bits of charcoal Menteri and two at Ulu Bernam Museums Department (National were found both inside and outside close by. Museum) with the present writer as the graves. These were all carefully the director of excavations. collected and will be sent for The recent discoveries were made in radiocarbon dating. Our careful early October 1992 by an A further important outcome of our excavations showed no signs of a pit archaeological reconnaissance team excavations at Changkat Menteri was at the sites. When the graves were from the Selangor State Museum the fact that by then many of the opened, all were found to be infilled headed by the author. Changkat local estate workers, especially those with the same soil as that found on

SPAFA JOURNAL VOLUME TWO NUMBER THREE 5 the outside. This suggests that the only in one area, i.e. at the neck- was also found together with these graves were not dug very deep into chest area of the grave. All these iron artifacts. These artifacts were the ground at the time of their data do suggest that these cist-graves deposited in a linear arrangement construction. At all the sites, the were receptacles for primary burials, parallel to the long axis of the grave, graves, or rather parts of them, were not secondary burials. Owing to the first the whetstone, then the sickle- only exposed when the top soil, acidic nature of the surrounding soil shaped tool/weapon and finally the usually 3 or 4 feet thick, had been (Ph between 5 to 3.5) at these open spearhead. removed. This top soil was probably sites no visible traces of human of natural accumulation. remains were found. Slab-grave K2 appears to be the richest and the best preserved of One special feature of the Changkat The same was also recorded for the four graves excavated by us. Menteri graves, which was also those slab-graves excavated in the Apart from the above mentioned observed in some of the Slim River pre-war years. This had led some to well preserved iron artifacts, more graves, is that these graves are lined believe that the graves were probably than 2,700 (present count)3 small with floor slabs which slope down used for secondary burials. Traces of red glass beads have been towards the foot of the grave. The charcoal found at some of the graves recovered from the grave. Some of graves are not orientated towards also led the early investigators to these were as extremely small, any particular compass point. Those believe that secondary burials were measuring between 0.5 mm to 0.8 located on the slopes of a hill, practised. The present writer also mm in their axis (measured from apparently would have the head end found several charcoal bits in all one end of the perforation to the of the grave at the higher level so graves. At grave K2 pieces of what other), and 1mm to 1.2 mm in that the floor slab could slope looks like burnt resin, possibly diameter. These small red glass downwards towards the foot of the Kemenyen (benzoin) were also found. beads were found scattered all over grave. The Ulu Bernam graves, K 3 All these charcoal bits were probably inside the grave suggesting that and K 4, which are located in the remains of burial rites conducted they could have been remains of lowland near the river had the head during the inhumation of the corpse. beadwork. Some were also found of the graves pointing towards the outside the grave. The grave also river. No floor slabs were found in Grave goods were found both inside yielded one large spherical carnelian them. Another difference noted and outside the graves. The most bead, one blue glass bead and between the Changkat Menteri and common grave goods found inside several chips or fragments of blue- Ulu Bernam graves is that the latter the graves were glass and carnelian green glass beads. Our wet sieving are are slightly larger and broader beads. At K3 a very large spherical of the infilling soil of K2 also than graves Kl and K2 of Changkat carnelian bead (diameter 25mm) was yielded several chips of what Menteri. The Ulu Bernam graves found inside the grave. A hexagonal looked like tiny flakes of gold and were also constructed of relatively bicone bead of rock crystal was also two tiny seeds. thinner granite slabs. Excavations of recovered from K3. Fragments of the inside of all the four slab-graves much corroded iron were recorded K4 is the only grave that yielded were carried out with the utmost from all the four graves. Some of no beads. Since part of the grave care using 5 cm spit for horizontal these appear to have a socket. The had been disturbed by the tractor, control. At Kl and K2, patches of best preserved iron tools, however, some of the grave contents could darker coloured soil, probably soil were found at K2. They comprised a have been lost. A piece of rock from decayed organic substances socketed sickle-shaped tool or crystal together with a small pebble were found to ocuur in the soil weapon, and a socketed spearhead. were found inside the grave. The inside the graves. Samples of these These were excavated in-situ lying on surfaces of the rock crystal were in organic soils will be sent for the left side (looking from the head some places ground down. Other phosphate and other chemical of the grave) on the outside just finds from K3 include a large piece analysis. In Kl beads were found beside the grave. A large whetstone of iron, a whetstone and fragments

6 SPAFA JOURNAL VOLUME TWO NUMBER THREE of jet black glass. the glass and stone beads found in "Notes on the relationship between the Sungkai and Slim River slab the Philippine Iron Age antiquities It was, however, at K3 that we graves4. The recent finds of Chinese and some from Perak" , Journal of encountered one of the most ceramics at slab-grave K3 of Ulu the Federated Malay States Museums surprising finds. When one of the Bernam have, however, shown us vol. 12, 1929. top cover stones at the head of the that some of the Bemam slab graves grave was removed we found some might well date from the early 2. The plantation is divided into fragments of a mush corroded iron historic times. In east Java, at various sections or fields, each being object. Below this was what at first Pakauman some stone cist graves about 100 to 150 acres in area. appeared to be a bronze object were also reported to have been covered with a bright green patina. associated with finds of Chinese 3. Some of these beads were On further removal of the soil matrix ceramics of ninth century date recovered by dry sieving at the site. (clay in this case) in which the object (Bellwood 1985). At Pekalongan, Java The majority, however, were was embedded we found it to be a tenth century Chinese jar with pale recovered by wet sieving of the soil part of the rim of a lead glazed green glaze containing four socketed brought back to the museum. Owing vessel, probably a footed tray or a iron tools similar to those found in to the fact there was no water at the large plate. Long burial in the damp some of the Bernam slab graves has site, K2 being located up the hill, all clay has caused the vessel to be so been earlier cited by Lowenstein the excavated earth, especially that soft that it was not possible to fully (1956: 60-61). All these data therefore, from inside the grave was bagged, recover the object without it do indicate a rather late date for carefully labelled and brought back breaking. The vessel has a fairly hard some of the stone cist graves. to the museum for wet sieving. At stoneware body of reddish to buff the time of the writing of this paper colour and is covered with a white As noted earlier in this paper, the several bags of soil are yet to be wet slip. The glaze is of a bright Ulu Bernam slab-graves were found sieved. yellowish-green color. No crazing is to be slightly different (being less found in the glaze. Another fairly slender in shape and constructed of 4. Beck's short report on these beads large sherd of the same ware was relatively thinner granite slabs) than entitled "Beads from the slab graves also found close by. This may be a those excavated at Changkat Manteri. in Malaya" is found in Collings' sherd of another vessel or a sherd of It is likely that the slab graves at (1937) article in the Raffles Museum the same vessel mentioned above. This Changkat Mantyeri are much older Bulletin. group of ceramics is provisionally than those at Ulu Bernam. Several identified as early Tang wares of the charcoal samples have been collected pre-ninth century AD. from all the recently excavated sites. REFERENCES These will be sent for radiocarbon The occurrence of Chinese ceramics dating. It is hoped that these will Bellood, P. 1985. Prehistory of the in a slab-grave here is, indeed, soon provide us with more concrete Indo-Malaysian Archipelago. Sydney. something new. The slab-graves of dates for our understanding of the the Bernam Valley were previously Bernam slab grave culture. Braddell, R. 1939. An introduction to held by many to be of Iron Age the study of ancient times in the antiquity, i.e. belonging to the late Malay peninsula and the Straits of prehistoric times dating before the Malacca. Journal of the Malayan mid first millennium AD. Some NOTES Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society scholars have ascribed a relative date 17(1): 16-212. of 0 to 400 AD to these graves and 1. This was reported by H. Otley the associated socketed iron tools Beyer as a grave "of similar type (to Collings, H.D. 1937. Recent finds of industry. This dating was based on the Bernam graves), but of somewhat Iron Age sites in Southern Perak H.C. Beck's typological analyisis of smaller slabs." See Ivor H.N. Evans, and Selangor, Federated Malay States.

SPAFA JOURNAL VOLUME TWO NUMBER THREE 7 Bulletin of the Raffles Museum 1 Hoop, A.N.T. van der 1932. and Bemam land routes. Journal of (2): 75-93. Megalithic Remains in South the Malayan Branch Royal Asiatic Sumatra. Zutphen. Holland Society 17(1): 144-145. Evans, I.H.N. 1928. On slab-built Graves in Perak. Journal of the Linehan, W. 1951. Traces of a Sieveking, G.de G. 1956. The Iron Federated Malay State Museums 12: Bronze Age culture associated Age collections of Malaya. Journal of 111-119. with iron implements in the the Malayan Branch Royal Asiatic regions of Klang and Tembeling, Society 29(2): 79-138. Evans, I.H.N. 1929. Notes on the Malaya. Journal of the Malayan relationship between Iron Age Branch Royal Asiatic Society 24(3): Wilkinson, R.J. 1939. The Bemam antiquities and some from Perak. 5-59. slab-graves. Journal of the Malayan Journal of the Federated Malay Branch Royal Asiatic Society. 17(1): States Museums 12:189-196. Loewenstein, J. 1956. The origin of 134-43. the Malayan Metal Age. Journal of Evans, I.H.N. 1931. A further slab- the Malayan Branch Royal Asiatic Winstedt, R.O. 1941. Slab-graves built grave at Sungkai. Journal of the Society 29(2): 5-78. and iron implements. Journal of Federated Malay States Museums 15 the Malayan Branch Royal Asiatic (2): 63-64. Noone, H.D. 1939. The Penarikan Society 19(1): 93-98.

8 SPAFA JOURNAL VOLUME TWO NUMBER THREE DEVELOPMENT OF ARCHAEOLOGY IN VIETNAM

BY HA VAN TAN

In Vietnam all archaeological researches before 1945 only involved French archaeologists. In 1945, when the Democratic Republic of Vietnam was founded, archaeological research became a focus of attention. But the war of resistance against French colonialism completely disrupted these efforts. Vietnamese archaeology, in fact, has only existed since 1954, when peace was restored in North Vietnam. From 1975, archaeological activity began to be conducted systematically on a nation-wide scale.

SPAFA JOURNAL VOLUME TWO NUMBER THREE 9 CURRENT STATUS OF ARCHAEOLOGICAL research and preservation of historical September at the Institute of RESEARCH relics in their localities. Archaeology. The papers presented at the conference, usually up to a The most important institution in this The Vietnam Institute of Archaeology hundred in number, are made public field is the Vietnam Institute of now employs 45 archaeologists and in a proceedings volume entitled Archaeology, affiliated to the 15 technicians specialized in "Nhung phat hien moi ve khao co National Centre for Social Sciences. photography, drawing and hoc" (New Discoveries in Members of the Institute are active restoration. It has now 5 research Archaeology). So far 18 such volumes throughout the territory of Vietnam. departments: Department of Stone have been published. The Institute of Social Sciences in Ho Age Studies, Department of Metal Chi Minh City, also belonging to the Age Studies, Department of Historical Since 1985, many foreign archaeologists National Centre for Social Sciences, Archaeology, Department of Ancient have collaborated with their comprises a group of researchers in Technology, Department of Ancient Vietnamese colleagues in excavating charge of archaeological sites Environment and Man. It also archaeological sites in Vietnam. A southern Vietnam. possesses a number of laboratories, group of American paleontologists but at present they are still very and archaeologists have joined the Archaeological researches are also poorly equipped. Many analyses of Vietnam Institute of Archaeology in conducted at a number of museums, archaeological artefacts should be excavating Lang Trang Cave in particularly the National Museum of carried out at laboratories of the Thanh Hoa Province. History in Hanoi. These museums other scientific centres. are under the portfolio of the Japanese archaeologists from the Ministry of Culture and Information. In the past, Vietnam had to send University of Tokyo and Sophia samples abroad for C14 dating but University have also joined us in Archaeology is taught at the faculty we have now have a radiocarbon excavating Lang Vac, a site of the of history in the various universities, laboratory at the Institute of Energy Dong Son Cullture in Nghe An but only the University of Hanoi has in Ho Chi Minh City. Province. Together with Australian a Department of Archaeology which Archaeologists, we have excavated is specialized in training archaeologists. In Vietnam underwater archaeology some medieval sites of ceramics in Every year, from 6 to ten students- is still non-existant. But with a Hai Hung Province. archaeologists graduate from the country having such a long sea coast University. In Vietnam universities and a good number of islands, it is In February and March 1993, a joint are affiliated to the Ministry of an urgent task to build this branch of team of Vietnamese and British Education and Training. archaeology. excavated a site in Tra Kieu, the ancient capital of the Champa In their activities, archaeologists at The Institute of Archaeology Kingdom, now situated in Quang the Institute of Archaeology, the publishes the quarterly "Khao co hoc" Nam Da Nang Province. Another National Museum of History and the (Archaeology) in Vietnamese with group of Japanese archaeologists, University of Hanoi usually cooperate summaries in English. The National including Professors G. Hasebe and in conducting excavations. Museum of History also occassionally Y. Aoyagi, are joining us in issues a review entitled "Thong bao excavating Cham ceramic kilns in Artefacts found from excavations, khoa hoc Vien Bao tang Lich su Viet Binh Dinh Province. once having been studied, are stored Nam" (Scientific Communication of and preserved at the National the National Museum of History). Museum of History or in the various NEW DISCOVERIES AND RESEARCHES provincial museums. At the provincial Archaeologists throughout Vietnam museums, there are also some get together at an archaeological The earliest traces of prehistoric man archaeologists who are in charge of conference held annually in found so far in Vietnam belong to

10 SPAFA JOURNAL VOLUME TWO NUMBER THREE Homo erectus. Teeth of Homo Province. Cave contains classic Hoabinhian erectus have been discovered in artefacts, including sumatraliths, short caves in Lang Son and Nghe An Recently, a wide open site of the Son axes and edge-ground tools, but Provinces, from Middle Pleistocene Vi Culture has been investigated by twenty C14 dates from this cave deposits. the joint Vietnamese-Japanese ranged between 17,000 and 18,000 archaeological team in Lang Vac years BP. Recently, the Lang Trang Caves in Village, Nghe An Province, under a Thanh Hoa Provinces were excavated Dongsonian site. The Son Vi Cuture Recently, the joint Vietnamese- by the joint Vietnamese-American is characterized by end-choppers and Bulgarian excavation at the Dieu team and yielded a Pleistocene fauna side-choppers (or scrapers) made rockshelter in Ba Thuoc District, with hominid dental remains. from waterworn quartzite pebbles. Thanh Hoa Province has entered the Electron spin resonance procedures Sumatraliths are absent from the Son final phase. Radiocarbon datings were employed for dating the Vi sites. The Son Vi Culture dates show that human beings already stratigraphic levels of four caves, the between 23,000 to 13,000 years BP. existed in this region from 8,000 to chronology ranging from 480,000+/- 25,000 years ago. With many stone 40,000 years BP to 146,000+/-2000 After the excavations at Mieng Ho tools and large quantities of animal years BP. Within the rich faunal Cave in 1972 and the Nguom bones, several aspects of the natural deposits, the hominid specimens (two rockshelter in 1981, a flake industry and cultural evolution from molars, one premolar, one canine and was known to our archaeologists. Pleistocene to Holocene and from one incisor) are likely attributable to Most of the artifacts are amorphous Paleolithic to Neolithic Ages have Homo cf. erectus based more on flakes with marginal retouch. This been observed and identified. temporal context than on morphological flake industry is estimated to be from criteria. 30,000 to 23,000 years BP, existed In Vietnam we can see the law of before the Son Vi Culture. Thus, in unequal development in prehistoric As for stone tools used by Homo Vietnam, the flake industry of the culture. In this area, the Hoabinhian erectus, none have been found in Late Pleistocene has been replaced by began but in another, the Sonviian those caves where the teeth come. the core pebble industry. Researchers not yet came to an end. Similarly, The handaxes, choppers and have tried to explain this by the Bac Son Culture makes its chopping-tools discovered at Mount suggesting a change in the ecological appearance in the Lang Son area Do in Thanh Hoa Province and at environment from a dry, cold climate when the Hoabinhian continued its Xuan Loc in Dong Nai Province are to a hot, humid one. Sparse existence in other sites. regarded by some archaeologists as subtropical forests were narrowing tools used by Early Paleolithic man. down while dense tropical rain The Institute of Archaeology Many other researchers, however, are forests were spreading, hence the published a book "The Hoa Binh still doubtful because there is no way replacement of one tool-kit by Culture in Vietnam" in 1989. to date these artefacts with any another,which is proof of the degree of accuracy. adaptive behaviour of prehistoric In Vietnam alone, archaeologists so man. far have noted at least four lines for Our picture of the Late Pleistocene the development of post-Hoabinhian has been changed radically by the Vietnamese archaeologists have good culture: discovery of the Son Vi Culture in reasons to think that the Hoabinhian 1968. So far traces of this culture has its origins in the Son Vi Culture. 1. The Da But Culture in Thanh Hoa have been found in more than 120 Now, we have collected firm Province. This culture is represented sites located an ancient alluvial evidence to show that the by round-bottomed pottery. At the terraces and in caves, as far up north Hoabinhian in Vietnam extended beginning, axes were ground on the as Lao Cai and Ha Giang Provinces back earlier than the Pleistocene- edge only. Later, axes had an oval and far down south as Nghe An Holocene boundary. The Xom Trai section and were entirely polished. In

SPAFA JOURNAL VOLUME TWO NUMBER THREE 1 1 1990, the Lang Cong site, Thanh Hoa received intensive study. The Ha various types have been found: Province, was excavated and adds Giang Culture in Ha Giang Province stone-covered, pottery-covered, and more light to our knowledge of this identified by our archaeologists in jar burials. On this site, we also culture. 1990 shows many similarities with found artefacts of the famous Dong some neolithic sites in south-eastern Son Culture, including daggers, 2. The Quyng Van Culture in Nghe Yunnan (China). What is most situlaes, arm and leg rings attached An and Ha Tinh Provinces. Unlike striking is the new discoveries in the with tintinnabulas. One of the most Da But tools, stone tools used in the Central Highlands. Along Dak Ke remarkable finds is a bronze pick axe Quynh Van Culture were flaked not spring in Dak R'lap District, Darlak bearing both Central Asian polished. Quynh Van pottery was of Province, a stone axe workshop site characteristics and a Dongsonian the pointed bottom type. was found in 1991. Bien Ho, a rich decoration pattern. neolithic site, in Gia Lai Province 3. The Cai Beo site on Cat Ba Island, was investigated in 1992. In 1991-1992, many boat coffins with Hai Phong. The lower layer consisted bronze artefacts have been discovered of coarse pottery, flaked stone tools During the past thirty years, at Uong Bi Town, Quang Ninh and edgeground axes. The upper Vietnamese archaeologists have Province. These coffins give further layer contained finer pottery and devoted a considerable amount of evidence to the expansion of the entirely polished axes and adzes. their effort towards the study of the Dong Son Culture. After the book Metal Age. Our archaeologists have "Dong Son Drums in Vietnam" was 4. The Bau Du site on a sand dune discovered the pre-Dong Son Bronze published (Tokyo, 1990), many in Quang Nam-Da Nang Province Age cultures in Northern Vietnam. drums were also found in different contains a lithic industry very similar We have reconstructed the process of provinces. to the Hoa Binh, with sumatraliths the cultural evolution over two and short axes. On the basis of the thousand years from pre-Dong Son. The most important achievement of late dates of this site (5036-60 BP and Today, we think that the mystery of archaeology in Vietnam recently is 4510-50 BP), we considered Bau Du the origins of the Dong Son Culture the discovery of sites belonging to to be an epi-Hoabinhian site. can be solved. In our opinion, the the earlier phases of the Metal Age Dong Son Culture directly evolved within the territory of the Sa Huynh The splitting of the Hoabinhian into from pre-Dong Son cultures. It is Culture. These sites are considered small post-Hoabinhian cultures may certain that the process was an by some archaeologists to belong to be explained by local adaptations, unbroken, continuous and indigenous the Early Sa Huynh Culture or the sedentism and/or agriculture. one, although possible outside Sa Huynh Culture of the Bronze influence cannot be discounted. Age, whereas some other In the Late Neolithic, the cultural archaeologists define them only as of mosaic became all the more varied The Bronze Age cultures in northern the pre-Sa Huynh Culture. In the with the addition of new fragments Vietnam finally culminated in the eyes of these scholars, the Sa Huynh and new colours. There was the Ha Dong Son, a splendid culture widely Culture belongs to the Iron Age only. Long Culture on the northeastern distributed, covering over half of coast characterized by shouldered Vietnam's current territory, as can be Despite these different opinions, all and stepped adzes. The area of seen from Table 1. Vietnamese archaeologists are of the central Vietnam was represented by same view that the Iron Age Sa the Bau Tro Culture known for its Recently, the joint Vietnamese- Huynh Culture has roots roots in the shouldered axes. In the valley of the Japanese excavation at the Lang Vac culture represented by these earlier Dong Nai River, the main stone tools site, Nghia Dan District, Nghe An dated sites (such as the Long Thanh were broad hoes and reaping knives. Province, shed more light on the site (Quang Ngai Province) with two In recent years, the Late Noelithic Dong Son Culture. On an acreage of C14 dates: 3370 +/- 40 BP and 2875 period in mountainous areas has 156 square metres, 93 burials of + /- 60 BP). So far we are able to

1 2 SPAFA JOURNAL VOLUME TWO NUMBER THREE TABLE 1

SPAFA JOURNAL VOLUME TWO NUMBER THREE 1 3 TABLE 2

1 4 SPAFA JOURNAL VOLUME TWO NUMBER THREE give a sketch about the successive Recently, research on historical Champa site in Gia Lai Province. In phase of the Sa Huynh in lato sensu archaeology also counts some new particular, the excavations of a kiln in the Metal Age, as shown in Table findings. site at Go Sanh, Binh Dinh Province 2. gave specimens of Cham ceramics. A In 1991, the excavation at Hoa Lu, significant number of bowls, plates, In 1990-1992, some Sa Huynh sites the royal city of the Dinh Dynasty in cups, tiles and architectural with jar burials were excavated in the 10th century, unearthed a large decorative pieces were probably Thua Thien, Hue Province. A book architectural structure in brick. This made in the 14th century. on the Sa Huynh Culture has been structure is laid on a foundation made published in 1991. of several layers of large and flat The Oc Eo Culture, supported by lumbers. A remaining portion of the new discoveries, was evidently In South Viethnam, since 1975, citadel rampant is also built on a spread over the Mekong Delta: Vietnamese archaeologists have wooden foundation. statues of Vishnu, terracotta articles investigated and excavated many and gold pieces found in Cuu Long Metal Age sites in the Dong Nai At Thang Binh, Thanh Hoa Province, Province, a stupa-styled structure in river valley. The excavations of Doc a graveyard with dugout wooden Tay Ninh Province, as well as Chua site in Song Be Province have coffins have ceramics which bear the various statues of gods, linga and contributed greatly to the study of brown decorative patterns of the yoni. Along both sides of Dong Nai the Metal Age in this region. Nearly Tran Dynasty (13th-14th centuries). River, in Lam Dong Province, 13 100 moulds and 100 Bronze artefacts Some ceramic kilns of the Le sites were investigated. They include have been found within an area of Dynasty (15th-18th centuries) have brick or stone temples, shrines and 432 m2. Bronze axes have similar been excavated in Hai Hung statues built on hilltops. shape to the ones in Non Nok Tha Province. (Thailand). The culture in Doc Chua also developed through different More relics of the Champa Culture ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS stages. It has two C14 dates: 3145 were found recently in Central +/- 130 BP and 2495 +/- 50 BP. Vietnam. In Thuan Hai Province, we I would like to gratefully find two new groups of stupa-temple acknowledge the invaluable support In 1990, for the first time, human structures in the dense jungles: the Ba and encouragement I have received skeletons, stone and bronze axes and Chan Re and Lang Go. Champa relics from the Seameo Regional Centre for stone and ivory beads were found at and inscriptions are also found in Ea Archaeology and Fine Arts and Japan the site of Rach Rung in the Mekong Knuech Village, Darlak Province in the Cultural Centre in Bangkok and from delta. Rach Rung has two C14 dates: Central Highlands. A Buddha statue Prof. M.C. Subhadradis Diskul and 2800 +/- 45 BP and 2780 +/- 40 BP. with Sanskrit inscription is found in a Mr. Pisit Charoenwongsa.

SPAFA JOURNAL VOLUME TWO NUMBER THREE 1 5 buddhas of Vientiane

BUDDHA IMAGES FROM VIENTIANE, LAO PDR.

PHOTOGRAPHS BY SACHA JOTISALIKORN

1 6 SPAFA JOURNAL VOLUME TWO NUMBER THREE SPAFA JOURNAL VOLUME TWO NUMBER THREE 1 7 1 8 SPAFA JOURNAL VOLUME TWO NUMBER THREE SPAFA JOURNAL VOLUME TWO NUMBER THREE 1 9 2 0 SPAFA JOURNAL VOLUME TWO NUMBER THREE SPAFA JOURNAL VOLUME TWO NUMBER THREE 2 1 2 2 SPAFA JOURNAL VOLUME TWO NUMBER THREE SPAFA JOURNAL VOLUME TWO NUMBER THREE 2 3 COSMOLOGY AND AESTHETICS OF THE JAVANESE DANCE

BY BEN SUHARTO

This paper will explore the cosmology of Javanese dance and will

focus on analysing Yogyanese dance from the court city of

Yogyakarta. By expanding the meaning of the word taya (dance)

and mataya (to dance) into another level of meaning, this paper

will examine the relationship of the dance performer as

microcosmos, with the Supreme Being, the macrocosmos. The

unification of microcosmos (human being) and macrocosmos

(Supreme Being) is known in Java as the concept of

'Manunggaling kaivala-Gusti'.

2 4 SPAFA JOURNAL VOLUME TWO NUMBER THREE The discussion of the cosmology of the Javanese), igel (Kawi, old Javanese), with Shiva or Supreme Being is the Javanese dance will lead to the and taya (Kawi)) exist in the Javanese same as the achievement of theoretical conceptualization of a cosmic language which refer to dance. emptiness or the unification with relationship. The following analysis will Among those terms, taya has another Buddha as the Supreme Buddha. focus on the conceptualization of the meaning which refers to Supreme cosmic relationship with reference to Being. This meaning of taya as Shiva In the story of Sutasoma, it is said practice. Interpreting this holistically is found in references to writing that in the deepest essence, Buddha requires a certain way of thinking. attributed to Sultan Agung (1620- and Shiva are one. Sutasoma is the (Kaeppler said that the ways of 1645): Javanese poem (kakawiri) written by thinking about the arts, which includes Tanrular in the 14th century during the pattern of rules by which they are "...Pratandliane Manikmaya, wus the reign of Rajasanagara from the judged, are mostly determined by the kanyatan kawruh arah sayekti, iku Majapahit Kingdom (Zoetmulder cultural tradition of which "they are a wusakiring tuduh, Manikmaya an 1974:341-342). part." She also said that aesthetics Taya, kumpuling tyas alam arwah could be defined as ways of thinking pambilipun iku witing ana akal, Taya, which is the term for dance about such forms of art including the akire, Hyang Maha Manik..." (Sri and mataya, to dance, has another dance [Kaeppler 1971: 1751). Most of Mulyono in Darmanto Yatman level of meaning in the spiritual the exploration in this paper is based 1985:81-82). dimension. This means that dance on my personal intuitive experience not only functions as entertainment which gradually develops into ("....The symbol of Manikmaya but can also function as individual reasoning. In other words, it is a is shown to be the science of ritual, although the dance performer process from feeling to the finding of true destiny and that is the end may never recognize this. The ritual ways of thinking. of the symbol. Manikmaya is aspect of the dance is not always Shiva. Manikmaya is Taya or determined functionally, as the dance The following discussion consists of emptiness. That is the is performed for ritual ceremony, but several points which include: unification of the heart and can be determined by placement in Javanese terminology for dance; the mind. The ancestors' world is the unification between the significance of the lack of a term the entrance to the rational individual dance performer synonymous with 'dancer'; world. It marks the end of the (microcosmos) and the Supreme transformation, the shifting of different great god, Manik....") Being (macrocosmos). levels of consciousness; the mandalas of sflsfra mataya (the knowledge of This definition of taya is more dance), sastra wirasa munggeng joged concisely stated as: THE SIGNIFICANCE OF THE LACK OF A mataram (the knowledge of wirasa in TERM SYNONYMOUS WITH DANCER the joged mataram), sastra srimpi "... Sang Hyang Taya nama lain/ wiragadadi (the knowledge of four gelar Buda" (Mardiwasito Despite the terms igel, beksa, joged, cardinal points in developed 1978:350) [Taya is another taya which mean 'dance', the Javanese movement), sasfra srimpi wirage tanpa name for Buddha]. language in the Yogyakarta tradition wargenan (the knowledge of four does not have a noun to name the cardinal points in the movements In this definition of taya, mataya as a person who is dancing. The Javanese without limitation). verb can mean to worship and to words referring to the word 'dance' unify with the Supreme Being. joged, igel, beksa, could be transformed to mean 'dancer' by adding to those words the prefix pe- (for example, JAVANESE TERMINOLOGY FOR DANCE Taya can also mean a state of emptiness (kosong) or nothingness penjoged, penigel, pembeksa and petaya). But the fact remains that Several words such as joged (ngoko, (Prawiroatmodjo 1981:243). In this these word forms do not exist. It is low Javanese), beksa (krama, high meaning it signifies that unification

SPAFA JOURNAL VOLUME TWO NUMBER THREE 2 5 significant that there is no term to another, a transformational (inner) which leads to understanding naming the dancer, only a way of device, shifting levels of of the unification of microcosmos naming the performer by describing consciousness..." (Snyder 1974: (dance performer) and the the person who performs the dance, 220) macrocosmos (Supreme Being). or the 'doer' of the dance. Prince Suryobrongto emphasized the This notion could be more easily importance of maintaining SASTRA WIRASA MUNGGENG JOGED understood by realizing the important consciousness during the dance, though MATARAM (THE KNOWLEDGE OF WIRASA tradition among performers in he described this as the state between DM JOGED MATARAM) Yogyanese dance in relation to consciousness (sadar) and spectators. According to tradition as subconsciousness (tak sadar). In this Prince Suryobrongto said that joged has been passed down through state the dancer is transformed into mataram is the content and the generations, the dancer should someone else. This is the shifting of Yogyakarta style of dance is the maintain an attitude to avoid consciousness defined by Allegra container. He described joged Mataram showing his individual self. The Snyder. as four prnciples: performer should remember that the spectators will not look at how one Although her definition is meant to 1. sawiji: focus, concentration without is dancing, but rather look at his explore the distinction between non- mental disorder dance. The Javanese expression is: dance and dance movement, it is "Aja kok ton ton anggonku njoged, also helpflul to understand the 2. greget: inner dynamics without nanging tontonen jogedku," which concept in relation to the spiritual being coarse means: "Don't look at how I am dimension in dance. I want to dancing, but look at my dance," suggest that the idea of shifting 3. sengguh: self-confidence without (Hardjosoebroto: personal levels of consciousness explains why being arrogant communication 1962). The notion the dance performer should deny mentioned above is also found in himself and let the spectator look at 4. ora mingkuh: discipline, without another area away from Yogyakarta. the dance. It seems that if the dance retreat in facing difficulty. One time during his research in East performer still thinks he himself is Java, Geertz had been warned by his dancing and expects the spectators to The concept of joged Mataram can informant that he should look at the look at him, then possibly no be condensed into two opposing dance while watching a dance transformation has occured. Referring elements. These elements are: 1. performance, rather than at the back to the statement of Sultan self-control (pengendalian dir) and dancer (Geertz 1960:286). Hamengkubuwana VIE of Yogyakarta, 2. ecstasy (kepanjingan) if one still shows his personality or (Suryobrongto 1970:13; individual self in his dancing, he will Suryobrongto in Bambang TRANSFORMATION, THE SHIFTING OF never be a good dancer in the Pujasworo 1987:2). Both elements DIFFERENT LEVELS OF CONSCIOUSNESS wayang wong (Suryobrongto should exist within a person so that 1981:81). it becomes clear that the The concept of transformation as transformation which occurs in the defined by Allegra Snyder is helpful Based on the discussion of the dancer is still within the state of in understanding the kind of trance concept of dance performer, the idea consciousness. No matter how that was described by Prince of transformation, and the concept of much one expresses the feeling of Suryobrongto of Yogyakarta. She mataya, I propose a mandala entitled ecstasy, it should be balanced by defines transformation as: sastra mataya (the knowledge of the sense of self-control. Both are dance) to formulate the outer and pulling each other resulting in the "....the sense of experiencing a inner relationship of Yogyakarta kind of tension which builds break from one level of reality dance (outer) and joged mataram strength and power in the dance.

2 6 SPAFA JOURNAL VOLUME TWO NUMBER THREE Prince Tejakusuma used the phrase relationship between the dance itself from two words, wiraga and dadi. "...jumbuhing rasa Ian pikire..." or the and the concept of universal The former is associated with the unification of feeling and thinking duality. One example of the concept physical aspect of dance; it is about (Kussudiardjo 1981:14) to describe of universal duality and the concept body movement itself. The latter this same concept. The unification of the Absolute One that led me to means 'done,' 'ready,' or of feeling and thinking can be the form the concept of srimpi 'successfully completed.' This term manifestation of the two opposite wiragadadi is gula jawa or gula klapa is often applied to the mature states of self-control and ecstasy. (Javanese sugar or brown coconut dance performer. Dance teachers Both components should co-exist in sugar) bought at the pasar (market). commonly use the term dadi to one, pulling each other, not Gula jawa is formed into a shape label a dancer who has interfering with one another. called lirang. A \irang is half of a accomplished a certain role in sphere with one flat side. If two wayang wong dance drama as The balance within one, in the basic lirangs are matched on their flat 'wayang wadi' (mature wayang wong principles of 'ecstasy and self- sides, they form a spherical shape performer). This signifies that the control' could be and should be called tangkep. guru feels that the dancer has measured using the four achieved the ability to components of joged Mataram as A lirang is never thought of as half independently develop his parameters. These two opposite a tangkep but has the integrity of individual style. But since there is elements create tension and wholeness in itself. One can ask for no dance performer who is harmony when unified within one selirang (one lirang) or rong lirang expected to have reached the state person. Buckminster Fuller used a (two lirangs) of gula jawa when of perfection in dance, the new term 'tensegrity' to describe purchasing it. Further, as the individual style sometimes emerges nature's strength relationships in the manifestation of Absolute One, one without the full awareness of the universe, that is the tension and lirang when unified and joined with dance performer. integrity or contractional integrity another lirang is one tangkep. (Fuller 1975:372). In Yogyanese The concept of srimpi wiragadadi dance there is a technical term Srimpi is a dance performed by two explores what a dance performer similar to that of tensigrity which is pairs of females. If we equate one can continously gain in his dance 'ngenceng' (tautness) that is the pair of dancers with one lirang, a as an unlimited accomplishment. In concept of tension yet harmony single pair of dancers can be the context of dance, the term within the dance performer. thought of as a whole in itself. srimpi implies that the dance With the addition of the other pair, performer uses the idea of balance it becomes one tangkep. as the source of strength or power, SASTRA SRIMPI WIRAGADADI (THE rather than satisfaction with only KNOWLEDGE OF FOUR CRADINAL POINTS Srimpi is commonly known as a the accomplishment of dancing. In IN DEVELOPED MOVEMENT) symbol of the balance of the other words, the aim of dancing is universe. The Javanese believe that not to achieve virtuosity, nor to be The sastra mataya should be seen as this dance is an expression of the better than one's fellow dancers, but the conceptualization of the theory balance between good and evil, rather having become a competent of unifaction of microcosmos and dark and light, or earth and sky. dancer to continue deepening one's macrocosmos, sastra srimpi This explains why the four dancers personal expression. wiragadadi should be perceived as wear the same costume while the conceptualization of the practice engaging in a symbolic conflict in The definition of dance as stated by of it. I propose a conceptual which no one wins, because all Prince Suryaininrat is as follows: framework in the form of a have equal power and strength. mandala to be used as an "Ingang dipun wastani djoged instrument for examining the The word wiragadadi is derived inggih punika, ebahing sedaja

SPAFA JOURNAL VOLUME TWO NUMBER THREE 2 7 saranduning badan, kasarengan the need to learn Yogyanese dance the pasemon is interpreted as the ungelig gangsa, katata pikantuk step by step. facial expression which in wiramaning gending, Yogyanese dance should be limited djumbuhing pasemon Ian The definition of dance by considering that the dance pikadjenging djoged Suryainingrat and the formulation performers are not allowed to (Soerjadiningrat 1934:3) of it into three basic principles led express the inner with their faces. me to examine the concept of The idea is that a strong inner (What is called dance is whole duality for further understanding feeling will naturally give body movements, accomplished of this universality of dance. This expression to the face without by the sound of gamelan music, definition shows that the concept of further effort. choreographed to match the duality can be described in such a rythm of gamelan music, the way that it represents the universal Of the two pairs in contrast and harmony of facial expression or duality, that is, harmony between harmony, the first pair is 'sound' symbol and the meaning of the the microcosmos and macrocosmos. and 'rythm,' and the second pair is dance). Further, the relationship between 'symbol' and 'meaning.' I place both microcosmos and macrocosmos can pairs in a square so that the first At first, this definition seems also be illustrated in the kind of aspect, wiraga which does not have unclear, especially because it ends relationship created by the tension duality implicit in Suryainingrat's up with the word dance which is of pulling each other which results definition could be placed in the the very word being defined. in strength or power. It is middle. Placing the wiraga in the However, by considering joged in important to note that the concept middle means that the wiraga and relation to the two-dimensional of duality is more easily understood the circle become a pair. It is shape of the mandala, it seems that if the macrocosmos has an important to place the other pairs Sryadininrat's definition is a unlimited meaning, while the in such a way that if they are cyclical-circular definition. In a microcosmos is labelled the limited. placed at the end points of the sense the repetition of the word square, they represent the dance is cyclical in its arguments; The points on the mandala contrasting duality between limited defining dance by using the word represent the second element of and unlimited. Following the form dance. Prince Suryainingrat's definition of of the mandala in which a circle dance, •wirama. The two points are: often contains a square, I place this The definition of dance by the sound of gamelan and the square of srimpi wiragadadi within Suryainingrat has been formulated rythm of gamelan. At first these the circle. The wiraga (body into three basic principles which two terms might give the movement; doer of the dance) are: impression of redundancy, but these should be able to maintain the are the points that symbolise the midpoint between all contrasting 1. wiraga: whole body movements; universal duality. I label them as elements of the square. Only by ungel or sound (unlimited) and wira achieving those midpoints one 2. wirama: accompaniment of dance ma or rythm (limited). would be granted to unify with by the sound of gamelan music, macrocosmos that is choreographed to match with the In the third element of wirasa, diamgramatically shown as the rythm of gamelan music; and another duality can be found, the circle in the mandalic form. harmony of pasemon or symbol and 3. wirasa: the harmony of facial pikajeng or the meaning of the The midpoints of four different expression or symbol and the dance. Based on this duality, I directions is called the cardinal meaning of the dance. would suggest that the former point. The srimpi dance is said to represents the limited, and the latter be the symbol of the four cardinal In this definition, wiraga implies represents the unlimited. Sometimes points (north, south, east and west)

2 8 SPAFA JOURNAL VOLUME TWO NUMBER THREE or four universal elements (fire, air, never explicitly stated. I wish to Kebudayaan nusantara (Javanologi) water and earth) (Brongtodiningrat suggest that the mandalas in the Direktorat Jendral Kebudayan in Soedarsono 1984:82). The four discussion of this paper would be departemen pendidikan dan cradinal points each with four an alternative answer to the notion kebudayaan. directions could only be found in of "kothong nanging kebak." all of the midpoints of every four Fuller, R. Buckminster. 1975. directions as the result of harmony Synergetics: Exploration in the of the two contrasting elements of Geometry of Thinking. New York: the square and the harmony of CONCLUSION Macmillan Publishing Company. wiraga and the circle. The term mataya refers to the Geertz, Clifford. 1960. The Religion The state of dynamic balance of the state in which the dance of Java. Glencoe, Illinois: The Free sastra srimpi wragadadi could create performer becomes unified with Press. four smaller circles. The cardinal the Supreme Being. Inclusive point of the bigger circle forms the within this state of mataya is the Kaeppler, Adrienne L. 1971. "Aesthetics cardinal point of the smaller circles. concept of duality between: of Tongan Dance." Ethnomusicology, This involuting Volume XV, No. 2. formation of circles leads to the Jussudiardjo, Bagong. the macrocosmos and the microcosmos concept of the gearal 1981. Tentang Tari. theory and practice infinited circle; the Yogyakarta: C.V. Nur content and the container circle can become Cahaya. smaller or in joged Mataram and Yogyakarta dance the Supreme Being and the dance performer reversing the speanc Prawiroatmojo, S. involuting process, 1981 (1957). Bausastra it can become Jawa-Indonesia bigger. One can (Volumes 1 and 2). thus see these circles as In the mandala sastra srimpi wiragadadiJakarta: P.T. Gunung Agung. representing the state of emptiness and sastra wiraga tanpa wangenan the and fulness at the same time. resultant harmony between the Pudjasworo, Bambang. 1982. "Studi macrocosmos and the microcosmos is Analis Konsep Estetis Koreografis Tari On the other hand, this state of dependant on the midpoint of Bedhaya lambangsari," an unpublished emptiness can also be thought of as balance between the two, by thesis for the degree of Seniman Seni the state of fulness in that every maintaining the midpoint between all Tari, Akademi Seni Tari Indonesia, circle has four elements of two of the opposite elements of the Yogyakarta. 1987. "Joged mataram, pairs which contains the universal square in the circle/circles. sebuah renungan estetis." (Yogyakarta: duality within it and is binded into Indonesia Institute of the Arts). the state of ngenceng or tensegrity. The teachers of Yogyanese dance in Snyder, Allegra Fuller. 1974. "The the court of Yogyakarta often give REFERENCES CITED Dance Symbol." Tamara Comstock the lesson by saying that in order (editor) New Dimension Dance to become a good dancer one Darmanto, Jatman. 1985. "Beberapa Research; Anthropology and Dance— should be able to understand what Jonsep Dalam Ilmu Jiwa Jawa." the American Indian. CORD Research is the meaning of the phrase: Soedarsono, Djoko Soekiman and Retna Annual 6:213-224. New York: Comm "Kokthong nanging kebak" (empty but Astuti (editors), pendidikan, Moral, dan ittee (Congress) on Research in Dance. full or emptiness and fulness at the Ilmu Jiwa Jawa, 57-83. (Yogyakarta); (Proceedings of the third conference on same time). What this means is proyek penelitan dan pengkajian research in dance, 1972).

SPAFA JOURNAL VOLUME TWO NUMBER THREE 2 9 Soedarsono. 1984. Wayang Wong. Suharto, Benedictus. 1990. "Dance Mengenal Tari Klasik Gaya The State Ritual Dance Drama in the Power: The Concept of Mataya in Yogyakarta, 94-109. Yogyakarta: Court of Yogyakarta. Yogyakarta: Yogyakarta Dance." An unpublished Dewan Kesenian Propinsi Daerah Gadijah Mada University Press. thesis for the degree of Master of Arts Istimewa Yogyakarta. "Penjelasan in Dance, University of California , Los Tentang pathokan Baku dan Soerijadiningrat, P.A. 1934. Babad Ian Angeles. penyesuaian Diri." Fred Wibowo Mekaring Djoged Dijawi. Jogjakarta: (editor), mengenal Tari Klasik Gaya Kolf Buning. Surybrongto, G.B.P.H. 1981. "Cara Yogyakarta, 60-87. Yogyakarta: Berlatih Tari Klasik Gaya Dewan Kesenian Proinsi Daerah Yogyakarta." Fred Wibowo (editor), Istimewa Yogyakarta. "Penjiwaan Tari Klasik Gaya Yogyakarta, 88-93. Yogyakarta: Dewan Kesenian Propinsi Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta.

Zoetmulder, P.J. 1974. Kalangwan: A Survey of Old Javanese Literature. The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff.

3 0 SPAFA JOURNAL VOLUME TWO NUMBER THREE World Festival of

Children's Theatre:

Antalya 1992

BY ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR DR. CHUA SCO PONG With limited resources and manpower, the newly formed National Centre of the International Amateur Theatre Association of Turkey, must be congratulated for its enormous success in hosting the World Festival of Children's Theatre in April, 1992 in the scenic city, Antalya. Accommodating 500 energetic children and their teachers from 25 countries in an 8-day festival using four very different performing venues proved no easy job. With the

SPAFA JOURNAL VOLUME TWO NUMBER THREE 3 1 the children who were very different in age and experience. The youngest in my group was nine support of the Ministry of Culture and the Foundation of while the oldest as 16 years old! The other great National Theatre and Opera, the organizing committee was able thing was that the to house all the delegates in comfortable hotels and to transport workshop leaders who them to theatres of selected places of interest as well as mobilize stayed in the same hotel, were able to exchange a great number of local families to provide the children with the views in the short time special experience of outings or home stays. With no previous they had, regarding the management experience of a large scale international event and formats and focus of their workshops. These useful only a small number of volunteers, the organizing committee idea exchange sessions was not without difficulties in solving the many unexpected were very helpful. problems posed by nature and man. The thunder storm, for example, forced the opening ceremony venue to be changed Every children's theatre practitioner probably has from an elegant ancient theatre to a humble school hall. The his or her own preference shortage of funds also imposed considerable constraints in in terms of training methodology, styles, logistics. The small size of the municipal hall also at times creative process, and frustrated both the performers and the audience. teaching priority. But the festival's offer of children's theatre from varied cultural backgrounds presumably broadened everyone's perspective and What then, has this feast of children's oceans years later. At any rate, the they would be more open minded in theatre achieved? The children, who children might have leamt that there their approaches in the future. Some were apparently tired in the later are numerous peoples who have obviously felt that it is important to part of the week, had learnt much different ways of life in the world train the children with techniques about organizing themselves, rushing and yet> they share the same love of and skills without which they will from performance to performance the stage. The little experience they not be able to express themselves in and from dining hall to dining hall. have^iad with the workshop leaders the style of a particular tradition, be They must have, by the end of their also opened new windows to their it realistic or stylistic. Some believed stay learnt to appreciate the many theatre. that children at a young age should different kinds of music, costumes, be let free in their expression of songs and dances, as well as national For those like me, who had the emotions, thus encouraging them to flags of a few more countries. They privilege of conducting workshops improvise with minimum probably exchanged addresses with for the children, the Antalya interference. I did hear some group some new friends who might not experience was indeed valuable. As it leaders criticizes the former, asserting even speak their language. A casual was challenging for me to work with that such a method would kill the encounter in the theatre or at the children who speak none of the creativity of the children. Such a picnic at this age might lead to some languages I know, I had to devise view ignored the fact that if we want meaningful collaboration across the body language to communicate with to pass on our artistic heritage to the

3 2 SPAFA JOURNAL VOLUME TWO NUMBER THREE next generation, whether ballet, sophistication. In my view, leaders can achieve more by digesting less. Chinese opera or Korean pansori, of children's theatre groups who intend The next Festival organizer might the children must be disciplined in to present performances at festivals that like to consider the following: the necessary technique. The showcase the alertness of child creativity comes later after they performers are responsible for guiding 1. Present no more than three one- have mastered the technique, in and coaching the children and hour plays a day, thus giving time their interpretation of classical ensuring that the pieces have artistic for the leaders to discuss the shows works. Improvization is a good merit worth attention. with the children. exercise to stretch the imagination of children, and it is undeniably a Preparing a big feast with so many 2. Give time slots for the children to valuable means of training children. dishes for the children is well interact among themselves. Improvization pieces are valuable as intended but the organizer seemed long as they remain classroom to forget about the limit of the 3. Provide time for the leaders to exercises. It is unfair to present stomach. Being unable to digest the exchange experiences in the format them in the theatre, as the unedited food is a waste of good food. of symposium with panel version often lacks dramatic Sometimes one forgets that one discussions or paper presentations.

SPAFA JOURNAL VOLUME TWO NUMBER THREE 3 3 Chemical Identification of Palm Leaf (Corypha umbraculifera)

BY SIRICHA1 WANGCHAREONTRAKUL AND KULPANTHADA JANPOSR1

Palm leaf from various kinds of palm trees in the family

Palmae was used as writing material in Asian countries

before the advent of paper The palm leaf was cut to size

and a pointed metal was used to incise letter and drawing

on the palm leaf Black charcoal powder was then applied

and rubbed on the writing in order to make it visible.

3 4 SPAFA JOURNAL VOLUME TWO NUMBER THREE The Bangkok National Museum has trichloromethane for 300 MHz. magnesium sulphate. Evaporation of a large number of palm leaf the solvent gave the acid fraction as manuscripts dated from the a viscous brown oil (46.8 milligram). Ayutthaya to Rattanakosin periods GAS LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY-MASS about 16th-19th centuries AD. A SPECTROMETRY (GC-MS) ANALYSIS typical palm leaf manuscript is NETHYLATION illustrated in Figure 1. However GC-MS analysis was carried out some of the palm leaf manuscripts, using a Hewlett-Packard 5986 The acid fraction (46.8 milligram) was after being kept for a long period of Computer data system. dissolved in methanol (20 millilitre) and time, became brittle and damaged as concentrated sulphuric acid Q millilitre) shown in Figure 2. In order to find a was added. The mixture was refluxed suitable method of preserving and PALM-LEAF EXTRACTION for 5.5 hours and was diluted with conserving these palm leaf water. The mixture was extracted with manuscripts, it is necessary to Dried palm leaves from Corypha ethyl acetate and washed with water, understand the chemical and physical umbraculifera (8.92 gram) were saturated sodium bicarbonate, water nature of the palm leaf. extracted with diethyl ether using a and then dried with magnesium continuous extraction apparatus for sulphate. Evaporation of the solvent There are three main species of palm 35.5 hours. The ether extract was gave a mixture of methyl esters as trees found in Thailand. These are dried with magnesium sulphate and viscous brown oil (53.6 milligram). Corypha lecomtei, Corypha filtrated through a short silica gel umbraculifera and Corypha elata but column eluted with diethyl ether. Corypha umbraculifera is mainly used The solvent was evaporated and a RESULTS AND DISCUSSION for making palm leaf manuscript.2 colourless waxy material (0.70 gram) was obtained. Continuous extraction of palm leaves Venugopal et al.3 reported that the (Corypha umbraculifera) with diethyl major constituents of palm leaf from ether gave palm fibres and lignin as Corypha umbraculifera were HYDROLYSIS insoluble materials (8.2 gram) in an a-cellulose (41-49%) and lignin (28- extraction thimber as shown in 43%). However the other components The crude palm leaf extract (62 Figure 3. Evaporation of the ether were not yet determined. The milligram) was dissolved in methanol extract gave a waxy material and soon objective of this work was to carry (5 millilitre) and sodium hydroxide (1 solidified as colourless solid (0.7 gram) out further studies on the chemical gram) in water (5 millilitre) was as shown in Figure 3. Venugopal and characterization of compounds found added. The mixture was refluxed for his co-workers already characterized in this palm leaf. 3 hours. The reaction mixture was the palm fibres therefore our interest cooled to room temperature and was focused on the identification of the extracted with diethyl ether. The compounds obtained from the ether EXPERIMENTAL SPECTROSCOPIC ANALYSIS ether layer was separated and dried extract. with magnesium sulphate. The Infrared (IR) spectra were recorded on solvent was evaporated under Infrared spectrum of the mixture from a Hitachi I-300I spectrometer. Nuclear reducing pressure to give a neutral the ether extract showed two strong Magnetic Resonance (NMR) spectra fraction as light yellow viscous oil absorption bands at 1740 and were recorded in deuterium chloroform (18.2 milligram) 1168 cm"l suggesting a carbonyl ester at 60 MHz on a Varian EM 360L group. Two very strong absorption instrument or at 300 MHz on a The basic fraction was acidified with bands at 2920 and 2856 cnrl together Bruker AM-300 instrument. Chemical 1 molar hydrochloric acid and with the absorption bands at 1476 and shifts were determined from internal extracted with ethyl acetate and 1466 cm~l hence a long chain tetramethylsilane for 60 MHz or washed with water and dried with methylene group. The high field NMR

SPAFA JOURNAL VOLUME TWO NUMBER THREE 35 spectrum provided a confirmation of long chain primary alcohol. GC-MS With the above information, it might \x the ester structure by two triplets analysis of the neutral fraction gave a assigned that the major ester in the at / 4.19 and 2.28 due to two major component at retention time ether extract was heptadecanyl palmitata methylene groups adjacent to the 7.55 minutes and a minor component (10) and the minor esters might b« carbonyl ester group. A large broad at retention time 8.54 minutes as esters (11-17). Small proportions of foui band at / 1.22 and a triplet at / 0.88 shown in Figure 4. The mass spectral carboxylic acids (palmitic acid, steark also established a long chain alkyl data was summarized in Table 1. The acid, behenic acid and tetracosanok group. From the above evidences, it m/e of each parent peak gave the acid) and two alcohols (heptadecano might be proposed that the major length of each alcohol. Therefore it and nonadecanol) might also present ir components of the ether extract was a might be suggested that two alcohols the mixture. mixture of esters (1) of long chain fatty were heptadecanol (4) and nonadecanol acids and long chain alcohols. (5) O CH3 (CH2) nOH 11 4 : n = 16 CH3 (CH2)m-C-0(CH2)nCH3 (1) 5 : n = 18

CH3(CH2)mCOOH (2) The NMR spectrum of the acid fraction illustrated two triplets at J 0.89 and

CH3(CH2)nOH (3) Z.35, a large broad peak at J 1.28 and a small broad band at J 5.45 confirmed Where m and n are any the structure of a long chain fatty acid. number Methylation of the carboxylic acids gave a mixture of methyl esters. An Two triplets at ^2.35 and 3.65 in a ethyl ester was confirmed by a singlet ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS high field NMR spectrum and a broad at J 3.74 in the NMR spectrum due to The authors would like to thank band at 3132-3636 cm"l and a a methoxy group. Professor MV Sargent for the 300 MHz carbonyl band at 1712 cm~l in the NMR measurements and CG- MS infrared spectrum indicated that small The results of GC-S analysis of the spectra. amounts of carboxylic acids (2) and methyl esters are shown in Figure 5 alcohols (3) may also be present in the and Table 2. Four methyl esters were mixture. obtained. Each compound showed the REFERENCES CITED parent ion peak and a parent ion 1. Agrawal, O.P. "Care and A further attempt was then made to minus 31 peak together with the Preservation of Museum Objects", identify the length of the aliphatic side typical fragmentation of methyl ester at National Research Laboratory for chain. A simple procedure was m/e 87, 74, 59 and 43. The major Conservation of Cultural Property, employed. This involved hydrolysis of methyl ester was assigned as methyl New Delhi, 1977, p.82-84. the crude ether extract and then palmitate (6). Three minor methyl methylation of the carboxylic acids so esters were methyl stearate (7) 2. The Thai Department of Industrial that the resultant methyl esters and methyl behenate (8) and methyl Promotion (Ed.) "Palm Leaf and Its alcohols may be identified by GC- MS. tetiacosanoate (9). Product" (Translation from Thai), O Creative Print, Bangkok, 1985. Hydrolysis of the ether extract gave a 11

neutral fraction and an acid fraction. CH3 ( CH2 ) m - C - OCH3 3. Venugopal, B. Satyanarayana K.G. The NMR spectrum of the neutral 6 : m = 14 and Lalithambiki, M. "Chemical fraction showed a triplet at J 0.89, a 7 : m = 16 Characterization of Some Vegetable broad band at / 1.15-1.40 and a 8 : m = 20 Fibres", Research and Industry, 1984, 29, triplet at J 3.78 as expected for a 9 : m = 22 Z73-Z76.

3 6 SPAFA JOURNAL VOLUME TWO NUMBER THREE FIGURE 1 PALM LEAF MANUSCRIPT

SPAFA JOURNAL VOLUME TWO NUMBER THREE 3 7 FIGURE 2 TWO PIECES OF BRITTLE AND

DAMAGED PALM LEAF MANUSCRIPT

3 8 SPAFA JOURNAL VOLUME TWO NUMBER THREE FIGURE 3 COLOURLESS SOLID (iN AN

ERLENMEYER FLASK) FROM ETHER EXTRACT

AND PALM FIBRES IN AN EXTRACTION

TMMBER

SPAFA JOURNAL VOLUME TWO NUMBER THREE 3 9 FIGURE 4 GAS CHROMATOGRAM OF THE

NEUTRAL FRACTION

4 0 SPAFA JOURNAL VOLUME TWO NUMBER THREE FIGURE 5 GAS CHROMATOGRAM OF THE

METHYL ESTERS

SPAFA JOURNAL VOLUME TWO NUMBER THREE 4 1 TABLE 1 GC-MS ANALYSIS OF THE

NEUTRAL FRACTION

4 2 SPAFA JOURNAL VOLUME TWO NUMBER THREE TABLE 2 GC-MS ANALYSIS OF THE

METHYL ESTERS

SPAFA JOURNAL VOLUME TWO NUMBER THREE 4 3 SPAFA Affairs

Theatre and Dance Research sought to demonstrate that these activities, publication and distribution Funded by the Korea Foundation close links exist both at the of books and research materials on ideological level and the practical Korea in foreign languages. SPAFA Senior Specialist in Performing level in the creative process. Arts, Assoc. Prof. Dr. Chua Soo Pong Assoc. Prof. Chua was attached to received a Korea Foundation Assoc. Prof. Chua compared the the Seoul National University during Fellowship Grant to conduct a research wide variety of theatres advocated by his three-month research in Korea. It project on "Theatre and Dance in their practitioners, public and private is hoped that he will explore the Contemporary Korea and Southeast fundings of performances, practises of possibility of establishing official Asia: a Comparative Study", August educational institutions, and linkage between SPAFA and leading 15th-November 13th 1992. documentation systems of Korean institutions which are performances. He also went to involved in the studies of Southeast Despite the fact that in most parts of examine how Korea had achieved a Asian culture. the world, traditional culture and high level of development in theatre contemporary dance are closely in so short a time and examined the linked, it is surprising to note that role of government, cultural and in this regard many accounts by educational institutions in the CEM Provides Technical Aid and scholars are limited to describing promotion of culture in general and Staff Training to SPAFA either traditional culture or theatre and dance in particular. contemporary dance. Therefore new After the signing of a "Contribution studies which examine the Assoc. Prof. Chua is one of the first Agreement" between CIDA relationship between traditional groups of distinguished scholars (Canadian International Development culture and contemporary around the world being invited by Agency) and SEAMES for another performing arts needs attention. the Korea Foundation since its five-year funding support for the inception in January 1992. SEAMEO-Canada Cooperation The aim of this research was to Project, effective 1 August 1990-30 explore the interrelationships between The Korea Foundation's activities September 1995, an Agreement was traditional Korean culture and encompass all aspects of exchange signed between SEAMES and CEM contemporary dance and theatre in including personnel exchange, (College Edouard-Montpetit), Korea, and compare such evolution support for Korean studies abroad, committing both to serving SPAFA's with those in Southeast Asian organization or assistance for a wide needs for technical assistance by countries. The three-month fieldwork variety of international exchange Canadian specialists as well as staff

4 4 SPAFA JOURNAL VOLUME TWO NUMBER THREE SPAFA Affairs

training for personnel from all their study and visits. programme. Member Countries. a) Mr. Pissit Charoenwongsa, SPAFA b) Prof. Khunying Maenmas Chavalit, Under SEAMES' guidance, another Senior Specialist in Archaeology, SPAFA Library and Documentation Memorandum of Agreement was departed from Bangkok on 3 August Officer, visited Canada during 5-18 also signed between SPAFA and 1992 and returned on 23 August September 1992. CEM on 25 June 1991 to formally 1992. establish linkages between both The purpose of her visit was to institutions under the umbrella of the The objective of his trip was to visit familiarise herself with new afore-mentioned legal agreements. archaeological/cultural sites of public technologies for processing and interest, museums/interpretive centres dissemination of information on Based on mutual trust, CEM and and to discuss with Canadian cultural heritages, and to establish SPAFA had started implementing a authorities views on and approaches Unkages with relevant institutions in number of programmes even before to cultural resource management. Canada, especially Canadian Heritage the signing of the agreement, namely This exposure to the Canadian Information Network (CHIN), the assistance of three Canadian reconstruction of sites is extremely Cultural Conservation Institute (CCI), specialists, and a visit to Canada by useful for strategic planning of the National Library and the Professor M.C. Subhadradis Diskul in management of large sites like National Archives of Canada. The May 1991. historic parks. Assistance and excellent intensive programmes of the cooperation have been offered by study-visit were arranged for her S P A F A PERSONNEL TRAINING IN many institutions, namely Pare including such activities as CANADA IN FY 1991/1992 Canada in Ottawa for site registration observation of information processing methods, Canadian Heritage from central databases and From May to September 1992, Information Network for museum specialised databases. Visits were SPAFA personnel went for training collection recording programme, also arranged for observations on and study visits in Canada in the Canadian Conservation Institute for technical processes for conservation fields of paleonotology, archaeological advice on conservation equipment of library and archival materials, of data processing, historic building and techniques. He also worked with textiles and waterlogged woods, with management and library and Terrance Gibson of Western Heritage emphasis on how conservation documentation system networking. Services Inc. in Saskatchewan, on process data were recorded into the certain types of hardware/software computer. It was unfortunate that Below are brief summary reports of for basic artifact/site recording the Director of CHIN was not in

SPAFA JOURNAL VOLUME TWO NUMBER THREE 4 5 SPAFA Affairs

Ottawa during her visit. However, d) Mr. Mohd Kamaruzaman A. and historic sites in Quebec. she met almost all the heads and Rahman, a university lecturer from senior officers of the various the Department of Archaeology, divisions of CHIN who explained to National University of Malaysia, also CANADIAN TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE her the activities of the divisions. At spent his whole month of May 1992 CCI, she paid a courtesy call on the in Canada undergoing training in During Fiscal Year 1990/1991 Director General and discussed with Archaeological Data Processing Canadian specialists provided him the possible cooperation in Techniques, mainly at the Western technical assistance in the fields of future between CCI and SPAFA, Heritage Services Inc, Saskatchewan. conservation of archival and library through CIDA and the SEAMEO Studying the computer software for materials, underwater archaeology, Secretariat. Similar courtesy calls and archaeologists developed by WHSI and labanotation. discussions were made with the was considered the highlight of his directors of the National Library and programme. a) Miss Jane A. Dalley, is an expert the National Archives. All the officers in conservation of archival and concerned in each institution visited e) Mr. Vira Rojpojchanarat is an library materials, from Culture, had given their best attention to architect working on the conservation Heritage and Recreation Provincial ensure that the visits were beneficial. of historic buildings and monuments Archives, Winnipeg, Manitoba. She Relevant documents were also given under Thailand's Division of spent one full month, from 17 to her for further study. Archaeology His visit replaced the February to 17 March 1991, at the training programme in "Handicraft National Archives of Singapore to c) Dr. Hidajat Sjarief Hardjasasmita, Promotion Techniques" planned for conduct the training course in a lecturer from the Bandung Institute a staff from Brunei Darussalam. Conservation of Archival and Library of Technology, Indonesia, spent his Since the Royal Brunei Government Materials (S-t 122 b). Miss Dalley whole month of May, 1992 in was not ready for nomination in made all efforts to stimulate interests Canada studying Zooarchaeology and 1992 the training programme in in the subject, and to make trainees, Paleonotology of the Vertebrate. His "Historic Building Management" having different professional study took him to the Tyrell scheduled for 1993, replaced it, to backgrounds, to learn theory and Paleonotological Museum at utilise the funds. Mr. Vira's acquire skills within the allotted time. Drumheller, the "Head-Smashed-In" programme in August 1992 She recommended, for future courses, World Heritage Archaeological Centre highlighted considerable interpretive to provide sufficient supply of small in Alberta, and the Royal Ontario centres in Alberta, heritage tools, to avoid repetition of Museum in Toronto. conservation organisations in Ottawa, theoretical work between the three

4 6 SPAFA JOURNAL VOLUME TWO NUMBER THREE SPAFA Affairs

course components, and to organise a on the part of both teachers and happy in his field work and found specific course on some particular trainees, in planning and preparing no problems regarding his adaptation aspects of conservation, instead of a courses and in maintaining and to the environment. He felt that he general one. She also suggested refining their skills through was under-utilised. Part of this was ways and means to continue continued practice, between courses. due to the fact that the ethnic group communication between Manitoba The other recommendations include to be studied—the Sakai—constantly and SPAFA for professional the use of video tapes of final moved from place to place and were development through cooperation presentation and project for use as not always available to act as and mutual support. teaching resources; the acquisition of informants. Another significant books; and the provision of reason was that the Sakai were bored b) Associate Professor Rhonda translators. by the trainee's photographing and Ryman-Kane is a faculty member of interviewing. Being a non- the Dance Department, University of There were three experts from archaeologist, he also felt that he Waterloo. Assoc. Prof. Ryman-Kane Canada who provided technical could not contribute much to the conducted a training course on cooperation during the Fiscal Year main focus of the fieldwork which Labanotation which was held in 1991/1992; namely Mr. Eric was the completion of the Singapore, during 2 March to 18 Waterton, Mr. Terrance H. Gibson, archaeological excavation. Mr. March 1991. Since she had not and Mr. Mario Poulin. Waterton's suggestions for future received in time relevant documents courses cover: ( 1) more course for the training course, as well as c) Mr. Eric Waterton, Manager, details should be provided in general information about Singapore Museum Services, Department of advance; (2) selection of participants and the Southeast Asian linguistic Culture and Multiculturalism, who would benefit most from the and cultural background, it took her Government of Alberta, assisted in training; (3) more time for much efort to get acquainted and the Advanced Training in Ethno- instruction on ethnology or adjusted to the environment. Archeology (S-T151 a) which took ethnological investigation; (4) limiting However, in spite of this, she ran the place in Bangkok and Sakai Cave the number of participants. course very effectively and was much Site, Tambol Palian, Traang Province, appreciated by her teaching Thailand. Special assignment for Mr. d) Mr. Terrance G. Gibson of the colleagues and her trainees. Assoc. Waterton was to assist with the Western Heritage Services Inc, Professor Ryman-Kane drew up a list fieldwork, and to deliver one lecture Saskatchewan, spent one full month of valuable recommendations, on a case study of Canadian ethno- imparting skill and knowledge in focussing on the issues of continuity archoeology. Mr. Waterton was computer applications for

SPAFA JOURNAL VOLUME TWO NUMBER THREE 4 7 SPAFA Affairs

archaeological data processing to 11 projects became the highlight of archaeological works and custodians participants from four Member the training programme and the of national heritages having bead Countries of SPAFA, at Silpakorn final products were much collection repositories to analyse and University Computer Centre, appreciated by the trainees as classify beads systematically, utilizing Thailand, from 10 May 1992 to 12 well as the CID personnel. scientific technology and methods, June 1992. His performance SPAFA has organized a training impressed the trainees and centre course on archaeological beads staff, and with his in-depth analysis, for approximately two background in archaeology as well months, from 31 October to 20 as his advanced knowledge in Archaeological Beads Analysis December 1992 with the cooperation computer applications, he was of the University Kabanesaan requested by all concerned to come Beads have had great roles to play in Malaysia. back again for the next training human life and human civilization, course in 1994. from aesthetic, technological, spiritual The main purpose of the course is to and commercial aspects. Beads were help the participants to analyse e) Mr. Mario Poulin is from the produced since pre-historic time, beads, and on the basis of beads to College Edouard-Montpetit. He anywhere in the world. At present possibly reconstruct as the source of spent one and a half months, numerous ancient beads of various raw materials, production centres, a during 24 June-5 August 1992, types, shapes, ages, and made of real coverage of varied types of with the training course on the different kinds of materials have been beads in chronological ordering and Development and Promotion of collected and preserved by cultural so on. Creative Crafts, assisting both institutions as national and world the 12 trainees and the course treasures. From the archaeological There were 13 participants from organiser, the Cottage Industries point of view, they are considered as Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines, Division, Department of artifacts which contribute significantly Thailand and Canada. Resource Industrial Promotion, Thailand. to the interpretation of the role of a persons were Mr. Peter Francis Jr, Mr. Poulin is also the CLI's site in the trade network. Studies on American bead trade expert, Mr. Ray coordinator who spent most of beads will bring out information on Santiago, a Philippine archaeologist, his assignment on the course manufacturing centres, trade centres, and Dr. Tan Teong Heng, Malaysian management as well as the distribution centres and so on. geologist. Mr. Francis' travel fine-tuning of the curriculum. expenditure was contributed by the With his hard work, the group To enable persons engaged in Asian Cultural Council of the U.S.A.

4 8 SPAFA JOURNAL VOLUME TWO NUMBER SPAFA Affairs

Trainees were given lectures on the 7th SEAMEO-SPAFA Governing into a magnificent building and ready following subjects: materials and Board Meeting to move into new areas of work He is forms of beads; quantitative spatial optimistic that the joint efforts of the and temporal framework; analytical In October SPAFA held its 7th Board and the staff of SPAFA will methods and techniques for Governing Board Meeting in the new redound to successfully meet all new identification of beads; beads as SPAFA Building. challenges and assignments. He called component of trade with involvement on the Board and the staff to of economy; aesthetic and religious Governing Board Member for collectively review the Centre's consideration of beads. Trainees Singapore Mr. Kwa Chong Guan, programmes and priorities, and if spent part of the time for practical was unanimously elected as the new necessary, make some difficult, perhaps execises. Chairman of the Governing Board. painful, decisions about restructuring Fr. Gabriel Casal, Governing Board them in view of budgetary constraints. In the final evaluation of the course, Member for the Philippines, was He encouraged the Board and staff to the trainees expressed their elected Vice Chairman. continue working together in satisfaction with the course, though addressing the challenges and the the majority felt that there should be In his impromptu acceptance many opportunities in SPAFA's more time alloted for practical work. remarks, the newly elected Chairman operations. He concluded by thanking They recommended that more said he was honoured to assume the his colleages for the confidence they advanced level courses be organized Chairmanship at this high point of have placed in him and assured them for the same group. SPAFA's existence when it is moving that he will do his best for SPAFA.

SPAFA JOURNAL VOLUME TWO NUMBER THREE 4 9 Booknark

Loirpilec by KHunying Maenmas Lhayalit

NEW ACQUISITIONS Calouste Gulbenkian Foundation. Eliot, Charles, Sir. 4 Examples of restoration and Hinduism and Buddhism: an revival of a heritage built by the historical sketch. Reprint ed. New Aletkar, G.S. Portuguese throughout the world. Delhi, India: Sri Satguru Publications, Studies on Valmiki's Ramayana. Lisbon, 1987. 1 v. (unpaged), col. 1988. civ, 345 p. vol. I, in three Poona, India: Bhandarkar Oriental illus. biblio. volumes. (Bibliotheca Indo-Buddhica Research Institute, 1987. xiii, 396 p. ARCHAEOLOGICAL Series no. 55). (Bhandarkar Oriental Research RESTORATION- PORTUGUESE ISBN 81-7030-170-X (Vol. I) Institute, Research Unit Series, no. 9) ANCIENT BUILDINGS ISBN 81-7030-173-4 (Set) VALMIKI RAMAYANA-STUDY/ HINDUISM- BUDDHISM- RAMAYANA-INDIA Cummings, Joe. HISTORY The meditation temples of Thailand: Beal, Samuel. a guide. Thailand: Trasvin Pub., Gosling, Betty. Buddhist literatune in China. 2d ed. c 1990. viii, 94 p. illus. Sukhothai: its history, culture and New Delhi, India: Sri Satguru ISBN 1-879220-15-6 art. Singapore: Oxford University Publications, 1988. 185 p. (Bibliotheca ISBN 974-88662-8-9 Press, c 1991. 123 p. illus. Indo-Buddhica no. 46). BUDDHISM- THAILAND/ ISBN 974-8206-85-8 ISBN 81-7030-142-4 BUDDHIST MEDITATION- SUKHOTHAI, THAILAND- BUDDHIST LITERATURE-CHINA THAILAND/THAILAND- HISTORY/ CULTURE- MEDITATION TEMPLES THAILAND- SUKHOTHAI/ ART- THAILAND- SUKHOTHAI

50 SPAFA JOURNAL VOLUME TWO NUMBER THREE Harrison, Tom. Mechai Thongthep, ed. Singapore, National Library. The prehistory of Sabah. Sabah: Tales of Sri Thanonchai: Tltailand's 2991 Singapore National Sabah Society, c 1970. 272 p. illus. artful trickster. Bangkok: Patamini Bibliography. Singapore: National biblio. (Sabah Society Journal, vol Ltd, cl991. 117 p. biblio. Library, 1992. IV, 1969-1970) ISBN 974-7315-40-8 ISBN 0129-315x SABAH- PREHISTORY/ FOLK LITERATURE, THAILAND BIBLIOGRAPHY, NATIONAL- PREHISTORY- MALAYSIA- /SRI THANONCHAI, THAILAND SINGAPORE SABAH FOLK TALE Southhard, Michael. D. (ed). Jain, Jyoti Prasad, edited. Ochiai, Kozo. Archaeological investigations on the The illustrated manuscript of Jaina Information sharing: how the western flank of the South-Central Ramayana. India: Shri Dev Kumar Japanese prepare themselves for Cascades, Lane and Douglas Jain Oriental Library, Shri Jain collective bargaining. Singapore: Counties, Oregon. Portland, Oregon: Siddhant Bhawan, 1989. xii, 95 p. National Productivity Board, 1987. Bureau of Land Management, 1991. illus. (in Sanskrit) 211 p. illus. 212 p. (Cultural Resource Series no. 7) RAMAYANA, JAINA- ISBN 9971-0-3454-9 U.S., OREGON- ILLUSTRATED MANUSCRIPT/ LABOUR INFORMATION ARCHAEOLOGICAL JAINA RAMAYANA- MANAGEMENT/WAGE INVESTIGATION/ ILLUSTRATED MANUSCRIPT MANAGMENT-JAPAN/ ARCHAEOLOGICAL COLLECTIVE BARGAINING EWESTIGATION-US.-OREGON Kanomi, Takako. INFORMATION-JAPAN People of myth: textiles and crafts Tillakaratne, Miniwan P. of the Golden Triangle. Kyoto, Thailand, Office of the National Manners, customs and ceremonies of Japan: Shikosha Pub. Co., Ltd., Culture Commission. The centennial Sri Lanka. New Delhi, India: Sri 1991. (in Japanese and English) of His Royal Highness Prince Wan Satguru Publications, 1986. xi, 221 p. 351 p. illus. biblio. Waithayakon Krommun Naradhip plates, biblio. (Studies on Sri Lanka THAILAND- HILLTRIBES/ Bongsprabandh: Thai great diplomat Series no. 4). HANDICARFTS-THAILAND- and scholar. Bangkok: Amarin ISBN 81-7030-014-2 HILLTRIBES/TEXTILES- Printing Group Co., Ltd., 1991. 83 p. SRI LANKA-SOCIAL LIFE AND THAILAND- HILLTRIBES WAN WAITHAYAKON CUSTOMS KROMMUN NARADHIP Lumholtz, Carl. BONGSPRABANDH, H.R.H. Whitfield, Roderick and Anne Farrer. Through Central Borneo: an account PRINCE- BIOGRAPHY Caves of the Thousand Buddhas: of two years' travel in the land of Chinese art from the silk route. the head-hunters between the years Prajnanananda, Swami. Edited by Anne Farrer, contributions 1913 and 1917. Singapore: Oxford The form and function of music in by S.J. Vainker and Jessica Rawson. University Press, 1991. (First ancient India: a historical study (vol. London: British Museum Publications published by Charles Scribner & two). Calcutta, India: Ramakrishna Ltd., c 1990. illus. biblio. Sons, New York 1920) xviii, 467 p. Vedanta Math, 1990. 12, 2 5 6 p . ISBN 0-7141-1447-2 illus. map. bliblio. (Art and Culture Series). ART, BUDDHIST-CHINA/ ISBN 019-588996-7 MUSIC, ANCIENT-INDIA/INDIA CHINA-BUDDHIST ART BORNEO, CENTRAL- -ANCIENT MUSIC EXPEDITION /CARL LUMHOLTZ - ETHNOGRAPHER/

SPAFA JOURNAL VOLUME TWO NUMBER THREE 5 1 Wyatt, David K. Gill, Kamal. Loewe, Michael. Thailand: a short history. Bangkok "Bringing alive Mirzapur folk art." "Didactic art in Han China." Journal Travin Pub., c 1982. xviii, 351 p. Discover India, vol. 4, no. 12, Dec. of the Royal Asiatic Society, vol. 1 illus., maps, tables. Includes Index. 1991. pp. 16-17. pt, April 1991. p. 93-103. ISBN 974-88662-6-2 FOLK ART-INDIA/PAINTING- ART, DIDATIC CHINA-HAN THAILAND-HISTORY INDIA/NANDITA SHARMA- PERIOD INDIA ARTIST "Lumbini flying to the birthplace of Hila, Antonio C. the Buddha." Shargri-la, vol. 31, no. "Still very young indefatigable and 1, Jan/Mar. pp. 8-9. highly prolific, Jeffrey Ching has LUMBINI- BUDDHA'S definitely enriched the musical life of BIRTHPLACE-NEPAL/BUDDHAS SELECTED ARTICLES FROM the country." Kultura, vol. 4, no. 4, BIRTHPLACE, LUMBINI-NEPAL/ SERIALS 1991. pp. 34-37. LUMBINI DEVELOPMENT MUSICIANS, THE PHILIPPINES/ TRUST-NEPAL JEFFREY CHING-PHILIPPINE Alter, Judith B. COMPOSER Michaux, Nicolas. "Havelock Ellix's essay: the art of "Keeping the memory alive." dancing a reconsideration." Dance Hoskin, John. UNESCO Sources, no. 36, April 1992. Research Journal, vol. 24, no. 1, "The Ramakien in Thai art." pp. 18-19. Spring 1992. pp. 27-35. Sawasdee, vol. 21, May 1992. pp. 41- PHOTOGRAPHY FOR DANCING 46. CONSERVATION/ RAMAKIEN-ART FORMS- PHOTOGRAPHY- Aryan, B.N. THAILAND PRESERVATION AND STORAGE/ "Damdama murals embellishments UNESCO PROGRAMME-BANK bold and simple." Discover India, vol. Knightley, Phillip. OF IMAGES OF WORLD 4, no. 12, Dec. 1991. pp. 32-34. "Aboriginal art 35,000 years old and HERITAGES/WORLD PAINTING, MURAL-INDIA/ still unique." Connoisseur's Asia, Jan. HERITAGES, BANK OF IMAGES- MURAL PAINTING AND 1991. pp. 24-31. UNESCO DECOR ATION- INDIA ART, ABORIGINAL-AUSTRALIA ART, PREHISTORIC-AUSTRALIA Morgan, Terence. Dang Nghiem Van. "A dramatic surge." Mirror, vol. 27, "About the ethnonyms of ethnicities Lee, Yong-Woo. no. 17, Sep. 1991. pp. 6-7. and local groups in Vietnam." Vietnam "The living power of Hanji." The DRAMA, EDUCATIONAL- Social Science, vol. 2, 1991. pp. 53-67. International Cultural Society of SINGAPORE/EDUCATIONAL VIETNAM ETHNICITY Korea Newsletter, vol. 1, no. 1, Dec. DRAMA- SINGAPORE 1990. pp. 9-11. Pes Portes, Elisabeth and Raffin ART, KOREAN/PAPER CRAFTS- "Mustang the land of Lo." Anne. "Women in ICOM" Museum, KOREA/HAJI PAPER-KOREA Shangri-La, vol. 3, no. 1, Jan./March no. 3, 1991. pp. 129-132. 1992. pp. 21-25. INTERNATIONAL COUNCIL OF Locsin-Nava, Maria Cecilia. MUSTANG- LO- TIBETAN MUSEUMS (ICOM)-WOMEN "From the Zarzuela to the novel: CIVILIZATION/TIBETAN PARTICIPATION/GRACE Hiligaynon writing in transition." CIVILIZATION-LO MORLEY-ICOM REGIONAL Kultura, vol. 4, no. 3, 1991. pp. 30-35. REPRESENTATIVE NOVEL WRITING-THE PHILIPPINES

5 2 SPAFA JOURNAL VOLUME TWO NUMBER THREE Phan Yuyle. SOURCES Mirror. A bi-monthly magazine, issued "The Vietnamese traditional village: by the Publication Section of the historical evolution and socio- Ministry of Communication and economic structure." Vietnam Social Connoisseur's Asia. A quarterly, issued Information, 30th fl. PSA Building, 460 Sciences, vol. 1, 1991. p. 39-45. by L'Or Concepto Media Pte., Ltd.110 Alexandra Road, Singapore 0511. VILLAGE, TRADITIONAL- Tanjong Pagar Road, Singapore 0208 ISSN 05444020 HISTORICAL EVOLUTION- VIETNAM Dance Research Journal. A bi-ennial Museum. A quarterly review, journal, published by the Congress on published by Unesco, 7 place de "Scientific life: archaeology: recent Research in Dance (CORD), produced Fontenoy, 75700 Paris, France. findings." Vietnam Social Sciences, at the University of Hawaii, distributed ISSN 0304-3002 vol. 1, 1991. pp. 84-89. by the New York Office of CORD, ARCHAEOLOGICAL FINDINGS- subscribed to CORD Dance Education Sawasdee. A monthly magazine, VIETNAM Department 684 D, New York published by Travel and Trade University 35 W. 4th. St. New York, Publishing (Asia) Limited under Tanabe, Shigeharu. NY 10003 arangement with Thai Airways "Spirits and idoeological discourse: ISSN 0149-7677 International Limited 16/F Capitol the Tai Lu guardian cults in Center, 5-19 Jardine's Bazaar, Causeway Yunnan." Sojourn, vol. 3, no. 1, Feb. Discover India. A monthly magazine, Bay, Hong Kong. 1988. pp. 1-25. published by Media Transasia Ltd. 19th ISBN 0251-7418 TAI LU GUARDIAN CULTS- floor, Tai Sang Commercial Building CHINA-SIPSONG PANNA 23-24 Hennessy Road, Hong Kong. Shangri-La. A quarterly, issued by Royal Nepal Airlines, published by the Suratman, Suriavi. The International Cultural Society of Nepal Traveller, P.O. Box 2498, "Weaving a development strategy; Korea Newsletter. A quarterly, Tripureswar, Kathmandu, Nepal. cottage industries in the Philippines." published by the International Cultural Sojourn, vol. 6, no. 2, Aug. 1991. p. Society of Korea, C.P.D. Box 2147, Sojourn. A serial issued twice a 263-289. Seoul, Korea. year, by the Institute of Southeast WEAVING-THE PHILIPPINES/ Asian Studies, Heng Mui Keng COTTAGE INDUSTRIES-THE ]ournal of the Royal Asiatic Society Terrace, Pasir Panjang, Singapore. PHILIPPINES of Great Britain and Ireland. A ISSN 0217-9520 quarterly, issued by the Royal Asiatic Swanson, Herbert R. Society, 60 Queen's Gardens, London Unesco Sources. A monthly, issued "The Payaap University archives: a W 2 3AF. by Unesco, 7 place de Fontenoy, 75700 resource for the study of Thailand." ISSN 0035-869-X Paris. Sojourn, vol. 6, no. 1, Feb. 191. p. ISSN 1014-6989 140-149. Kultura. A quarterly, issued by the ARCHTVES-THAILAND-PAYAAP Cultural Centre of the Philippines, Vietnam Social Sciences. A quarterly UNIVERSITY/CHURCH OF CCP Complex Roxas Blvd; Metro review published by the National CHRIST IN THAILAND- Manila, the Philippines. Centre for Social Sciences, Vietnam ARCHIVES ISSN 001-6757-5 Social Science Quarterly, no. 27 Tran Xuan Soun Street, Vietcom Bank, Hanoi, Vietnam.

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