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CONCENTRACIÓN DE MERCURIO Y ARSÉNICO EN Aulacomya Atra

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CONCENTRACIÓN DE MERCURIO Y ARSÉNICO EN Aulacomya Atra FACULTAD DE FARMACIA Y BIOQUÍMICA ESCUELA ACADÉMICO PROFESIONAL DE FARMACIA Y BIOQUÍMICA CONCENTRACIÓN DE MERCURIO Y ARSÉNICO EN Aulacomya atra “CHORO” COMERCIALIZADO EN LOS TERMINALES PESQUEROS DE ANCÓN, VENTANILLA, CHORRILLOS Y VILLA MARÍA DEL TRIUNFO EN ENERO DEL 2018 Tesis para optar el Título profesional de Químico Farmacéutico Presentado por: Br. Centurión Contreras Luz Aurora Br. Centurión Contreras Marleni Asesor: MG. Lizano Gutiérrez Jesús Víctor Lima – Perú 2019 DEDICATORIA A Dios por darme la vida y permitirme llegar a este momento crucial, por darme el vigor para seguir adelante y no dejarme avasallar por los problemas que se presentaban. A mis padres por su apoyo, consejos, guía y comprensión en los momentos difíciles. A mi esposo e hija por ser mis pilares y mi luz en mi vida, por su amor bendito, gracias por ayudarme a cumplir mis objetivos. Br. Centurión Contreras Luz Aurora Dedico este trabajo de investigación principalmente a Dios por haberme dado la vida y hacer realidad este momento importante en mi formación profesional. A mi esposo e hijos por demostrarme cariño y el apoyo incondicional a cada momento. A mis padres por ser los pilares más importantes y demostrarme siempre su apoyo incondicional. Br. Centurión Contreras Marleni ÍNDICE GENERAL RESUMEN ABSTRACT Pag I. INTRODUCCIÓN ..................................................................................................1 1.1. Situación problemática .................................................................................. 1 1.2. Formulación del problema ............................................................................. 2 1.3. Justificación ................................................................................................... 2 1.4. Objetivos........................................................................................................ 3 1.4.1. Objetivo general ..................................................................................... 3 1.4.2. Objetivos específicos ............................................................................. 3 1.5. Variables ........................................................................................................ 4 1.6. Hipótesis ........................................................................................................ 4 II. MARCO TEÓRICO .............................................................................................. 5 2.1. Antecedentes de la investigación................................................................... 5 2.1.1. Antecedentes internacionales: ................................................................ 5 2.1.2. Antecedentes nacionales: ....................................................................... 8 2.2. Bases teóricas .............................................................................................. 12 2.2.2. Características morfológicas ................................................................ 12 2.2.3. Clasificación taxonómica (Molina, 1782) ............................................ 13 2.2.4. Distribución geográfica ........................................................................ 13 2.2.5. Alimentación ........................................................................................ 14 2.2.6. Programa de control de Moluscos Bivalvos – PCMB ......................... 14 2.3. Metales pesados ........................................................................................... 15 2.3.1. Arsénico ............................................................................................... 16 2.3.2. Vías de exposición al Arsénico en el medioambiente .......................... 16 2.3.3. Efectos del arsénico en la salud humana .............................................. 18 2.3.4. Mercurio ............................................................................................... 19 2.3.5. Vías de exposición al Mercurio en el medioambiente ......................... 19 2.3.6. Efectos del mercurio en la salud humana ............................................. 20 2.3.7. Contaminación de ambientes acuáticos por metales pesados .............. 21 III. MATERIALES Y MÉTODOS .......................................................................... 23 3.1. Tipo y diseño ............................................................................................... 23 3.2. Población y muestra .................................................................................... 23 3.2.1. Muestra ................................................................................................. 23 3.2.2. Reactivos, materiales y equipos ........................................................... 23 3.3. Criterios de inclusión y exclusión .…………………………………………24 3.3.1. Criterios de inclusión….…………………………………………………24 3.3.2. Criterios de exclusión ....…………………………………………………24 3.4. Metodología ................................................................................................. 25 3.5. Instrumentos y procedimientos de recolección de datos ............................. 25 3.6. Análisis de datos ...................................................................................... 2533 IV. RESULTADOS ..................................................................................................... 34 V. DISCUSIÓN ........................................................................................................ 444 VI. CONCLUSIONES .............................................................................................. 466 VII. RECOMENDACIONES ..................................................................................... 47 REFERENCIAS BIBLIOGRÁFICAS ....................................................................... 488 ANEXOS ............................................................................................................................ 55 ÍNDICE DE TABLAS Tabla 1. Cuantificación de Mercurio por generador de Hidruros .............................. 26 Tabla 2. Parámetros de Calibración ......................................................................... 277 Tabla 3. Parámetros de Medición de muestra ............................................................ 27 Tabla 4. Modo de calibración: LS Lineal A través de Cero, Error máx.: 0,1377, R2: 0,9999, R: 1, Concentración = 142,7132 *Absorbancia. .................................. 288 Tabla 5. Rangos de preparación de la solución patrón............................................... 30 Tabla 6. Parámetros del Espectrómetro de Absorción Atómica para la evaluación de arsénico. ............................................................................................................ 311 Tabla 7. Parámetro de Calibración para Arsénico por Espectrometría de Absorción Atómica ............................................................................................................... 31 Tabla 8. Parámetros Muestra/Control de flama para Arsénico por Espectrometría de Absorción Atómica ........................................................................................... 322 Tabla 9. Calibración completa para Arsénico por Espectrometría de Absorción Atómica ............................................................................................................... 32 Tabla 10. Concentración media (ppm), desviación estándar y rango de mercurio en Aulacomya atra procedentes de 4 terminales pesqueros de Lima. ................... 344 Tabla 11. Concentración media (ppm), desviación estándar y rango de arsénico en Aulacomya atra procedentes de 4 terminales pesqueros de Lima. ................... 366 Tabla 12. Comparación de los niveles medianos de Mercurio según terminal de procedencia (Ancón – Chorrillos)..................................................................... 377 Tabla 13. Comparación de los niveles medianos de Mercurio según terminal de procedencia (Ancón – Ventanilla). ................................................................... 377 Tabla 14. Comparación de los niveles medianos de Mercurio según terminal de procedencia (Ancón – Villa María del Triunfo). .............................................. 388 Tabla 15. Comparación de los niveles medianos de Mercurio según terminal de procedencia (Ventanilla vs Villa María del Triunfo)........................................ 388 Tabla 16. Comparación de los niveles medianos de Mercurio según terminal de procedencia (Ventanilla vs Chorrillos) ............................................................. 399 Tabla 17. Comparación de los niveles medianos de Mercurio según terminal de procedencia (Ventanilla vs Chorrillos). ............................................................ 399 Tabla 18. Comparación de los niveles medianos de Arsénico según terminal de procedencia (Ancón – Chorrillos)....................................................................... 40 Tabla 19. Comparación de los niveles medianos de Arsénico según terminal de procedencia (Ancón – Ventanilla). ..................................................................... 40 Tabla 20. Comparación de los niveles medianos de Arsénico según terminal de procedencia (Ancón – Villa María del Triunfo). .............................................. 411 Tabla 21. Comparación de los niveles medianos de Arsénico según terminal de procedencia (Ventanilla vs Villa María del Triunfo)........................................ 411 Tabla 22. Comparación de los niveles medianos de Arsénico según terminal de procedencia (Ventanilla vs Chorrillos). ...........................................................
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