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Military Innovation and Carrier Aviation–
1516PGS 10/15/97 7:56 AM Page 77 Military Innovation and Carrier Aviation– The Relevant History By JAN M. VAN TOL U.S. Navy USS Lexington. ajor differences between the United The early 1920s found the United States with States and Great Britain in both the huge capital ship construction underway and ap- development and employment of proaching Britain in Mahanian splendor. A M aircraft carriers and carrier aviation decade later, the battleship remained dominant in the interwar years suggest how innovation was while the battle force was far smaller than antici- highly successful in the American case and much pated. Two carriers entered service and promised less so in the British. The only country with carri- to alter naval warfare, and six months after Amer- ers at the end of World War I was Britain. It had ica entered World War II carriers decisively used carrier-based aircraft to carry out the sort of changed the nature of the Pacific War. The most missions that characterized mature operations important development leading to this capability during World War II. Royal Navy leaders sup- took place in an era of disarmament and severe ported aviation in the fleet. Yet by 1939 Britain budgetary constraints. was outclassed by America and Japan because of Revolutions in military affairs are driven by its obsolete carrier aircraft. How was such a rever- the interplay of technological, operational, and sal possible? organizational factors. This article describes the historical evolution of British and American car- rier aviation, with emphasis on those factors. An article in the next issue of JFQ will analyze how Commander Jan M. -
The Development of Military Night Aviation to 1919 / William Edward Fischer, Jr
L ,j~~..NNN; ~~'~~1,_rZ, 1 ~r~~,. " " .` , , .wi~ . : . , . , . Library of Congress Catalogiing-in-Publication Data Fischer, William Edward . The development of military night aviation to 1919 / William Edward Fischer, Jr. p. cm Includes bibliographical references and index. 1. Atrwarfare-History . 2. Nightflying-History . 3. World War, 1914-1918-Aerial operations . I. Title. UG625.F57 1998 358.4-dc21 98-44145 CIP Disclaimer Opinions, conclusions, and recommendations expressed or implied within are solely those of the author and do not necessarily represent the views of Air University, the United States Air Force, the Department of Defense, or any other US government agency. Cleared for public release: distribution unlimited. For Sale by the Superintendent ofDocuments US Government Printing Office Washington, D.C . 20402 11 Contents Chapter Page DISCLAIMER . ii ABOUT THE AUTHOR . ix PREFACE . xi ACKNOWLEDGMENTS . xiii 1 NIGHT AERONAUTICS TO AUGUST 1914 . 1 Aeronautics Clubs . 4 Military Applications . 6 Airship Development . 7 Military Trials of Airships . 1 1 Airplane Night Flying . 13 Military Night Flying . 18 Notes . 20 2 THE EMERGENCE OF NIGHT BOMBING, 1914-1916 . 25 The First Night Aviators . 27 Night Attacks . 28 Bombardment Aircraft . 29 Hazardous Aspects of Night Flying . 31 Differences in Day and Night Bombardment Aircraft . 32 Organizational Changes . 35 Notes . 38 3 TACTICAL NIGHT BOMBARDMENT . 41 Germany's Opening Offensive . 42 French Night Flights . 43 The Battle of the Somme . 44 Changes in French Aviation . 49 Britain's No. 100 Squadron . 51 Amerikaprogramm . 52 iii Chapter Page French Bombardment Aviation Reorganization . 52 Spring Offensives . 53 The Minor Role of Tactical Night Bombardment . 55 Notes . 61 4 STRATEGIC NIGHT BOMBARDMENT . -
The Cost of Replacing Today's Naval Aviation Fleet
CONGRESS OF THE UNITED STATES CONGRESSIONAL BUDGET OFFICE The Cost of Replacing Today’s Naval Aviation Fleet JANUARY 2020 Notes The years referred to in this report are federal fiscal years, which run from October 1 to September 30 and are designated by the calendar year in which they end. To allow comparisons with the Congressional Budget Office’s earlier reports in this series on long-term aviation costs, all costs are expressed in 2018 dollars. To remove the effects of inflation, CBO adjusted costs with either the gross domestic product price index from the Bureau of Economic Analysis or with CBO’s projection of that index. On the cover: an F-35C Lightning II (top) and an F/A-18F Super Hornet (bottom). www.cbo.gov/publication/55949 Contents Summary 1 BOX 1. SELECTED AIRCRAFT IN THE DEPARTMENT OF THE NAVY’S AVIATION FLEET 2 The Composition of Today’s Navy and Marine Corps Aircraft Fleet 2 Projecting Annual Aircraft Procurement Budgets 3 Projected Annual Procurement Costs: 2020 Through 2050 3 The Most Costly Categories of Aircraft 5 How CBO Made Its Projections 9 Uncertainty 11 Appendix: The Composition of the Department of the Navy’s Aviation Fleet and CBO’s Approach to Estimating Replacement Costs 13 List of Tables and Figures 19 About This Document 20 The Cost of Replacing Today’s Naval Aviation Fleet Summary similar to the average since 2000. Costs would drop The Department of the Navy’s current aviation fleet temporarily after 2030 as several large programs—the consists of about 4,000 aircraft. -
U.S. Unmanned Aerial Systems
U.S. Unmanned Aerial Systems Jeremiah Gertler Specialist in Military Aviation January 3, 2012 Congressional Research Service 7-5700 www.crs.gov R42136 CRS Report for Congress Prepared for Members and Committees of Congress U.S. Unmanned Aerial Systems Summary Unmanned aerial systems comprise a rapidly growing portion of the military budget, and have been a long-term interest of Congress. At times, Congress has encouraged the development of such systems; in other instances, it has attempted to rein in or better organize the Department of Defense’s efforts. Unmanned aircraft are commonly called unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), and when combined with ground control stations and data links, form UAS, or unmanned aerial systems. The use of UAS in conflicts such as Kosovo, Iraq, and Afghanistan, and humanitarian relief operations such as Haiti, revealed the advantages and disadvantages provided by unmanned aircraft. Long considered experimental in military operations, UAS are now making national headlines as they are used in ways normally reserved for manned aircraft. Conventional wisdom states that UAS offer two main advantages over manned aircraft: they are considered more cost- effective, and they minimize the risk to a pilot’s life. For these reasons and others, DOD’s unmanned aircraft inventory increased more than 40-fold from 2002 to 2010. UAVs range from the size of an insect to that of a commercial airliner. DOD currently possesses five UAVs in large numbers: the Air Force’s Predator, Reaper, and Global Hawk; and the Army’s Hunter and Shadow. Other key UAV developmental efforts include the Air Force’s RQ-170 Sentinel; the Navy’s Unmanned Carrier-Launched Airborne Surveillance and Strike (UCLASS), MQ-8 Fire Scout, and Broad Area Maritime Surveillance (BAMS) UAV; and the Marine Corps’s Small Tactical Unmanned Aerial System. -
Unmanned Systems & Robotics in the FY2019 Defense Budget Table Of
Unmanned Systems & Robotics in the FY2019 Defense Budget David Klein, Research Analyst, AUVSI 6/25/18 Table of Contents Table of Figures ............................................................................................................................................. 2 Table of Tables .............................................................................................................................................. 4 Introduction .................................................................................................................................................. 7 Overview (All Programs) ............................................................................................................................... 7 Overview (Procurement) ............................................................................................................................ 10 Overview (RDT&E)....................................................................................................................................... 15 National Defense Authorization Act (NDAA) – Program Changes .............................................................. 19 NDAA – Chairman and Committee Marks .................................................................................................. 22 Program Details ........................................................................................................................................... 28 MQ-25 Stingray UAS (and other programs that specifically note the MQ-25) ...................................... -
The Next Lightweight Fighter: Not Your Grandfather's Combat Aircraft
Feature The Next Lightweight Fighter Not Your Grandfather’s Combat Aircraft Col Michael W. Pietrucha, USAF SEC. 220. UNMANNED ADVANCED CAPABILITY COMBAT AIRCRAFT AND GROUND COMBAT VEHICLES. (a) GOAL.—It shall be a goal of the Armed Forces to achieve the field- ing of unmanned, remotely controlled technology such that— (1) by 2010, one-third of the aircraft in the operational deep strike force aircraft fleet are unmanned; and (2) by 2015, one-third of the operational ground combat vehicles are unmanned. —Public Law 106-398, 30 October 2000 National Defense Authorization Act, Fiscal Year 2001 casual survey of unmanned combat aerial vehicles (UCAV) would show that various countries have pursued a dizzying variety of such possible weapons systems, starting in World AWar I and continuing today. Reconnaissance variants have a long and effective history, but no autonomous UCAV is close to becoming opera- July–August 2013 Air & Space Power Journal | 39 Feature Pietrucha The Next Lightweight Fighter tional. The value of these aircraft remains a subject of much debate, and although UCAVs clearly are not ready to replace manned strike aircraft, the exact role they will fulfill is less clear.1 Almost any discus- sion of the subject treats them as aircraft that happen to have a combat role. Although technically correct, this view misses the larger picture. UCAVs are nothing of the sort; rather, they are combat aircraft that happen to fly without aircrews on board. As such, UCAVs may represent a partial solution to the increasing expense and dwindling numbers of modern fighter aircraft in service of the United States. -
TC 3-01.80 Visual Aircraft Recognition
TC 3-01.80 Visual Aircraft Recognition MAY 2017 DISTRIBUTION RESTRICTION: Approved for public release; Distribution is unlimited *This publication supersedes TC 3-01.80, dated 29 February 2016. Headquarters Department of the Army This publication is available at the Army Publishing Directorate site (http://www.apd.army.mil), and the Central Army Registry site (https://atiam.train.army.mil/catalog/dashboard) *TC 3-01.80 Training Circular Headquarters No. 3-01.80 Department of the Army Washington, DC, 5 May 2017 Visual Aircraft Recognition Contents Page PREFACE................................................................................................................... vii INTRODUCTION ....................................................................................................... viii Chapter 1 THE NEED FOR VISUAL AIRCRAFT RECOGNITION ........................................... 1-1 General overview ....................................................................................................... 1-1 Air Threat ................................................................................................................... 1-2 Chapter 2 FACTORS AFFECTING VACR ................................................................................ 2-1 Physical Factors Influencing Aircraft Detection ......................................................... 2-1 Using Binoculars (Field Glasses) .............................................................................. 2-5 Chapter 3 AIR IDENTIFYING FEATURES ............................................................................... -
Chance Vought/LTV History
Chance Vought/LTV History TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER I Chance M. Vought The Company, Astoria, New York The VE Series The Mystery The UO Series The02U Corsairs The Company, Long Island City, New York CHAPTER II The Company, East Hartford, Connecticut The SU Series The SB Series The SB2U Vindicator CHAPTER III The Company, Stratford, Connecticut 1 | P a g e Vought-Sikorsky Days The OS2U Kingfisher The Kingfisher-Fisher of Men The Zero? CHAPTER IV The F4U Corsair Vought's Corsair “TechRep” Corsairs in Combat The Corsair and the Carrier More F4Us The Sweetheart of Okinawa Valor, Courage, and Bravery TheF2G The Record The Corsairs Continue CHAPTER V A. The XTBU-I Sea Wolf The XF5U-l "Flying Pancake” The F6U Pirate CHAPTER VI . The Company, Grand Prairie, Texas The F7U Cutlass Return of the Corsair Missiles and Things 2 | P a g e The F-8Crusader CHAPTER VII A Time of Change TEMCO TheXC-142A The A-7 Corsair II Time of Transition The Company in the Seventies APPENDIX I Chronology of Vought Aeronautics and its . Chief Executives, 1917-1970 APPEND IX II Vought Aeronautics Aircraft, 1917-1970 APPENDIX III The Chronological Development of the Vought F4U Corsair APPENDIX IV Vought F-8 Crusader Statistics APPENDIX V Aircraft Vought Aeronautics Modified, Reconditioned or Helped Build APPENDIX VI Bibliography and other acknowledgements 3 | P a g e CHAPTER 1 CHANCE VOUGHT The early history of Vought Aeronautics is in part the biography of its founder - Chance Milton Vought, pioneer pilot, aeronautical engineer, and aircraft manufacturer whose company bore his name. -
Military Aircraft Crash Sites, Appendices 1.1-1.7
Appendix 1.1: Aircraft utilised by the RFC, RNAS, RAF and US Navy within the UK 1912-18 Manufacturer/Type Period of Role Power Weight Airframe Total Survivors: Notes Service Plant (Kg) construction Produced Global (UK) Wooden hull and AD Flying Boat 1917- MR Hispano- 1,512 frame, linen covering 29 0 (0) Two-seat patrol flying boat in RNAS service from 1917. Suiza Airco DH 1 1915-17 F Renault 729 Wooden frame, linen 173 0 (0) Escort and patrol fighter, single-seat pusher type. Used in UK in covering Home Defence role until superseded in 1917. Airco DH 2 1915-17 F Gnome 428 Wooden frame, linen 400 1 (1) Pusher type which equipped RFC’s first single-seat fighter covering squadron in 1916. Short term success in dealing with new Fokkers but was withdrawn from service in mid-1917. Airco DH 4 1917-19 B, RR Eagle or 913 Wooden frame, linen 1,449 0 (0) Two-seat tractor biplane. The DH 4 was the first aircraft designed Recon RAF 3a covering specifically for day bombing, and considered to be best single- engine day bomber of WWI. Served with both the RFC and the RNAS, in the case of the latter from Redcar and Yarmouth in the anti-Zeppelin role. Airco DH 5 1917-18 F Le Rhone 454 Wooden frame, linen 550 0 (0) Attempt to give a tractor type fighter a good forward view. covering Unpleasant flying characteristics and short service career. Airco DH 6 1916-19 T, MR RAF 1a, 663 Wooden frame, linen 2,282 0 (0) Designed as a trainer. -
Annual Aviation Inventory and Funding Plan Fiscal Years (FY
Annual Aviation Inventory and Funding Plan Fiscal Years (FY) 2017-2046 March 2016 Preparation of this study/report cost the Department of Defense (DoD) a total of Approximately $1,135,159 in Fiscal Year 2016. 1 Table of Contents Part I – Executive Summary Introduction Summary of the Annual Plan and Certification Part II – 30-year (FY2017 – FY2046) Aviation Plan Aviation Force Structure Requirements Aviation Plan - Fighter / Attack Aircraft - Attack Helicopters - Inter theater Lift / Intra Theater Lift / Operational Support / Executive Lift / Utility Aircraft - Combat Search and Rescue Aircraft - Air Refueling/Tanker Aircraft - Long Range Strike/Bomber Aircraft - Anti-surface/submarine Warfare - Trainer Aircraft - ISR / Scout / C2 Aircraft - Special Operation Aircraft Budget Certification Sufficiency of Forces Assessment Appendix I – Inactive Aircraft Inventory Appendix II – Sources of Cost/Funding Information 2 Annual Aviation Inventory and Funding Plan Part I – Executive Summary Introduction Section 231a of title 10, United States Code, as amended by section 1069 of the National Defense Authorization Act (NDAA) for Fiscal Year 2012, Public Law 112-81, requires the Secretary of Defense to submit an annual, long-term aviation plan for fixed wing and rotary wing aircraft, to include unmanned systems, for all Services and for combatant commanders that have aircraft assigned to them. This report responds to that requirement. Summary of the Annual Plan and Certification This plan was developed based on the FY 2017 President’s Budget (PB-17) submission and is consistent with the June 2015 National Military Strategy and the three strategic pillars of the 2014 Quadrennial Defense Review (QDR). It represents the Department’s commitment to provide a balanced force able to meet the needs of current conflicts, as well as respond to a broad spectrum of future challenges, in a changing fiscal environment. -
THE UNMANNED COMBAT AIR SYSTEM CARRIER DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM: a NEW DAWN for NAVAL AVIATION?1 by Thomas P
May 10, 2007 THE UNMANNED COMBAT AIR SYSTEM CARRIER DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM: A NEW DAWN FOR NAVAL AVIATION?1 By Thomas P. Ehrhard, PhD, and Robert O. Work EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Aircraft carriers are one of America’s key power-projection systems. To ensure their continued operational effectiveness and survivability in the future security environment, they need to be equipped with new air platforms with greater range (independent reach), greater persistence (ability to loiter over the target area), and improved stealth (ability to survive in contested airspace). In brief, this study finds: An important way to achieve these goals is to develop and field a low- observable and air-refuelable carrier-capable unmanned combat air system (UCAS). The key first step toward achieving this transformational capability is the Navy’s new Unmanned Combat Air System Carrier Demonstration (UCAS-D) program and its associated technology maturation efforts to ensure these new aircraft can be safely operated as part of integrated carrier air operations. Congress and the Office of the Secretary of Defense should consider funding an expanded UCAS-D and technology program to improve the chances that a safe, reliable, and effective carrier-capable UCAS can be introduced into fleet service by the end of the next decade. 1 This Backgrounder is a short version of an upcoming CSBA report: Thomas P. Ehrhard, PhD, and Robert O. Work, The Unmanned Combat Air System Carrier Demonstration Program: A New Dawn for Naval Aviation? (Washington, DC: Center for Strategic and Budgetary Assessments, forthcoming). INTRODUCTION As one of this nation’s premier power-projection systems, the aircraft carrier with its embarked carrier air wing (CVW) epitomizes America’s global reach and raw military power. -
Naval Aviation Vision Cover Concept by Noel Hepp; Created by Fred Flerlage
2016-2025NAVAL AVIATION VISION Cover concept by Noel Hepp; created by Fred Flerlage 2 I Naval Aviation Vision I 2016-2025 Table of Contents Letter from the Leadership of Naval Aviation ............................................4 Delivering Readiness ..............................................................................................6 Flexible, Strategic Options ................................................................................. 8 Naval Aviation in Action................................................................................... 10 Training Readiness .............................................................................................. 12 Training Requirements ........................................................................................... 12 Optimizing Aircrew Proficiency .............................................................................. 13 Material Readiness ............................................................................................. 16 Supply Chain Management .................................................................................. 16 Tools for Improving Readiness ............................................................................... 17 Enabling Faster Manufacturing ............................................................................. 18 Manning ................................................................................................................ 20 Accessing and Retaining Highly Qualified Maintainers/Aircrew ...........................