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TL Incio-Perez.Pdf (6.301Mb) Universidad Científica del Sur Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias y Biológicas Carrera de Biología Marina “DESARROLLO GONADAL Y ESCALA DE MADUREZ DE Aulacomya atra (Bivalvia: Mytilidae) DURANTE EL AÑO 2014, EN EL LITORAL DE ILO, MOQUEGUA” Tesis para optar el Título Profesional de: Bióloga Marina Presentado por: Bach. ANGELA PAULA INCIO PÉREZ LIMA - PERÚ 2018 1 2 INDICE INDICE DE FIGURAS INDICE DE TABLAS RESUMEN SUMMARY I. REVISIÓN DE LA LITERATURA 1.1 Descripción taxonómica y morfológica 1.2 Distribución y hábitat 1.3 Pesquería 1.4 Parámetros abióticos 1.5 Aspectos reproductivos II. MATERIALES Y MÉTODOS 2.1 Colecta de muestras 2.2 Procesamiento histológico 2.3 Análisis de datos 2.3.1 Biometría 2.3.2 Proporción Sexual 2.3.3 Determinación de las fases de madurez gonadal 2.3.4 Frecuencia relativa de fases de madurez 2.3.5 Índice de actividad reproductiva e índice de actividad desovante/expulsante 2.3.6 Talla de madurez gonadal 2.3.7 Factor de Condición 2.3.8 Temperatura del agua en la zona de estudio III. RESULTADOS 3.1 Biometría 3.2 Proporción sexual 3.3 Descripción histológica de la gónada 3.3.1 Ovogénesis 3.3.2 Espermatogénesis 3.4 Descripción de la escala de madurez 3.4.1 Hembras 3.4.2 Machos 3.5 Determinación de la frecuencia de fases 3.5.1 Hembras 3.5.2 Machos 3.6 Determinación del índice de actividad reproductiva 3.7 Determinación del índice de actividad desovante y expulsante 3.8 Determinación de la talla de madurez gonadal 3.9 Determinación del factor de condición 3.10 Relación de la temperatura y variables biológicas IV. DISCUSIONES V. CONCLUSIONES VI. RECOMENDACIONES VII. BIBLIOGRAFÍA VIII. ANEXOS 3 INDICE DE FIGURAS Figura 1. A: Lado interno y externo de Aulacomya atra en donde se observa la morfología de las valvas (fotografía: FAO). B: Morfología externa de las valvas de Aulacomya atra (fotografía: IMARPE). Figura 2. Distribución de Aulacomya atra en América del Sur (FAO, 2017). Figura 3. Desembarque en TM del recurso Aulacomya atra en Perú de 1953 a 2006 indicando los periodos e intensidad de eventos “El Niño”. Figura 4. Mapa del área de estudio, Ilo, Moquegua, Perú. Figura 5. Vista de la obtención de los individuos de Aulacomya atra usando un cuadrante de 50x50 cm en el litoral de la provincia de Ilo – Moquegua. Figura 6. Ciclo de madurez gonadal de hembras de Aulacomya atra. Ov: Ovogonia, OI: Ovocito inmaduro, OEM: Ovocito en maduración, OM: Ovocito maduro, OA: Ovocito atrésico Figura 7. Ciclo de madurez gonadal de machos de Aulacomya atra. Eg: Espermatogonio, Ec: Espermatocito, Ez: Espermatozoide. Figura 8. Diagrama de cajas de la longitud total (mm) de Aulacomya atra durante el año 2014. Figura 9. Proporción sexual mensual de Aulacomya atra durante el año 2014. Figura 10. Fotografía macroscópica del lóbulo gonadal de hembra (A) y macho (B) de la especie Aulacomya atra, observándose la coloración distintiva. Dónde: LG: Lóbulo gonadal; M: Manto. Figura 11. Micrografía de lóbulo gonadal femenino en fase 0 (virginal) de Aulacomya atra en aumentos: (A) 200X, (B) 400X. PG: Pared gonadal, TC: Tejido conjuntivo, F: Folículo ovárico, Ov: Ovogonia. Figura 12. Micrografía de lóbulo gonadal femenino en fase II (en maduración) de Aulacomya atra en aumentos: (A) 40X, (B) 200X, (C) 400X.PG: Pared gonadal, TC: Tejido conjuntivo, F: Folículo ovárico, OI: Ovocito inmaduro, OEM: Ovocito en maduración, OM: Ovocito maduro. 4 Figura 13. Micrografía de lóbulo gonadal femenino en fase III (maduro) de Aulacomya atra en aumentos: (A) 40X, (B) 200X, (C) 400X. PG: Pared gonadal, FT: Pared folicular, OI: Ovocito inmaduro, OEM: Ovocito en maduración, OM: Ovocito maduro. Figura 14. M Micrografía de lóbulo gonadal femenino en fase IV (desovante) de Aulacomya atra en aumentos: (A) 40X, (B) 100X, (C) 200X. PG: Pared gonadal, TC: Tejido conjuntivo, PF: Pared folicular, OI: Ovocito inmaduro, OM: Ovocito maduro, OEM: Ovocito en maduración. Figura 15. Micrografía de lóbulo gonadal femenino en fase V (recuperación) de Aulacomya atra en aumentos: (A) 40X, (B) 100X, (C) 400X. PG: Pared gonadal, TC: Tejido conjuntivo, OI: Ovocito inmaduro, OM: Ovocito maduro, OA: Ovocito atrésico. Figura 16. Micrografía de lóbulo gonadal femenino en fase I (reposo) de Aulacomya atra en aumentos: (A) 40X, (B) 200X, (C) 400X. PG: Pared lobular, TC: Tejido conjuntivo, F: Folículo ovárico, OM: Ovocito maduro, OI: Ovocito inmaduro, Ov: Ovogonia. Figura 17. Micrografía de lóbulo gonadal masculino en fase 0 (virginal) de Aulacomya atra en aumentos: (A) 40X, (B) 200X, (C) 630X. TC: Tejido conjuntivo, PG: Pared gonadal, T: Túbulo, Eg: Espermatogonia. Figura 18. Micrografía de lóbulo gonadal masculino en fase II (en maduración) de Aulacomya atra en aumentos: (A) 40X, (B) 100X, (C) 400X. PG: Pared gonadal, TC: Tejido conjuntivo, T: Túbulo, Eg: Espermatogonia, Ec: Espermatocito. Figura 19. Micrografía de lóbulo gonadal masculino en fase III (maduro) de Aulacomya atra en aumentos: (A) 40X, (B) 200X, (C) 400X. T: Túbulo, PL: Pared lobular, Eg: Espermatogonia, Ec: Espermatocito, Ez: Espermatozoide. Figura 20. Micrografía de lóbulo gonadal masculino en fase IV (expulsante) de Aulacomya atra en aumentos: (A) 40X, (B) 100X, (C) 400X. T: Túbulo, PL: Pared lobular, TC: Tejido conjuntivo, Eg: Espermatogonia, Ec: Espermatocito Ez: espermatozoide. Figura 21. Micrografía de lóbulo gonadal masculino en fase V (post-expulsión) de Aulacomya atra en aumentos: (A) 40X, (B) 200X, (C) 630X. T: Túbulo, PG: Pared gonadal, TC: Tejido conjuntivo, Eg: Espermatogonia, Ec: Espermatocito. Figura 22. Micrografía de lóbulo gonadal masculino en fase I (Reposo) de Aulacomya atra en aumentos: (A) 40X, (B) 200X, (C) 630X. PG: Pared gonadal, TC: Tejido conjuntivo, F: Folículo 5 Figura 23. Frecuencia relativa por fase de madurez gonadal de Aulacomya atra durante el 2014, en Ilo, Moquegua. Figura 24. Frecuencia relativa por fase de madurez gonadal en hembras de Aulacomya atra durante el 2014, en Ilo, Moquegua. Figura 25. Frecuencia relativa por fase de madurez gonadal en machos de Aulacomya atra durante el 2014, en Ilo, Moquegua. Figura 26. Índice de actividad reproductiva (IAR) mensual de hembras y machos de Aulacomya atra durante el 2014, en Ilo, Moquegua. Figura 27. Índice de actividad desovante y expulsante (IAD/IAE) mensual de hembras y machos de Aulacomya atra durante el 2014, en Ilo, Moquegua. Figura 28. Curva logística de la talla de madurez de hembras del recurso Aulacomya atra durante el 2014, en Ilo, Moquegua. Figura 29. Curva logística de la talla de desove de hembras del recurso Aulacomya atra durante el 2014, en Ilo, Moquegua. Figura 30. Factor de condición mensual de hembras (izquierda) y machos (derecha) de Aulacomya atra durante el 2014, en Ilo, Moquegua. Figura 31. Variación de la temperatura superficial del mar (TSM) y la fracción de hembras desovantes y machos expulsantes de Aulacomya atra durante el 2014, en Ilo, Moquegua. 6 INDICE DE TABLAS Tabla 1. Número de ejemplares de “choro” Aulacomya atra por sexo colectados durante los 10 meses de muestreo en la localidad de Ilo en el año 2014. Tabla 2. Criterios para la clasificación de fases de madurez gonadal en hembras de Aulacomya atra. Ov: Ovogonia, OI: Ovocito inmaduro, OEM: Ovocito en maduración, OM: Ovocito maduro, OA: Ovocito atrésico. Tabla 3. Criterios de clasificación de fases de madurez gonadal en machos de Aulacomya atra. Eg: espermatogonio, Ec: espermatocito, Et: espermátide, Ez: Espermatozoide. Tabla 4. Valores de media aritmética de la longitud total, desviación estándar (DS), varianza y coeficiente de variación (CV), de A. atra, Donde: H: Hembras, M: Machos, *: Datos con CV >20%, no son homogéneos. Tabla 5. Proporción sexual de A. atra por mes durante el año 2014 en la región Moquegua. Tabla 6. Caracterización de los tipos de células sexuales femeninas de Aulacomya atra. Tabla 7. Caracterización de los tipos de células sexuales masculinas de Aulacomya atra. 7 RESUMEN En las últimas décadas, debido a la fuerte presión pesquera sin regulación y al impacto negativo ante los eventos “El Niño”, el recurso Aulacomya atra ha reducido su distribución y disminuido su abundancia, profundizándose y limitando su extracción. La falta de información actualizada sobre los aspectos reproductivos para su adecuado manejo pesquero han sido uno de los problemas claves en la pesquería de este recurso, cuya extracción pasó de 16 TM en 1976 a 5.8 TM en 2014. El objetivo de este trabajo fue calcular los principales índices reproductivos para Aulacomya atra de la zona de Ilo, Moquegua durante el 2014, estimar su talla de madurez y describir su desarrollo gonadal, el cual se basó en un análisis histológico de 931 ejemplares durante 10 meses. Además, se calculó la proporción sexual, se realizó la descripción de la gametogénesis en hembras y machos, y la elaboración de una escala de madurez gonadal microscópica, se halló la frecuencia por fases de madurez gonadal, se calcularon los índices de actividad reproductiva, fracción desovante/expulsante, factor de condición y se estimó la talla de madurez gonadal. Los resultados evidenciaron una proporción sexual de 1:0,84 hembras respecto a machos, influenciada por el mes de diciembre, en donde además hubo una elevada presencia de organismos indiferenciados. El análisis histológico confirmó que esta especie es dioica, con algunos casos de hermaforditismo, y reproducción parcial. Las hembras presentaron gonadas con tonalidades café/violáceo mientras que en machos fueron amarillo/crema. Se observó la infiltración del tejido gonadal en la cavidad del manto durante la época de mayor actividad reproductiva y en organismos con algún grado de madurez. Se describió una escala histológica de 6 fases: virginal (0), en maduración (II), maduro (III), desovante/expulsante (IV), recuperación/post-expulsante (V) y reposo (I) para hembras y machos. Las frecuencias relativas por fase de madurez gonadal mostraron una marcada presencia de organismos maduros (III) durante todo el del año y desovantes/expulsantes (IV) durante la primavera; con importantes proporciones de organismos en fase V (recuperación/post-expulsante) y I (reposo) en diciembre para hembras; y, en junio y noviembre para machos.
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