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A Postcolonial History of a Canadian-Korean Church Relationship

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A Postcolonial History of a Canadian-Korean Church Relationship NATIONALIST MISSIONS, MIGRATING CHRISTIANS: A POSTCOLONIAL HISTORY OF A CANADIAN-KOREAN CHURCH RELATIONSHIP AND THE TRANSFORMATION OF THE UNITED CHURCH OF CANADA, 1898 - 1988 A Thesis Submitted to the College of Graduate and Postdoctoral Studies In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements For the Degree of PhD In the Department of History University of Saskatchewan Saskatoon By DAVID ANDREW KIM-CRAGG © Copyright David Kim-Cragg, March 2020. All rights reserved. PERMISSION TO USE In presenting this dissertation in partial fulfillment of the requirements for a Postgraduate degree from the University of Saskatchewan, I agree that the Libraries of this University may make it freely available for inspection. I further agree that permission for copying of this thesis/dissertation in any manner, in whole or in part, for scholarly purposes may be granted by the professor or professors who supervised my dissertation work or, in their absence, by the Head of the Department or the Dean of the College in which my thesis work was done. It is understood that any copying or publication or use of this dissertation or parts thereof for financial gain shall not be allowed without my written permission. It is also understood that due recognition shall be given to me and to the University of Saskatchewan in any scholarly use which may be made of any material in my dissertation. Requests for permission to copy or to make other uses of materials in this dissertation in whole or part should be addressed to: Head of the Graduate History Department 9 Campus Dr. University of Saskatchewan Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 4L3 Canada OR Dean College of Graduate and Postdoctoral Studies University of Saskatchewan 116 Thorvaldson Building, 110 Science Place Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5C9 Canada i ABSTRACT The reasons for the decline of Protestant Christianity in Canada since 1966 continue to be a matter of debate among church historians. To date the context of missionary histories, global Christianities, and postcolonial migrations has not been adequately considered in this discussion. International Christian relations initiated during the time of the Missionary Movement shed light on recent changes in the Canadian religious landscape. From the beginnings of Canada’s Missionary Enterprise at the turn of the 20th century, mission stations in Yongjeong, Manchuria and throughout northeastern Korea were the site of diverging religious commitments which were the result of different expressions of Protestant nationalism. This divergence created tensions on the mission field in the postcolonial era that migrated across the Pacific with Koreans to Canada in the 1960s, 1970s and 1980s. Special attention is paid in this dissertation to the period framed by South Korea’s Democratization Movement and the relationship between the United Church of Canada (UCC) and the Presbyterian Church in the Republic of Korea (PROK). Ethnographic interview material is used to enhance and contextualize the archival data and is combined with an approach that seeks to balance institutional and cultural historical perspectives. The dissertation argues that from the start, Korean Christianity was at odds with the western version of Protestant nationalism, a defining feature of the Canadian church. It further contends that as the relationship between churches developed in South Korea and crossed into Canada, a new dynamic emerged whereby parts of the UCC were transformed by Korean Christians. This previously overlooked historical process situates Canadian Protestantism within a postcolonial context to reveal the persistence of Canadian colonial missionary attitudes on one hand and the ways in which relationships inevitably resulted in new hybrid identities on the other. This study promotes an understanding of religious and social developments in Western nations in conversation with global postcolonial religious histories. Keywords: Canadian Protestantism, Missionary Enterprise, Korean Christianity, United Church of Canada (UCC), Korea Mission, Presbyterian Church in the Republic of Korea (PROK), Korean Democratization Movement, Manchuria, South Korea, North Korea, postcolonialism. ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The first person to thank for helping me to take on and complete this dissertation project is uri yeobo, HyeRan, my guide, mentor, friend and wife. My kids, Noah and Hannah, also needed to make changes so their dad could take this on and they did so with grace and good humour. The project would never have gone beyond the dream stage without the immediate and generous support of Keith Carlson, who along with encouraging and coaching me through the application process became a great co-supervisor. Mirela David, also a great co-supervisor, was an inspiring and very able teacher who has opened new horizons of modern East Asian scholarship and kindly shepherded me in the final days of this work even as she was expecting her first child. I am grateful for the wise guidance of my dissertation committee. My thanks go to the entire History Department of the University of Saskatchewan which has created a vibrant and supportive environment for graduate students such as myself and that has found ways to fund my studies and develop my gifts as a researcher and teacher. Before I began the PhD, there were many who opened the door to the journey. I am especially grateful to Kyung Jae Kim, my first Korean professor. Not only did Prof. Kim teach me one-on-one for a whole semester at Hanshin university, he also took me personally to see the great ancient capital of Korea. It is a trip I will never forget. Rev. Dr. Hyung Mook Choi has also been my teacher and has introduced me to many wonderful Korean scholars of the South Korean Democracy Movement. St. Andrew’s College in Saskatoon was the door through which I re-entered academia after a 16-year hiatus and a springboard for my application to the doctoral program at U of S. Special thanks to Sandra Beardsall and Don Schweitzer for their teaching and support. The board of the Ecumenical Chaplaincy hired me to work on campus and has allowed me to keep my foot in the world of ministry while a student, a gift for which I am very grateful. I would like to thank modern Korea scholars Namhee Lee, Paul Y. Chang, Andre Schmid and Charles Kim for their generous help, time and advice. Sanghun Cho was a friend at first sight when I met him at the UCLA Special Collection and Prof. Sung-Deuk Oak was kind and inspirational. Elizabeth at the United Church Archives went above and beyond the call of duty to make my time there profitable and meaningful. Julia Chun at the Cheng Yu Tung East Asian Library at the University of Toronto was exceedingly friendly and considerate. Those who agreed to be interviewed by me for this dissertation are owed a special thanks. They are listed in the bibliography. A special thanks to the congregation of Alpha Korean United Church whose spiritual support and enthusiastic endorsement have made all the difference. The Alumni of Hanshin University in Canada have cheered me on and Moon Eun Seong has been a special friend for many years. His dad and mom touched my heart with their personal stories of the South Korean Democratization Movement and let me know this project was important to them. I would like to thank the UCC missionaries who spoke with me about their experiences in Korea, particularly Marion Pope and Mary Collins. I would also like to thank the family of Willa Kernen, especially her sister Jewel Reid who met and shared with me some things from Willa’s time in Korea. Finally, a thanks to Elsie Livingston who shared pictures of her Victory Shawl. The story I have told would have been much less complete without the help of all those mentioned above. All mistakes and shortcomings of this work, however, are mine and mine alone. iii DEDICATION I dedicate this dissertation to my father, Dr. Arthur Wesley Cragg, who passed away while I was in the middle of my degree but not before he communicated his pride in me, even in the midst of this crazy midlife adventure. From my him I received a love of big questions and disciplined thinking and I still feel close to him when I read and write. Thanks, Dad. iv TABLE OF CONTENTS PERMISSION TO USE……………….…………….…………………………….…… i ABSTRACT…………………………………………………………………...………… ii TABLE OF CONTENTS……………………………………………………………… iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS……………………….………………………..….……… iv DEDICATION…………………………………………………………..………...…… v LIST OF IMAGES AND TABLES…………………………….…….…………….….. vi LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS…………………………………….…………………… vii INTRODUCTION…………………………………………..……………….…..…….. 1 CHAPTER 1 - Reflections in Dragon's Well: Canadian Protestant Nationalism and the Kando Mission Station, 1898 to 1942.................................................................. 24 CHAPTER 2 - Sin and Friendship in a Time of Uprising: The Discourse on Mission on the United Church of Canada Korea Mission Field, 1960s ………….…….………… 58 CHAPTER 3 - Creative Non-Victims: The Leadership that Brought an End to the UCC Korea Mission, 1970-1974………..………………………..………………. 89 CHAPTER 4 - Minjung in the Mission house: The Message of Korean Postcolonial Theology for the United Church of Canada, 1970s ……………………..…………........ 123 CHAPTER 5 - Sarangbang: How Women Hosting Women Transformed Missionaries and the United Church of Canada, 1970s and 1980s ……………….…….. 157 CHAPTER 6 - Seonguja: Korean Christians in the United Church of Canada Wilderness, 1965 - 1988…………………………………………………………………. 199 CONCLUSION ………...……………………………………………………………….. 240 BIBLIOGRAPHY……………..…………………………………………………………
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