DOCSLIB.ORG

Euthanasia -- Fatemeh Mirzaei

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Euthanasia -- Fatemeh Mirzaei ﻣﺠﻠﻪ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻧﻲ ﺍﺧﻼﻕ ﻭ ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺦ ﭘﺰﺷﻜﻲ، ﺷﻬﺮﻳﻮﺭ ١٣٩٥، ﺩﻭﺭ ﻩﻱ ﻧﻬﻢ، ﺷﻤﺎﺭ ﻩﻱ ٣، ﺹ ٢٢-١ Abstract ürefü ﻣﺮوري ﻗﺮآ نﻣﺤﻮر ﺑﺮ دﯾﺪﮔﺎ ه اﺳﻼم در ﻣﻮرد ﻣﺮاﺣﻞ ﻣﺮگ و اﺛﺮﮔﺬاري آن در اراﺋ ﻪي ﻣﺮاﻗﺒ ﺖﻫﺎي ﻣﻌﻨﻮي ﭘﺎﯾﺎن ﺣﯿﺎت ١ *٢ ٣ ٤ ٥ ٦ ﻓﺎﻃﻤﻪ ﻣﻴﺮﺯﺍﻳﻲ (ﻟﻄﻔﻲ ﺁﺫﺭ) ، ﺳﻤﺎﻧﻪ ﺗﻴﺮﮔﺮ ، ﻓﺮﺯﺍﻧﻪ ﺯﺍﻫﺪﻱ ، ﺳﻮﺩﻩ ﺗﻴﺮﮔﺮ ، ﻓﺮﻳﺪﻩ ﺷﺮﻳﻌﺘﻲ ، ﺑﺎﻗﺮ ﻻﺭﻳﺠﺎﻧﻲ ﺗﺎرﯾﺦ درﯾﺎﻓﺖ: 19/3/95 ﺗﺎرﯾﺦ ﭘﺬﯾﺮش: 21/6/95 ﺗﺎرﯾﺦ اﻧﺘﺸﺎر: 95/7/17 ﻣﻘﺎﻟ ﻪﻱ ﻣﺮﻭﺭﻱ ﭼﻜﻴﺪﻩ ﺑﺎ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﭘﻴﺸﺮﻓﺖ ﻋﻠﻢ ﭘﺰﺷﮑﻲ ﻭ ﺗﮑﻨﻮﻟﻮﮊﻱ ﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﺮﺗﺒﻂ، ﺷﻨﺎﺧﺖ ﻣﺎﻫﻴﺖ ﻭ ﭼﮕﻮﻧﮕﻲ ﻣﺮﮒ، ﻫﻢﭼﻨﺎﻥ ﺩﺭ ﻫﺎﻟﻪ ﺍﻱ ﺍﺯ ﺍﺑﻬﺎﻡ ﺍﺳﺖ. ﺷﺎﻳﺪ ﭼﻨﻴﻦ ﺑﺘﻮﺍﻥ ﮔﻔﺖ ﮐﻪ ﭼﻮﻥ ﻣﺮﮒ، ﭘﺪﻳ ﺪﻩﺍﻱ ﺩﻭ ﻭﺟﻬﻲ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻭ ﻳﮏﺭﻭﻱ ﺁﻥ ﺟﺴﻤﺎﻧﻲ ﻭ ﺭﻭﻱ ﺩﻳﮕﺮ، ﻧﻔﺴﺎﻧﻲ ﻭ ﺭﻭﺣﺎﻧﻲ ﺍﺳﺖ، ﺷﻨﺎﺧﺖ ﺁﻥ، ﺗﻨﻬﺎ ﺩﺭ ﺣﻴ ﻄﻪﻱ ﻋﻠﻢ ﭘﺰﺷﮑﻲ ﻧﻴﺴﺖ، ﺑﻠﮑﻪ ﺗﻼﺵ ﻭ ﻫﻤﮑﺎﺭﻱ ﺍﻧﺪﻳﺸﻤﻨﺪﺍﻥ ﺣﻮﺯﻩ ﻫﺎﻱ ﺩﻳﮕﺮﻱ ﭼﻮﻥ ﻋﻠﻮﻡ ﻗﺮﺁﻧﻲ، ﻋﻠﻮﻡ ﺍﻧﺴـﺎﻧﻲ، ﻓﻠﺴـﻔﻪ ﻭ ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ ﺁﻥ ﻧﻴﺰ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﮔﺸﻮﺩﻥ ﻗﻔﻞﻫﺎﻱ ﺑﺴﺘ ﻪﻱ ﺁﻥ ﺿﺮﻭﺭﻱ ﺑﻪﻧﻈﺮ ﻣﻲﺭﺳﺪ. ﭼﻨﻴﻦ ﻫﻢﻓﮑﺮ ﻱﻫﺎﻳﻲ ﻣﻲﺗﻮﺍﻧﺪ ﺑﺎ ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻒ ﺁﻧﭽﻪ ﺑﺮ ﻧﻔﺲ ﺩﺭ ﺁﺳﺘﺎﻧﻪ ﻭ ﻫﻨﮕﺎﻡ ﻣﺮﮒ ﻣﻲﮔﺬﺭﺩ، ﺩﻳﺪﮔﺎﻩ ﺩﺍﻧﺸﻤﻨﺪﺍﻥ ﻋﻠﻮﻡ ﭘﺰﺷﮑﻲ ﺭﺍ ﮐﻪ ﺑﻪﺣﻖ، ﻣﻔﺴﺮﺍﻥ ﺧﻮﺑﻲ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮﺍﺕ ﺟﺴﻤﺎﻧﻲﹺ ﺯﻣﺎﻥ ﻣﺮﮒ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ، ﻭﺳﻌﺖ ﻭ ﻋﻤﻖ ﺑﻴ ﺶﺗﺮﻱ ﺑﺨﺸﺪ. ﺑﻲﺷﮏ، ﭼﻨﻴﻦ ﻧﮕﺮﺷﻲ ﻣﻲﺗﻮﺍﻧﺪ ﺩﺭ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻦ ﺗﺼﻤﻴ ﻢﻫﺎﻱ ﺍﺧﻼﻗﻲ ﭘﺎﻳﺎﻥ ﺣﻴﺎﺕ ﻭ ﻧﻴﺰ ﺍﺭﺍﺋ ﻪﻱ ﻣﺮﺍﻗﺒ ﺖﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﻌﻨﻮﻱ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻟﺤﻈﺎﺕ، ﺗﺤﻮﻝ ﺁﻓﺮﻳﻦ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ. ﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ ﻱ ﻣﺮﻭﺭﻱ ﺑﻪﺭﻭﺵ ﮐﺘﺎﺑﺨﺎﻧ ﻪﺍﻱ، ﺍﺑﺘﺪﺍ ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻔﻲ ﺍﺯ ﻣﺮﺍﺣﻞ ﻣﺮﮒ ﺩﺭ ﻧﮕـﺎﻩ ﻋﻠـﻢ ﭘﺰﺷـﮑﻲ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ ﻭ ﺳﭙﺲ ﺑﺎ ﮐﻨﮑﺎﺷﻲ ﻗﺮﺁ ﻥﻣﺤﻮﺭ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ ﺍﺳﻼﻣﻲ ﻭ ﺑﺎ ﺗﻤﺮﮐﺰ ﺑﺮ ﺁﻳﺎﺗﻲ ﮐﻪ ﺻﺮﺍﺣﺘﺎﹰ ﺩﻻﻟﺖ ﺑﺮ ﺯﻣﺎﻥ ﻣـﺮﮒ ﺩﺍﺭﻧـﺪ، ﺗﻮﺻـﻴﻒ ﻗﺮﺁﻧـﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺑﺮﺧـﻲ ﻣﺮﺍﺣﻞ ﻣﺮﮒ ﺍﺭﺍﺋﻪ ﻣﻲ ﺩﻫﺪ. ﺳﺮﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ ﺩﺭ ﺑﺤﺚ ﻧﻬﺎﻳﻲ، ﺑﺮﺧﻲ ﺷﺒﺎﻫ ﺖﻫﺎ ﻭ ﺗﻔﺎﻭ ﺕﻫﺎﻱ ﺩﻳﺪﮔﺎ ﻩﻫﺎ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻴﺎﻥ ﻭ ﺳﺆﺍﻻﺕ ﻣﻬﻤﻲ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺣﻴﻄـﻪ ﻣﻄﺮﺡ ﻣﻲ ﮐﻨﺪ ﮐﻪ ﻋﻤﺪﺗﺎﹰ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺍﺭﺍﺋ ﻪﻱ ﻣﺮﺍﻗﺒﺖ ﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﻌﻨﻮﻱ ﺩﺭ ﻟﺤﻈﺎﺕ ﭘﺎﻳﺎﻧﻲ ﺣﻴـﺎﺕ ﺩﺭ ﺧـﻮﺭ ﺍﻫﻤﻴـﺖ ﻓـﺮﺍﻭﺍﻥ ﻫﺴـﺘﻨﺪ . ﺍﻣﻴـﺪ ﺍﺳـﺖ ﺑـﺎ ﭘﮋﻭﻫﺶ ﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﺘﻤﺮﮐﺰ ﺁﻳﻨﺪﻩ ﮐﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺟﻬﺖ ﭘﺎﺳﺦ ﺑﻪ ﺳﺆﺍﻻﺕ ﺍﺻﻠﻲ ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩﺷﺪﻩ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﻨﺪ ﺑﻮﺩ، ﺭﺍﻩ ﺑـﺮﺍﻱ ﺍﺭﺍﺋـﻪ ﻱ ﻣﺮﺍﻗﺒـﺖ ﻫـﺎﻱ ﻣﻌﻨﻮﻱ ﻭ ﻗﺮ ﺁﻥﻣﺤﻮﺭ، ﺑﻴﺶ ﺍﺯ ﭘﻴﺶ ﺗﺴﻬﻴﻞ ﻭ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎﺗﻲ ﺷﻮﺩ. ﻭﺍﮊﮔﺎﻥ ﮐﻠﻴﺪﻱ: ﻣﺮﺍﻗﺒ ﺖﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﻌﻨﻮﻱ، ﭼﺎﻟ ﺶﻫﺎﻱ ﺍﺧﻼﻗﻲ ﭘﺎﻳﺎﻥ ﺣﻴﺎﺕ، ﻣﺮﮒ، ﺍﺳﻼﻡ، ﺍﺧﻼﻕ ﭘﺰﺷﮑﻲ، ﻗﺮﺁﻥ ١ Email: elmi.myy@ gmail.com ﭘﮋﻭﻫﺸﮕﺮ ﻭ ﺍﺳﺘﺎﺩ ﻋﻠﻮﻡ ﻗﺮﺁﻧﻲ ﻭ ﺍﺳﻼﻣﻲ ٢ ﭘﺰﺷﮏ ﻋﻤﻮﻣﻲ، ﻣﺮﮐﺰ ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻘﺎﺕ ﻏﺪﺩ ﻭ ﻣﺘﺎﺑﻮﻟﻴﺴﻢ، ﭘﮋﻭﻫﺸﮑﺪﻩ ﻋﻠﻮﻡ ﺑﺎﻟﻴﻨﻲ ﻏﺪﺩ ﻭ ﻣﺘﺎﺑﻮﻟﻴﺴﻢ، ﺩﺍﻧﺸﮕﺎﻩ ﻋﻠﻮﻡ ﭘﺰﺷﮑﻲ ﺗﻬﺮﺍﻥ، ﺗﻬﺮﺍﻥ، ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ Email: s-tirgar@ farabi.tums.ac.ir ٣ ﭘﺰﺷﮏ، ﮔﺮﻭﻩ ﺍﺧﻼﻕ ﭘﺰﺷﮑﻲ، ﻣﺮﮐﺰ ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻘﺎﺕ ﻏﺪﺩ ﻭ ﻣﺘﺎﺑﻮﻟﻴﺴﻢ، ﭘﮋﻭﻫﺸﮑﺪﻩ ﻋﻠﻮﻡ ﺑﺎﻟﻴﻨﻲ ﻏﺪﺩ ﻭ ﻣﺘﺎﺑﻮﻟﻴﺴﻢ، ﺩﺍﻧﺸﮕﺎﻩ ﻋﻠﻮﻡ ﭘﺰﺷﮑﻲ ﺗﻬﺮﺍﻥ، ﺗﻬﺮﺍﻥ، ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ Email: fzahedi@ tums.ac.ir ٤ Email: sude1432@ gmail.com ﺩﺍﻧﺸﺠﻮﻱ ﮐﺎﺭﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﺍﺭﺷﺪ ﻋﻠﻮﻡ ﻗﺮﺁﻧﻲ ﻭ ﺣﺪﻳﺚ، ﺩﺍﻧﺸﮕﺎﻩ ﻗﺮﺁﻥ ﻭ ﺣﺪﻳﺚ، ﭘﺮﺩﻳﺲ ﺗﻬﺮﺍﻥ، ﺷﻬﺮﺭﻱ، ﺗﻬﺮﺍﻥ، ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ 5 Email: m_yaghesh@ yahoo.com ﮐﺎﺭﺷﻨﺎﺱ ﺭﺷﺘﻪ ﻱ ﻓﻘﻪ ﻭ ﺍﺻﻮﻝ، ﺩﺍﻧﺸﮕﺎﻩ ﺍﻣﺎﻡ ﺻﺎﺩ ﻕ (ﻉ)، ﺗﻬﺮﺍﻥ، ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ ٦ ﺍﺳﺘﺎﺩ، ﻣﺮﮐﺰ ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﺧﻼﻕ ﻭ ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺦ ﭘﺰﺷﮑﻲ، ﺩﺍﻧﺸﮕﺎﻩ ﻋﻠﻮﻡ ﭘﺰﺷﮑﻲ ﺗﻬﺮﺍﻥ، ﺗﻬﺮﺍﻥ، ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ Email: emrc@ tums.ac.ir * ﻧﺸﺎﻧﻲ: ﺗﻬﺮﺍﻥ، ﺧﻴﺎﺑﺎﻥ ﮐﺎﺭﮔﺮ ﺷﻤﺎﻟﻲ، ﻧﺮﺳﻴﺪﻩ ﺑﻪ ﺟﻼﻝ ﺁﻝ ﺍﺣﻤﺪ، ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﺳﺘﺎﻥ ﺩﮐﺘﺮ ﺷﺮﻳﻌﺘﻲ، ﻃﺒﻘ ﻪﻱ ﭘﻨﺠﻢ، ﭘﮋﻭﻫﺸﮕﺎﻩ ﻋﻠﻮﻡ ﻏﺪﺩ ﻭ ﻣﺘﺎﺑﻮﻟﻴﺴﻢ، ﮔﺮﻭﻩ ﺍﺧﻼﻕ ﭘﺰﺷﮑﻲ، ﺗﻠﻔﻦ: Email: s-tirgar@ farabi.tums.ac.ir ،۰۲۱-۸۸۲۲۰۰۳۷ 2 ﻓﺎﻃﻤﻪ ﻣﻴﺮﺯﺍﻳﻲ (ﻟﻄﻔﻲ ﺁﺫﺭ) ﻭ ﻫﻤﻜﺎﺭﺍﻥ: ﻣﺮﻭﺭﻱ ﻗﺮﺁ ﻥﻣﺤﻮﺭ ﺑﺮ ﺩﻳﺪﮔﺎﻩ ﺍﺳﻼﻡ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﻣﺮﺍﺣﻞ ﻣﺮﮒ ﻭ ﺍﺛﺮﺍﮔﺬﺍﺭﻱ ﺁﻥ ... ﻣﻘﺪﻣﻪ ﻫﻢﭼﻨﻴﻦ، ﺑﺎ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻧﮕﺮﺵ، ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﻭ ﻧﺤ ﻮﻩﻱ ﺍﺭﺍﺋ ﻪﻱ ﻣﺮﺍﻗﺒ ﺖﻫﺎﻱ ٢ ﻣﺴﺄ ﻟﻪﻱ ﻣﺮﮒ ﺍﻣﺮﻱ ﭘﻴﭽﻴﺪﻩ ﻭ ﭼﻨﺪﺑﻌﺪﻱ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻭ ﺷﻨﺎﺧﺖ ﻣﻌﻨﻮﻱ ، ﺑﻪﻧﺤﻮ ﻣﻨﻄﻘ ﻲﺗﺮ ﻭ ﺟﺎ ﻣﻊﺗﺮﻱ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﻭﺻﻮﻝ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﺪ ﺑﻮﺩ. ٣ ﺁﻥ ﻣﻨﺤﺼـﺮﺍ ﺟﻨﺒ ﻪﻱ ﻣﺎﺩﻱ ﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩ، ﭼﺮﺍﮐﻪ ﻣﻄﺎﺑﻖ ﻣﺘﻮﻥ ﺍﺳﻼﻣﻲ ﻭ ﻣﺮﺍﻗﺒﺖ ﻣﻌﻨﻮﻱ، ﻳﮑﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺍﺑﻌﺎﺩ ﻣﺮﺍﻗﺒﺖ ﮐﻠ ﻲﻧﮕﺮ ﻭ ﺍﺯ ﺍﺭﮐﺎﻥ ﻧﻴﺰ ﺩﻳﺪﮔﺎﻩ ﻣﺘﺨﺼﺼﺎﻥ ﻋﻠﻮﻡ ﭘﺰﺷﮑﻲ، ﺍﺳﺎﺳﺎﹰ ﭘﺪﻳﺪ ﻩﺍﻱ ﺍﺻﻠﻲ ﻣﺮﺍﻗﺒ ﺖﻫﺎﻱ ﭘﺎﻳﺎﻥ ﺣﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﺳﺖ (۴) ﻭ ﻣﻨﻈﻮﺭ ﺍﺯ ﺁﻥ، ﺩﺭ ﻓﺮﺍﺟﺴﻤﺎﻧﻲ ﺍﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ ﺍﻟﺒﺘﻪ ﻇﻬﻮﺭﺍﺕ ﺟﺴﻤﺎﻧﻲ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ (۲ ، ۱). ﻋﻠﻢ ﻧﻈﺮ ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻦ ﻧﻴﺎﺯﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﻌﻨﻮﻱ ﻓﺮﺩ ﺩﺭ ﺍﺛﻨﺎﻱ ﺍﺭﺍﺋ ﻪﻱ ﻣﺮﺍﻗﺒ ﺖﻫﺎﻱ ﭘﺰﺷﮑﻲ ﺑﺎ ﺟﺰﺋﻴﺎﺕ، ﻣﺮﺍﺣﻞ ﻓﻴﺰﻳﻮﻟﻮﮊﻳﮏ ﻣﺮﮒ ﺭﺍ ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻒ ﮐﺮ ﺩﻩ ﺣﻴﺎﺗﻲ ﺍﺳﺖ (۵). ٤ ﻭ ﺁﻥ ﺭﺍ ﺗﺤﺖ ﻋﻨﺎﻭﻳﻦ ﻣﺮﮒ ﺳﻠﻮﻟﻲ ﻭ ﻣﺮﮒ ﮐﻞ ﺍﺭﮔﺎﻧﻴﺴﻢ ﺷﺮﺡ ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻒ ﻣﺮﺍﺣﻞ ﻧﻔﺴﺎﻧﻲ ﻣﺮﮒ ﺑﻪﻧﺤﻮ ﺟﺎﻟﺐ ﺗﻮﺟﻬﻲ ﺩﺭ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ، ﺍﻣﺮﻱ ﮐﻪ ﺩﺍﻧﺶ ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ ﺁﻥ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﮔﺮﻭﻩ ﭘﺰﺷﮑﻲ ﻗﺮ ﺁﻥﮐﺮﻳﻢ ﺁﻣﺪ ﻩﺍﺳﺖ ﻭ ﭘﮋﻭﻫﺸﻲ ﻗﺮ ﺁﻥﻣﺤﻮﺭ ﺑﺎ ﺗﻤﺮﮐﺰ ﺑﺮ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺿﺮﻭﺭﺗﻲ ﻏﻴﺮ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﺍﻧﮑﺎﺭ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ، ﺯﻳﺮﺍ ﻳﮑﻲ ﺍﺯ ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﺻﻠﻲ ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻉ ﻣﻲﺗﻮﺍﻧﺪ ﺟﻬﺖ ﻧﺰﺩﻳ ﮏﺷﺪﻥ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻫﺪﺍﻑ ﻳﺎﺩﺷﺪﻩ، ﻧﻘﺸﻲ ﺩﺭ ﭘﺰﺷﮑﻲ، ﺣﻔﻆ ﺣﻴﺎﺕ، ﻣﻮﺍﺟﻬﻪ ﺑﺎ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﺍﻥ ﺩﺭ ﺣﺎﻝ ﻣﺮﮒ ﻭ ﺑﺴﺰﺍ ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ. ﺍﺯ ﺁﻥﺟﺎ ﮐﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺣﺎﻝ ﺣﺎﺿﺮ، ﺩﺭ ﻣﺒﺎﺣﺚ ﺍﺗﺨﺎﺫ ﺗﺼﻤﻴﻤﺎﺕ ﺩﺭﻣﺎﻧﻲ ﻭ ﺍﺧﻼﻗﻲ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺧﺼﻮﺹ ﺍﺳﺖ. ﺁﻣﻮﺯﺷﻲ ﻣﺮﺑﻮﻁ ﺑﻪ ﺩﻭ ﺭﻩﻱ ﺗﺮﺑﻴﺖ ﭘﺰﺷﮑﺎﻥ ﻋﻤﻮﻣﻲ، ﻭﺍﺣﺪﻫﺎﻱ ﻫﻢﭼﻨﻴﻦ، ﺣﻞ ﺑﺴﻴﺎﺭﻱ ﺍﺯ ﭼﺎﻟ ﺶﻫﺎﻱ ﺍﺧﻼ ﻕﺯﻳﺴﺘﻲ ﺩﺭ ﻣﺴﺎﺋﻞ ﺩﺭﺳﻲ ﺑﺎ ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻋﺎﺕ ﻣﻴﺎ ﻥﺭﺷﺘ ﻪﺍﻱ ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ ﻓﻠﺴﻔ ﻪﻱ ﭘﺰﺷﮑﻲ، ﻣﺮﺑﻮﻁ ﺑﻪ ﭘﺎﻳﺎﻥ ﺣﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﺯ ﺟﻤﻠﻪ ﺍﺗﺎﻧﺎﺯﻱ، ﺩﺭﻣﺎﻥ ﺑﻴﻬﻮﺩﻩ، ﻣﺮﮒ ﺑﻪﻧﺪﺭﺕ ﺩﻳﺪﻩ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ، ﻟﺬﺍ ﭘﺮﺩﺍﺧﺘﻦ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻋﺎﺗﻲ ﺍﺯ ﻗﺒﻴﻞ ﻣﻐﺰﻱ ﻭ ﭘﻴﻮﻧﺪ ﺍﻋﻀﺎ، ﺩﺭ ﮔﺮﻭ ﺷﻨﺎﺧﺘﻲ ﺟﺎﻣﻊ ﻭ ﺭﻭﺷﻦ ﺍﺯ ﻣﺮﮒ ﻣﻔﻬﻮ ﻡﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﻣﺮﮒ ﻭ ﻧﻴﺰ ﺗﺤﻮﻻﺕ ﻧﻔﺲ ﺩﺭ ﺯﻣﺎﻥ ﻣﺮﮒ ﺩﺭ ﮐﻨﺎﺭ ﺍﺳﺖ. ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺯﻣﻴﻨﻪ ﻳﮑﻲ ﺍﺯ ﻣﻬ ﻢﺗﺮﻳﻦ ﻣﺒﺎﺣﺜﻲ ﮐﻪ ﺑﻪﻧﻈﺮ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮﺍﺕ ﺟﺴﻤﺎﻧﻲ ﺩﺭ ﺯﻣﺎﻥ ﻣﺮﮒ ﮐﻪ ﺟﺰﻭﻱ ﺍﺯ ﺩﺍﻧﺴﺘ ﻪﻫﺎﻱ ﻳﮏ . ﺿﺮﻭﺭﻱ ﻣﻲﺭﺳﺪ ﺁﻥ ﺍﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ ﮔﺮﻭﻩ ﭘﺰﺷﮑﻲ ﺑﻪ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭ ﺩﺭ ﺣﺎﻝ ﭘﺰﺷﮏ ﺍﺳﺖ، ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﭘﺰﺷﮑﺎﻥ ﺳﻮﺩﻣﻨﺪ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﺪ ﺑﻮﺩ ﺑﺮ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﺮﮒ ﺗﻨﻬﺎ ﺍﺯ ﺟﻬﺖ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮﺍﺕ ﻇﺎﻫﺮﻱ ﻭ ﻣﺎﺩﻱ – ﮐﻪ ﻋﻠﻢ ﺍﺳﺎﺱ، ﺑﺮ ﺁﻥ ﺷﺪﻳﻢ ﺗﺎ ﺩﺭ ﭘﮋﻭﻫﺸﻲ ﻗﺮ ﺁﻥﻣﺤﻮﺭ ﺑﺎ ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻉ ﭘﺰﺷﮑﻲ، ﺗﻮﺻﻴ ﻒﮐﻨﻨ ﺪﻩﻱ ﺁﻥ ﺍﺳﺖ- ﻧﮕﺎﻩ ﻧﮑﻨﻨﺪ، ﺑﻠﮑﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺑﺮﺭﺳﻲ ﺗﺤﻮﻻﺕ ﻧﻔﺲ ﺩﺭ ﺁﺳﺘﺎﻧﻪ ﻭ ﺯﻣﺎﻥ ﻣﺮﮒ، ﺩﺭﻳﭽ ﻪﺍﻱ ﺩﺭ ١ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮﺍﺗﻲ ﮐﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺣﺎﻟﺖ ﺩﺭ ﻧﻔﺲ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﺍﻥ ﺩﺭ ﺣﺎﻝ ﺭ ﺥﺩﺍﺩﻥ ﻣﺴﻴﺮ ﺭﻭ ﺷﻦﺗﺮ ﺷﺪﻥ ﺍﻓ ﻖﻫﺎﻱ ﻓﺮﺍﺟﺴﻤﺎﻧﻲ، ﻓﺮﺍﺳﻮﻱ ﺩﻳﺪ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻧﻴﺰ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﻭﻳﮋﻩ ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ. ﭼﺮﺍﮐﻪ ﻣﻄﺎﺑﻖ ﻣﺘﻮﻥ ﺍﺳﻼﻣﻲ، ﺟﺎﻣﻌ ﻪﻱ ﭘﺰﺷﮑﻲ ﺑﮕﺸﺎﻳﻴﻢ. ﺁﻧﭽﻪ ﭘﺰﺷﮑﺎﻥ ﺩﺭ ﺑﺎﻟﻴﻦ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﺍﻥ ﺩﺭ ﺣﺎﻝ ﻣﺮﮒ ﻣﺸﺎﻫﺪﻩ ﻣﻲﮐﻨﻨﺪ، ﺑﺮ ﺍﺳﺎﺱ ﺟﺴ ﺖﻭﺟﻮﻱ ﺍﻭﻟﻴ ﻪﻱ ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺩﺭ ﭘﺎﻳﮕﺎ ﻩﻫﺎﻱ SID, IranMedex, Pubmed ﮔﺮﭼﻪ ﻋﻤﺪﺗﺎ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮﺍﺗﻲ ﺩﺭ ﺭﻓﻠﮑ ﺲﻫﺎﻱ ﻋﺼﺒﻲ، ﻋﻼﻳﻢ ﺣﻴﺎﺗﻲ ﻭ ﻭ ﺑﺎ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ ﮐﻠﻤﺎﺕ ﮐﻠﻴﺪﻱ: ﺑﻪﻃﻮﺭ ﮐﻠﻲ ﺟﺴﻢ ﺍﺳﺖ، ﺍﺳﺎﺳﺎ ﺭﻳﺸﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺗﺤﻮﻻﺕ ﻧﻔـﺲ ﺁﺩﻣﻲ ﻣﺮﮒ، ﺍﺳﻼﻡ، ﻗﺮﺁﻥ، ﺍﺧﻼﻕ، ﻧﻔﺲ، ﺭﻭﺡ، ﺟﺎﻥ ﮐﻨﺪﻥ، ﺃﺟﻞ، Death, Islam, ﺩﺍﺭﺩ (۳). ﺷﻨﺎﺧﺖ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺗﺤﻮﻻﺕ ﻣﻲﺗﻮﺍﻧﺪ ﺑﻴﻨﺶ ﺟﺎﻣ ﻊﺗﺮ ﻭ ﻣﻮﺕ، ﻓﻮﺕ، ﻭﻓﺎﺕ، ﻧﺰﻉ، ﺳﮑﺮﺍﺕ، ﻏﻤﺮﺍﺕ، ethic, quran, agony swoon, soul,throes, rapture, ﻋﻤﻴ ﻖﺗﺮﻱ ﺭﺍ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﭘﺰﺷﮑﺎﻥ ﺑﻪ ﺍﺭﻣﻐﺎﻥ ﺁﻭﺭﺩ ﻭ ﺩﺭﻳﭽ ﻪﻱ ﻗﻀﺎﻭﺕ ﺍﻳﺸﺎﻥ ﺭﺍ ﮔﺴﺘﺮﺩ ﻩﺗﺮ ﻭ ﻋﻤﻴ ﻖﺗﺮ ﺳﺎﺯﺩ ﺗﺎ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺗﺼﻤﻴ ﻢﮔﻴﺮ ﻱﻫﺎﻱ Spiritual care 2 3 Holistic care ﺍﺧﻼﻗﻲ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﺍﻥ ﺩﺭ ﺣﺎﻝ ﻣﺮﮒ ﮐﺎﻣﻴﺎﺑﻲ ﺑﻴ ﺶﺗﺮﻱ ﺑﻴﺎﺑﻨﺪ. 4 ﻣﻨﻈﻮر از ﻣﺮاﺣﻞ ﻧﻔﺴﺎﻧﯽ ﻣﺮگ در اﯾﻦ ﻧﻮﺷﺘﺎر، ﺣﺎﻻت و وﻗﺎﯾﻌﯽ اﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ ﺑﺮ ﻧﻔﺲ در آﺳﺘﺎﻧﻪ و ﻫﻨﮕﺎم ﻣﺮگ ﻣﯽ ﮔﺬرد و ﻣﯽﺗﻮاﻧﺪ آن را از ﻧﻔﺴﯽ - 1 ﻣﻨﻈﻮر از ﻧﻔﺲ در اﯾﻦ ﻧﻮﺷﺘﺎر، ﻧﻔﺲ ﻧﺎﻃﻘﻪ اﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ ﺑﻪ ﮔﻔ ﺘﻪي ﻣﻼﺻﺪرا، ﺟﺴ ﻢﮔﺮا ﮐﻪ ﻋﻤﺪ هي ﺗﻮﺟﻬﺎﺗﺶ ﺑﻪ ﺟﺴﻢ و ﻣﺘﻌﻠﻘﺎت آن اﺳﺖ- ﺑﻪ ﻧﻔﺴﯽ واﺳﻄ ﻪاي اﺳﺖ ﺑﺮاي رﺳﺎﻧﺪن ﻓﯿﺾ رب از روح ﺑﻪ ﺟﺴﻢ. (ﺻﺪراﻟﻤﺘﺄﻟﻬﯿﻦ. رو حﮔﺮا – ﮐﻪ ﺑﯿﺶ ﺗﺮ، وﺟﻬﻪ ي آن ﺑﻪ روح و ﺣﻘﯿﻘﺖ ﻫﺴﺘﯽ اﺳﺖ- ﺗﺒﺪﯾﻞ ﺳﻪ رﺳﺎﺋﻞ ﻓﻠﺴﻔﻰ. ﻗﻢ: دﻓﺘﺮ ﺗﺒﻠﯿﻐﺎت اﺳﻼم؛ 1387، ص: 50) ﺳﺎزد ﮐﻪ آﺛﺎر ﺟﺴﻤﺎﻧﯽ اﯾﻦ ﺗﺤﻮﻻت، ﻗﺎﺑﻞ رؤﯾﺖ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ. Website: http://ijme.tums.ac.ir ﻣﺠﻠﻪ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻧﻲ ﺍﺧﻼﻕ ﻭ ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺦ ﭘﺰﺷﻜﻲ، ﺷﻬﺮﻳﻮﺭ ١٣٩٥، ﺩﻭﺭ ﻩﻱ ﻧﻬﻢ، ﺷﻤﺎﺭ ﻩﻱ ٣، ﺹ ٢٢-١ 3 drunkenness، ﻣﻘﺎﻟ ﻪ ﻱ ﻣﺸﺎﺑﻬﻲ ﺑﺎ ﺗﻤﺮﮐﺰ ﺑﺮ ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻉ ﺑﺮﺭﺳﻲ ﻗﺮﺁﻧﻲ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﺟﺴ ﺖﻭﺟﻮ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻨﺪ. ﭘﺲ ﺍﺯ ﺁﻥ، ﺁﻳﺎﺕ ﻣﺮﺗﺒﻂ، ﻧﻔﺲ ﺩﺭ ﻣﺮﺍﺣﻞ ﻣﺮﮒ ﺍﺯ ﺩﻳﺪﮔﺎﻩ ﻗﺮﺁﻥ ﻳﺎﻓﺖ ﻧﺸﺪ. ﺍﻟﺒﺘﻪ ﺗﺎﮐﻨﻮﻥ ﻋﻨﻮ ﺍﻥﺑﻨﺪﻱ ﻭ ﺩﺳﺘ ﻪﺑﻨﺪﻱ ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻋﻲ ﻭ ﺳﺎﻳﺮ ﮐﻠﻤﺎﺕ ﺁﻳﺎﺕ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﺩﺭ ﺑﺮﺧﻲ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﺎﺕ ﺑﻪ ﻭﺍ ﮊﻩﻫﺎﻱ ﻗﺮﺁﻧﻲ ﻭ ﮔﺎﻫﺎ ﺁﺛﺎﺭ ﻣﺮﺑﻮﻁ ﺑﻪ ﻧﻈﺮ ﻭ ﺩﻳﮕﺮ ﻣﻌﺎﻧﻲ ﻭ ﻣﻮﺍﺭﺩ ﺍﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﻝ ﺁﻥ ﮐﻠﻤﺎﺕ ﺩﺭ ﻗﺮﺁﻥ ﻣﺮﺍﺣﻞ ﻣﺮﮒ ﺩﺭ ﻗﺮﺁﻥ ﺍﺷﺎﺭﺍﺗﻲ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ. ﺑﻪﻋﻨﻮﺍﻥ ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ، ﺟﺴ ﺖﻭﺟﻮ ﺷﺪﻧﺪ. ﻫﻢﺯﻣﺎﻥ، ﺗﻔﺎﺳﻴﺮ ﻭ ﺗﺄﻭﻳﻼﺕ ﺁﻳﺎﺕ ﻣﻨﺘﺨﺐ ﻃﺒﺎﻃﺒﺎﻳﻲ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻘﺎﻟ ﻪﻱ ﺧﻮﺩ ﺍﺯ ﺳﮑﺮﺍﺕ، ﻏﻤﺮﺍﺕ ﻭ ﻏﺸﻴ ﻪﻱ ﻣﻮﺕ ﺩﺭ ﮐﺘﺐ ﺗﻔﺴﻴﺮﻱ ﻣﻌﺘﺒﺮ ﻋﻤﺪﺗﺎﹰ ﺷﻴﻌﻲ ﻭ ﻧﻴﺰ ﺑﺮﺧﻲ ﮐﺘﺐ ﺭﻭﺍﻳﻲ ﻧﺎﻡ ﺑﺮ ﺩﻩﺍﺳﺖ. ﺑﻪﻧﻈﺮ ﺍﻳﺸﺎﻥ ﻫﺮ ﻳﮏ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﻮﺍﺭﺩ ﻣﻲﺗﻮﺍﻧﺪ ﺑﺎ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﺑﺮﺭﺳﻲ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻨﺪ. ﺩﺭ ﻧﻬﺎﻳﺖ، ﺷﻤﻪﺍﻱ ﺍﺯ ﻣﺮﺍﺣﻞ ﻣﺮﮒ ﺯﻭﺍﻝ ﻗﻮ ﻩﻱ ﻋﻘﻼﻧﻲ ﻭ ﺑﻲﺣﺮﮐﺘﻲ ﮐﺎﻣﻞ ﻫﻤﺮﺍﻩ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ (۶). ﺩﺭ ﻗﺮﺁﻥ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺮﺍﺝ ﺷﺪ. ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﻴﺎﻥ، ﺗﻔﮑﻴﮑﻲ ﻫﻢ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺁﻳﺎﺗﻲ ﮐﻪ ﺍﻳﻤﺎﻧ ﻲﻓﺮ ﻭ ﻫﻤﮑﺎﺭﺍﻥ، ﺑﻪﻋﺒﺎﺭﺕ ﻗﺮﺁﻧﻲ «ﻏﻤﺮﺍﺕ ﻣﻮﺕ» ﺑﺎ ﻋﻨﻮﺍﻥ ﺻﺮﻳﺤﺎ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﻣﺮﮒ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﺑﺎ ﺁﻳﺎﺗﻲ ﮐﻪ ﮐﻨﺎﻳﻪ ﺍﺯ ﻣﺮﮒ ﺩﺍﺭﻧﺪ ﺷﺪﺍﻳﺪ ﻭ ﺳﺨﺘ ﻲﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﺮﮒ ﺍﺷﺎﺭ ﻩﺍﻱ ﮐﺮ ﺩﻩﺍﻧﺪ (۷). ﺯﺭﺩﺍﺩﻱ، ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ ﺷﺪ ﻭ ﺗﻤﺮﮐﺰ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﻘﺎﻟﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺁﻳﺎﺕ ﺻﺮﻳﺢ ﺍﺧﺘﺼﺎﺹ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﺑﺮﺧﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺣﻮﺍﺩﺛﻲ ﺭﺍ ﮐﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺁﺳﺘﺎﻧ ﻪﻱ ﻣﺮﮒ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻫﺮ ﺷﺨﺼﻲ ﺭﺥ ﺷﺪ. ﺑﻪﻋﻼﻭﻩ، ﺗﻼﺵ ﺑﺮ ﺁﻥ ﺑﻮﺩ ﮐﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺗﺮﺳﻴﻢ ﺩﻳﺪﮔﺎﻩ ﻗﺮﺁﻥ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻲﺩﻫﺪ، ﭼﻨﻴﻦ ﺑﺮ ﻣﻲﺷﻤﺮﺩ: ﺗﻤ ﺜﹼﻞ ﻣﺎﻝ، ﻫﻤﺴﺮ ﻭ ﻓﺮﺯﻧﺪﺍﻥ، ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﻣﺮﺍﺣﻞ ﻣﺮﮒ، ﺍﺳﺎﺳﺎ ﺑﻪ ﺣﻘﻴﻘﺖ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﺮﺍﺣﻞ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺷﻮﺩ ﻭ ﺣﻀﻮﺭ ﺷﻴﻄﺎﻥ ﻭ ﻭﺳﻮﺳ ﻪﻱ ﺍﻭ، ﻭ ﺭﺅﻳﺖ ﺣﻀﺮﺍﺕ ﻣﻌﺼﻮﻣﻴﻦ ﺣﺘ ﻲﺍﻻﻣﮑﺎﻥ، ﻭﺟﻪ ﺳﻌﺎﺩﺕ ﻳﺎ ﺷﻘﺎﻭﺕ ﻣﺮﮒ ﮐﻢﺭﻧﮓ ﺩﻳﺪﻩ ﺷﻮﺩ، (ﻉ) ﻭ ﻣﺸﺎﻫﺪ ﻩﻱ ﻋﻴﻨﻲ ﺍﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﻭ ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩ ﺣﺴﺮﺕ، ﺍﺩﺭﺍﮎ ﺑﻲﺛﺒﺎﺗﻲ ﻫﺮ ﭼﻨﺪ ﺩﺭ ﺑﺮﺧﻲ ﻣﻮﺍﺭﺩ، ﺫﮐﺮ ﺁﻥ ﮔﺮﻳﺰﻧﺎﭘﺬﻳﺮ ﻣﻲﻧﻤﻮﺩ . ﺿﻤﻨﺎ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻋﺎﻟﻢ ﻭ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻘﺎﺑﻞ، ﺩﺭﮎ ﺣﻘﺎﻳﻖ ﺍﺧﺮﻭﻱ (۸). ﺳﻌﻲ ﺑﺮ ﺁﻥ ﺑﻮﺩ ﮐﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻒ ﻫﺮ ﻣﺮﺣﻠﻪ، ﺁﺛﺎﺭﻱ ﮐﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺟﺴﻢ ﺳﻠﻤﺎ ﻥﭘﻮﺭ ﻭ ﺍﻳﻤﺎﻧ ﻲﻓﺮ ﺑﻪ ﺷﺮﺡ ﻣﺨﺘﺼﺮﻱ ﺍﺯ ﻏﻤﺮﺍﺕ، ﺗﻮﻓﹼﻲ ﻇﺎﻫﺮ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ ﻧﻴﺰ ﺟﺴ ﺖﻭﺟﻮ ﻭ ﺑﻴﺎﻥ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ. ﻫﻢﭼﻨﻴﻦ، ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﻭ ﻭ ﻣﺮﺍﺣﻞ ﻣﺮﮒ ﺩﺭ ﻣﺆﻣﻨﺎﻥ ﻭ ﮐﺎﻓﺮﺍﻥ ﭘﺮﺩﺍﺧﺘ ﻪﺍﻧﺪ (۹). ﮔﻮﻫﺮﻱ ﺩﺭ ﻣﺮﺍﺣﻞ ﻣﺮﮒ ﺍﺯ ﺩﻳﺪﮔﺎﻩ ﭘﺰﺷﮑﻲ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺗﻲ ﺍﺯ ﻗﺒﻴﻞ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌ ﻪﻱ ﺧﻮﺩ، ﺍﺣﺘﻀﺎﺭ، ﺳﮑﺮﺍﺕ ﻭ ﻏﻤﺮﺍﺕ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻪ ﻳﮏ ﻣﻌﻨﻲ Pubmed,Scopus, Science Direct ﺟﺴ ﺖﻭﺟﻮ ﺷﺪ. ﺩﺍﻧﺴﺘﻪ ﻭ ﻭﻗﺎﻳﻊ ﺯﻣﺎﻥ ﺍﺣﺘﻀﺎﺭ ﺭﺍ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺩﻭ ﮔﺮﻭﻩ ﻣﺆﻣﻨﺎﻥ ﻭ ﮐﻔﺎﺭ ﺷﺎﻳﺎﻥ ﺫﮐﺮ ﺍﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ ﻫﺪﻑ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ ﺑﺮﺭﺳﻲ ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻘﻲ ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻒ ﮐﺮﺩ ﻩﺍﺳﺖ (۱۰). ﻫﻢﭼﻨﻴﻦ، ﺍﻭ ﻣﺮﺍﺣﻞ ﻣﺮﮒ ﺭﺍ ﺗﻨﻬﺎ ﺩﻭ ﻣﺮﺍﺣﻞ ﻣﺮﮒ ﺩﺭ ﭘﺰﺷﮑﻲ ﻭ ﻗﺮﺁﻥ ﻧﺒﻮﺩ ﻩﺍﺳﺖ، ﺑﻠﮑﻪ ﻧﮕﺎﻫﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺩﻭ ﻣﺮﺣ ﻠﻪﻱ ﺍﺣﺘﻀﺎﺭ ﻭ ﻗﺒﺾ ﺭﻭﺡ ﻣﻌﺮﻓﻲ ﮐﺮﺩﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ (۱۰).
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Ihyaail Mayyit Be Fazail-E-Ahle Bayt
    Imam Suyuti's ‘Ihya-Il Mayyit Be Fazaile Ahlul Bayt’ The Dead Become Alive By Grace of the Holy Five A Brief Introduction to the Author and his Book Qady Iyad relates that the Messenger of God, peace and blessings be upon him, said, “Recognition of the family of Muhammad is freedom from the Fire. Love of the family of Muhammad is crossing over the Sirat. Friendship for the family of Muhammad is safety from the Fire”. Jalaluddin Abdul Rahman Suyuti was born at Cairo and died there in 910 A.H. He travelled to various places in search of knowledge and visited Egypt, Syria, Hejaz, Yemen, India and Africa. His fields of specialization were, the exegesis of the Holy Quran, Traditions, Jurisprudence and Arabic Grammar. At the age of forty years he withdrew from public life and spent all his time writing, compiling and translating books. At the time of his death he had completed nearly 600 books on a range of subjects, including poetry. He was one of the greatest scholars of his time in Cairo, and a well-known figure among his contemporaries. In his own home-town in the district of Isyut he was considered by the people to be a holy personality having miraculous powers. He was a follower of the Shadhali Tariqa (Sufi Order) and a graduate of Al Azhar, the world’s oldest university and Sunni Islam’s foremost seat of learning. The following work of his is most definitely a most precious work and the study of it and its contents a must for all lovers of the Prophet (peace and blessings be upon him and his family).
    [Show full text]
  • Download This PDF File
    Comparative Study of Post-Marriage Nationality Of Women in Legal Systems of Different Countries http://ijmmu.com [email protected] International Journal of Multicultural ISSN 2364-5369 Volume 8, Issue 7 and Multireligious Understanding July, 2021 Pages: 331-343 Quranic-Intellectual Recitation of the Truth of the Religion Perfection, Considering the Necessity of Internal and External Compatibility of the Third Verse of Surah Ma'idah, along with a Critique of Sunni Views Javad Rezai1; S.Ahmadreza Shahrokhi2; Mohammadreza Karimivala2 1 PhD Student of Qom University, Iran 2 Faculty Member of Qom University, Iran Corresponding Author: Javad Rezai http://dx.doi.org/10.18415/ijmmu.v8i7.2808 Abstract The perfection verse (third verse of Surah Ma'idah) is one of the most important verses of the Qur'an in the guardianship and Imamate discussion, in which the sects generally refer to the following interpretive narrations in explaining it while there is a lot of controversies. Shiite narrations consider the verse revelation on the day of Ghadir and about the guardianship of Imam Ali (PBUH), but the Sunnis deny this. In this article, for the first time, by categorizing the views of the Sunnis and considering the necessity of internal compatibility of the content of the verse and external compatibility with other verses and the intellectual necessities and without quoting narrations, is proven that the perfection of religion is possible only with Imamate and Wilayah with a novel style; and this is the Shiite vote. This research easily refuted all the possibilities mentioned in Sunni sources by the mentioned method and without the need to enter into the usual disputes in the interpretation of the verse.
    [Show full text]
  • The Expansion of Prophetic Experience
    Th e Expansion of Prophetic Experience Th e Expansion of Prophetic Experience Essays on Historicity, Contingency and Plurality in Religion By Abdulkarim Soroush Translated by Nilou Mobasser Edited with Analytical Introduction by Forough Jahanbakhsh LEIDEN • BOSTON 2009 Cover illustration: Hamid Nouri This book is printed on acid-free paper. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Surūsh, ʿAbd al-Karīm. [Bast-i tajrubah-ʾi nabavi. English] The expansion of prophetic experience : essays on historicity, contingency and plurality in religion / edited with analytical introduction by Forough Jahanbakhsh ; translated by Nilou Mobasser. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-90-04-17105-3 (hardback : alk. paper) 1. Muhammad, Prophet, d. 632—Prophetic offi ce. 2. Islam—Doctrines. I. Jahanbakhsh, Forough. II. Mobasser, Nilou. III. Title. BP166.55.S8713 2008 297.2—dc22 2008035400 ISBN 978 90 04 17105 3 Copyright 2009 by Koninklijke Brill NV, Leiden, The Netherlands. Koninklijke Brill NV incorporates the imprints Brill, Hotei Publishing, IDC Publishers, Martinus Nijhoff Publishers and VSP. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, translated, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without prior written permission from the publisher. Authorization to photocopy items for internal or personal use is granted by Koninklijke Brill NV provided that the appropriate fees are paid directly to The Copyright Clearance Center, 222 Rosewood Drive, Suite 910, Danvers, MA 01923, USA. Fees are subject to change. printed in the netherlands CONTENTS Preface .................................................................................................. ix Introduction ........................................................................................ xv Part One Chapter One Th e Expansion of Prophetic Experience ............
    [Show full text]
  • Download Here
    Understanding Karbala Author : Sayyid Saeed Akhtar Rizivi Translator's Foreword The Rise Of The Umayyads Beliefs and Acts Of Yazid The Great Sacrifice Communal Sacrifice References in New Testament Regarding The Martyrdom Of Hussain (A.S) Efects Of Hussain's Martyrdom On The Principle Of Caliphate Azadari Rituals Confrom To Divine Will What If Azadari Is An Innovation? Azadari Is Sunnah (C) It Is The Practice Of The Holy Imams 5. Nauha And Marsiya First Verse Yazid's Clan Uqbah Bin Abi Muit Who Were The Killers Of Imam Hussain(A.S)? Presented by http://www.alhassanain.com & http://www.islamicblessings.com Marwan Ibn Hakam A 'Revolutionary' Book: Caliphate Of Muayyiah and Yazid Martyrdom Of Imam Hussein (A.S) and The Muslim and Jewish Calenders The Illustrious Period Of The Imamate Of Imam Zainul Abidin (A.S) Translator's Foreword In the name of Allah, the Beneficent, the Merciful Praise is due to Allah Whose worth cannot be described by speakers, whose bounties cannot be counted by calculators and whose claim (to obedience) cannot be satisfied by those who attempt to do so.1 By the Grace of the Almighty, the English translation of Karbala Shinasi is in your hands. The late author, Allamah Sayyid Saeed Akhtar Rizvi (q.s.) in yet another of his masterpieces has skillfully analyzed and explained the different aspects of the Karbala Tragedy. The linked image cannot be displayed. The file may have been moved, renamed, or deleted. Verify that the link points to the correct file and location. It is basically a collection of articles published in different periodicals over the years and a radio speech.
    [Show full text]
  • An Enlightening Commentary Into the Light of the Holy Quran Vol: 18 from Surah Al-Mujadalah (58) to Surah Al-Qiyamah (75) Introduction
    IslamicMobility.com - xkp An Enlightening Commentary into the Light of the Holy Quran Vol: 18 From Surah al-Mujadalah (58) to Surah al-Qiyamah (75) Introduction ﺑِﺴْﻢِ اﻟﻠﻪِ اﻟﺮَّﺣْﻤﻦِ اﻟﺮَّﺣِﻴﻢِ In The Name of Allah, The Beneficent, The Merciful “Verily the Qur'an doth guide to that which is most right (or stable) (to run societies), and giveth the glad tidings to the Believers who work deeds of righteousness, that they shall have a magnificent reward”1. “We have sent down to thee the book explaining all things, a Guide, a Mercy, and Glad tidings to Muslims"2. “When those come to thee who believe in Our Signs, say: 'Peace be on you: Your Lord hath inscribed for Himself (the rule on Mercy; verily, if any of you did evil in ignorance, and thereafter repented, and amended (his conduct), Lo! He is oft- forgiving, Most Merciful”3. The light of Islam is illuminating hearts of individuals in nearly all parts of the world, in spite of heavy barriers and careful controls and religious interrogation exerted by not only many governments of non-Muslim nations, but also in some Muslim countries, against their believing people, especially during the years after the Islamic Revolution of Iran. The effective influence of the light of the truth together with the speed in the movement of the Age has brought forth a more vital exchange of thought and religious ideology in connection with the Holy Qur'an. In regard to this, we refer to what the Messenger of Allah (S) has said about it: When afflictions surround you like the dark night refer to the Qur'an, because, it is an Intercessor whose intercession is accepted.
    [Show full text]
  • Download This PDF File
    Comparative Study of Post-Marriage Nationality Of Women in Legal Systems of Different Countries http://ijmmu.com [email protected] International Journal of Multicultural ISSN 2364-5369 Volume 7, Issue7 and Multireligious Understanding August, 2020 Pages: 54-65 Critique of Ethan Kohlberg's Views on the Martyrdom of Early Muslims Sakineh Razzaghi zadeh1; Mohammad Reza Aram2* 1 PhD Student of Quranic Sciences and Hadith, Central Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran 2* Associate Professor of Department of Quranic Sciences and Hadith, Central Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran Emails: [email protected]; [email protected]* * Corresponding Author: Mohammad Reza Aram http://dx.doi.org/10.18415/ijmmu.v7i7.1918 Abstract The special place of martyrdom in Islam has caused researchers to pay attention to this issue; The issue of martyrdom in Islam has also attracted the attention of Orientalists. Ethan Kohlberg is one of the Islamologists who has dealt with the subject of martyrdom in his research. Medieval Muslim Views on Martyrdom (Medieval Muslim views on martyrdom) He concludes that the concept of martyrdom in Islam is to give up life and seek an opportunity to reach death. In another part of the article, Kohlberg discusses the relationship between suicide and martyrdom, and challenges the issue of boycotting suicide in Islam and its ugliness. He believes that attacking the enemy is a form of suicide. Arguing against historical narrations, he considers suicide permissible in Islam. In this study, after briefly introducing the concepts of martyrdom and suicide in Islamic verses and hadiths, in the content critique section, to express and explain the citations of this Orientalist about his views on martyrdom, the ruling on suicide in Islam, and that martyrdom seeks suicide.
    [Show full text]
  • Tafsir Qummi
    Tafsir Qummi Vol. 5 Ali Ibne Ibrahim Qummi English Translation: Sayyid Athar Husain S.H. Rizvi Translated from the Farsi version of Tafsir Qummi by Agha Jabir Rizwani Table of Contents Preface .................................................................................... 5 Exegesis of Surah Najm .......................................................... 7 Imam Ali (a) was present with the Holy Prophet (s) on seven occasions............................................................................ 16 Vicegerency of Ali (a) is written on the heavens ................. 18 Basra City .......................................................................... 28 Exegesis of Surah Qamar ..................................................... 32 Miracle of cleaving of the moon ......................................... 34 Exegesis of Surah Rahman ................................................... 48 Exegesis of Surah Waqiyah .................................................. 69 Excellence of the Holy Prophet (s), Imam Ali (a), Hamza and Ja’far .................................................................................. 73 Exegesis of Surah Hadid....................................................... 93 Conversation between Yazid and Ali Ibne Husain (a) ....... 105 Exegesis of Surah Mujadila ................................................ 111 The first Zihar in Islam ..................................................... 114 Amulet against nightmares ............................................... 121 A verse of Quran upon, which no
    [Show full text]
  • History of Shiite Esoteric Interpretation in the Fourth Century Dr
    EUROPE -REVUE LITTERAIRE MENSUELLE ISSN: 0014-2751 www.rrbitz.com ..... EUROPE 2016 History of Shiite Esoteric Interpretation In the Fourth Century a Dr. Mohammad Reza Aram a Assistant Professor Department of Quranic Sciences and Hadith Islamic Azad University, (Central Tehran Branch - Iran) Abstract The term esoteric interpretation or ta’wil has an important place in Islamic tradition, especially in Qur'anic commentary and mysticism, but also in other religious disciplines, such as dogmatic theology, principles of jurisprudence, jurisprudence, and philosophy. When esoteric interpretation is used in connection with the Quran, it is applied to all levels of meaning, from a simple, literal meaning to the hidden meanings. In the exegetical traditions, ta’wil is mostly applied to the hidden meanings and esoteric exemplars of Quranic words. A major goal of this research on the history of esoteric interpretation is, to compare and contrast the methods employed in various texts belonging to the esoteric tradition of Qur’anic interpretation in the fourth century with a view to understand what, if anything, they all had in common. In order to do this, the study will document all major ta'wil works that were produced in Shi'i Islam in the fourth century, the century which has been known as the establishment of the traditional Shi‘i school of exegesis. Based on the above, the main topics of this research revolves around three axis: Definition of esoteric interpretation, methodology of Shiite Islam in esoteric interpretation of Quran and the examples of ta’wil in classical tafsir works of Twelver Shia in the fourth century including "Tafsir Ali Ibn ibrahim Al-Qummi", "Tafsir Furat Kufi", "Tafsir Nu’mani", and "The Commentary Attributed to Imam al-Askari".
    [Show full text]
  • Growth Stages, from the Perspective of the Holy Quran
    Kuwait Chapter of Arabian Journal of Business and Management Review Vol. 4, No.1; September. 2014 GROWTH STAGES, FROM THE PERSPECTIVE OF THE HOLY QURAN Dr. Hoshang Zandi1, Zeinab Lalvand2 1Professor Assistance of Arabic Language and Literature, Islamic Azad University, Tehran Science and Research, Tehran, Iran. 2Coresponding Author, Arabic Language and Literature PhD student at Azad University, Faculty of Language and Literature, Science and Research Branch of Tehran, Tehran, Iran, E- mail: Abstract: This paper studies "stages of growth" from the perspective of the Holy Quran. Thus, the preamble states: Quran has beautifully expressed physical growth stages, expressed a particular interest in mental and spiritual growth of and introduced mankind wisely showing the process of development in human life following the path of balance and evolution. Then, definition of the term "growth" and the lexical meaning of the word expressed, we discuss physical and spiritual development through reliance on the Quran and some traditions. In the end, concluding the contents the list of references is presented. Key words: growth, physical growth, intellectual growth, spiritual growth, nature and perfection. Introduction : One of the main topics discussed in the Qur'an is "growth" and issues related to it. Quran has beautifully expressed physical growth stages, expressed a particular interest in mental and spiritual growth of and introduced mankind wisely showing the process of development in human life following the path of balance and evolution. Then showing the origin and the purpose of the movement has guided mankind through the direct path illuminated by the angels and prophets help as the conductors to prevent being alone in his quest for the truth with more determination to attain that goal that is demanding.
    [Show full text]
  • An Enlightening Commentary Into the Light of the Holy Quran Vol: 17 from Surah Al-Jathiyah (45) to Surah Al-Hadid (57) Introduction
    IslamicMobility.com - xkp An Enlightening Commentary into the Light of the Holy Quran Vol: 17 From Surah al-Jathiyah (45) to Surah al-Hadid (57) Introduction ﺑِﺴْﻢِ اﻟﻠﻪِ اﻟﺮَّﺣْﻤﻦِ اﻟﺮَّﺣِﻴﻢِ In The Name of Allah, The Beneficent, The Merciful “Verily the Qur'an doth guide to that which is most right (or stable) (to run societies), and giveth the glad tidings to the Believers who work deeds of righteousness, that they shall have a magnificent reward”1. “We have sent down to thee the book explaining all things, a Guide, a Mercy, and Glad tidings to Muslims"2. “When those come to thee who believe in Our Signs, say: 'Peace be on you: Your Lord hath inscribed for Himself (the rule on Mercy; verily, if any of you did evil in ignorance, and thereafter repented, and amended (his conduct), Lo! He is oft- forgiving, Most Merciful”3. The light of Islam is illuminating hearts of individuals in nearly all parts of the world, in spite of heavy barriers and careful controls and religious interrogation exerted by not only many governments of non-Muslim nations, but also in some Muslim countries, against their believing people, especially during the years after the Islamic Revolution of Iran. The effective influence of the light of the truth together with the speed in the movement of the Age has brought forth a more vital exchange of thought and religious ideology in connection with the Holy Qur'an. In regard to this, we refer to what the Messenger of Allah (S) has said about it: When afflictions surround you like the dark night refer to the Qur'an, because, it is an Intercessor whose intercession is accepted.
    [Show full text]
  • Islamic Perspective
    Islamic Perspective Journal of the Islamic Studies and Humanities Volume 10, Winter 2013 Center for Sociological Studies In Cooperation with London Academy of Iranian Studies Chairman: Seyed G. Safavi, SOAS University, UK Editor-in-Chief: Seyed Javad Miri, Institute for Humanities and Cultural Studies (IHCS), Iran Book Review Editor: Yoginder Singh Sikand, National Law School, Bangalore, India Managing Editor: Reza Hosseini, Institute for Humanities and Cultural Studies (IHCS), Iran Editorial Board Akbar Ahmed, American University, USA Rohit Barot, Bristol University, England Kenneth MacKendrick, University of Manitoba, Canada Faegheh Shirazi, The University of Texas at Austin, USA Judith Blau, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, USA Warren S. Goldstein, Center for Critical Research on Religion, USA Oleg V. Kuznetsov, State University of Chita, Siberia, Russia Syed Farid al-Attas, National University of Singapore, Singapore Seyed G. Safavi, SOAS University, UK Richard Foltz, Concordia University, Canada John Herlihy, Petroleum Institute, UAE Margarita Karamihova, Sofia University, Bulgaria Gary Wood, Virginia Polytechnic Institute & State University, USA Seyed Javad Miri, Institute of Humanities and Cultural Studies, Iran Husain Heriyanto, ICAS, Indonesia Eleanor Finnegan, University of Florida, USA Tugrul Keskin, Portland State University, USA Advisory Board George Ritzer, University of Maryland, USA Oliver Leaman, University of Kentucky, USA William I. Robinson, University of California-Santa Barbara, USA Omid Safi, University of North Carolina, USA Charles Butterworth, University of Maryland, College Park, USA Mahmud Keyvanara, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Iran Zivar Huseynova, Xezer University, Republic of Azerbayjan Yoginder Singh Sikand, National Law School, Bangalore, India Rachel Woodlock, Monash University, Australia Ejder Okumuş, Eskişehir osmangazi University, Turkey Manuscript Submission Submissions of articles, book reviews and other correspondence should be sent to: Seyed Javad Miri at [email protected].
    [Show full text]
  • Download This PDF File
    Special Issue INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF HUMANITIES AND June 2016 CULTURAL STUDIES ISSN 2356-5926 An Investigation on The Semantic Field of Serat Fatemeh Bramki Department of Humanities, College of Humanities, Dashtestan branch, Islamic Azad University, Borazjan, Iran Akram Ghanbari Maman Department of Humanities, College of Humanities, Dashtestan branch, Islamic Azad University, Borazjan, Iran Zahra Alizadeh Department of Humanities, College of Humanities, Dashtestan branch, Islamic Azad University, Borazjan, Iran Arezoo Zahedi Department of Humanities, College of Humanities, Dashtestan branch, Islamic Azad University, Borazjan, Iran Zeynab Alizadeh Department of Humanities, College of Humanities, Dashtestan branch, Islamic Azad University, Borazjan, Iran Abstract The literal meaning of Sirat is 'Path' and in terms includes of the spiritual Sirat and the worldly Sirat. In terms of the worldly Sirat it is divided into developmental Sirat that is the general guidance of the Lord and legislative Sirat that is the way of salvation and redemption. In the legislative definition sometimes the definition is applicable And God, Islam, religion, Qur'an, the Prophet and Imam Ali have been named. The spiritual Sirat is the bridge over Hell and how people pass it depends on the person's faith and practice that if one listened to reason and the voice of his nature and benefited from the worldly guidance, Pass on health of Hell Bridge but People who have followed their own whims In the worldly life, They fall into the fire of hell and since the purpose of man's creation is to achieve eternal happiness and the only way to reach it is embarking on a divine Sirat, Therefore, this article intends to review the Sirat in the verses and traditions and express the relationship between The Hereafter Sirat and the worldly Sirat and reminded its important role in the destiny of man.
    [Show full text]