Inhibition of HBV Replication by N-Hydroxyisoquinolinedione and N- Hydroxypyridinedione Ribonuclease H Inhibitors T
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Antiviral Research 164 (2019) 70–80 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Antiviral Research journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/antiviral Inhibition of HBV replication by N-hydroxyisoquinolinedione and N- hydroxypyridinedione ribonuclease H inhibitors T Tiffany C. Edwardsa,b, Nagraj Manic, Bruce Dorseyc, Ramesh Kakarlac, Rene Rijnbrandc, ∗ Michael J. Sofiac, John E. Tavisa,b, a Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA b Saint Louis University Liver Center, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA c Arbutus Biopharma Incorporated, Warminster, PA, USA ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT Keywords: We recently developed a screening system capable of identifying and evaluating inhibitors of the Hepatitis B HBV virus (HBV) ribonuclease H (RNaseH), which is the only HBV enzyme not targeted by current anti-HBV thera- Ribonuclease H pies. Inhibiting the HBV RNaseH blocks synthesis of the positive-polarity DNA strand, causing early termination N-hydroxyisoquinolinediones of negative-polarity DNA synthesis and accumulation of RNA:DNA heteroduplexes. We previously reported in- N-hydroxypyridinediones hibition of HBV replication by N-hydroxyisoquinolinediones (HID) and N-hydroxypyridinediones (HPD) in Antiviral human hepatoma cells. Here, we report results from our ongoing efforts to develop more potent anti-HBV Structure-activity relationship RNaseH inhibitors in the HID/HPD compound classes. We synthesized and screened additional HIDs and HPDs for preferential suppression of positive-polarity DNA in cells replicating HBV. Three of seven new HIDs inhibited HBV replication, however, the therapeutic indexes (TI = CC50/EC50) did not improve over what we previously reported. All nine of the HPDs inhibited HBV replication with EC50s ranging from 110 nM to 4 μM. Cellular cytotoxicity was evaluated by four assays and CC50s ranged from 15 to > 100 μM. The best compounds have a calculated TI of > 300, which is a 16-fold improvement over the primary HPD hit. These studies indicate that the HPD compound class holds potential for antiviral discovery. 1. Introduction anti-HBV treatments, be well tolerated during prolonged use, and have a high genetic barrier to resistance. Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is a major global health problem. An esti- We are exploring the HBV ribonuclease H (RNaseH) as an antiviral mated 257 million people are chronically infected worldwide, resulting drug target. The RNaseH is one of two enzymatically active domains on in > 880,000 deaths annually from HBV-associated liver diseases, in- the HBV polymerase that synthesizes the partially double-stranded DNA cluding cirrhosis, hepatocellular carcinoma, and liver failure (WHO, genome via reverse transcription. The reverse transcriptase (RT) do- 2017). HBV-associated health care costs are up to $39,898 per quality- main of the polymerase protein copies the pregenomic RNA (pgRNA) adjusted life year (Xie et al., 2018). Available anti-HBV therapies are template to form the minus-polarity DNA strand. The RNaseH re- limited to two forms of the innate immunity cytokine interferon-α and cognizes RNA:DNA heteroduplexes that are formed during minus-po- six nucleoside/nucleotide analogs (NA) which block DNA chain elon- larity DNA synthesis and degrades the RNA strand (Seeger et al., 2013; gation by the viral polymerase. These therapies significantly improve Tavis and Badtke, 2009). The polymerase then synthesizes the positive- patient outcomes, and NA can suppress viremia by more than 4–5 log10 polarity DNA strand, but it typically arrests after making only ∼50% of in the majority of patients (Cox and Tillmann, 2011; Kwon and Lok, the plus-polarity DNA strand. Both enzymatic activities of the poly- 2011). However, HBV replication still persists in most patients, there- merase are required for synthesis of the HBV genome, yet the RNaseH is fore these therapies must be continued indefinitely (Coffin et al., 2011; an unexploited drug target (Tavis and Lomonosova, 2015). Zoulim, 2004). It is widely accepted that curing HBV will require new Blocking the HBV RNaseH activity prevents removal of the RNA drugs against new targets capable of further suppressing HBV (Petersen strand from the minus–polarity DNA strand, resulting in an accumula- et al., 2016). These new therapies will need to work together with other tion of RNA:DNA heteroduplexes (Hu et al., 2013). Failure to remove ∗ Corresponding author. Doisy Research Center, 1100 South Grand Blvd., Saint Louis, MO 63104 USA. E-mail addresses: Tiff[email protected] (T.C. Edwards), [email protected] (N. Mani), [email protected] (B. Dorsey), [email protected] (R. Kakarla), [email protected] (R. Rijnbrand), msofi[email protected] (M.J. Sofia), [email protected] (J.E. Tavis). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.antiviral.2019.02.005 Received 19 October 2018; Received in revised form 20 December 2018; Accepted 5 February 2019 Available online 12 February 2019 0166-3542/ © 2019 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. T.C. Edwards, et al. Antiviral Research 164 (2019) 70–80 the pgRNA blocks synthesis of positive-polarity DNAs and causes pre- 2.4. HBV q-PCR replication inhibition assay mature arrest of minus-polarity DNA synthesis (Edwards et al., 2017; Gerelsaikhan et al., 1996; Hu et al., 2013; Tavis et al., 2013), with HepDES19 or HepDE19 cells were seeded in 96-well plates at truncation of the minus-polarity DNAs possibly stemming from con- 4×104 cells per well in the absence of tetracycline. Test compounds in formational constraints imposed on the viral DNA within capsids due to a final DMSO concentration of 1% were applied to cells 48 h after in- accumulation of the heteroduplexes. This prevents the formation of a duction of HBV replication and cells were incubated with compounds complete viral genome, thus stopping both transmission of infectious for 72 h. Cells were washed in 200 μL of phosphate buffered saline viral particles and the intracellular “recycling” mechanism that re- (PBS) and lysed in 150 μL of core lysis buffer (10 mM Tris pH 7.4, 1% plenishes the pool of covalently closed circular DNA (cccDNA), the Tween20, 150 mM NaCl). Cells were incubated at room temperate on template for all HBV RNAs. an orbital shaker at 350 rpm for 40 min. Cell lysate was transferred to a We recently developed an HBV RNaseH screening pipeline (Cai 96 well polymerase chain reaction (PCR) plate, and centrifuged at et al., 2014; Edwards et al., 2017; Hu et al., 2013; Lomonosova et al., 3300 × g for 5 min. The supernatant (50 μL) from the cell lysate was 2017a, 2017b; Lu et al., 2015, 2016; Tavis et al., 2013; Tavis and transferred to a 96-well PCR plate and mixed with 20 units of micro- Lomonosova, 2015). We identified > 100 inhibitors primarily in three coccal nuclease and brought to 10mM CaCl2. The lysate was incubated compound classes, the α-hydroxytropolones (αHT), N-hydro- for 1 h at 37 °C, and then the nuclease was inactivated at 70 °C for xyisoquinolinediones (HID), and N-hydroxypyridinediones (HPD), that 10 min. Qiagen protease (0.005 Anson units) was added to the lysate suppress viral replication in cells by blocking the HBV RNaseH. These and the mixture was incubated overnight. Qiagen protease was then compounds preferentially suppress the plus-polarity DNA strands, in- inactivated at 95 °C for 10 min. duce truncation of the minus-polarity DNA strands, and cause accu- The crude lysate was used as the template for strand-preferential mulation of extensive RNA:DNA heteroduplexes in capsids as expected quantitative polymerase chain reaction (q-PCR) analysis. Quantitative from their inhibition of the RNaseH. The best compounds have ther- PCR was performed with 40 cycles of 95 °C for 15 s and 60 °C for 1 min apeutic indexes [cytotoxicity/efficacy (TI)] > 200 (Lomonosova et al., employing the Kappa Probe Force universal PCR master mix. The pri- 2017a). Representative HBV RNaseH inhibitors can work synergisti- mers and probe (IDT Inc.) for the plus-polarity DNA strand were 5′ cally with approved and experimental therapies (Lomonosova et al., CATGAACAAGAGATGATTAGGCAGAG3′,5′GGAGGCTGTAGGCATAAA 2017b), inhibit multiple HBV isolates from genotypes B, C, and D TTGG3′, and 5’/56-FAM/CTGCGCACC/ZEN/AGCACCATGCA/ equivalently (Lu et al., 2016), and suppress viral replication in a chi- 3IABkFQ. The primers and probe for the minus-polarity DNA strand meric mouse model (Long et al., 2018). Therefore, the HBV RNaseH is a were 5′GCAGATGAGAAGGCACAGA3′,5′CTTCTCCGTCTGCCGTT3′, validated drug target. and 5’/56-FAM/AGTCCGCGT/ZEN/AAAGAGAGGTGCG/3IABkFQ. We are pursuing a hit-to-lead medicinal chemistry campaign to EC50 values were calculated from the plus-polarity DNA data with optimize inhibitors of the HBV RNaseH. Here, we report the activity of GraphPad Prism using the three-parameter log(inhibitor)-versus-re- seven new HIDs and nine new HPDs, with significant improvements in sponse algorithm with the bottom value set to zero. in vitro potency and cytotoxicity profiles for the HPD compounds. 2.5. Cytotoxicity assays 2. Materials and methods The effects of compounds on cell viability in HepDES19 or ™ 2.1. Compound acquisition and synthesis HepDE19 cells was assessed using the CellTiter 96 AQueous Non- Radioactive Cell Proliferation Assay (Promega, Madison, WI) (MTS) as Compounds were synthesized by Arbutus Biopharma and all com- previously described (Edwards et al., 2017). Cells were seeded into a 96 4 pounds were ≥95% pure. Compounds were dissolved in 100% DMSO well plate at 1 × 10 cells per well. The compounds were applied to and stored in amber tubes to protect them from light. All compounds cells 48 h after the removal of tetracycline from the cell culture media were maintained in single-use aliquots and stored at −80 °C until use. and the HBV-expressing cells were incubated for 72 h in the presence of Compound structures and names are in Table 1. compound containing media. Fifty percent cytotoxic concentration (CC50) values were calculated with GraphPad Prism using the three- parameter variable-response log(inhibitor)-versus-response algorithm fi 2.2.