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BATTLE of the BARRICADES, U.S. Marines in the Recapture of Seoul

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BATTLE of the BARRICADES, U.S. Marines in the Recapture of Seoul BATTLE OF THE BARRICADES U.S. Marines in the Recapture of Seoul by Colonel Joseph H. Alexander, U.S. Marine Corps, Retired Marines in the Korean War Commemorative Series About the Author olonel Joseph H. CAlexander, USMC (Ret), served 29 years on active duty as an assault amphibian offi- cer, including two tours in Vietnam and service as Chief THIS PAMPHLET HISTORY, one in a series devoted to U.S. Marines in of Staff, 3d Marine Division. the Korean War era, is published for the education and training of He is a distinguished graduate Marines by the History and Museums Division, Headquarters, U.S. Marine of the Naval War College and Corps, Washington, D.C., as part of the U.S. Department of Defense observance of the 50th anniversary of that war. Editorial costs have been holds degrees in history and defrayed in part by contributions from members of the Marine Corps national security from North Heritage Foundation. Carolina, Jacksonville, and Georgetown Universities. KOREAN WAR COMMEMORATIVE SERIES Colonel Alexander wrote the History and Museum DIRECTOR OF MARINE CORPS HISTORY AND MUSEUMS Division’s World War II 50th anniversary commemora- Colonel John W. Ripley, USMC (RET) tive pamphlets on Tarawa, Iwo Jima, and Okinawa. GENERAL EDITOR, His books include A Fellowship of Valor: The Battle KOREAN WAR COMMEMORATIVE SERIES History of the U.S. Marines; Storm Landings: Epic Charles R. Smith Amphibious Battles of the Central Pacific; Utmost EDITING AND DESIGN SECTION, HISTORY AND MUSEUMS DIVISION Savagery: The Three Days of Tarawa; Edson’s Raiders: Robert E. Struder, Senior Editor The 1st Marine Raider Battalion in WW II; and (with W. Stephen Hill, Visual Information Specialist Catherine A. Kerns, Composition Services Technician Lieutenant Colonel Merrill L. Bartlett) Sea Soldiers in the Cold War. As chief military historian for Lou Reda Marine Corps Historical Center Building 58, Washington Navy Yard Productions he has appeared in 15 documentaries for Washington, D.C. 20374-5040 The History Channel and the Arts & Entertainment 2000 Network, including a four-part mini-series on the PCN 190 00315 200 Korean War, “Fire and Ice.” PFC Morgan Brainard and Lt Joseph R. History of U.S. Armored Forces Sources Owen are from their autobiographic (Lexington: University of Kentucky books, Brainard’s Then They Called for Press, 1999); J. Robert Moskin, The U.S. Primary sources included the 1st the Marines (formerly Men in Low Cut Marine Corps Story, 3d ed. (Boston, Marine Division Special Action Reports Shoes [Todd & Honeywell, 1986]) and Little Brown & Co., 1992); and Rod for 29 August-7 October 1950, the war Owen’s Colder Than Hell: A Marine Paschall, Witness to War: Korea (New diaries of several ground and aviation Rifle Company at Chosin Reservoir York: Perigree Books, 1995). Special units, and Gen Oliver P. Smith’s official (Annapolis: Naval Institute Press, 1996). thanks to LtCol Jon T. Hoffman, USMCR, letters and memoir concerning the Two official monographs proved for sharing advance copies of the Seoul/Wonsan campaigns. Of the offi- helpful: LtCol Gary W. Parker and Maj Seoul/Wonsan chapters of his forthcom- cial history series, U.S. Marine Frank M. Batha, A History of Marine ing biography of LtGen Lewis B. Operations in Korea, the volumes by Observation Squadron Six (Washington, “Chesty” Puller. Lynn Montross and Nicholas A. Canzona D.C.: History and Museums Division, I recommend these four vintage mag- (II: The Inchon-Seoul Operation HQMC, 1982), and Curtis A. Utz, Assault azine essays: Nicholas A. Canzona, “Dog [Washington, D.C., Historical Branch, G- from the Sea: The Amphibious Landing Company’s Charge,” U.S. Naval Institute 3 Division, HQMC, 1955] and III: The at Inchon (Washington, D.C.: Naval Proceedings (Nov56); Ernest H. Giusti Chosin Reservoir Campaign [Washing- Historical Center, 1994), which also and Kenneth W. Condit, “Marine Air ton, D.C., Historical Branch, G-3 includes the Seoul campaign. Over Inchon-Seoul,” Marine Corps Division, HQMC, 1957]), provide well- Robert D. Heinl’s stirring Victory at Gazette, June 1952; Lynn Montross, “The researched coverage of the recapture of High Tide: The Inchon-Seoul Campaign Capture of Seoul: Battle of the Seoul and the Wonsan, Kojo, and Majon- (Philadelphia: Lippincott, 1968) leads Barricades,” Marine Corps Gazette, ni operations. Among the Marine Corps the list of recommended books. I also August 1951; and Norman R. Stanford, Oral History Collection, I found most suggest Bevin Alexander, Korea: The “Road Junction,” Marine Corps Gazette, useful the interviews with Gen Robert First War We Lost (New York: September 1951. For a more recent H. Barrow, Col Francis I. Fenton, Jr., Maj Hippocrene Books, 1986); Roy E. account, see Al Hemingway, “Marines’ Gen Raymond L. Murray, and LtCol Appleman, South to the Naktong, North Battle for Seoul,” Military History, Francis F. Parry. The interview with Adm to the Yalu (Washington, D.C.: Office of August 1996. John S. Thach, USN (Ret), in the U.S. the Chief of Military History, Department The author acknowledges Mary Naval Institute’s Oral History Collection, of the Army, 1961); Clay Blair, The Craddock Hoffman who designed the was consulted. I also benefited from Forgotten War: America in Korea (New map of the overall Inchon-Seoul area, direct interviews with MajGen Norman J. York: Times Books, 1987); David and Col David Douglas Duncan, USMCR Anderson, Gen Robert H. Barrow, for- Douglas Duncan’s superb photo essay, (Ret), for allowing the use of his histor- mer SSgt Larry V. Brom, MGySgt Orville This is War! A Photo-Narrative in Three ical photographs of Seoul. Photographs Jones, LtGen Robert P. Keller, LtGen Parts (New York: Harper & Brothers, by Frank Noel are used with permission Philip D. Shutler, and BGen Edwin H. 1951); George F. Hofmann and Donn A. of the Associated Press/Wide World Simmons. Contemporary quotations by Starry, Camp Colt to Desert Storm: The Photos. BATTLE OF THE BARRICADES U.S. Marines in the Recapture of Seoul by Colonel Joseph H. Alexander, USMC (Ret) ate on the afternoon beaches of Tarawa or Peleliu. insisted, should be the rightful of 24 September Even smoking Inchon, their place for the triumphant flag-rais- 1950, Captain Robert amphibious objective 10 days ear- ing. Barrow brushed aside the H. Barrow’s Company lier seemed far distant. Seoul complaints. “Putting the flag on a A, 1st Battalion, 1st would represent the largest objec- bamboo pole over a peasant’s Marines, secured the military crest tive the Marines ever assailed. house on the edge of Seoul does of Hill 79 in the southwest corner of Earlier that day Colonel Lewis B. not constitute retaking the city,” he Seoul, the enemy-occupied capital “Chesty” Puller, commanding the said. Whether premature or ap- of the Republic of South Korea. 1st Marines, issued a folded propriate, the flag raising on Hill This momentous day for Barrow American flag to be raised on the 79 was an exuberant boost to and his men began with a nerve- regiment’s first objective within the morale at a good time. Chang Dok wracking crossing of the Han River city limits. Barrow’s battalion com- Palace lay just two miles north of in open-hatched DUKWs, the mander gave him the honor as the Barrow’s current position, but get- ubiquitous amphibious trucks of point company in the assault. The ting there in force would take the World War II. Debarkation on the time was right. Barrow’s men Marines three more days of north shore had been followed by attached the national colors to a extremely hard fighting. an unorthodox passage of lines pole and raised them proudly on a By the night of 19 September “on the fly” of the regiment’s lead rooftop on Hill 79. Life magazine Major General Oliver P. Smith, battalion and the subsequent high- photographer David Douglas commanding the 1st Marine tempo attack on Hill 79. Now the Duncan, himself a Marine combat Division, had grounds for caution. rifle company assumed defensive veteran, captured the moment on Capt Robert H. Barrow, commanding positions on the objective, the men film. The photograph proved Company A, 1st Battalion, 1st gazing in awe at the capital city unremarkable—Hill 79 was no Marines, pauses to raise the first arrayed to their north and east, Mount Suribachi—but it reflected American flag within the city limits of sprawling virtually to the horizon. an indelible moment in Marine Seoul on Hill 79. Thousands of North Korean Corps history. Seven weeks earli- Photo by David Douglas Duncan Peoples’ Army (NKPA) troops lay er the 1st Marine Division was a waiting for them behind barricades division in name only. This after- or among countless courtyards and noon a rifle company from that rooftops. Tens of thousands of hastily reconstituted division had civilians still clung to life in the seized the first hill within occupied battered city. The Marines were a Seoul while all three regiments very long way from the barren converged inexorably on the capi- tal’s rambling perimeter. On the Cover: Bitter fighting, Barrow’s flag-raising initiative house-to-house, with every alleyway, enraged the neighboring 5th every storefront window being a Marines, still slugging its way deadly hazard to the Marines recap- through the last of the bitterly turing Seoul. Photo by David Douglas defended ridges protecting the Duncan At left: Lead elements of a Marine city’s northwest approaches. rifle squad pause by a captured North Chang Dok Palace, the Republic of Korean barricade in Seoul to assign Korea’s government center, lay the next objective. Photo by David within the 5th Marines’ assigned Douglas Duncan zone. There, the 5th Marines 1 National Archives Photo (USA) 111-SC348519 MajGen Oliver P.
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