Cuba's Pursuit of Biological Weapons
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Pharmaceutical Patents Exemption Right As A
AGAINST THE PLAGUE: EXEMPTION OF PHARMACEUTICAL PATENT RIGHTS AS A BIOSECURITY STRATEGY Taiwo A. Oriola* I. INTRODUCTION Acts of terrorism involve threats to use or use of weapons of mass destruction to kill, maim, or destroy property by individuals, groups, or states1 mainly on political grounds, and for maximum political effects.2 Terror attacks are characterized by stealth, indiscriminate violence, and destruction meant to heighten people’s fears and concerns for their lives and property.3 As terrorism has increased, so have the number of counterterrorism strategies by governments around the world.4 However, terrorism is as old as mankind.5 * Cardiff Law School, and the ESRC Centre for Business Relationships, Accountability, Sustainability, & Society, University of Cardiff, United Kingdom. 1. An early example of a state-sponsored terrorist was the Roman emperor Nero, who ruled by fear, slaughtered many members of the nobility, and has been blamed for the burning of Rome. CINDY C. COMBS & MARTIN SLANN, ENCYCLOPEDIA OF TERRORISM 201 (2002). Dysfunctional or anarchistic individuals or groups acting alone or in concert can perpetrate terrorist attacks. See Jonathan Glover, State Terrorism, in VIOLENCE, TERRORISM, AND JUSTICE 256, 257-60 (Raymond G. Frey & Christopher W. Morris eds., 1991) (contrasting historical state and independent terrorists, highlighting essential features of state-sponsored terrorism, and explaining why states commit acts of terrorism). 2. Political motivation has been described as “a necessary component to a definition of terrorism.” COMBS & SLANN, supra note 1, at 211. For examples of statutory definitions of terrorism, see Uniting and Strengthening America by Providing Appropriate Tools Required to Intercept and Obstruct Terrorism (USA PATRIOT ACT) Act of 2001, Pub. -
REFOCUSING NATO's INTELLIGENCE OUTLOOK TOWARDS BIOLOGICAL WARFARE
NAVAL POSTGRADUATE SCHOOL MONTEREY, CALIFORNIA THESIS REFOCUSING NATO's INTELLIGENCE OUTLOOK TOWARDS BIOLOGICAL WARFARE by Claro William Villareal September, 1996 Thesis Advisor: Rodney Kennedy-Minott Second Reader: Robert E. Looney Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited. Thesis V682 -* h,/, . -'OSTGRADU' MONTEREY CA W REPORT DOCUMENTATION PAGE Form Approved OMB No 0704-0188 Public reporting burden for this collection of information is estimated to average 1 hour per response, including the time for reviewing instruction, searching existing date sources, gathering and maintaining the data needed, and completing and reviewing the collection of information. Send comments regarding this burden estimate or any other aspect of this collection of information, including suggestions for reducing this burden, to Washington Headquarters Services. Directorate for Information Operations and Reports. 1215 Jefferson Davis Highway. Suite 1 204. Arlington. VA 22202-4302. and to the Office of Management and Budget. Paperwork Reduction Project (0704-01 88) Washington DC 20503 1 AGENCY USE ONLY (Leave blank) REPORT DATE REPORT TYPE AND DATES COVERED September 1996 Master's Thesis TITLE AND SUBTITLE FUNDING NUMBERS Refocusing NATO's Intelligence Outlook Towards Biological Warfare 6. AUTHOR Claro William Villareal 7. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME(S) AND ADDRESS(ES) PERFORMING Naval Postgraduate School ORGANIZATION Monterey CA 93943-5000 REPORT NUMBER SPONSORING/MONITORING AGENCY NAME(S) AND ADDRESS(ES) 10. SPONSORING/MONITORING AGENCY REPORT NUMBER 1 1 . SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES The views expressed in this thesis are those of the author and do not reflect the official policy or position of the Department of Defense or the U.S. Government. 12a. DISTRIBUTION/AVAILABILITY STATEMENT 12b. -
Conversions of Former Biological Weapons Facilities in Kazakhstan
SWEDISH DEFENCE RESEARCH AGENCY FOI-R--0082--SE NBC Defence May 2001 SE-901 82 Umeå ISSN 1650-1942 User report Conversion of former biological weapons facilities in Kazakhstan A visit to Stepnogorsk July 2000 Roger Roffey, Kristina S. Westerdahl 2 Issuing organization Report number, ISRN Report type FOI – Swedish Defence Research Agency FOI-R--0082--SE User report NBC Defence Research area code SE-901 82 Umeå 3. Weapons of Mass Destruction Month year Project no. May 2001 A472 Customers code 2. NBC-Defence Research Sub area code 34 Biological and Chemical Defence Research Author/s (editor/s) Project manager Roger Roffey Lars Rejnus Kristina S. Westerdahl Approved by Scientifically and technically responsible Report title Conversion of former biological weapons facilities in Kazakhstan, A visit to Stepnogorsk July 2000 Abstract (not more than 200 words) Report from the conference “Biotechnological development in Kazakhstan: Non-proliferation, conversion and investment” held in Stepnogorsk, Kazakhstan July 24-26 2000. The conference was sponsored by US DOD and organised by the Biotechnology Centre at Stepnogorsk in co-operation with the NIS Representative office in Astana, Kazakhstan of the Centre for Non-proliferation Studies, Monterey Institute of International Studies. The conference concentrated on the dismantlement and conversion of former BW producers. The intent was to present to a larger public the results of the US DOD CTR (Cooperative Threat Reduction) program at the Biotechnology Centre of Stepnogorsk and attract some potential partners to encourage conversion projects. The conference gave a good overview of the conversion projects in progress in Kazakhstan and scientific results were presented of research being funded by the US. -
Pathogens As Weapons Gregory Koblentz the International Security Implications of Biological Warfare
Pathogens as Weapons Pathogens as Weapons Gregory Koblentz The International Security Implications of Biological Warfare Biological weapons have become one of the key security issues of the twenty-ªrst century.1 Three factors that ªrst emerged in the 1990s have contributed to this phenomenon. First, revelations regarding the size, scope, and sophistication of the Soviet and Iraqi biological warfare programs focused renewed attention on the prolifera- tion of these weapons.2 Second, the catastrophic terrorist attacks on September 11, 2001, and the anthrax letters sent to media outlets and Senate ofªces in the United States during the following month, demonstrated the desire of terror- ists to cause massive casualties and heightened concern over their ability to employ biological weapons.3 Third, signiªcant advances in the life sciences have increased concerns about how the biotechnology revolution could be ex- ploited to develop new or improved biological weapons.4 These trends suggest that there is a greater need than ever to answer several fundamental questions about biological warfare: What is the nature of the threat? What are the poten- tial strategic consequences of the proliferation of biological weapons? How ef- Gregory Koblentz is a doctoral candidate in Political Science at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. I would like to thank Robert Art, Thomas Christensen, Linda Fu, Jeanne Guillemin, Kendall Hoyt, Milton Leitenberg, John Ellis van Courtland Moon, Julian Perry Robinson, Harvey Sapolsky, Mar- garet Sloane, Jonathan Tucker, and Stephen Van Evera for their support and discussion of previous drafts. I am also grateful for comments from the participants in seminars at the Massachusetts In- stitute of Technology’s Security Studies Program, Harvard University’s John M. -
It Came from Outer Space: the Virus, Cultural Anxiety, and Speculative
Louisiana State University LSU Digital Commons LSU Doctoral Dissertations Graduate School 2002 It came from outer space: the virus, cultural anxiety, and speculative fiction Anne-Marie Thomas Louisiana State University and Agricultural and Mechanical College, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/gradschool_dissertations Part of the English Language and Literature Commons Recommended Citation Thomas, Anne-Marie, "It came from outer space: the virus, cultural anxiety, and speculative fiction" (2002). LSU Doctoral Dissertations. 4085. https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/gradschool_dissertations/4085 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at LSU Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in LSU Doctoral Dissertations by an authorized graduate school editor of LSU Digital Commons. For more information, please [email protected]. IT CAME FROM OUTER SPACE: THE VIRUS, CULTURAL ANXIETY, AND SPECULATIVE FICTION A Dissertation Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of the Louisiana State University and Agricultural and Mechanical College in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in The Department of English by Anne-Marie Thomas B.A., Texas A&M-Commerce, 1994 M.A., University of Arkansas, 1997 August 2002 TABLE OF CONTENTS Abstract . iii Chapter One The Replication of the Virus: From Biomedical Sciences to Popular Culture . 1 Two “You Dropped A Bomb on Me, Baby”: The Virus in Action . 29 Three Extreme Possibilities . 83 Four To Devour and Transform: Viral Metaphors in Science Fiction by Women . 113 Five The Body Electr(on)ic Catches Cold: Viruses and Computers . 148 Six Coda: Viral Futures . -
Alibek, Tularaemia and the Battle of Stalingrad
Obligations (EC-36/DG.16 dated 4 March 2004, Corr.1 dated 15 Conference of the States Parties (C-9/6, dated 2 December 2004). March 2004 and Add.1 dated 25 March 2004); Information on 13 the Implementation of the Plan of Action for the Implementation Conference decision C-9/DEC.4 dated 30 November 2004, of Article VII Obligations (S/433/2004 dated 25 June 2004); Second www.opcw.org. Progress Report on the OPCW Plan of Action Regarding the 14 Note by the Director-General: Report on the Plan of Action Implementation of Article VII Obligations (EC-38/DG.16 dated Regarding the Implementation of Article VII Obligations (EC- 15 September 2004; Corr.1 dated 24 September 2004; and Corr.2 42/DG.8 C-10/DG.4 and Corr.1 respectively dated 7 and 26 dated 13 October 2004); Report on the OPCW Plan of Action September 2005; EC-M-25/DG.1 C-10/DG.4/Rev.1, Add.1 and Regarding the Implementation of Article VII Obligations (C-9/ Corr.1, respectively dated 2, 8 and 10 November 2005). DG.7 dated 23 November 2004); Third Progress Report on the 15 OPCW Plan of Action Regarding the Implementation of Article One-hundred and fifty-six drafts have been submitted by 93 VII Obligations (EC-40/DG.11 dated 16 February 2005; Corr.1 States Parties. In some cases, States Parties have requested dated 21 April 2005; Add.1 dated 11 March 2005; and Add.1/ advice on drafts several times during their governmental Corr.1 dated 14 March 2005); Further Update on the Plan of consultative process. -
THE CBW CONVENTIONS BULLETIN News, Background and Comment on Chemical and Biological Weapons Issues
THE CBW CONVENTIONS BULLETIN News, Background and Comment on Chemical and Biological Weapons Issues ISSUE NO. 61 SEPTEMBER 2003 Quarterly Journal of the Harvard Sussex Program on CBW Armament and Arms Limitation NON-LETHAL WEAPONS, THE CWC AND THE BWC It is hard to think of any issue having as much potential for including short-term memory impairment, breathing jeopardizing the long-term future of the Chemical and difficulty and flaccid paralysis! One of these chemicals is Biological Weapons Conventions as does the interest in fentanyl, which was the basis for the knockout gas used by creating special exemptions for so-called non-lethal Russian special forces to rescue several hundred hostages chemical weapons! The First CWC Review Conference in the Moscow theatre siege of October 2002! The US Army earlier this year was opportunity to address the issue Chemical Corps was studying fentanyl and related chemicals constructively! But, save in the national statements of New as candidate disabling weapons as early as May 1963! Zealand, Norway and Switzerland, the OPCW chose not to There are innumerable other kinds of receptors in the do so! In the programme of Review-Conference follow-up brain, most of which we know almost nothing about! Of the work that is now getting under way, there is no mention of few that have been investigated, we do know that some can disabling chemicals, not even tear gas, still less the so-called mediate temporary blindness, for example, or can cause calmatives and other such incapacitating agents in which submissiveness, -
Toxic Archipelago: Preventing Proliferation from the Former Soviet Chemical and Biological Weapons Complexes
Toxic Archipelago: Preventing Proliferation from the Former Soviet Chemical and Biological Weapons Complexes Amy E. Smithson Report No. 32 December 1999 Copyright©1999 11 Dupont Circle, NW Ninth Floor Washington, DC 20036 phone 202.223.5956 fax 202.238.9604 [email protected] Copyright©1999 by The Henry L. Stimson Center 11 Dupont Circle, NW Ninth Floor Washington, DC 20036 tel 202.223.5956 fax 202.238.9604 email [email protected] Preface and Acknowledgments This report is the second major narrative by the Stimson Center’s Chemical and Biological Weapons Nonproliferation Project on the problems associated with the vast chemical and biological weapons capabilities created by the USSR. An earlier report, Chemical Weapons Disarmament in Russia: Problems and Prospects (October 1995), contained the first public discussion of security shortcomings at Russia’s chemical weapons facilities and the most detailed account publicly available of the top secret chemical weapons development program of Soviet origin, code-named novichok. Toxic Archipelago examines another aspect of the USSR’s weapons of mass destruction legacy, the proliferation problems that stem from the former Soviet chemical and biological weapons complexes. Given the number of institutes and individuals with expertise in chemical and biological weaponry that have been virtually without the financial support of their domestic governments since the beginning of 1992, this report provides an overview of a significant and complex proliferation dilemma and appraises the efforts being made to address it. This topic and other issues of chemical and biological weapons proliferation concern are also covered on the project’s worldwide web page, which can be found at the Chemical and Biological Weapons Nonproliferation Project section of the Stimson web site at: www.stimson.org/. -
Smallpox - an Old Disease, a New Threat
Smallpox - An Old Disease, A New Threat Part I - A New Threat The worldwide eradication of smallpox by the World Health Organization (WHO) 20 years ago is a success story that, ironically, could end in catastrophe. This is the first of a three part series that will explore the history of the disease and the modern dangers from a virus that was on the brink of extinction. Today, the only known stocks of the smallpox virus are at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention in Atlanta and at the Russian State Center for Research on Virology and Biotechnology in Koltsovo, Russia. These stocks were slated for destruction on June 30, 1999; however, the World Health Assembly, which governs WHO, decided to postpone the elimination of smallpox until possibly as late as 2002. That decision came after the Clinton administration asked for a delay to allow time for further research on the virus. The concern about destroying the virus comes from reports that terrorist groups may have stocks of the virus that could be used for biological warfare. Because of the success of WHO in eliminating smallpox, a large percentage of the world (including everyone in the U.S. and Canada born after 1973) has not been vaccinated against the disease. Thus, we have a large susceptible population that can be easily infected and can lead to an epidemic. Given that smallpox is very contagious and that most doctors would not recognize smallpox, the danger is its reemerging is clear. Ken Alibek, author of the book "Biohazard: The Chilling True Story of the Largest Covert Biological Weapons Program in the World-Told from the Inside by the Man Who Ran It," was a top scientist working on biological weapons in the Soviet Union. -
Nov03 POSTER1106.Indd
The National Cancer Institute Ft. Detrick’s 60th Anniversary story on page 3. News from the NCI-Frederick NOVEMBER 2003 Offi ce of Scientifi c Operations IN THIS ISSUE This year we celebrate the 60th Owned-Contractor Operated (GOCO) Ft. Detrick’s 60th Anniversary 3 anniversary of Fort (Ft.) Detrick. facility. Ft. Detrick’s roots can be traced to The fi rst employees of the NCI- Major Construction Projects 4 a small municipal airport known as Frederick (then known as the Detrick Field1, The Field was named Frederick Cancer Research Center) Building 470 Update 5 to honor Major Frederick L. Detrick, appeared on campus in June 1972 and who served in France during World numbered around 20 by the end of Scientifi c Publications, War I. The fi rst military presence at that month. By 1976 these numbers Graphics & Media News 6 the airfi eld was in 1931 when the had grown to about 750 individuals, Maryland National Guard established and by 1987 the staff numbered over Awards 6 a cadet pilot training center at Detrick 1,400 with a budget of nearly $100 Field and subsequently Platinum Publications 8 changed the name to Camp Detrick. Poster-Script 11 As we pause to think about the history of Ft. Did You Know? 12 Detrick and the many contributions that the Transfer Technology Branch 14 staff of Ft. Detrick has made in the areas of Community Outreach 15 infectious disease and national defense, it Offi ce of Diversity and seems that now is an Employee Programs 16 appropriate time to also look back at the history Environment, Health, and Safety of the NCI here at Ft. -
Bioterrorism & Biodefense
Hugh-Jones et al. J Bioterr Biodef 2011, S3 Bioterrorism & Biodefense http://dx.doi.org/10.4172/2157-2526.S3-001 Review Article Open Access The 2001 Attack Anthrax: Key Observations Martin E Hugh-Jones1*, Barbara Hatch Rosenberg2 and Stuart Jacobsen3 1Professor Emeritus, Louisiana State University; Anthrax Moderator, ProMED-mail, USA 2Sloan-Kettering Institute for Cancer Research and State Univ. of NY-Purchase (retired); Scientists Working Group on CBW, Center for Arms Control and Non-Proliferation, USA 3Technical Consultant Silicon Materials, Dallas, TX,USA Abstract Unresolved scientificquestions, remaining ten years after the anthrax attacks, three years after the FBI accused a dead man of perpetrating the 2001 anthrax attacks singlehandedly, and more than a year since they closed the case without further investigation, indictment or trial, are perpetuating serious concerns that the FBI may have accused the wrong person of carrying out the anthrax attacks. The FBI has not produced concrete evidence on key questions: • Where and how were the anthrax spores in the attack letters prepared? There is no material evidence of where the attack anthrax was made, and no direct evidence that any specific individual made the anthrax, or mailed it. On the basis of a number` of assumptions, the FBI has not scrutinized the most likely laboratories. • How and why did the spore powders acquire the high levels of silicon and tin found in them? The FBI has repeatedly insisted that the powders in the letters contained no additives, but they also claim that they have not been able to reproduce the high silicon content in the powders, and there has been little public mention of the extraordinary presence of tin. -
David Christopher Kelly, 1944-2003
David Christopher Kelly, 1944-2003. We mourn the passing of David Kelly, a modest and good man, an internationally recognised British authority on biological weapons, and a valued friend of the Harvard Sussex Program. He died on 17 July 2003. He was then Senior Adviser to the Directorate of Counter Proliferation and Arms Control of the UK Ministry of Defence and to the Counter Proliferation Department of the UK Foreign and Commonwealth Office. He had become a member of the country’s Scientific Civil Service in 1973 upon joining, as a molecular virologist, what is now the National Environment Research Council Centre for Ecology and Hydrology in Oxford. There he contributed much to the field of biological control applicable in agriculture, specifically the use of viruses to attack insect pests. In July 1984 he was recruited by the Ministry of Defence to work at what was then the Chemical Defence Establishment at Porton Down as head of microbiology. He directed the research into improved defensive measures against biological warfare that, during the 1991 Kuwait war, enhanced the protection of UK forces against possible Iraqi biological weapons. He also led the successful decontamination of Gruinard Island, which had been a proving ground for anthrax weapons during the second world war. In 1989 he first became involved as a technical expert in the interpretation of the disturbing data emanating from the Soviet Union, chiefly via defectors such as Vladimir Pasechnik, whom he interviewed early on, that pointed to covert Soviet violation of the 1972 Biological Weapons Convention. In 1990, an initially very private ‘trilateral process’ had been set in motion by the three co-depositaries of the Convention – the governments of the UK, the USA and the USSR — that sought to resolve the situation through on-site inspections in the three countries.