Oyster Diseases of the Chesapeake Bay
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Haplosporidium Nelsoni (MSX). In: Disease Processes in Marine Bivalve 169 Molluscs, Fisher W.S., Ed
1 CHAPTER 3.1.2. 2 3 MSX DISEASE 4 ( Haplosporidium nelsoni) 5 6 GENERAL INFORMATION 7 MSX disease is caused by the protistan Haplosporidium nelsoni (= Minchinia nelsoni) of the phylum 8 Haplosporidia (14). Haplosporidium nelsoni is commonly known as MSX (multinucleate sphere X). 9 The oysters Crassostrea virginica and Crassostrea gigas are infected by H. nelsoni; however, the 10 prevalence and virulence of this pathogen are much higher in C. virginica than in C. gigas (1, 5, 10, 11). 11 The geographical distribution of H. nelsoni in C. virginica is the east coast of North America from 12 Florida, USA, to Nova Scotia, Canada (9, 12). Enzootic areas are Delaware Bay and Chesapeake Bay, 13 with occasional epizootics in North Carolina estuaries, Long Island Sound, Cape Cod and Nova Scotia 14 (1, 8, 22). Haplosporidium nelsoni has been reported from Crassostrea gigas in California, USA 15 (10, 11), and in Korea, Japan, and France (5, 10, 15, 16, 18). Another Haplosporidium sp.also 16 occurs in C. gigas in France (6). 17 The plasmodium stage of H. nelsoni occurs intercellularly in connective tissue and epithelia. Spores of 18 H. nelsoni occur exclusively in the epithelium of the digestive tubules. Sporulation of H. nelsoni is rare 19 in infected adult oysters, but is frequently observed in infected juvenile oysters (2, 3). Infection by 20 H. nelsoni takes place between mid-May and the end of October. Mortalities from new infections occur 21 throughout the summer and peak in July/August. Mortalities may occur in the spring from over-wintering 22 infections. -
Molecular Phylogenetic Position of Hexacontium Pachydermum Jørgensen (Radiolaria)
Marine Micropaleontology 73 (2009) 129–134 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Marine Micropaleontology journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/marmicro Molecular phylogenetic position of Hexacontium pachydermum Jørgensen (Radiolaria) Tomoko Yuasa a,⁎, Jane K. Dolven b, Kjell R. Bjørklund b, Shigeki Mayama c, Osamu Takahashi a a Department of Astronomy and Earth Sciences, Tokyo Gakugei University, Koganei, Tokyo 184-8501, Japan b Natural History Museum, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1172, Blindern, 0318 Oslo, Norway c Department of Biology, Tokyo Gakugei University, Koganei, Tokyo 184-8501, Japan article info abstract Article history: The taxonomic affiliation of Hexacontium pachydermum Jørgensen, specifically whether it belongs to the Received 9 April 2009 order Spumellarida or the order Entactinarida, is a subject of ongoing debate. In this study, we sequenced the Received in revised form 3 August 2009 18S rRNA gene of H. pachydermum and of three spherical spumellarians of Cladococcus viminalis Haeckel, Accepted 7 August 2009 Arachnosphaera myriacantha Haeckel, and Astrosphaera hexagonalis Haeckel. Our molecular phylogenetic analysis revealed that the spumellarian species of C. viminalis, A. myriacantha, and A. hexagonalis form a Keywords: monophyletic group. Moreover, this clade occupies a sister position to the clade comprising the spongodiscid Radiolaria fi Entactinarida spumellarians, coccodiscid spumellarians, and H. pachydermum. This nding is contrary to the results of Spumellarida morphological studies based on internal spicular morphology, placing H. pachydermum in the order Nassellarida Entactinarida, which had been considered to have a common ancestor shared with the nassellarians. 18S rRNA gene © 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. Molecular phylogeny. 1. Introduction the order Entactinarida has an inner spicular system homologenous with that of the order Nassellarida. -
A Quick Guide to Cooking with Ausab Abalone in Brine
A Quick Guide to Cooking With Ausab Abalone in Brine Ausab Canned Abalone is a versatile product that requires minimal effort to create the perfect meal at home. The abalone is completely cleaned and cooked, and ready to eat. With a unique umami flavor, it can be used in many different ways. The meat is smooth and tender, and the perfect balance between sweet and salty. Ensure the canned abalone is stored in a well ventilated, cool place out of direct sunlight. How to Prepare the Abalone The abalone is canned, ready to eat with mouth attached. To preserve it’s tender texture, it is best to use the abalone when just heated through. This can be achieved by using the abalone at the end of cooking, or slowly heated in the can. To safely heat the abalone in it’s can follow these steps: 1. Leave the can unopened and remove all labels. 2. Place the can into a pot of water so that it is fully submerged and is horizontal. 3. Bring the water to a gentle simmer and leave submerged for 15 – 20 minutes. 4. Remove the pot from the heat and wait for the water to cool before carefully lifting the can out of the water with large tongs. 5. Open the can once it is cool enough to handle. 6. The abalone can be served whole or sliced thinly. Abalone Recipes Ausab Canned Abalone can be pan fried, used in soups or grilled. Teriyaki Abalone Serves 4 1 x Ausab Canned Abalone in Brine 250ml Light Soy Sauce 200ml Mirin 200ml Sake 60g Sugar 1. -
De Novo Transcriptome Assembly of Perkinsus Olseni Trophozoite Stimulated in Vitro with Manila Clam (Ruditapes Philippinarum) Plasma
Journal of Invertebrate Pathology 135 (2016) 22–33 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Journal of Invertebrate Pathology journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/jip De novo transcriptome assembly of Perkinsus olseni trophozoite stimulated in vitro with Manila clam (Ruditapes philippinarum) plasma Abul Farah Md. Hasanuzzaman a,b, Diego Robledo c, Antonio Gómez-Tato d, Jose A. Alvarez-Dios e, ⇑ Peter W. Harrison f, Asunción Cao g, Sergio Fernández-Boo g, Antonio Villalba g, Belén G. Pardo a, , Paulino Martínez a a Departamento de Xenética, Facultade de Veterinaria, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Lugo 27002, Spain b Fisheries and Marine Resource Technology Discipline, Khulna University, Khulna 9208, Bangladesh c Departamento de Xenética, Facultade de Bioloxía, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela 15782, Spain d Departamento de Xeometría e Topoloxía, Facultade de Matemáticas, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela 15782, Spain e Departamento de Matemática Aplicada, Facultade de Matemáticas, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela 15782, Spain f Department of Genetics, Evolution and Environment, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom g Centro de Investigacións Mariñas (CIMA), Consellería do Medio Rural e do Mar, Xunta de Galicia, 36620 Vilanova de Arousa, Spain article info abstract Article history: The protistan parasite Perkinsus olseni is a deadly causative agent of perkinsosis, a molluscan disease Received 16 September 2015 affecting Manila clam (Ruditapes philippinarum), having a significant impact on world mollusc production. Revised 18 January 2016 Deciphering the underlying molecular mechanisms in R. philippinarum-P. olseni interaction is crucial for Accepted 24 January 2016 controlling this parasitosis. The present study investigated the transcriptional expression in the parasite Available online 25 January 2016 trophozoite using RNA-seq. -
Perkinsus Marinus Susceptibility and Defense-Related Activities in Eastern Oysters Crassostrea Virginica: Temperature Effects
DISEASES OF AQUATIC ORGANISMS Vol. 16: 223-234,1993 Published September 9 Dis. aquat. Org. Perkinsus marinus susceptibility and defense-related activities in eastern oysters Crassostrea virginica: temperature effects Fu-Lin E. Chu, Jerome F. La Peyre Virginia Institute of Marine Science, School of Marine Science, College of William and Mary, Gloucester Point, Virginia 23062, USA ABSTRACT. The relationship of potential defense-related cellular and humoral activities and the sus- ceptibility of eastern oysters Crassostrea virginica to the parasite Perkinsus marinus were examined at 10, 15, 20 and 25 "C. Oysters were acclimated at experimental temperatures for 20 d and then chal- lenged with R marinus. Total hemocyte counts (TC) and percentage of granulocytes (PG) 20 d after temperature acclimation were higher in oysters at high than at low acclimation temperature. Higher protein (P)and lysozyme (L) concentrations were found in oysters at 10 and 15 "C. No significant differ- ences in hemagglutination (H) titers due to temperature acclimation were observed. Infection preva- lence 46 d after challenge by R marinus was 100, 91, 46 and 23 % respectively, for oysters at 25, 20, 15 and 10 "C. Disease intensity increased with temperature. Oysters at higher temperatures had greater PG and TC and hemocyte phagocytic activity. No difference was found in TC and PG between control and challenged oysters within each temperature treatment. Bleeding may to some extent reduce TC and PG in oysters. P did not vary much among temperatures. No reduction of P in oysters was found due to P. marinuschallenge and infection. L tended to be higher in oysters at lower than at higher treat- ment temperatures. -
New Horizons the Microbial Universe of the Global Ocean
New Horizons The Microbial Universe of the Global Ocean BIGELOW LABORATORY FOR OCEAN SCIENCES 2012-13 ANNUAL REPORT BIGELOW LABORATORY FOR OCEAN SCIENCES • ANNUAL REPORT 2012–13 1 “Without global ocean color satellite data, humanity loses its capacity to take Earth’s pulse and to explore its unseen world. The fragility of the living Earth and its oceans has been noted by astronaut Sally Ride, who speaks of the changes in land, oceans, and atmosphere systems as witnessed from space, and the challenge that a changing climate presents to our beloved Earth. It is our duty to provide a long-term surveillance system for the Earth, not only to understand and monitor the Earth’s changing climate, but to enable the next generations of students to make new discoveries in our ocean gardens, as well as explore similar features on other planets.” —Dr. Charles S. Yentsch Bigelow Laboratory Founder 1927–2012 2 NEW HORIZONS: THE MICROBIAL UNIVERSE OF THE GLOBAL OCEAN Welcoming the Future A Message from the Chairman of the Board igelow Laboratory has just finished an exceptional and transformative period, a time that has witnessed the accomplishment of an array of Bprojects that will take the organization to new levels of achievement. The most obvious of these has been the completion of the $32 million Bigelow Ocean Science and Education Campus in East Boothbay. Shortly following the dedication of the new facilities in December, all of Bigelow Laboratory’s management, scientists, and staff were on board and operational on the new site, enabling a higher level of scientific and operational efficiency and effectiveness than ever before. -
How You Can Help Restore Water Quality & Our Native Oyster!
Oyster Gardening: How You Can Help Restore Water Quality & Our Native Oyster! Chesapeake Bay Foundation Tommy Leggett, Chris Moore, Jackie Harmon Chesapeake Bay Foundation • Mission – “Save the Bay” • 200,240 Members • 165 Employees • CBF Works to Save the Bay through – Environmental Education – Environmental Protection – Environmental Restoration Hampton Roads Office - cbf.org/hamptonroads •Food Oysters • Filter • Habitat 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 8000 0 Virginia OysterLandings1880 - 2001 1880 1884 1888 1892 1896 1900 1904 Over Harvesting 1908 (1000s ofbushels) 1912 1916 1920 1924 1928 1932 1936 1940 1944 1948 1953 1957 1961 Slide adapted from VirginiaInstitutefrom Slide of adapted MSX 1965 1969 1973 1977 Dermo 1981 1985 1989 Marine Science (Stan Allen)presentati Marine Science 1993 1997 2001 2006 2010 2014 Oyster Biology • Oysters are a bivalve (2 shells) mollusk • They mature at age 1 and spawn several times each summer as long as they live • They start their lives as MALES and may become FEMALE as they get older and larger • The bigger they are, the more eggs they produce – a 3” female can produce 30 million eggs. A 3.5” oyster can produce TWICE that many! • The only time they are mobile is as microscopic larvae during their first two – three weeks of life • A single 3” oyster can filter up to 50 gallons of water in a single summer day • Oysters were once abundant enough to filter the volume of Chesapeake Bay in less than a week Aggressive Restoration is the Key! 2010 goal is for a 10X increase in native oyster biomass Strategy -
OHA Issues Advisory for Softshell Clams Along Oregon Coast Removing Skin from Clam’S Siphon Dramatically Reduces Arsenic Levels, Public Health Officials Say
EDITORS: Oregon Public Health Division staff members will be available for interviews from 4 p.m. to 4:30 p.m. TODAY (July 13) in Room 1-A (first floor), Portland State Office Building, 800 NE Oregon St. July 13, 2015 Media contact: Jonathan Modie, 971-246-9139, [email protected] OHA issues advisory for softshell clams along Oregon Coast Removing skin from clam’s siphon dramatically reduces arsenic levels, public health officials say The Oregon Health Authority is issuing a health advisory for the length of the Oregon Coast for softshell clams because they contain high levels of naturally occurring arsenic. The advisory is most important for people who dig their own clams and target the specific species Mya arenaria, since these clams are not commercially available in markets or restaurants. The advisory, issued today by the OHA Public Health Division, recommends removing the skin from the siphon, or “neck,” of softshell clams before eating them. Softshell clams are found primarily in estuary and intertidal regions of the Oregon coast. This advisory stems from tests the Oregon Department of Environmental Quality performed on a variety of shellfish species collected along the Oregon coast as part of its Water Quality Toxics Monitoring Program. DEQ’s tests found that when analyzed whole without the shell, softshell clams contained unusually high levels of inorganic arsenic. Most of the arsenic was concentrated in the skin covering the clam’s siphon. Researchers found that by removing the skin covering the siphon before eating, the arsenic can be greatly reduced, to levels that are not harmful. -
Spisula Solidissima) Using a Spatially Northeastern Continental Shelf of the United States
300 Abstract—The commercially valu- able Atlantic surfclam (Spisula so- Management strategy evaluation for the Atlantic lidissima) is harvested along the surfclam (Spisula solidissima) using a spatially northeastern continental shelf of the United States. Its range has con- explicit, vessel-based fisheries model tracted and shifted north, driven by warmer bottom water temperatures. 1 Declining landings per unit of effort Kelsey M. Kuykendall (contact author) (LPUE) in the Mid-Atlantic Bight Eric N. Powell1 (MAB) is one result. Declining stock John M. Klinck2 abundance and LPUE suggest that 1 overfishing may be occurring off Paula T. Moreno New Jersey. A management strategy Robert T. Leaf1 evaluation (MSE) for the Atlantic surfclam is implemented to evalu- Email address for contact author: [email protected] ate rotating closures to enhance At- lantic surfclam productivity and in- 1 Gulf Coast Research Laboratory crease fishery viability in the MAB. The University of Southern Mississippi Active agents of the MSE model 703 East Beach Drive are individual fishing vessels with Ocean Springs, Mississippi 39564 performance and quota constraints 2 Center for Coastal Physical Oceanography influenced by captains’ behavior Department of Ocean, Earth, and Atmospheric Sciences over a spatially varying population. 4111 Monarch Way, 3rd Floor Management alternatives include Old Dominion University 2 rules regarding closure locations Norfolk, Virginia 23529 and 3 rules regarding closure du- rations. Simulations showed that stock biomass increased, up to 17%, under most alternative strategies in relation to estimated stock biomass under present-day management, and The Atlantic surfclam (Spisula solid- ally not found where average bottom LPUE increased under most alterna- issima) is an economically valuable temperatures exceed 25°C (Cargnelli tive strategies, by up to 21%. -
Effects of Triclosan on Growth, Viability and Fatty Acid Synthesis of the Oyster Protozoan Parasite Perkinsus Marinus
DISEASES OF AQUATIC ORGANISMS Vol. 67: 217–224, 2005 Published November 28 Dis Aquat Org Effects of triclosan on growth, viability and fatty acid synthesis of the oyster protozoan parasite Perkinsus marinus Eric D. Lund1, Philippe Soudant2, Fu-Lin E. Chu1,*, Ellen Harvey1, Stephanie Bolton3, Adolph Flowers4 1Virginia Institute of Marine Science, College of William and Mary, Gloucester Point, Virginia 23062, USA 2Université de Bretagne Occidentale, Institut Universitaire Européen de la Mer LEMAR–Laboratoire des Sciences de l’Environnement Marin (UMR 6539), Technopole Brest Iroise, Place Nicolas Copernic, 29280 Plouzané, France 3Wake Forest University, 1834 Wake Forest Road, Winston-Salem, North Carolina 27106, USA 4Morehouse College, 830 Westview Drive SW, Atlanta, Georgia 30314, USA ABSTRACT: Perkinsus marinus, a protozoan parasite of the Eastern oyster Crassostrea virginica, has severely impacted oyster populations from the Mid-Atlantic region to the Gulf of Mexico coast of North America for more than 30 yr. Although a chemotherapeutic treatment to reduce or eliminate P. marinus from infected oysters would be useful for research and hatchery operations, an effective and practical drug treatment does not currently exist. In this study, the antimicrobial drug triclosan 5-chloro-2-(2,4 dichlorophenoxy) phenol, a specific inhibitor of Fab1 (enoyl-acyl-carrier-protein reductase), an enzyme in the Type II class of fatty acid synthetases, was tested for its effects on via- bility, proliferation and fatty acid synthesis of in vitro-cultured P. marinus meronts. Treatment of P. marinus meront cell cultures with concentrations of ≥2 µM triclosan at 28°C (a temperature favorable for parasite proliferation) for up to 6 d stopped proliferation of the parasite. -
Author's Manuscript (764.7Kb)
1 BROADLY SAMPLED TREE OF EUKARYOTIC LIFE Broadly Sampled Multigene Analyses Yield a Well-resolved Eukaryotic Tree of Life Laura Wegener Parfrey1†, Jessica Grant2†, Yonas I. Tekle2,6, Erica Lasek-Nesselquist3,4, Hilary G. Morrison3, Mitchell L. Sogin3, David J. Patterson5, Laura A. Katz1,2,* 1Program in Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, University of Massachusetts, 611 North Pleasant Street, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, USA 2Department of Biological Sciences, Smith College, 44 College Lane, Northampton, Massachusetts 01063, USA 3Bay Paul Center for Comparative Molecular Biology and Evolution, Marine Biological Laboratory, 7 MBL Street, Woods Hole, Massachusetts 02543, USA 4Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Brown University, 80 Waterman Street, Providence, Rhode Island 02912, USA 5Biodiversity Informatics Group, Marine Biological Laboratory, 7 MBL Street, Woods Hole, Massachusetts 02543, USA 6Current address: Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA †These authors contributed equally *Corresponding author: L.A.K - [email protected] Phone: 413-585-3825, Fax: 413-585-3786 Keywords: Microbial eukaryotes, supergroups, taxon sampling, Rhizaria, systematic error, Excavata 2 An accurate reconstruction of the eukaryotic tree of life is essential to identify the innovations underlying the diversity of microbial and macroscopic (e.g. plants and animals) eukaryotes. Previous work has divided eukaryotic diversity into a small number of high-level ‘supergroups’, many of which receive strong support in phylogenomic analyses. However, the abundance of data in phylogenomic analyses can lead to highly supported but incorrect relationships due to systematic phylogenetic error. Further, the paucity of major eukaryotic lineages (19 or fewer) included in these genomic studies may exaggerate systematic error and reduces power to evaluate hypotheses. -
Assessment of the Cell Viability of Cultured Perkinsus Marinus
J. Eukaryot. Microbiol., 52(6), 2005 pp. 492–499 r 2005 by the International Society of Protistologists DOI: 10.1111/j.1550-7408.2005.00058.x Assessment of the Cell Viability of Cultured Perkinsus marinus (Perkinsea), a Parasitic Protozoan of the Eastern Oyster, Crassostrea virginica, Using SYBRgreen–Propidium Iodide Double Staining and Flow Cytometry PHILIPPE SOUDANT,a,1 FU-LIN E. CHUb and ERIC D. LUNDb aLEMAR, UMR 6539, IUEM-UBO, Technopole Brest-Iroise, Place Nicolas Copernic, 29280 Plouzane´, France, and bVirginia Institute of Marine Science, College of William and Mary, Gloucester Point, Virginia 23062, USA ABSTRACT. A flow cytometry (FCM) assay using SYBRgreen and propidium iodide double staining was tested to assess viability and morphological parameters of Perkinsus marinus under different cold- and heat-shock treatments and at different growth phases. P. mari- nus meront cells, cultivated at 28 1C, were incubated in triplicate for 30 min at À 80 1C, À 20 1C, 5 1C, and 20 1C for cold-shock treatments and at 32 1C, 36 1C, 40 1C, 44 1C, 48 1C, 52 1C, and 60 1C for heat-shock treatments. A slight and significant decrease in percentage of viable cells (PVC), from 93.6% to 92.7%, was observed at À 20 1C and the lowest PVC was obtained at À 80 1C (54.0%). After 30 min of heat shocks at 40 1C and 44 1C, PVC decreased slightly but significantly compared to cells maintained at 28 1C. When cells were heat shocked at 48 1C, 52 1C, and 60 1C heavy mortality occurred and PVC decreased to 33.8%, 8.0%, and 3.4%, respectively.