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Cultivo Pescado Blanco 2 Instituto Nacional de la Pesca INSTITUTO NACIONAL DE LA PESCA DIRECCIÓN GENERAL DE INVESTIGACIÓN EN ACUACULTURA HISTORIA Y AVANCES DEL CULTIVO DE PESCADO BLANCO Avances del Cultivo de Pescado Blanco 3 DIRECTORIO ING. JAVIER B. USABIAGA ARROYO Secretario de Agricultura, Ganaderia, Desarrollo Rural, Pesca y Alimentación DR. GUILLERMO COMPEÁN JIMÉNEZ Director en Jefe del Instituto Nacional de la Pesca DR. CARLOS RANGEL DÁVALOS Director General de Investigación en Acuacultura BIOL. LUIS FRANCISCO BELÉNDEZ MORENO Director General de Investigación en Evaluación y Manejo de Recursos Pesqueros DR. RAFAEL SOLANA SANSORES Director General de Investigación en Procesos para el Desarrollo Sustentable M. EN C. IGNACIO MÉNDEZ GÓMEZ-HUMARÁN Director General de Investigación y Desarrollo Tecnológico Pesquero PATRICIA M. ROJAS CARRILLO DILIO FUENTES CASTELLANOS Coordinación Editorial GUSTAVO TORRES CAMPOS EDITH GONZÁLEZ SOLANO Diseño y formación electrónica CARLOS O. CADENA Producción editorial ROSA EUGENIA BÁEZ PUENTE Cuidado de la edición y corrección de estilo Diciembre del 2003 — Impreso en México — Printed in Mexico ISBN: 968-800-540-1 © Secretaría de Agricultura, Ganadería, Desarrollo Rural, Pesca y Alimentación Insurgentes Sur No. 476, 4° piso, Colonia Roma Sur Delegación Cuauhtémoc, C.P. 06766, México, D.F. © Instituto Nacional de la Pesca Pitágoras No. 1320, Santa Cruz Atoyac Delegación Benito Juárez, C.P. 03310, México, D.F. Tels.: (55) 5604-9169 y 5688-1469, Fax: (55) 5688-8418 Todos los derechos reservados, prohibida la reproducción parcial o total, incluyendo cualquier medio electrónico o magnético, con fines comercia- les. Esta publicación es de divulgación científica y para fines de investigación. 4 Instituto Nacional de la Pesca ÍNDICE PRESENTACIÓN 7 PRÓLOGO 9 AGRADECIMIENTOS 11 CAPITULO I RESEÑA HISTÓRICA Cultivo de pescado blanco del lago de Pátzcuaro. Una revisión de las investigaciones del Instituto Nacional de la Pesca 15 PATRICIA M. ROJAS CARRILLO Retrospectiva y avances en el conocimiento de la biología y ecología de las charales y peces blancos del género Chirostoma (Atheriniformes:Atherinopsidae) ENCB-IPN GERARDO FIGUEROA LUCERO JOEL PAULO MAYA MA. CECILIA HERNÁNDEZ RUBIO 29 CAPITULO II BIOLOGÍA Los pescados blancos del lago de Chapala. Características generales RODRIGO MONCAYO ESTRADA CARLOS ESCALERA GALLARDO VIRGINIA SEGURA GARCÍA 51 Análisis cariotípico de un pescado blanco y de dos charales del género Chirostoma (Pisces:Atherinopsidae): evolución caríotipica en el Orden Atheriniformes MANUEL URIBE ALCOCER 79 PÍNDARO DÍAZ JAIMES Estudios sobre la variabilidad morfológica y de genética molecular en el género Chirostoma realizados en la PExPA, UAM-Iztapalapa IRENE DE LOS ANGELES BARRIGA SOSA 107 Biología reproductiva y alimentación larvaria del pez blanco en condiciones experimentales ARTURO CHACÓN FLORES CATALINA ROSAS MONGE VIRGINIA SEGURA GARCÍA 125 Avances del Cultivo de Pescado Blanco 5 CAPITULO III BIOTECNOLOGÍA Contribución al estudio del cultivo de pescado blanco Chirostoma estor estor en el Centro Regional de Investigación Pesquera de Pátzcuaro, Michoacán L. GEORGINA MARES BÁEZ JOSÉ JUAN MORALES PALACIOS 143 Aportaciones al cultivo del pez blanco, Chirostoma humboldtianum. (Pisces:Atherinopsidae) GUILLERMO A. BLANCAS ARROYO GERARDO FIGUEROA LUCERO IRENE DE LOS A. BARRIGA SOSA 155 JOSÉ LUIS ARREDONDO FIGUEROA Desarrollo tecnológico alcanzado en el cultivo del pez blanco de Pátzcuaro CARLOS A. MARTÍNEZ PALACIOS MA. GISELA RÍOS DURÁN ANTONIO CAMPOS MENDOZA E. MAYRA TOLEDO CUEVAS MARIA DEL CARMEN AGUILAR VALDÉZ 169 LINDSAY G. ROSS Cultivo de pez blanco Chirostoma humboldtianum. Consideraciones para su producción 191 RODOLFO CÁRDENAS REYGADAS CAPITULO IV FOMENTO Y CONSERVACIÓN Reserva de conservación ecológica de pez blanco Chirostoma estor y acúmara Algansea lacustris 213 AMÉRICA DE LA S. RODRÍGUEZ CASILLAS Experiencias en el cultivo del pescado blanco Chirostoma promelas en el Centro Acuícola Tizapán, El Alto, Jalisco. FELIPE VILLICAÑA VÁZQUEZ 221 JESÚS MORALES VENTURA CAPITULO V TESTIMONIOS Testimonios de los protagonistas de la pesca y el cultivo de pescado blanco 239 ÁLVARO VÁSQUEZ GARCÍA Testimonios de los habitantes de la ribera e islas del lago de Pátzcuaro, en cuanto a sus vivencias sobre el pescado blanco 257 ÁLVARO VÁSQUEZ GARCÍA Revisores 289 6 Instituto Nacional de la Pesca PRESENTACIÓN Entre las atribuciones del Instituto Nacional de la Pesca como ór- gano asesor del sector pesquero, está la de orientar las investiga- ciones de los organismos que tienen como medio de vida el agua, para la toma de decisiones sobre el manejo de los recursos pesqueros y acuícolas. La difusión de esas actividades científicas y tecnológi- cas constituyen una línea estratégica para alcanzar sus objetivos; uno de los productos es la publicación de la Carta Nacional Pesquera, instrumento fundamental para la regulación de la actividad pesquera y acuícola en el país. A través de la Revista Ciencia Pesquera se han dado a conocer los mejores productos de investigación científica y tecno- lógica obtenidos por investigadores del Instituto de ambos litorales, el Caribe y aguas continentales. Este ha sido el órgano de difusión formal del Instituto Nacional de la Pesca desde 1981, y ahora iniciará una nueva época, con un nuevo nombre, INPescA, para continuar cumpliendo con esta labor. Por otro lado, y como resultado de múltiples foros para la evaluación de la investigación científica pesquera y acuícola que promueve y realiza el Instituto con los principales actores del proceso productivo, se publican las Memorias de eventos que fueron organi- zados para atender problemáticas específicas, los que contienen diagnósticos de la problemática de investigación y propuestas de coordinaciones interinstitucionales destinadas a resolverlas. Dentro de estos esfuerzos de difusión, el Instituto Nacional de la Pesca ha realizado también la publicación de monografías, compendios y libros de temáticas relevantes como documentos de apoyo para la investigación de los recursos pesqueros y acuícolas. Lo anterior fue plasmado e identificado como prioritario en el Programa Sectorial de Agricultura, Ganadería, Desarrollo Rural, Pesca y Alimentación 2001-2006, en el que se plantea, para el caso de las actividades acuaculturales ..“orientar la investigación aplicada a la acuacultura, así como el desarrollo de biotecnologías de cultivos para nuevas especies...sin deterioro del entorno ecológico y ...generando tecnologías de organismos de interés eco- nómico”, en este sentido, la Dirección General de Investigación en Acuacultura da impulso a las principales líneas de investigación realizadas en el país sobre temas acuícolas, entre ellas las tendientes a desarrollar tecnologías de cultivo de nuevas especies de interés comercial, como es el caso del grupo de especies de peces de agua dulce “más representativo de la fauna acuícola mexi- cana,” conocido genéricamente como pescado blanco. Avances del Cultivo de Pescado Blanco 7 El pescado blanco constituye junto con los charales, un grupo de especies nativas de la Mesa Central de México cuya importancia se liga con los ámbitos biológico, ecológico, evolutivo, social, cultural y económico. Tanto en el lago de Chapala, Jalisco como en el lago de Pátzcuaro en Michoacán, las especies de pescado blanco representan el recurso pesquero más importante por su alto valor comercial, sin embargo, la crisis ecológica por la que atraviesan estos cuerpos de agua –conta- minación, alteración o destrucción de hábitats y pérdida de nivel de agua- y la sobreexplotación pesquera, ponen en serio riesgo de extinción a no pocas de las especies que habitan en ellos. Reconociendo el estado actual de estos recursos y la capacidad científica de importantes investigadores para revertir tendencias de deterioro, el Instituto Nacional de la Pesca apoya los esfuerzos para que por medio de la acuacultura se alcance el doble objetivo de conservar y produ- cir de manera sustentable el pescado blanco, recurso emblemático de las especies nativas de México y esperamos que en un futuro próximo, sea símbolo también de una acuacultura propia. Para alcanzar tales propósitos, se convocó a instituciones federales y estatales y a los mejores investigadores de diversas instituciones, que por su trayectoria en la investigación del pescado blanco son merecedores de reconocido prestigio, a participar en la conformación de un libro bajo el titulo Historia y avances del cultivo de pescado blanco, idea original de la Dra. Lucia Elizabeth Cruz Suárez, Directora General de Investigación en Acuacultura de 2001-2002, que ahora se materializa en este volumen. Los autores que participaron en la conformación del libro, son especialistas en su tema y la calidad de las investigaciones integradas en este libro, hace que esta sea la primera vez que se reúne en un solo documento la mejor investigación científica en torno a este grupo de especies nativas. Los documentos aquí reunidos, constituyen investigaciones de primera línea en el conoci- miento de la biología, ecología, nutrición, fisiología y genética del pescado blanco y de su aplicación para el manejo y control de procesos biológicos para su cultivo. El libro que ahora presentamos es resultado del esfuerzo de muchas personas, agradece- mos particularmente la entusiasta participación y amplia disposición de los autores y de los pesca- dores del lago de Pátzcuaro. Estamos seguros que a través del trabajo conjunto (como el que hemos realizado), se abren nuevas vías para alcanzar el objetivo por todos compartido: cultivar
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