El Símbol Audiovisual. Realitat I Representació Josep Maria Martínez Inglés

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El Símbol Audiovisual. Realitat I Representació Josep Maria Martínez Inglés Nom/Logotip de la Universitat on s’ha llegit la tesi El símbol audiovisual. Realitat i representació Josep Maria Martínez Inglés Dipòsit Legal: L.241-2015 http://hdl.handle.net/10803/291114 El símbol audiovisual. Realitat i representació està subjecte a una llicència de Reconeixement-NoComercial-SenseObraDerivada 3.0 No adaptada de Creative Commons (c) 2014, Josep Maria Martínez Inglés El símbol audiovisual. Realitat i representació Josep M. Martínez Inglés Tesi doctoral (menció internacional) Universitat de Lleida, setembre 2014 Programa de doctorat “Territori, Patrimoni i Cultura” (LR) “Teoria i pràctica de la comunicació periodística i corporativa” Joaquim Capdevila Capdevila (UdL) Rafael Xambó Olmos (UV) [directors] 2 Índex Captatio . Una introducció 5 1. Semàntica del símbol 13 2. Concepció del símbol 33 3. Triomf de la mirada. La modernitat 63 4. Primigènia de l’ull urbà 109 5. Consciència de l’ull audiovisual 133 6. La realitat esquarterada 177 7. La veritat és un punt de vista 247 8. Usos postmoderns del mode simbòlic 271 Conclusions 309 Agraïments 333 Bibliografia 335 Addendum 357 3 4 CAPTATIO. UNA INTRODUCCIÓ D’entrada, parafrasejant Todorov, direm que el símbol no és el tema d’aquest estudi, almenys entès com a terme. El símbol el centra com a cosa , o sigui, que l’objecte d’aquestes ratlles persegueix no tant definir-lo, una tasca gairebé impossible atesa la seva naturalesa transversal, tant diacrònica com sincrònica, com indagar en la seva essència com a fenomen, com a mode simbòlic, fins i tot (a dir d’Eco), i una vegada analitzat aquest fons constatar les condicions en les quals sorgeix, s’usa, és possible i a voltes inclús necessari. Això és, que ens interessa, més que definir, estudiar el context social i cultural que ha envoltat el seu naixement i desenvolupament al llarg de la història, el concepte de realitat i la seva representació a través de l’art, en l’etern dilema de la imitatio , sempre amb la veritat objectiva, i la bellesa, com a punt de partida i d’arribada, de referent per ser encalçat o foragitat, en un exercici diacrònic que demana la paciència, i la benevolència, del lector, atès que, en assistir a un intent ja de per si impossible (el d’abastar els condicionants des dels presocràtics fins a la postmodernitat), l’autor d’aquest text s’haurà vist obligat a triar entre un oceà interminable de dades, noms, corrents i controvèrsies, des de 5 totes les disciplines, però principalment les que concerneixen el símbol, i el símbol audiovisual, aquell que té a veure amb el cinema. El símbol audiovisual. Realitat i representació és un intent doncs de reflexió al voltant d’alguns dels recursos aplicats al món del cinema i, per extensió, a qualsevol suport audiovisual que vulgui narrar, en clau de ficció, una història determinada. Des de la base de les teories clàssiques, ja presents en la Poètica d’Aristòtil, fins a les primeres aplicacions i els cineastes de les dues primeres dècades del segle, influenciats pel teatre i la novel·la realista del segle XIX, assistim a la creació d’un nou llenguatge, el fílmic, que acollirà una nova manera de crear i transmetre, a través de codis regenerants, ja consolidats i evolucionats a principi del XXI, en un procés de la postmodernitat i els seus fonaments que clourà aquestes pàgines. Aquest llibre vol estudiar aquestes bases, el seu desenvolupament i la seva consolidació, al llarg de més cent anys d’història, a partir del pensament de l’audiovisual com a llenguatge propi, ja inoculat en la consciència receptora dels espectadors, i de com s’apliquen, a través de quina sistemàtica, els recursos propis de la prosa i la poesia escrita en l’audiovisual, és a dir, l’ús del símbol en les seves manifestacions, que componen el discurs audiovisual, la seva expressió i la seva 6 significació. Així, des de la transdisciplinarietat, aquest treball també cava en les arrels de la Grècia clàssica per després mirar de connectar els fonaments del pensament occidental en els grans teòrics posteriors, des de la profunda crisi artística, cultural i social de final de la Il·lustració i principi del Romanticisme fins al naixement de la ciutat moderna, de la modernitat, en la qual es forgen els conceptes que marcaran la vida de les persones fins avui dia, en plena crisi de la postmodernitat. La conformació de l’urbs industrial i burgesa, el desenvolupament de les comunicacions, la individualització de les percepcions, de l’experiència i de les identitats, l’anomia (o la manca de plausibilitat del jo -del seu sentit biogràfic– respecte del món) i les màscares que se’n deriven, sempre a la recerca de la identitat del jo, i la mort de les utopies –arrecerades en l’ideal del Progrés– dels segles XVIII i XIX que aviden les distopies del segle XX, fefaent testimoni de l’aguda deriva dels ideals. Els àmbits de definició del símbol, tant els pròpiament caracteritzadors com aquells que tenen a veure amb la seva aplicació al llenguatge cinematogràfic, són molts i variats, ja que el símbol és, ja ho hem dit, un terme tranversal que implica relacions semàntiques de tipus molt dispars. Són bàsicament la sociologia, la literatura, la 7 historiografia, la filosofia, la psicologia, la lingüística i la semiòtica fílmica els terrenys en els quals el símbol ha estat definit, per no parlar d’una disciplina molt àmplia, que els inclou tots, que podríem definir per simbologia , i que abasta camps en què el símbol explica les relaciones humanes, com la religió o l’antropologia en general. És, doncs, simplement impossible, i fal·laç, que una tesi com la que ara encetem inclogui, o escometi, aquesta transversalitat en la seva generalitat i, en conseqüència, haurem de centrar-nos en els aspectes que aquests diversos terrenys poden aportar de veres al cinema: d’una banda, els aspectes teòrics a través dels quals definim la realitat com a matèria primera per a l’art, que la imita i alhora l’explica en tant que medi o entorn en el qual l’ésser humà viu, experimenta i sent, i de l’altra els exemples que poden donar fe d’aquesta teoria aplicada al llenguatge audiovisual, centrada sobretot en els aspectes que han marcat, per tradició, el cinema, com són aquells que tenen a veure amb les arts escrites (la poesia, el teatre, la novel·la) i plàstiques (la pintura, la fotografia), així com les sociologicohistòriques (el cinema com a representació de la història i les relacions socials, de l’home en la seva intimitat i projectat sobre el medi, amb el qual interactua), que també estan íntimament relacionades amb la política (el cinema com a expressió de la ideologia i, per tant, de la filosofia), tot plegat com a 8 fonaments a partir dels quals es construeix la realitat i la manera en què l’espectador la percep. D’aquesta dicotomia, realitat i percepció, se’n deriva l’essència del cinema. El treball està pensat, més que com una tesi a l’ús, com un assaig, en què, a través d’un estudi diacrònic, s’indaga en les arrels presocràtiques, platòniques i aristotèliques dels conceptes de realitat, percepció i representació, i les conseqüències que aquestes bases, presents en la concepció de l’art occidental, tenen sobre el cinema, per saltar després als orígens de la modernitat, un concepte clau per entendre el naixement del cinema, les seves expressions primigènies, la seva evolució en les primeres dècades del segle i les diferents perspectives adoptades posteriorment, modificacions, aquestes últimes, dels conceptes arrel de l’expressió cinematogràfica en les escoles alemanya, russa i nord-americana. Des de les teories, veurem com les bases teòriques es converteixen en fets concrets a través d’exemples de pel·lícules clau en la història del cinema, com ara Metròpolis , El cuirassat Potemkin , Berlín o Ciutadà Kane , per analitzar com treballa el llenguatge simbòlic en aquests films, pura transició i perfeccionament dels pressupostos de l’art del segle XIX, i indagar més endavant en el seu desenvolupament amb les escoles 9 franceses i italianes de mitjan segle XX i, a la fi, amb directors de les darreres dècades com Jean-Luc Godard o la catalana Isabel Coixet. Un viatge en el temps, en les idees i en les expressions, des de diferents nacionalitats i cultures, de la mà de teòrics del cinema, semiòtics, filòsofs, escriptors i cineastes, tot plegat mitjançant l’explicitació dels diversos recursos que tots ells han vist i usat en films clau, i per tant prou representatius, de les societats que els van veure néixer, societats mare de la nostra pròpia, espectadors assedegats de veritats en els inicis d’un segle XXI multicultural i que s’escapa obstinadament, per principi i gràcies a les noves tecnologies, a tota generalització. Al capdavall, com han coincidit a assenyalar noms il·lustres com David Bordwell, Roland Barthes, Gilles Deleuze o Santos Zunzunegui, és tasca absurda voler teoritzar sobre cinema davallant al detall, al cas massa concret, a la imatge, fins i tot (malgrat que sembli una dura paradoxa), i la més sàvia de les decisions és doncs mantenir- se en el pla teòric i deixar per a un altre estudi –el que podria ser una mena de segona part d’aquest El símbol audiovisual. Realitat i representació – l’intent de traslladar a la semàntica de les paraules la 10 semàntica de la imatge 1. Centrem-nos, per tant, en els mots, en el discurs. I que la paraula, i la nostra capacitat de simbolització, de transcendència i de connexió a un altre pla de la realitat, facin la resta. 1 Per tal de no enfarfegar el discurs, en l’escrit que segueix traduïm totes les cites al català, sigui quin sigui l’idioma font.
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