Apply now for SID Senior Membership Grade

SID has announced a new Senior Member Grade, which A candidate must have been a ‘practising professional’ is for individuals who have made significant technical for at least seven years in the field of information contributions to the advancement of displays and who display. A candidate must satisfy at least one of the have demonstrated active participation in the display following conditions: community and in SID. The requirements for the Senior - Published or presented (authored or co-authored) at Member Grade are: least 5 papers in the Journal of the SID, in UK & IRELAND CHAPTER A candidate must have been a member of SID in good Information Display, at SID-sponsored conferences, standing for at least 3 years of continuous membership or at SID-sponsored regional conferences or immediately prior to the submission of an application. workshops. Local Chapter conferences are excluded. Number 38 NEWSLETTER June 2004 A candidate must have been an SID member for at least or 5 years. - Served on the Executive or Organising Committee A WORD FROM THE CHAIRMAN A candidate must have demonstrated ‘significant of at least 2 SID-sponsored conferences, regional performance’ over a period of at least five years in the conferences, or workshops. Or Ian Sage field of information display. ‘Significant performance’ - Served as an SID Chapter or International Officer means substantial job responsibilities such as a program for at least five years. Full information on how to or project leader, engineer or scientist with some proven apply can be found on the SID web site was reading recently about the latest generation of The greatest of these must be the adoption of active measure of success, or faculty member developing and www.sid.org. Iflat panel TV displays, which improve the response matrix technology – itself a product of so many teaching courses that include research and publication. speed of the liquid crystal by overdriving it as needed, individual contributions. But there are many other Fellows and Life Members of SID are not eligible for according to the brightness of each pixel in the scenes factors; improvement of the LC materials, polarisers, the Senior Member Grade. both before and after the addressing cycle. Apparently backlight configurations, glass quality, optical filters, the technique is highly effective and no doubt it will drive schemes, colour filters, spacers, switching modes. FORTHCOMING MEETINGS represent one more step toward the widespread The list is almost endless, and many of the acceptance of LC TV in the home. I guess that the improvements have been, in their way, revolutionary. Date Title Venue Contact viewing public will be pretty much At the same time, each improvement has been 14 July 2004 Defence & Dual-use Displays QinetiQ, Malvern www.sid.org.uk unaware of the cleverness going on here – added onto the display without needing huge One-day meeting they will just like the picture. Indeed, I changes in other aspects of its construction. detect a trend at retail outlets recently that Manufacturers (and display users) have had 28 September 2004 Medical Displays NPL, Teddington www.sid.org.uk even terms like “LCD” or “plasma” are the benefit of evolutionary improvements in One-day meeting disappearing from consumer displays. That the product without discarding the benefits of 19-22 September 2005 IRDC/Eurodisplay 2005 Edinburgh [email protected] is, no doubt, just as it should be. Ideally, previous financial and intellectual investment Conference & International International the display vanishes from sight, and we in the device and its production route. Exhibition Conference Centre only see the information on it. Reading Meanwhile, new displays have a tough job to this, though, brought home to me the compete with entrenched technologies. They 29-30 June 2004 NPL Optical Radiation NPL, Teddington www.npl.co.uk/optical_radi apparent paradox in display development have to aim at a target, which is moving Measurement Club AGM ation/ormclub/meetings at present, that although much of the rapidly forward. However, the excitement Ian Sage excitement in the field surrounds the new about new display types is real and it is and upcoming technologies like organic justified. Devices like organic EL are penetrating the CONTACT INFORMATION electroluminescence and electrophoretic devices, it is marketplace a little slower than the most optimistic still LCDs and CRTs which most of us have in our predictions, but they are coming and they offer real Name & address Tel/fax email homes and workplaces. Maybe it is a reflection of a advantages. Plasma screens are getting better all the Director: Dr Alan Mosley 0781 270 2424 [email protected] more general attitude that we are more “switched on” by time, and DLP devices are quietly commanding ever- 6 Chilton Park Avenue, BERKHAMSTED, HP4 1EU leaps of new science than by the steady incremental bigger shares of the projection market. Newer improvement of an established display. technologies are emerging too. As for governments, so Chairman: Dr Ian Sage, [email protected] 01684 895026 Make no mistake, the spirit of innovation is alive and for the displays industry – strong opposition is healthy! QinetiQ, St Andrews Road, MALVERN, WR14 3PS 01684 896530 well in those established technologies, and is what has SID has launched a Senior Membership grade, and there Vice-Chair: Dr Grant Bourhill 01865 747711 [email protected] allowed them to maintain and strengthen their position must be a number of members of the UK & Ireland Sharp Laboratories of Europe, Edmund Halley Road, 01865 747719 against competing inventions. The liquid crystal display chapter who could consider applying. We are rightly Oxford Science Park, OXFORD OX4 4GB of 25 years ago was not so different in its gross detail proud of the innovations made in the UK and Ireland in from those of today, but a huge number of innovations Secretary: Graham Weaver 01753 882354 [email protected] display technology, so if you believe you may qualify have had their cumulative effect. 53 Lower Road, CHALFONT ST PETER, SL9 9AP 01753 890211 for the Senior grade, take a look at the article on Page 8 of this Newsletter and check out the detailed Treasurer/Membership: Pat Crofts [email protected] 01344 762351 IRDC/Eurodisplay 2005 requirements on the SID website (www.sid.org). 47 Brookside, Sandhurst, CAMBERLEY, GU17 8AP 01344 762351 Earlier this year, the UK & Ireland Chapter submitted Meetings Registrar/Newsletter: Dr John Mansell [email protected] 01342 323996 a successful bid to hold Eurodisplay in the UK. The Contents 90 Hurst Farm Road, EAST GRINSTEAD, RH19 4DH 01342 323996 event will take place from 19 to 22 September 2005 A word from the Chairman ...... 1 Webmaster: Dr Ian Sexton 0116 2577498 [email protected] in the superb Edinburgh International Conference Development of OLED Systems ...... 2 De Montford University, The Gateway, LEICESTER, 0116 2541891 Centre. It is planned to hold Workshops/Seminars on Novel and Emerging Technologies for Displays ... 4 LE1 9BH the Monday and two parallel conference sessions SID Senior Membership Grade ...... 8 from Tuesday to Thursday. There will also be an international displays exhibition during the whole Forthcoming Meetings ...... 8 period of the conference. Page 8 SID Newsletter No 38 June 2004 Contact Information ...... 8 DEVELOPMENT OF OLED SYSTEMS

One-day meeting at the National Physical Laboratory, 27 November 2003 In addition, the ability for all layers of an organic NPL Report continued transistor to be formed from solutions means that there Report by Colin Campbell . SThM (Scanning Thermal Microscopy) has been is no need to use photolithography and the associated used to study the thermal management of LED photomasks. The materials can be patterned using structures during operation. inkjet printing and/or laser writing. A typical organic his SID meeting on Development of OLED systems . Emission due to singlets IS > 25% otherwise transistor fabricated by Plastic Logic has the following . Test samples have included inorganic Si-N LEDs T covered a wide range of OLED related topics with efficiencies could not be as high. characteristics: and also green OLEDs created by CDT and the the latest news on OLED markets, systems, chemistry University of Sheffield. and physics being presented by various industrial and . A QVGA 3.5” AMOLED with 125*50 μm inkjet . Channel Width 300 μm academic experts. printed pixels was announced. . Channel Length 5 μm . CDT OLED has Ca electrode; Sheffield OLED has Al electrode. The first paper of the morning, OLEDs, Critical Issues . CDT’s current best material electron mobility, . On/Off Ratio >106 ageing and uniformity were reported as: . SThM maps both topography and thermal properties and Critical Mass, was presented by Andrew Murray In order to obtain the very short channel length, the 2 and has found that: of iSuppli/Stanford Resources and the main points were: A-Si: 1 cm /Vs, poor ageing, uniformity and Vt channel area is delineated by a hydrophobic surface . Recent CDT developments were reported – moving (threshold voltage) degrade with age. 300 μm region bounded by a hydrophilic surface region, both of - Smaller devices transfer heat more readily. beyond a pure IP model company, ending channel width needed for 300 μm pixel pitch with which have been defined by laser writing. - Thermal properties are independent of device 2 mobility of 8 cm /Vs. efficiency. production in Godmanchester, reducing number of Applications presently being targeted by Plastic Logic 2 employees, looking for Asian partnerships. Now LTPS: 80 – 160 cm /Vs, good ageing but poor are active matrix backplanes for bistable display - Device failures at high brightness are related to connected with Ulvac and Litrex - inkjet printing uniformity. 11 μm channel width needed for 300μm technologies being developed for electronic paper by Joule heating. interests, could possibly expand into inkjet printing pixel pitch with mobility of 100 cm2/V . s companies such as, E-ink, Six-Pix and Gyricon. Plastic When asked whether the light output changed with of spacers for LCDs. 2 CGS: (Continuous Grain Silicon): 300 cm /Vs, Logic intends to exploit its technology by licensing it to temperature, David replied that it did, because at higher . Toppoly have decided to use a-Si (amorphous good ageing and uniformity, also good for display manufacturers. temperatures thermionic emission increases the current Silicon) for AMOLED (Active Matrix OLED) electronics: chip-on-glass. The final presentation of the meeting was given by Dr and hence the light output. He also mentioned, in displays as LTPS (Low Temperature Poly Silicon) is Crystalline Silicon: 500 – 1000 cm2/Vs, ageing Ian Underwood of MicroEmissive Displays Ltd (MED), answer to another query, that they had not done any not mature enough. OK, uniformity is process dependent, must be top ([email protected]), who described work on spectral changes with temperature since . Mobile phones are predicted as the largest OLED emitting. MED's development of a polymer OLED on silicon Cavendish Laboratories had already looked into this. application. Fujitsu are already using Pioneer OLED microdisplay technology. Dr Underwood began his The use of OLEDS for panel lighting was queried and display in mobile phones. In the opinion of CDT: presentation with an outline of the potential markets for David said that he would expect the panel to get hot at . There has been a massive increase in test equipment . Displays over 100*80 should be use active matrix, emissive microdisplays. An existing market that is both reasonable luminance (100Cdm-2). large and growing is that of electronic viewfinders for manufacturers developing OLED related products – not passive. The final contribution, on Dendrimers for OLED digital still and video cameras. These markets are Toyo, Integral Vision, Photal, Shimadzu, EHC. . Bottom-Emission - compromises aperture due to displays, was given by Dr Jonathon Pillow of CDT Ltd already served by LCDs, but their simpler mode of electronics between OLED and glass. . Prediction that in 2006 many low value inkjet operation (no separate light source required) gives . Dendrimers are: printed AMOLEDs will be integrated into white . Top-Emission - full pixel area can be used for polymer OLED microdisplays an opto-mechanical - macromolecules, typical diameter 2000 - 5000 Å goods. emission but encapsulation is a problem. advantage. MED’s use of a CMOS active matrix . Current challenges for OLED – more transistors per backplane also confers a significant potential advantage - Efficient: they have produced the highest . Photodiodes on each pixel can feedback pixel efficiencies of solution processed OLEDs to pixel, threshold voltage has high stability tolerances, performance and boost lifetime. in terms of simplifying the electronic interface to the LTPS partners needed, suitability of a-Si, display. Proposed future markets all related to wearable date. competition from AMLCD with increasing . During questions, Euan was asked why the displays. These could be simple head mounted displays - Suitable for inkjet full colour printing performance, falling prices and is top emission photodiode did not react to ambient. He replied for computer games, DVD players and/or mobile necessary? that the photodiode level is read before the OLED phones. - Structure dependent: for example, lifetime is is lit and then used as an offset. strongly dependent on structure . The future challenges for OLED – flexible displays, MED currently uses a white polymer OLED emitter flexible encapsulation, driving difficulties for The session continued with a paper by Dr Andrew Steer with colour filters (provided from the Far East) to . For commercial success they need large-scale current driven OLED using organic electronics. A of Philips Research Laboratories on, System Aspects of produce a 320 x RGB X 240 display, which has a colour synthesis, high reproducibility, high purity and long development of thin-film encapsulation techniques is Active-Matrix Polymer LED Displays. depth of 18 bits. The pixel pitch is 18 microns and the lifetimes. required; Vitex is the market leader. . Benefits: flat, thin, colour, emissive, fast, bright, aperture ratio is 85%. . Because a silicon substrate is . A convergent approach to synthesis is preferred as it used, a top emitting structure, which is based on a In answer to a question on the market perception of good viewing angle, flexible. allows libraries of core and dendrons components to proprietary anode metal and a transparent cathode, is OLED lifetime issues, Andrew said that the lifetime was by made and stored before use. . Polymer advantages were reported as: employed. The fabrication process is carried out at the application dependent. In answer to another question, silicon wafer scale with more than 400 candidate . Green has been optimised the most. Only seven he said that consumers assume that the display would - 2-3 Vt (Threshold voltage) displays per wafer. The singulation process, i.e. dicing reactions are required to synthesis. 30 g batch sizes last for the lifetime of the product’ - 2 - 9 V operation the wafer into individual displays, is carried out by an are 99.9% pure. The second paper was presented by Dr Euan Smith of - Red 2Cd/A external contractor. Like many other companies at this During the following discussion, Jonathon said that CDT Ltd on, Driving LEP OLED displays. He started - Blue 3 Cd/A meeting, MED is pursuing its first order. lifetime problems were caused by the host material or with an update on CDT’s progress - Green 11 Cd/A Looking over the meeting as a whole, it is clear from the core reacting with something, perhaps encapsulation, . Blue lifetime and colour have improved, better the transportation layer or ITO. - 10 A/m2 for good brightness comments of many speakers that persuading a company device geometry is responsible for lifetime and to be the very first organisation to purchase a product After the meeting, a number of delegates toured the . Polymer disadvantages were reported as: efficiency increases. based on novel technology sourced from a new NPL Displays Laboratory facilities. . CDT are working on thin-film encapsulation for top- - Lifetime: 50% brightness at constant current. company is a challenging task whose complexity should emitting devices. not be underestimated.

Page 2 SID Newsletter No 38 June 2004 June 2004 SID Newsletter No 38 Page 7 AGM Meeting report continued The final afternoon session was started by Chris . To fix differential ageing, a photodiode or . Blue has better efficiencies than white so is used, a Williams of Logystyx Ltd ([email protected]), who phototransistor can be employed in each pixel to CCM (Colour Conversion Matrix) filter converts The next presentation was given by the author described a new DTI initiative called FLEXYNET. deliver feedback to the driving electronics and required regions of display to red and green, blue is ([email protected]) and described The More information on FLEXYNET can been found in the current, the storage capacitor will be depleted faster unfiltered. IFM Company's design for a novel display that is enclosed leaflet. than without feedback. readily readable under all ambient lighting conditions. . CCM properties are a function of the film thickness, The range of materials that have been developed by . The first attempt was sensitive to ambient and had the nature and concentration of the dyes, host The main application is for public information displays ELAM-T for organic light emitting diode (OLED) poor spectral response uniformity. polymer and solvents used. for railway stations, bus services and sports stadia. The displays was described by Professor P key feature of the IFM display is the use of a Kathirgamanathan, the Technical Director of ELAM-T . An NIP photodiode hidden behind the gate metal . Red CCM must be further optimised to improve transflective LCD in conjunction with a pixellated ([email protected]). ELAM-T has solved the problem. efficiency and colour purity. backlight. In order to provide a bright image in developed both emitters and charge carriers for OLED . During the discussion following the presentation, During the discussion, Bernard said that dye ageing is reflection, the LCD is based on the use of dichroic dyes displays, which are covered by 58 patent applications. Andrew stated that the largest display made by not thought to be a problem and is better than OLED rather than polarisers: this provides a display with The emitters are based on fluorescent and Philips was small for research purposes. In answer ageing. He also mentioned that top-emitting reflectivity of ~35% compared with <10% for a phosphorescent emitters, including compounds to a question on the practicability of displays in the architecture is to be used and that green to blue cannot polariser-based LCD. Another feature of the current containing rare-earth metals such as terbium and 20-30” range, he mentioned that IBM had made 20” be achieved. IFM technology is the use of plastic substrates for both europium. It has been found that one material, displays, but the yield was poor. He thought that by the transflective LCD and the pixellated backlight. To The second presentation of the afternoon session was designated E246, can be used as an electron transport the time that blue lifetime had been improved, the achieve this, the LCD is based on the dyed nematic given by Mary O’Neill of the University of Hull on layer and that it provides a non-toxic alternative to the size would have been increased as well. curvilinear aligned phase (NCAP) effect and the aluminium quinolate (ALQ) presently used in many Liquid Crystalline Polymer Networks for Multi- backlight uses thick film EL technology. To meet OLED devices, which it was stated is highly toxic. It The last paper of the morning was on Light Emitting Layer OLEDS. applications that demand very long lifetimes and where Dendrimers, by Professor Ifor Samuel of the University was reported that ELAM-T has developed red, green . The Organophotonics the pixellated backlight will be in operation a large of St Andrews and blue emitters, including a blue emitter that has an group are looking for proportion of the time, a pixellated LED backlight is efficiency of 12 cd/A. Professor Kathir showed a plot . Dendrimers offer solution processable OLEDs new applications of being developed. The changeable weather over the two of lifetime versus luminance required for different days of this event enabled the author to demonstrate that whose electronic and processing properties can be liquid crystal products. The least demanding were hand-held independently fine tuned. technology. the IFM display was effective in both very bright products, e.g. mobile phones and PDAs, while the most sunlight and the dim ambient light of the demonstration demanding was consumer television. ELAM-T, which . Dendrimer structure was summarised as follows: . Small liquid crystal area. also develops and fabricates OLED devices in order to - Core: Light Emission molecules consisting of evaluate its own materials, plans to exploit its work luminescent A presentation on the use of optical design software to - Dendrimer Branches: Electronic Properties provide highly optimised lightguides for use in through licensing agreements with suppliers of OLED chromophore cores connected to backlights for LCDs and advertisement posters was materials. - Surface Groups: Processability. polymerisable crosslink given by Mike Hanney of Polymer Optics Dr John Mills ([email protected]) of Plastic . Primary colours can be created by using differently Mary O’Neill ([email protected]). The design molecules by aliphatic Logic described his company's development of organic structured molecules. Blends of differently spacers have been created. process begins with a definition and consideration of the electronics, which he proposed was a Disruptive structured molecules can produce other colours. following: Technology. Plastic Logic is currently targeting flexible . The molecules are small and so can be well . Green Q.E. (Quantum Efficiency) 16%, Red Q.E. active matrix backplanes for e-paper applications. But dispersed and as they are polymers they can be  Mechanical specification 5.4%. according to Dr Mills, there will also be many other easily processed.  Light Source specification, e.g. how many LEDs and applications that are not apparent at the moment, When asked how the total power consumption . Cross-linking the molecules causes them to become because this is the nature of Disruptive Technologies. efficiency of the red insoluble allowing electron transporting,  LCD/Poster specification, e.g. size shape, He cited, as an example, the laser, which when invented dendrimer compared with that luminescent and hole transporting layers to be spin- %transmission in the 1960s had no obvious application, but today the of the red small molecule, Ifor cast on top of each other without mixing.  Illumination Expectations, e.g. colour co-ordinates, majority of households in the West each contain at least answered that the red . The LC ordering improves electron transportation luminance, uniformity 2 -3 lasers. dendrimer was slightly higher, but small molecule and light emission.  Characteristics of the Application, e.g. viewing The advantages of organic electronics were said to be: efficiencies will have . Light emission can be linearly polarised, though red angle required, ambient-light range . Low capital investment advanced. In answer to Ifor Samuel mix was wrong. The output of the model is the design of the surface . Can be formed over large areas another question he said that pattern for the lightguide, which can be simplistically green had a higher quantum efficiency than the red, . Sub-pixels can be created using photolithographic regarded as a series of dots or pits. Prototype . Can be used with flexible substrates because more work had been done on the green. techniques. lightguides for evaluation and moulds for mass . Economic for low volumes The afternoon session kicked off with a presentation by When asked why use a backlight if RGB can be manufacture are produced by laser ablation. It generally . Environmentally friendly Bernard Geffroy of CEA (Commissariat à l'Energie patterned, Mary replied that a 3D display can be made requires 1 or 2 iterations in order to optimise the Atomique), entitled, Colour By Blue Approach for with a photo-patterned alignment and photo-patterned performance, i.e. luminance and uniformity, of the . Robust and lightweight Full-Colour Organic Light Emitting Displays. pixels. She went on to say that they had already made a lightguide. The most common application for this form . Difficult to reverse engineer photo-patterned display. Mary also said that circularly - of lightguide is in the LED backlight for the LCDs used . Short cycle times for production processes . The CEA Organic Material Department’s areas of polarised OLED emission could not be achieved. in mobile phones and other hand-held products. interest: sensors, solar cells OLED, non-linear, Dr David Lidzey of the University of Sheffield gave the Recently, Polymer Optics has designed LED backlight . Transparency molecular engineering 2 2 next presentation entitled, Measuring Joule Heating in for 1.8 x 1.2 m and 3 x 4 m advertising posters. These . Readily customised . Given that RGB OLED patterning is difficult, spin Polymer LEDs.SThM (Scanning Thermal Microscopy) novel backlight systems have proved to be so efficient . Very thin and flexible coating a block colour and using filters to convert is has been used to study the thermal management of LED that solar panels can be used to recharge the batteries a possible alternative. structures during operation. used as the power source. Continued on Page 7 . Blue and white OLEDs are possible candidates.

Page 6 SID Newsletter No 38 June 2004 June 2004 SID Newsletter No 38 Page 3 Novel and Emerging Technologies for Displays

AGM and two-day meeting at Knebworth Park, 31 March and 1 April 2004 Alan Mosley, Director of UK & Ireland Chapter

his year's two-day technical meeting, coinciding adopted and improved upon the Philips hop-plate compare the BiNem™ and ZBD technologies side by diagonal, QVGA full colour display with integrated row T with the Centre AGM, was mainly devoted to the technology. The hop-plate, which is placed over the side, both companies had provided approximately A6- and column drivers has been designed and is now being latest improvements in the wide range of display-related cathode plane, has one conical hole per pixel coated size VGA displays. From this comparison, it was mass-manufactured by Sharp in Japan. technologies being developed by Small to Medium with a secondary electron emitter and an electrode at the concluded that the ZBD technology provided the Day 2 - Thursday, 1 April Enterprises (SMEs) in the UK. The three exceptions to exit end. The hop-plate has unity gain and not only brighter display, an important advantage for a reflective this generality were presentations from Sharp improves pixel to pixel uniformity, but also collimates display. The second day of this meeting began with a Laboratories Europe, which is not an SMEs, and the electron beam and thereby eliminates crosstalk presentation by Greg Truman of CRL Opto Dr David Corr of Ntera, ([email protected]) ([email protected]) on the use of ferroelectric Nemoptic and Ntera, which are French and Irish SMEs between adjacent pixels. Dr Tuck predicted that the described his company's approach to electrochromic respectively. Many presenters showed demonstrators, price of a 42-inch display based on PFE's technology liquid crystal on silicon (FLCOS) devices in rear displays. The key advantage of the Ntera technology is projection TV systems. Mr Truman began his talk with which not only provided excellent examples of their would cost $470 ex works in 2010. the use of a layer of titanium dioxide formed from technology, but also enabled the performance of similar the announcement that CRL Opto had purchased the Cécile Joubert of Nemoptic, France nanoparticles, which provides a very large surface area. assets of MicroVue Ltd, which enabled CRL Opto to technologies to be readily compared. ([email protected]) summarised the In their coloured state the electrochromic (viologen) ™ assemble the FLCOS microdisplays it is using in its rear Day 1 - Wednesday, 31 March development of the BiNem technology for producing molecules are bound to this nanoparticulate layer and project TV and headset businesses. The key advantage bistable LCDs in which the image is maintained without because of the latter's large surface area produce a dense The meeting on the first day began with a presentation ™ of the FLCOS technology is that it allows, because of its by Dr Adrian Travis of Cambridge Flat Projection power for several days. The key to the BiNem dark state. In their non-coloured state the very short response time, a single display device to be Display Ltd ([email protected]) on his development technology is the use of a weak anchoring surface electrochromic material appears colourless and the used to produce full colour, smear-free images using of a plastic wedge-shaped alignment, which enables the liquid-crystal layer to viewer sees the intensely white titanium dioxide layer. sequential colour technology. The latter can be transparent projection screen. assume two stable states, namely twisted and planar. Dr Corr reported that the contrast ratio of the Ntera achieved using an arc lamp in combination with a The principle of operation is that The optical properties of these two states are different display in reflection was 20:1 compared with the 8:1 colour wheel, or a set of red, green blue LEDs. The use each line of the image from the so that between crossed polarisers the twisted state is obtained from printed paper. Ntera intend to exploit of LEDs is preferred because of their longer lifetime. projection lens will enter the black and the planar state is white. To switch between their technology through licensing and are currently The global TV market for screens over 32 inches was these two states it is necessary to adjust the shape of the discussing its manufacture with companies in the Far wedge-shaped plastic at a slightly ™ predicted to grow from 10M units/year in 2002 to 35M different angle and will therefore addressing pulse. The key features of the BiNem East. Two applications mentioned by Dr Corr were in 2007. It was also predicted that in 2007 for screen cease to be totally internally technology are: Customer Information Systems, i.e. public messaging sizes of 40+ inches, rear projection TVs would retail for boards and low information content, i.e. ~250,000 reflected at a slightly different . Contrast ratio in transmissive mode; 100:1 $1000, while LCDs and PDPs would sell for $2000. point. This results in the Adrian Travis pixels, 6-inch diagonal, plastic displays for electronic . Contrast ratio in reflective mode, optimised for book applications. Because it is not possible to Dr Paul May, the Chairman of Ocuity complete image being reproduced brightness; 12:1 ([email protected]) described his company's novel on the wedge-shaped screen. Dr Travis pointed out that multiplex electrochromic displays, the latter will be . Response time; 1-2 ms per line driven by an array of thin film transistors (TFTs). approach to providing switchable, autostereoscopic 3D projection offered an effective method of providing a images in LCDs. large screen image, but that the current techniques of . Operating temperature range; 0 to +500C The final presentation of the first day was given by Dr While the current main area of application is handheld- front and rear projection were unsatisfactory. In normal . 16 grey levels in a VGA display Harry Walton of Sharp Laboratories Europe (SLE) ambient lighting front project had poor contrast and ([email protected]). Dr Walton's talk products such as mobile phones and personal digital while rear projection offered better contrast it was at the . Cell spacing; 1.5 to 2.0 μm described the development of electronic displays and assistants, Ocuity is now developing its technology for expense of a bulky system. Dr Travis claimed these Nemoptic intend to exploit their technology by licensing devices based on Continuous Grain Silicon (CGS). This use laptop and desktop products. The fundamental problems would be overcome by the use of the wedge, its use in applications such as the electronic book. A thin film semiconductor, which is deposited via a element of Ocuity's technology is a polarisation which when fully developed should provide a high version of the BiNem™ technology on plastic substrates catalysed solid phase sensitive lenticular array. If the light entering the lens is contrast image in a compact system. A contrast ration is being developed for use in Smart Cards. crystallisation process, has a polarised in a certain orientation, then the lens array is of 100:1 and a screen luminance of 500 cd/m2 were mobility of 300 - 400 cm2/Vs: activated and a 3D image will be produced because the A presentation on a competing bistable LCD technology predicted. The demonstrator shown by Dr Travis had a this is much higher than the lenticular will direct light to the left eye or right eye. was then given by Dr Cliff Jones of ZBD Displays The orthogonal polarisation does not activate the lens so 14- inch screen. The image was not perfect, but was a ([email protected]). The ZBD technology mobilities of the other thin substantial improvement on the image seen by the semiconductors amorphous that a 2D image of the same performance of the base employs grating structures, which are produced either author two years ago. silicon (~1 cm2/Vs) and panel is produced. A polarisation switch determines by photolithography or embossing, as the surface polycrystalline silicon (~50 which polarisation is viewed by the observer and, Dr Richard Tuck of Printable Field Emitters (PFE) alignment layers. The nature of these grating structures cm2/Vs) used in TFT LCDs. In therefore, whether the device is in the 2D or 3D mode. ([email protected]) described his company's permits two very different states of the liquid-crystal Ocuity's approach was claimed to produce very little novel approach to field emission displays (FEDs), layer to be equally stable. One state has the rod-shaped addition it has been found that Harry Walton crosstalk between the different images directed to the which can be regarded as flat cathode ray tubes (CRTs). liquid-crystal molecules aligned vertically, while in the films of CGS contain very few grain boundaries and that even right and left eyes of the viewer and to provide brighter Unlike other approaches to FEDs, which use complex other state they are aligned horizontally. Between when these do occur, the crystal structure is continued images than the competing technology of switchable structures such as Spindt Tips or Carbon Nanotubes as crossed polarisers the vertically aligned state appears across the grain boundary. With these properties it is parallax barriers. In the latter approach light is directed the electron source, the PFE technology uses a screen- black, while the horizontal state is white. Switching possible to use CGS in complex circuits. A Z80 to the right or left eye using very narrow stripes of light printed paste containing 6 μm graphite particles coated between the two states depends on the flexoelectric microprocessor has already by fabricated using CGS. barriers, which must result in a reduction in brightness. with ~100 nm of silica. One issue that has concerned effect and is achieved by using polar pulses. The Ocuity is a small company, having <10 employees, and PFE, and other second-generation FED workers, is operating temperature range of the ZBD demonstrator These developments have led the group at SLE to 0 plans to exploit its highly patented technology through shape variation from pixel to pixel. This arises because being shown was +10 to +40 C and the response time propose the system on a panel, in which all of the licensing agreements with LCD manufacturers.Cont over the graphite particles (or nanotubes), which lead to light was 0.4 ms per line. In order to provide grey levels, the circuitry required to operate a display-containing emission, are distributed randomly across the display grating structure within each pixel is graded in order to product would be formed from CGS. To this end the and do not coincide in a regular way with the holes in provide a range of switching voltages. A useful part of group at SLE has installed the circuit design tools the gate electrode. To overcome this problem PFE the Demonstrations Session was the possibility to required to design and simulate CGS circuits. A 2 inch

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