2018 Report on Ohio Mineral Industries: An Annual Summary of the State’s Economic Geology
compiled by Christopher E. Wright
Database design and data retrieval: Joseph G. Wells Interactive mineral industries map/digital cartography: Dean R. Martin
STATE OF OHIO DEPARTMENT OF NATURAL RESOURCES DIVISION OF GEOLOGICAL SURVEY Michael P. Angle, Chief
Columbus 2019 DISCLAIMER
The information contained herein has not been reviewed for technical accuracy and conformity with current ODNR Division of Geological Survey standards for published or open-file materials. The ODNR Division of Geological Survey does not guarantee this information to be free from errors, omissions, or inaccuracies and disclaims any responsibility or liability for interpretations or decisions based thereon.
RECOMMENDED BIBLIOGRAPHIC CITATION
Wright, C.E., compiler, 2019, 2018 Report on Ohio mineral industries—An annual summary of the state’s economic geology: Columbus, Ohio Department of Natural Resources, Division of Geological Survey, 23 p.
Editing: Tony Bresnen Graphic design and layout: Jeremy Gladden PREFACE The 2018 Report on Ohio Mineral Industries continues in the efforts of the ODNR Division of Geological Survey to present a clear and concise representation of mining production, sales, and employment for Ohio’s mineral industry commodities. This report continues in the simplified and concise format, where a discussion of each geologic commodity is presented in a bulleted format to make viewing and obtaining the desired data easier for the user. This format parallels the digital commodity summaries that are available on the Division’s website. Percent change comparisons of 2018 production and sales values for each commodity with those of the previous year are notated, with the 2017 data coming from the 2017 edition of this report (Wright and Stucker, 2018). The Map of Active Mineral Industry Operations in Ohio is included at the end of the report and continues to act as a standalone product. The map includes a table with information about each labeled point, including the company name and total combined tonnage of material(s) mined at each operation location. The appendices are not included within the report and are instead available as downloadable files at http://geosurvey.ohiodnr.gov/economic-geology/mineral- industry-summaries. These appendices include data for all commodities categorized by company, commodity, and county. Digital versions of these appendices allow users to view and organize data in a way that is convenient to them, which has been a feature widely requested by report users. Chris Wright Geologist
iii iv CONTENTS
Preface...... iii 2018 Ohio economic geology in brief...... 1 Coal...... 3 Industrial minerals...... 7 Limestone and dolomite...... 9 Sand and gravel...... 13 Sandstone and conglomerate...... 16 Clay and shale...... 18 Salt...... 21 References cited...... 22 List of downloadable appendices...... 23
FIGURES
1. Map showing total value of coal sold in Ohio in 2018, by county...... 1 2. Map showing total value of industrial minerals sold in Ohio in 2018, by county...... 1 3. Graphs showing value of coal, nonfuel minerals, and oil and gas in Ohio since 1960...... 2 4. Stratigraphic column of coals mined in Ohio during 2018...... 3 5. Map showing coal production in Ohio in 2018, by county and quantity...... 4 6. Graph showing sales and value of coal in Ohio since 1910...... 5 7. Stratigraphic column of nonfuel industrial minerals mined in Ohio during 2018...... 9 8. Map showing sales of limestone and dolomite in Ohio in 2018, by county and quantity...... 12 9. Graph showing sales and value of limestone and dolomite in Ohio...... 12 10. Map showing sales of sand and gravel in Ohio in 2018, by county and quantity...... 13 11. Graph showing sales and value of sand and gravel in Ohio...... 13 12. Map showing sales of sandstone and conglomerate in Ohio in 2018, by county and quantity...... 16 13. Graph showing sales and value of sandstone and conglomerate...... 17 14. Map showing clay sales in Ohio in 2018, by county and quantity...... 19 15. Map showing shale sales in Ohio in 2018, by county and quantity...... 19 16. Graph showing sales and value of clay in Ohio...... 19 17. Graph showing sales and value of shale in Ohio...... 19 18. Map showing counties producing salt in Ohio in 2018 and their ranking in sales...... 21 19. Graph showing sales and value of salt in Ohio...... 21
TABLES
1. Fuel and nonfuel mineral sales and production in Ohio in 2018...... 1 2. 2018 Ohio coal production and sales by county, in descending order of production...... 4 3. 2018 Ohio coal production, by production size group and change from 2017...... 4 4. 2018 Ohio coal production, by county and mining method ...... 4 5. 2018 Ohio coal production, by county and seam...... 5 6. 2018 Disposition of Ohio coal, by county...... 5 7. 2018 Dollar value of coal at mine, by county and mining method ...... 6 8. 2018 Wage and salary payments to Ohio coal mine employees, by county and occupational group...... 6 9. 2018 Value of Ohio industrial minerals...... 7 10. 2018 Employment at Ohio industrial-mineral operations, by county...... 8 11. 2018 Ohio limestone and dolomite sales, by county and use...... 10 12. 2018 Production of lime from Ohio, by county and use ...... 11 13. 2018 Ohio sand and gravel sales, by county and use...... 14 14. 2018 Ohio sales of crushed sandstone and conglomerate, by county and use...... 17 15. 2018 Ohio sales of dimension sandstone, by county and use...... 17 16. 2018 Ohio clay sales, by county and use...... 20 17. 2018 Ohio shale sales, by county and use ...... 20
v vi 2018 Report on Ohio Mineral Industries 1
2018 OHIO ECONOMIC GEOLOGY IN BRIEF
The total tonnage of coal and industrial minerals 10,000 people. Industrial-mineral production decreased for produced in Ohio during 2018 was 113,037,754 tons or all commodities except limestone and dolomite. The total approximately 9.7 tons per capita. The total value1 of coal value of nonfuel industrial minerals exceeded $1 billion for was $379,576,872 in 2018; the value1 of oil and gas was the fifth straight year. In 2018, production for the leading $8,374,209,575; and the value1 of all nonfuel industrial commodity of limestone and dolomite was up 4.7%, while minerals was $1,183,675,048 in 2018 (figs. 1, 2, 3; table 1). the second leading commodity of sand and gravel was The combined value of fuel and nonfuel minerals produced down 2.1%, and the third leading commodity of coal was in Ohio during 2018 was $9,937,461,495 or approximately down 6.4% from 2017 values. In 2018, clay, shale, salt, and $850 per capita. sandstone and conglomerate commodities production were Reported and estimated total direct employment in all down by double digit percentages. the extractive industries of Ohio in 2018 was more than
1 Includes reported and estimated values. Some operations reporting sales did not report a value for those sales. A countywide- or statewide-average price per ton was calculated for each industrial-mineral commodity based on sales for which the value was reported. A countywide, average price per ton was calculated for coal based on sales for which the value was reported and method of production. These calculated averages were used to estimate the value of the sales for which the actual values were not reported.
ASHTABULA ASHTABULA
WILLIAMS FULTON LUCAS WILLIAMS FULTON LUCAS GEAUGA GEAUGA OTTAWA LAKE OTTAWA LAKE WOOD WOOD TRUMBULL TRUMBULL HENRY CUYAHOGA HENRY CUYAHOGA DEFIANCE SANDUSKY DEFIANCE SANDUSKY ERIE LORAIN ERIE LORAIN PORTAGE PORTAGE HURON MEDINA SUMMIT HURON MEDINA SUMMIT PAULDING SENECA PAULDING SENECA PUTNAM HANCOCK PUTNAM HANCOCK MAHONING MAHONING
VAN WERT VAN WERT WYANDOT CRAWFORD RICHLAND ASHLAND WAYNE WYANDOT CRAWFORD RICHLAND ASHLAND WAYNE ALLEN STARK COLUMBIANA ALLEN STARK COLUMBIANA HARDIN HARDIN MERCER CARROLL MERCER CARROLL AUGLAIZE MARION HOLMES AUGLAIZE MARION HOLMES MORROW MORROW TUSCARAWAS TUSCARAWAS KNOX KNOX LOGAN JEFFERSON LOGAN JEFFERSON SHELBY UNION SHELBY UNION COSHOCTON HARRISON COSHOCTON HARRISON DELAWARE DELAWARE DARKE DARKE
LICKING LICKING CHAMPAIGN GUERNSEY CHAMPAIGN GUERNSEY MIAMI MIAMI MUSKINGUM BELMONT MUSKINGUM BELMONT MADISON FRANKLIN MADISON FRANKLIN CLARK CLARK NOBLE NOBLE PREBLE FAIRFIELD PERRY PREBLE FAIRFIELD PERRY MONTGOMERY MONROE MONTGOMERY MONROE GREENE PICKAWAY GREENE PICKAWAY MORGAN MORGAN FAYETTE FAYETTE
HOCKING WASHINGTON HOCKING WASHINGTON BUTLER WARREN CLINTON BUTLER WARREN CLINTON ROSS ROSS ATHENS ATHENS
VINTON VINTON HIGHLAND HIGHLAND HAMILTON HAMILTON CLERMONT CLERMONT PIKE MEIGS PIKE MEIGS JACKSON JACKSON
BROWN ADAMS GALLIA BROWN ADAMS GALLIA SCIOTO SCIOTO
LAWRENCE LAWRENCE
$25,000,000 – $500,000,000 $1,000,000 – $5,000,000 $25,000,000 – $150,000,000 $1,000,000 – $5,000,000 $5,000,000 – $25,000,000 $1 – $1,000,000 $10,000,000 – $25,000,000 $1,000 – $1,000,000 $5,000,000 – $10,000,000 FIGURE 1. Total value of coal sold in Ohio in 2018, by county. FIGURE 2. Total value of industrial minerals sold in Ohio in 2018, by county.
TABLE 1. Fuel and nonfuel mineral sales and production in Ohio in 2018 Change in value from Commodity Production1 Sales2 Value3 2017 (percent) Limestone and dolomite 65,458,961 tons 64,821,047 tons $654,299,122 + 6.6 Coal 9,613,912 tons 9,882,346 tons $379,576,872 – 0.8 Sand and gravel 31,700,708 tons 31,435,724 tons $245,606,387 + 1.4 Salt 3,835,221 tons 3,909,206 tons $218,146,674 + 11.7 Sandstone and conglomerate 1,243,043 tons 1,169,811 tons $48,203,968 – 5.9 Shale 443,552 tons 524,129 tons $11,506,384 – 17.2 Clay 742,357 tons 667,978 tons $5,912,513 – 33.7 Gas 2,398,386,763 thousand cubic feet not available $7,003,289,348 + 41.2 Oil 22,795,481 barrels not available $1,370,920,227 +44.4 1 The production figures for industrial minerals are estimates, as many operators do not know actual production. For those operators that do not report production, production is assumed equal to sales or estimated from ODNR Division of Mineral Resources Management records. 2 Includes material for captive use. 3 The FOB value of industrial minerals sold was estimated for mines that failed to report this information and for those producing material for captive use. These estimates were calculated using a countywide- or statewide-average price per ton calculated using reported FOB values. 2 2018 Report on Ohio Mineral Industries
A 1,400
1,200
coal 1,000 ) s
800 dolla r illion m
600 ( alue
400 v
nonfuel minerals 200
0 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020
B 10,000
8,000 ) s
oil & gas
6,000 dolla r illion m 4,000 ( alue v 2,000 nonfuel minerals coal 0 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020
FIGURE 3. (A) Value of coal and nonfuel minerals in Ohio since 1960. (B) Value of coal, nonfuel minerals, and oil and gas in Ohio since 1960. 2018 Report on Ohio Mineral Industries 3
COAL Directory of operators available at: http://geosurvey.ohiodnr.gov/economic-geology/economic-geology-home TEM LITHOSTRATIGRAPHIC UNITS Y S GROUP
Coal was first recognized in Ohio by pioneers during S the 1740s, and the first map of Ohio coal deposits was made in 1752 (Crowell, 1995). Coal production first occurred in ard Jefferson County during 1800 and amounted to 100 tons. ermian P Columbiana County was the next to report coal production Dun k Washington (No. 12) coal starting in 1803 (Crowell, 1995). Since that time, nearly 4 Waynesburg (No. 11) coal billion tons of coal have been mined from coal seams in the
ahela Uniontown (No. 10) coal state (Crowell, 1995); this represents a value of more than Meigs Creek (No. 9, Sewickley) coal $200 billion in 2018 dollars.2 Throughout 2018, there were two surface mine and Pomeroy (No. 8a, Redstone) coal three underground mine expansion permits issued. There Monon g Pittsburgh (No. 8) coal were three new permits issued with two new surface mines, and one new underground mine. Several coal operations ceased or curtailed production in 2018 because of less- Ames marine zone expensive, competing natural gas and decreased demand. Harlem coal Anderson coal Wilgus coal 2 The following link will provide more information about the formation and Conemaugh Brush Creek marine zone uses of Ohio’s coal resources: Mahoning (No. 7a) coal http://geosurvey.ohiodnr.gov/rocks-and-minerals/online-rock-and- Upper Freeport (No. 7) coal mineral-kit y Lower Freeport (No. 6a) coal Middle Kittanning (No. 6) coal ennsylvanian
P Lower Kittanning (No. 5) coal Vanport marine zone Clarion (No. 4a) coal Alleghe n Winters coal Newland (No. 4, Brookville) coal
Production Tionesta (No. 3b) coal • Tons produced = 9,613,912 (–6.4% from 2017) Upper Mercer (No. 3a) coal • U.S. ranking Lower Mercer (No. 3) coal
◦ 15th out of 23 producing states tsville
(USDOE, 2019) o t Quakertown (No. 2) coal P
• Leading counties (percentage of statewide Sharon (No. 1) coal production): ◦ Belmont (55.0%) FIGURE 4. Stratigraphic column of coals mined in Ohio during 2018 ◦ Harrison (19.1%) (black), other significant coal beds (red), and associated key beds ◦ Perry (16.3%) (blue) used for stratigraphic correlation. Modified from Brant and ◦ Noble (3.5%) Delong (1960, table 9), Collins (1979, fig. 3), and Larsen (1991, fig. 2). • Top producing seams (table 5): ◦ Pittsburgh (No. 8) ◦ Middle Kittanning (No. 6) ◦ Meigs Creek (No. 9) Sales (see fig. 6 and tables 2, 6, 7) • Tons sold = 9,882,346 (+1.2% from 2017) • Value = $379,576,872
Employment (see table 8) • Production employees reported = 676 • Nonproduction employees reported = 378 • Average employee wages: ◦ Surface-mine production = $52,855 ◦ Underground-mine production = $89,409 • Total wages earned = $101,156,928 4 2018 Report on Ohio Mineral Industries
TABLE 2. 2018 Ohio coal production and sales by county, in descending order of production County Production (short tons) Sales (short tons) Belmont 5,284,696 6,018,426 ASHTABULA WILLIAMS FULTON LUCAS GEAUGA Harrison 1,832,411 1,895,944 OTTAWA LAKE WOOD TRUMBULL HENRY CUYAHOGA Perry 1,563,560 1,080,252 DEFIANCE SANDUSKY ERIE LORAIN PORTAGE Noble 336,439 336,439 HURON MEDINA SUMMIT PAULDING SENECA PUTNAM HANCOCK Tuscarawas 243,911 245,234 MAHONING
VAN WERT WYANDOT CRAWFORD RICHLAND ASHLAND WAYNE Vinton 205,866 157,241 ALLEN STARK COLUMBIANA HARDIN MERCER CARROLL Stark 69,653 71,434 AUGLAIZE MARION HOLMES MORROW TUSCARAWAS KNOX Washington 59,617 59,617 LOGAN JEFFERSON SHELBY UNION COSHOCTON HARRISON DELAWARE Jefferson 8,685 8,685 DARKE LICKING CHAMPAIGN GUERNSEY MIAMI Mahoning 5,627 5,627 MUSKINGUM BELMONT MADISON FRANKLIN CLARK NOBLE Jackson 3,257 3,257 PREBLE FAIRFIELD PERRY MONTGOMERY MONROE GREENE PICKAWAY Columbiana 187 187 MORGAN FAYETTE
HOCKING WASHINGTON Guernsey 3 3 BUTLER WARREN CLINTON ROSS ATHENS
VINTON TOTAL 9,613,912 9,882,346 HIGHLAND HAMILTON CLERMONT PIKE MEIGS JACKSON
BROWN ADAMS GALLIA SCIOTO
TABLE 3. 2018 Ohio coal production, by production size group and LAWRENCE change from 2017
2018 Change from ≥5,000,000 tons 100,000 – 249,999 tons Production size group Number of Production 2017 (short 1,000,000 – 4,999,999 tons <100,000 tons mines reporting (short tons) tons) 250,000 – 499,999 tons 1,000,000 tons and over 2 6,178,671 502,031 500,000 to 999,999 tons 1 589,599 –1,375,020 250,000 to 499,999 tons 4 1,484,091 413,220 FIGURE 5. Coal production in Ohio in 2018, by county and quantity. 100,000 to 249,999 tons 5 714,886 –416,342 50,000 to 99,999 tons 7 499,221 233,156 25,000 to 49,999 tons 2 84,409 –21,552 Less than 25,000 tons 18 63,035 7,461 TOTAL 39 9,613,912 –657,046
TABLE 4. 2018 Ohio coal production, by county and mining method Underground Surface All Total Number Production (short tons) Production (short tons) methods number Number County of (short of of mines mines Continuous tons) mines Total Longwall reporting Total Strip Auger Highwall reporting miner Belmont 5,284,696 5 1 4,785,568 4,354,126 431,442 4 499,128 305,216 3,641 190,271 Columbiana 187 1 1 187 187 Guernsey 3 1 1 3 3 Harrison 1,832,411 7 2 672,292 672,292 5 1,160,119 1,124,602 35,517 Jackson 3,257 2 2 3,257 3,257 Jefferson 8,685 1 1 8,685 8,685 Mahoning 5,627 2 2 5,627 5,627 Noble 336,439 4 4 336,439 336,439 Perry 1,563,560 3 1 1,393,103 1,393,103 2 170,457 163,800 6,657 Stark 69,653 2 2 69,653 51,165 6,610 11,878 Tuscarawas 243,911 8 1 162,874 162,874 7 81,037 81,037 Vinton 205,866 2 2 205,866 154,282 51,584 Washington 59,617 1 1 59,617 59,617 TOTAL1 9,613,912 39 6 7,022,522 4,354,126 2,668,396 33 2,591,390 2,285,232 52,425 253,733 1Any tally inconsistencies are because of rounding of production tonnages. 2018 Report on Ohio Mineral Industries 5
TABLE 5. 2018 Ohio coal production, by county and seam Production (short tons) Upper Newland Lower Middle Lower Upper Pomeroy Meigs Creek County1 Clarion Pittsburgh Waynesburg Total Mercer (No. 4, Kittanning Kittanning Freeport Freeport (No. 8a, (No. 9, (No. 4a) (No. 8) (No. 11) (No. 3a) Brookville) (No. 5) (No. 6) (No. 6a) (No. 7) Redstone) Sewickley) Belmont 5,284,696 5,189,493 54,778 40,425 Columbiana 187 187 Guernsey 3 3 Harrison 1,832,411 361,457 310,835 811,926 229,645 118,548 Jackson 3,257 2,026 1,231 Jefferson 8,685 8,685 Mahoning 5,627 5,627 Noble 336,439 336,439 Perry 1,563,560 2,577 1,560,983 Stark 69,653 4,709 62,217 2,727 Tuscarawas 243,911 551 15,792 43,336 184,232 Vinton 205,866 144,261 31,545 13,141 16,919 Washington 59,617 59,617 TOTAL2 9,613,912 551 17,818 144,261 89,025 1,820,573 389,788 311,022 6,001,419 229,645 569,385 40,425 1Production from mines operating in more than one county was evenly split between the counties involved unless a county-specific breakdown was provided by the operator. 2Any tally inconsistencies are because of rounding of production tonnages.
TABLE 6. 2018 Disposition of Ohio coal, by county Number of Disposition1 (short tons) County1 Stored mines Total2 Rail Water Truck Conveyor Belmont 5 6,018,426 4,399,228 1,619,198 92,165 Columbiana 1 187 187 Guernsey 1 3 3 Harrison 7 1,895,944 423,581 1,472,363 14,070 Jackson 2 3,257 3,257 Jefferson 1 8,685 8,685 Mahoning 2 5,627 5,627 Noble 4 336,439 336,439 Perry 3 1,080,252 900,121 180,131 Stark 2 71,434 71,434 Tuscarawas 8 245,234 32,535 212,699 Vinton 2 157,241 157,241 40 Washington 1 59,617 59,617 TOTAL3 39 9,882,346 5,755,465 0 4,126,881 0 106,275 1Tonnage of coal shipped from mines operating in more than one county was evenly split between the counties involved and type(s) of disposition reported unless county-specific information was provided by the operator. 2Does not reflect tonnage stored. Reflects tonnage sold and shipped from mine. 3Any tally inconsistencies are because of rounding.
60 1,400
50 1,200 ) ) sales s s 1,000 40 dolla r dolla r 800 30 illion illion m m 600 ( ( 20
400 alue sales v
10 value 200
0 0 1910 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020
FIGURE 6. Sales and value of coal in Ohio since 1910. 6 2018 Report on Ohio Mineral Industries
TABLE 7. 2018 Dollar value of coal at mine, by county and mining method Total Underground Surface Tonnage Per ton Tonnage Per ton Tonnage Per ton County1 No. of Value at mine2 No. of Value at mine1 No. of Value at mine1 sold average sold average sold average mines (dollars) mines (dollars) mines (dollars) (short tons) (dollars) (short tons) (dollars) (short tons) (dollars) Belmont 5 6,018,426 $210,354,738 $34.95 1 5,508,178 $193,324,741 $35.10 4 510,248 $17,029,997 $33.38 Columbiana 1 187 $5,797 $31.00 1 187 $5,797 $31.00 Guernsey 1 3 $84 $28.00 1 3 $84 $28.00 Harrison 7 1,895,944 $76,733,963 $40.47 2 686,362 $31,020,321 $45.20 5 1,209,582 $45,713,642 $37.79 Jackson 2 3,257 $62,477 $19.18 2 3,257 $62,477 $19.18 Jefferson 1 8,685 $484,430 $55.78 1 8,685 $484,430 $55.78 Mahoning 2 5,627 $182,008 $32.35 2 5,627 $182,008 $32.35 Noble 4 336,439 $11,102,487 $33.00 4 336,439 $11,102,487 $33.00 Perry 3 1,080,252 $62,026,849 $57.42 1 900,121 $54,344,816 $60.38 2 180,131 $7,682,033 $42.65 Stark 2 71,434 $3,518,175 $49.25 2 71,434 $3,518,175 $49.25 Tuscarawas 8 245,234 $9,575,688 $39.05 1 162,874 $7,980,826 $49.00 7 82,360 $1,594,862 $19.36 Vinton 2 157,241 $3,562,815 $22.66 2 157,241 $3,562,815 $22.66 Washington 1 59,617 $1,967,361 $33.00 1 59,617 $1,967,361 $33.00 TOTAL 39 9,882,346 $379,576,872 $38.41 6 7,266,220 $287,155,134 $39.52 33 2,616,126 $92,421,738 $35.33 1Sales reported from mines operating in more than one county were evenly split between the counties involved unless county-specific information was provided by the operator. 2The FOB value of coal sold was estimated for those mines that failed to report this information. These estimates were calculated using a statewide-average price per ton by mining method, based on reported FOB values deemed to be reliable.
TABLE 8. 2018 Wage and salary payments to Ohio coal mine employees, by county and occupational group Wage and salary payments (nearest whole dollar)2 County1 Underground production Surface production All occupations Other employees employees Belmont $87,581,862 $28,732,719 $3,713,359 $55,135,784 Guernsey $995,333 $557,424 $437,909 Harrison $15,209,517 $7,388,467 $4,610,623 $3,210,427 Jefferson $419,713 $419,713 Mahoning $113,016 $113,016 Noble $2,825,181 $2,825,181 Perry $1,420,861 $758,809 $662,052 Stark $683,993 $451,869 $232,124 Tuscarawas $804,278 $355,171 $449,107 Vinton $1,340,712 $638,774 $701,938 Washington $352,437 $352,437 TOTAL3 $111,746,903 $36,121,186 $14,376,663 $61,249,054 1For those operations reporting activity in more than one county, wage and salary payments were evenly split between the counties involved unless county-specific information was provided by the operator. 2For those operations reporting only a total wage and salary payment for all workers, an equal pay rate was assumed for all employees. In cases where quarterly employment was reported but wage and salary payments were not, wage and salary payments for that quarter were estimated from reported payments in the other quarters to arrive at the annual figure. 3Any tally inconsistencies are because of rounding. 2018 Report on Ohio Mineral Industries 7
INDUSTRIAL MINERALS Directory of operators available at: http://geosurvey.ohiodnr.gov/economic-geology/economic-geology-home Industrial minerals are nonmetallic, nonfuel rocks in close proximity, allowing for economic recovery of or minerals that have economic value and are essential multiple commodities.3 to modern society. Industrial minerals have been mined Industrial minerals were reported as produced or or quarried in Ohio since the establishment of early sold at 345 operations, in 80 Ohio counties during 2018. settlements and include limestone, dolomite, sand, gravel, The combined value of all industrial minerals sold in 2018 sandstone, conglomerate, clay, shale, salt, gypsum, and peat. was $1,183,675,048 (table 9). This is the fifth consecutive Hundreds of construction projects and industrial products year that the combined value of all nonfuel minerals has rely on the availability of industrial minerals. exceeded one billion dollars. The statewide combined The production of multiple commodities is important to employment for all nonfuel industrial mineral extraction was the economic success of mine operations in many areas of 4,211 employees (table 10). Ohio. The production of sand and gravel along with clay is often located in glaciated portions of northern and western 3 Ohio, where deposits of sand and gravel can occur with clay- The following links will provide more information on the general bedrock and glacial geology of Ohio: rich glacial tills. The Pennsylvanian-age cyclic sedimentation http://geosurvey.ohiodnr.gov/portals/geosurvey/PDFs/BedrockGeology/BG- in eastern Ohio includes coals, clays, shales, and limestones 1_8.5x11.pdf http://geosurvey.ohiodnr.gov/portals/geosurvey/PDFs/Glacial/glacial.pdf
TABLE 9. 2018 Value of Ohio industrial minerals Change from 2017 Percent of Commodity Sales (tons) Value1 (tons/percent) total value Limestone and dolomite 64,821,047 +2,617,510/+4.2 $654,299,122 55.3 Sand and gravel 31,435,724 –404,592/–1.3 $245,606,387 20.7 Salt 3,909,206 –526,291/–11.9 $218,146,674 18.4 Sandstone and conglomerate 1,169,811 –465,065/–28.4 $48,203,968 4.1 Shale 524,129 –108,011/–17.1 $11,506,384 1.0 Clay 667,978 –105,957/–13.7 $5,912,513 0.5 Total 102,527,895 +1,007,594/+1.0 $1,183,675,048 100.0 1The FOB value of industrial minerals sold was estimated for those mines that failed to report this information and for those producing material for captive use. These estimates were calculated using a countywide- or statewide-average price per ton based on reported FOB values. 8 2018 Report on Ohio Mineral Industries
TABLE 10. 2018 Employment at Ohio industrial-mineral TABLE 10. 2018 Employment at Ohio industrial-mineral operations, by county operations, by county (cont.)
Total Production Nonproduction Total Production Nonproduction County County Employees2 Employees Employees Employees2 Employees Employees
Adams 19 8 11 Logan 60 36 24 Allen 17 8 9 Lorain 4 3 1 Ashland 17 11 6 Lucas 56 43 13 Ashtabula 7 5 2 Madison 6 3 3 Athens 9 5 4 Mahoning 103 65 38 Auglaize 8 5 3 Marion 14 11 3 Belmont 92 37 55 Meigs 22 16 6 Brown 30 16 14 Mercer 34 21 13 Butler 145 51 94 Miami 55 38 17 Carroll 1 1 0 Monroe 8 8 0 Champaign 10 5 5 Montgomery 49 35 14 Clark 8 5 3 Morrow 5 5 0 Clermont 42 35 7 Muskingum 61 49 12 Columbiana 16 11 5 Noble 17 15 2 Coshocton 27 19 8 Ottawa 109 86 23 Crawford 14 14 0 Paulding 42 38 4 Cuyahoga 224 164 60 Perry 10 7 3 Darke 10 7 3 Pickaway 589 15 574 Defiance 25 19 6 Pike 30 29 1 Delaware 26 26 0 Portage 138 94 44 Erie 112 90 22 Preble 28 17 11 Fairfield1 0 0 0 Putnam 5 5 0 Franklin 151 95 56 Richland 26 21 5 Gallia 1 1 0 Ross 24 15 9 Geauga 76 58 18 Sandusky 214 192 22 Greene 56 40 16 Scioto 1 1 0 Guernsey 64 44 20 Seneca 67 14 53 Hamilton 101 50 51 Shelby 18 14 4 Hancock 7 7 0 Stark 112 85 27 Hardin 17 7 10 Summit 91 1 90 Harrison 2 2 0 Trumbull 8 6 2 Henry1 0 0 0 Tuscarawas 115 60 55 Highland 28 23 5 Union 57 42 15 Hocking 23 19 4 Van Wert 25 21 4 Holmes 34 19 15 Warren 28 20 8 Huron 1 1 0 Washington 60 17 43 Jackson 27 13 14 Wayne 53 41 12 Knox 66 44 22 Williams1 0 0 0 Lake 103 67 36 Wood 90 64 26 Licking 35 22 13 Wyandot 126 96 30 TOTAL 80 counties 4,211 2,403 1,808 1 Counties where commodities were extracted, but no employment information was provided are represented with zeros in the employment fields. 2 Any tally inconsistencies are because of computer rounding produced by partial-year employment. 2018 Report on Ohio Mineral Industries 9
LIMESTONE AND DOLOMITE Directory of operators available at: http://geosurvey.ohiodnr.gov/economic-geology/economic-geology-home TEM LITHOSTRATIGRAPHIC UNITS Y S GROUP
Limestone and dolomite are Ohio’s most versatile S industrial minerals. Both are used by the construction industry as aggregate, as an essential ingredient in the cement industry, to produce lime, as a flux in the steel and Glacial clay glass industries, as filler in a multitude of products, as an Glacial sand and gravel agricultural supplement, in water purification, and as a Pleistocene
building stone. Ohio has long been a national leader in the ard production of lime and construction aggregates. ermian P Devonian and Silurian-age carbonates located in Dun k
the western half of Ohio are the primary geologic units a- producing crushed stone. Pennsylvanian and Mississippian- Fishpot limestone Redstone limestone age limestones are important sources of aggregate in local hela
markets of eastern Ohio (Stout, 1941; Lamborn, 1951). Monon g Bellaire sandstone Ames limestone Buffalo sandstone Cone- maugh Brush Creek limestone
y Upper Freeport sandstone Lower Kittanning clay Vanport limestone ennsylvanian
Production P Clarion shale Putnam Hill limestone • Tons produced = 65,458,961 (+4.7% from 2017) Alleghe n Newland-Brookville clay • U.S. ranking Tionesta clay ◦ 5th out of 50 producing states for crushed Middle Mercer clay tsville Massillon sandstone stone (USGS, 2019a) o t
P Sharon conglomerate 4th out of 28 producing states for lime ◦ Maxville Limestone (USGS, 2019b) Logan Formation • Top Producing Geologic Units (fig. 7): ◦ Columbus/Delaware Limestones (Devonian) ◦ Lockport Dolomite (Silurian) Black Hand Sandstone
Mississippian Buena Vista Sandstone ◦ Greenfield/Tymochtee Dolomites (Silurian) Berea Sandstone ◦ Brassfield Formation (Silurian) Bedford Shale Ohio Shale Sales Chagrin Member (See figs. 8 , 9) Ten Mile Creek Dolomite • Tons sold = 62,821,047 (+4.2% from 2017; table 11, onian Dundee Limestone Delaware Limestone 12) De v Columbus Limestone
• Value4 = $654,299,122 (table 9) ver R i Detroit • Leading counties (percentage of statewide sales): Salina Dolomite
◦ Wyandot (11.7%) alina “Salt beds” S ◦ Franklin (11.7%) Tymochtee Dolomite ◦ Ottawa (7.1%) Green eld Dolomite Erie (7.1%) Peebles Dolomite ◦ Cedarville Dolomite Employment Silurian Lockport Dolomite (See table 10) Laurel Limestone • Production employees reported = 1,320 Dayton Limestone Brass eld Formation • Nonproduction employees reported = 577 • Average employee annual wage = $51,651 • Total wages earned = $75,965,352 • Average days worked per operation = 196 vician Cincinnati k Black River Limestone Ord o ver Bla c R i
FIGURE 7. Stratigraphic column of nonfuel industrial minerals mined in Ohio during 2018. 4 Includes reported and estimated values. See footnote 1, p. 1. Modified from Brant and Delong (1960, table 9), Ohio Division of Geological Survey (1990), and Slucher and others (2006). 10 2018 Report on Ohio Mineral Industries Raw stone stone Raw for burning for 5 4,509 8,808 6,745 14,000 78,000 15,000 78,941 13,315 44,957 stone stone (aglime) Agricultural Agricultural cement cement portland Stone for for Stone manufacture 2,212 stone Dimension 67,118 21,600 63,941 12,504 886,188 371,540 393,288 610,499 369,000 544,579 750,000 193,131 311,857 254,374 305,000 702,294 346,000 5,041,205 1,566,094 2,089,000 2,827,745 1,993,836 1,707,566 other Unspecified/ fillers Extenders/ 7,000 10,348 12,000 ballast Railroad Railroad 8,611 2,288 32,088 116,357 312,502 206,448 108,122 227,615 588,894 Tons sold Tons 1,499,000 1,609,734 building Commercial Commercial 44 322 1,801 7,768 1,558 62,301 65,040 20,001 84,283 42,949 28,452 48,339 768,049 573,473 778,940 144,214 300,508 388,556 246,301 643,176 266,281 Road resurfacing construction/ 4,264 5,910 51,000 33,712 48,339 70,000 2018 Ohio limestone and dolomite sales, by county and county use by sales, and2018 Ohio dolomite limestone 184,249 346,000 599,239 263,000 345,000 321,323 325,455 121,000 Crushed and broken stone Crushed and broken concrete asphaltic Stone for for Stone 4,283 TABLE 11. TABLE 95,461 79,974 34,000 60,435 12,352 28,000 59,000 43,027 252,000 430,000 506,448 448,142 744,621 273,139 cement cement concrete portland Stone for for Stone 10,342 Flux Flux stone 350 116 3,814 4,588 9,000 1,209 3,554 7,557 2,172 5,000 3,714 85,958 41,374 77,000 61,909 14,000 13,579 39,833 Riprap 44 116 7,768 2,610 63,941 20,001 12,504 11,994 10,169 48,339 886,188 778,201 688,499 893,000 338,004 300,508 925,000 193,131 388,556 431,919 325,436 823,413 439,000 702,294 Total 1,464,506 1,566,094 1,879,350 1,664,489 2,941,000 4,496,365 7,572,304 1,336,413 1,993,836 2,352,914 1,258,258 44 116 7,768 2,610 63,941 20,001 12,504 11,994 10,169 48,339 886,188 782,710 688,504 971,000 338,004 300,508 925,000 193,131 388,556 438,664 325,436 823,413 439,000 702,294 types 1,464,506 1,566,094 1,893,350 1,673,297 2,956,000 4,577,518 7,585,619 1,336,413 1,993,836 2,352,914 1,303,215 Total all Total County Adams Allen Auglaize Belmont Brown Butler Clark Clermont Clinton Columbiana Coshocton Crawford Darke Delaware Erie Franklin Greene Guernsey Hamilton Hancock Hardin Harrison Highland Hocking Holmes Jackson Knox Licking Logan Lucas Mahoning Marion Mercer Miami Monroe 2018 Report on Ohio Mineral Industries 11 223,953 788,775 3,062,879 2,050,151 Raw stone stone Raw for burning for 24 8,247 19,000 13,533 18,891 39,000 362,975 stone stone (aglime) Agricultural Agricultural 556,965 556,965 cement cement portland Stone for for Stone manufacture 5,897 8,109 stone Dimension 350 6,744 34,314 30,125 13,016 487,817 391,343 350,692 975,964 160,671 609,450 203,208 350,000 269,766 666,000 588,642 4,840,612 1,448,506 2,145,406 other 35,000,985 Unspecified/ 723 1,699 17,000 229,000 248,422 fillers Extenders/ 5,000 5,000 4,000 43,348 ballast Railroad Railroad 75,000 15,000 80,000 100,000 191,079 351,677 335,387 Tons sold Tons 5,859,802 building Commercial Commercial 300 2,665 15,000 24,279 74,613 263,015 110,962 200,000 150,000 206,808 214,810 546,945 2,131,493 8,413,246 Road resurfacing 0 construction/ 40,000 82,605 167,417 100,000 300,000 438,903 596,878 Crushed and broken stone Crushed and broken 4,444,294 concrete asphaltic Stone for for Stone 2018 Ohio limestone and dolomite sales, by county and county use (cont’d.) by sales, and2018 Ohio dolomite limestone Refractory (tons) 53,965 60,000 88,000 84,182 27,000 37,037 129,321 435,323 300,000 276,006 891,370 352,742 1,384,826 5,909,505 cement cement concrete portland 1,281,149 Stone for for Stone TABLE 11. TABLE Chemical and industrial (tons) 32,000 42,342 Flux Flux stone 64,760 64,760 648 6,000 3,000 4,101 5,006 37,384 96,000 21,171 60,000 134,733 125,405 868,175 Riprap Building (tons) 650 2,665 880,153 272,281 609,450 203,208 207,744 481,000 260,125 383,956 666,000 248,997 615,642 1 Total 1,110,697 4,400,144 1,035,314 1,151,942 2,145,406 1,781,265 7,557,316 60,830,119 101,797 891,370 352,742 1,345,909 2018 Production of lime from Ohio, by county and county use 2018 Production by of lime from Ohio, Total tons Total 650 2,689 880,153 272,281 203,208 207,744 481,000 260,125 666,000 248,997 615,642 types 1,110,697 4,624,097 1,166,415 1,054,314 3,215,626 1,197,519 2,145,406 1,789,512 7,596,316 Total all Total 64,821,047 TABLE 12. TABLE County County Burning produced a 43.9% weight loss. a 43.9% weight Burning produced Montgomery Wood Ottawa Sandusky Seneca TOTAL 1 Muskingum Noble Ottawa Paulding Perry Pickaway Pike Portage Putnam Ross Sandusky Seneca Shelby Tuscarawas Union Wert Van Wayne Wyandot TOTAL 12 2018 Report on Ohio Mineral Industries
ASHTABULA
WILLIAMS FULTON LUCAS GEAUGA OTTAWA LAKE WOOD TRUMBULL HENRY CUYAHOGA DEFIANCE SANDUSKY ERIE LORAIN PORTAGE HURON MEDINA SUMMIT PAULDING SENECA PUTNAM HANCOCK MAHONING
VAN WERT WYANDOT CRAWFORD RICHLAND ASHLAND WAYNE ALLEN STARK COLUMBIANA HARDIN MERCER CARROLL AUGLAIZE MARION HOLMES MORROW TUSCARAWAS KNOX LOGAN JEFFERSON SHELBY UNION COSHOCTON HARRISON DELAWARE DARKE
CHAMPAIGN LICKING MIAMI GUERNSEY MUSKINGUM BELMONT MADISON FRANKLIN CLARK NOBLE PREBLE FAIRFIELD PERRY MONTGOMERY MONROE GREENE PICKAWAY MORGAN FAYETTE
HOCKING WASHINGTON BUTLER WARREN CLINTON ROSS ATHENS
VINTON HIGHLAND HAMILTON CLERMONT PIKE MEIGS JACKSON
BROWN ADAMS GALLIA SCIOTO
LAWRENCE
≥5,000,000 tons
1,000,000 – 4,999,999 tons 100,000 – 249,999 tons 500,000 – 999,999 tons 50,000 – 99,999 tons 250,000 – 499,999 tons <50,000 tons
FIGURE 8. Sales of limestone and dolomite in Ohio in 2018, by county and quantity.
90 700
80 600 70 ) ) s s sales 500 60 dolla r dolla r 50 400 illion illion 40 m m 300 ( ( 30
200 alue sales value v 20 100 10
0 0 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020
FIGURE 9. Sales and value of limestone and dolomite in Ohio. 2018 Report on Ohio Mineral Industries 13
SAND AND GRAVEL Directory of operators available at: http://geosurvey.ohiodnr.gov/economic-geology/economic-geology-home Sand and gravel are common raw materials that are Sand-and-gravel deposits in Ohio primarily are major constituents of asphalt, concrete, mortar, landscaping, associated with Wisconsinan-age glacial outwash and kame roofing shingles, soil additives, and many other products. terraces in the valleys and tributaries of the Great Miami, Sand-and-gravel production increased rapidly in Ohio Scioto, and Muskingum Rivers located in the southwestern, beginning in the 1950s with the development of improved central, and eastern portions of the state, respectively. mining and processing machinery and increased demand Important sand-and-gravel deposits also are found in glacial from road building (Ohio Division of Geological Survey, kames in northeastern Ohio, beach ridges associated with 1959). Many depleted sand-and-gravel operations have ancestral Lake Erie, and alluvium of modern floodplains of been redeveloped as parks, residential spaces, or commercial the Ohio River and its tributaries. facilities because of their proximity to urban areas.
ASHTABULA Production WILLIAMS FULTON LUCAS GEAUGA OTTAWA LAKE • Tons produced = 31,700,708 (–2.1% from 2017) WOOD TRUMBULL HENRY CUYAHOGA DEFIANCE SANDUSKY ERIE LORAIN • U.S. ranking PORTAGE HURON MEDINA SUMMIT PAULDING SENECA PUTNAM HANCOCK MAHONING ◦ 8th out of 50 producing states (USGS, 2019c)
VAN WERT WYANDOT CRAWFORD RICHLAND ASHLAND WAYNE ALLEN STARK COLUMBIANA Sales HARDIN (See figs. 10, 11) MERCER CARROLL AUGLAIZE MARION HOLMES MORROW TUSCARAWAS • Tons sold = 31,435,724 (–1.3% from 2017; table 13) KNOX LOGAN JEFFERSON SHELBY UNION COSHOCTON HARRISON DELAWARE 5 DARKE • Value = $245,606,387 (table 9)
LICKING CHAMPAIGN GUERNSEY MIAMI BELMONT MUSKINGUM • Leading counties (percentage of statewide sales): MADISON FRANKLIN CLARK NOBLE PREBLE FAIRFIELD PERRY MONTGOMERY MONROE ◦ Stark (12.8%) GREENE PICKAWAY MORGAN FAYETTE ◦ Butler (10.6%) HOCKING WASHINGTON BUTLER WARREN CLINTON ROSS Portage (10.1%) ATHENS ◦
VINTON HIGHLAND Hamilton (9.0%) HAMILTON ◦ CLERMONT PIKE MEIGS JACKSON ◦ Franklin (5.2%)
BROWN ADAMS GALLIA SCIOTO Employment (See table 10) LAWRENCE • Production employees reported = 1,036 • Nonproduction employees reported = 1,147 1,000,000 – 4,999,999 tons 100,000 – 249,999 tons • Average employee annual wage = $53,872 500,000 – 999,999 tons 50,000 – 99,999 tons • Total wages earned = $77,134,254 250,000 – 499,999 tons <50,000 tons • Average days worked per operation = 158
FIGURE 10. Sales of sand and gravel in Ohio in 2018, by county and quantity. 5 Includes reported and estimated values. See footnote 1, p. 1
70 300
60 250 ) ) s s 50 200 dolla r dolla r sales 40 150 illion illion m m 30 ( ( value 100
20 alue sales v
10 50
0 0 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020
FIGURE 11. Sales and value of sand and gravel in Ohio. 14 2018 Report on Ohio Mineral Industries 13 921 4,183 1,100 1,500 3,058 1,555 16,292 72,211 36,548 66,345 14,243 40,704 18,109 89,004 74,730 80,500 24,083 797,099 247,846 256,373 520,564 296,524 144,797 124,098 195,773 115,884 222,294 207,000 Gravel 13 8,075 2,317 2,010 2,435 3,139 1,500 46,924 34,074 14,244 40,702 80,500 22,000 90,289 811,291 247,845 273,595 254,090 223,672 651,196 278,920 124,241 267,349 109,697 348,657 199,358 223,303 Sand Other/unspecified 3,115 1,200 2,662 20,000 sand Industrial 1,409 sand Foundry 350 462 652 1,906 27,842 26,151 12,559 Gravel Filtration 500 461 5,780 11,062 24,696 Sand 588 4,000 1,898 97,755 20,274 26,380 47,937 66,256 64,955 17,509 88,814 78,614 158,189 Gravel 403 558 resurfacing 1,859 7,422 1,666 48,447 43,540 59,170 24,341 30,465 Sand Road construction/ 6,750 6,253 71,104 16,926 23,100 25,539 31,764 47,222 26,338 112,897 Gravel Tons sold Tons 5,680 71,656 35,284 52,960 29,729 88,098 35,225 21,000 19,000 85,463 106,067 Sand Asphaltic concrete 7,074 1,838 2,118 22,984 92,631 57,047 24,200 18,544 28,178 46,018 54,500 240,950 192,787 125,421 Gravel 2018 Ohio sand and gravel sales, by county and county use by sales, 2018 Ohio sand and gravel concrete 8,856 1,838 49,971 97,400 21,780 64,803 18,968 11,335 38,514 48,250 36,000 Portland cement cement Portland 377,983 160,228 626,923 331,045 131,222 245,669 237,798 586,078 Sand TABLE 13. TABLE 488 5,563 5,000 9,700 1,689 8,826 3,959 1,684 48,878 62,075 50,873 45,805 18,532 15,993 19,931 10,200 50,000 603,048 285,201 664,122 109,560 104,592 357,249 119,511 Gravel Building 489 567 8,401 1,689 1,966 6,581 1,000 7,678 24,224 56,698 10,513 10,494 11,804 25,000 13,168 45,400 11,200 29,029 54,625 36,297 351,321 641,056 Sand 921 5,563 5,000 1,689 1,500 8,826 4,325 62,088 36,548 14,243 20,176 40,704 65,485 77,518 19,576 80,500 32,608 162,925 166,342 483,766 133,164 681,803 581,564 167,021 302,716 513,069 516,657 321,194 165,884 403,055 207,000 Total Total gravel 1,799,286 1,218,388 2,317 2,010 4,135 1,689 1,500 1,966 80,746 71,247 10,513 40,457 14,244 25,000 40,702 70,583 16,665 11,902 80,500 78,000 107,792 468,842 285,957 173,396 961,697 368,782 363,020 324,618 458,008 594,997 112,485 934,735 237,872 348,850 185,096 1,540,595 1,623,297 Total sand Total 3,238 2,010 4,135 3,378 3,000 16,076 77,005 28,487 30,000 81,406 10,792 36,241 16,227 243,671 133,335 274,134 862,230 419,121 193,572 839,502 136,068 530,041 627,334 971,077 190,003 161,000 403,756 751,905 285,000 217,704 3,339,881 1,643,500 2,841,685 1,111,654 1,255,929 Total sand Total and gravel County Ashland Ashtabula Athens Butler Champaign Clark Columbiana Coshocton Cuyahoga Darke Defiance Fairfield Franklin Gallia Geauga Greene Hamilton Henry Highland Hocking Holmes Knox Licking Logan Lorain Lucas Madison Mahoning Marion Medina Meigs Miami Montgomery Morrow Muskingum 2018 Report on Ohio Mineral Industries 15 152 1,418 3,695 59,967 40,863 31,625 56,552 10,975 97,115 34,059 275,917 180,936 416,908 158,743 Gravel 5,042,276 100 153 5,695 46,646 15,508 10,975 97,115 29,118 30,114 282,230 669,388 155,572 105,830 657,235 236,789 Sand Other/unspecified 6,703,904 13,700 62,638 sand 103,315 Industrial 1,409 sand Foundry 2,438 57,865 36,865 Gravel 167,090 Filtration 554 1,440 3,736 28,000 76,229 Sand 427 6,338 10,161 14,059 12,679 126,461 344,132 164,692 Gravel 1,352,118 resurfacing 1,848 10,580 65,081 20,171 135,221 496,670 123,277 Sand Road construction/ 1,070,719 129 1,476 50,000 38,476 32,485 26,659 47,782 12,360 257,528 608,477 110,426 Gravel 1,553,691 Tons sold Tons 130 8,461 80,000 65,604 33,990 12,584 60,996 391,293 569,005 343,167 131,000 Sand Asphaltic concrete 2,246,392 80 20 4,064 5,935 69,350 27,429 48,253 14,810 15,925 105,000 113,621 Gravel 1,318,777 concrete 237 4,334 2018 Ohio sand and gravel sales, by county and county use (cont’d.) by sales, 2018 Ohio sand and gravel 20,429 14,822 54,935 Portland cement cement Portland 339,000 770,163 555,455 131,106 258,086 162,721 Sand 5,405,949 309 679 2,093 7,962 4,358 TABLE 13. TABLE 76,700 56,745 27,376 51,179 234,319 368,546 202,292 297,345 119,225 Gravel 4,051,607 Building 100 4,473 4,357 49,461 44,051 47,371 13,056 29,350 18,904 38,094 226,090 279,784 237,957 Sand 2,342,248 129 679 152 4,358 59,967 13,088 97,115 97,674 441,387 970,730 188,389 127,273 122,831 527,081 372,873 244,471 150,766 Total Total gravel 1,765,492 13,485,559 130 153 4,357 11,312 97,115 13,156 476,226 282,230 158,940 265,227 160,963 997,090 284,989 524,225 266,528 230,278 2,207,295 2,325,736 17,950,165 Total sand Total 259 305 8,715 24,400 13,835 917,613 342,197 347,329 392,500 283,794 194,230 657,862 768,696 417,294 327,952 3,178,025 4,065,589 1,524,171 31,435,724 Total sand Total and gravel 1 County Any tally inconsistencies are because of rounding. are tally inconsistencies Any Pickaway Pike Portage Preble Richland Ross Sandusky Scioto Shelby Stark Summit Tuscarawas Warren Washington Wayne Williams Wood Wyandot TOTAL 1 16 2018 Report on Ohio Mineral Industries
SANDSTONE AND CONGLOMERATE Directory of operators available at: http://geosurvey.ohiodnr.gov/economic-geology/economic-geology-home
Extensive high-quality sandstone and conglomerate Ohio led the nation in sandstone production for many deposits are located in central and eastern Ohio, from near decades; this natural resource continues to support the Lake Erie to the Ohio River. During the mid-1800s, these state’s industries today. Historically, the Pennsylvanian-age geologic resources were developed into large building- Massillon sandstone and the Devonian-age Berea Sandstone stone and glass production industries, and to support the of northern Ohio, as well as the Mississippian-age Buena steel and associated industries. Many prominent buildings Vista Sandstone in southern Ohio, have been the primary in the state use local building stones, including the Ohio geologic units quarried for building stone (Bownocker, 1915; Statehouse, Cleveland’s Old Stone Church, The Ohio State see also fig. 7). University’s Orton Hall, Cincinnati’s City Hall, and numerous other churches, monuments, and historic structures.
Production • Tons produced = 1,243,043 (–28.0% from 2017) • U.S. ranking ◦ 5th out of 50 producing states for crushed stone (USGS, 2019a) ◦ Detailed 2018 U.S. rankings for the 34 dimension-stone producing states were unavailable (USGS, 2019d); in 2017, Ohio ASHTABULA WILLIAMS FULTON LUCAS GEAUGA ranked in the top 20 OTTAWA LAKE WOOD TRUMBULL HENRY CUYAHOGA DEFIANCE SANDUSKY ERIE LORAIN • Top Producing Geologic Units (fig. 7): PORTAGE HURON MEDINA SUMMIT PAULDING SENECA PUTNAM HANCOCK ◦ Sharon conglomerate (Pennsylvanian) MAHONING
VAN WERT ◦ Berea Sandstone (Devonian) WYANDOT CRAWFORD RICHLAND ASHLAND WAYNE ALLEN STARK COLUMBIANA ◦ Logan Formation (Mississippian) HARDIN MERCER CARROLL AUGLAIZE MARION HOLMES MORROW ◦ Cuyahoga Formation (Mississippian) TUSCARAWAS KNOX LOGAN JEFFERSON SHELBY UNION COSHOCTON HARRISON DELAWARE Sales DARKE LICKING CHAMPAIGN GUERNSEY MIAMI (See figs. 12, 13) MUSKINGUM BELMONT MADISON FRANKLIN • Tons sold = 1,169,811 (–28.5% from 2017; table 14, CLARK NOBLE PREBLE FAIRFIELD PERRY MONTGOMERY MONROE GREENE PICKAWAY 15) MORGAN 6 FAYETTE • Value = $48,203,968 (table 9) HOCKING WASHINGTON BUTLER WARREN CLINTON ROSS • Leading counties (percentage of statewide sales): ATHENS VINTON HIGHLAND HAMILTON CLERMONT Geauga (64.6%) MEIGS ◦ PIKE JACKSON
Wayne (8.3%) GALLIA ◦ BROWN ADAMS SCIOTO ◦ Lake (5.8%) ◦ Pike (5.4%) LAWRENCE ◦ Knox (5.1%) Employment 500,000 – 999,999 tons <50,000 tons (See table 10) 50,000 – 99,999 tons • Production employees reported = 263 • Nonproduction employees reported = 115 • Average employee annual wage = $51,812 • Total wages earned = $16,935,892 FIGURE 12. Sales of sandstone and conglomerate in Ohio in 2018, by • Average days worked per operation = 162 county and quantity.
6 Includes reported and estimated values. See footnote 1, p. 1. 2018 Report on Ohio Mineral Industries 17
6 60
5 50 ) ) s s 4 40 dolla r dolla r 3 30 illion illion
sales m m ( ( 2 20 alue sales v value 1 10
0 0 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020
FIGURE 13. Sales and value of sandstone and conglomerate.
TABLE 14. 2018 Ohio sales of crushed sandstone and conglomerate, by county and use Tons sold Polishing/ Fire and County Foundry Metallurgical Engine Industrial Other/ Total Glass sand Refractory Riprap Aggregate Silica flour grinding furnace Frac sand Construction sand pebble sand sand unspecified sand sand Carroll 2,656 2,656 Columbiana 21,255 8,465 4,053 8,737 Geauga 755,418 86,092 185,347 1,807 5,785 19,496 280 222,093 27,573 206,945 Guernsey 9,600 2,600 7,000 Knox 58,474 11,810 15,267 7,714 5,662 5,417 7,215 5,389 Lake 67,701 56,144 11,557 Mahoning 42,573 42,573 Pike 62,748 28,805 33,943 Portage 15,884 15,884 Tuscarawas 11,504 3,052 7,998 454 Wayne 95,144 9,339 82,447 3,358 TOTAL 1,142,957 97,902 200,614 1,807 14,250 14,991 158,087 7,714 5,942 321,801 38,841 281,008
TABLE 15. 2018 Ohio sales of dimension sandstone, by county and use Tons sold County Rough Rough Other/ Total Refractory Rubble Grindstones Finished Curbing Flagging construction architectural unspecified Columbiana 177 177 Coshocton 5,960 5,960 Erie 8,078 3,626 94 1,731 2,617 10 Guernsey 5,451 5,451 Huron 2,701 2,701
Knox 833 242 81 510 Lorain 1,406 1,275 131 Scioto 582 582 Wayne 1,666 1,666 TOTAL 26,854 12,020 1,369 1,731 2,829 10 8,895 18 2018 Report on Ohio Mineral Industries
CLAY AND SHALE Directory of operators available at: http://geosurvey.ohiodnr.gov/economic-geology/economic-geology-home
The ceramics industry in Ohio has a long and dynamic used to produce value-added products (e.g., building bricks, history. Potteries were established by the early 1800s industrial ceramics, pottery, expanded aggregate, quarry to supply dinnerware, and by the early 1900s, Ohio was tile), thus the economic impact is much greater than the producing tremendous amounts of building bricks, sewer combined mined value. pipes, roof and floor tiles, paving bricks, art pottery, and Pennsylvanian-age shales and clays of eastern Ohio refractory products. Edward Orton, Jr., established the first are the primary sources of raw materials for the ceramics ceramics engineering program in the nation at Ohio State industry; Mississippian and Devonian-age shales of northern University in 1894. Ohio clay and shale still are being used and central Ohio and Pleistocene-age glacial clays of to produce important ceramic products, though production western Ohio are important secondary sources. General tonnages are much less than 100 years ago. Ohio ceramic discussions of clay and shale geology in Ohio can be found products are shipped throughout the eastern United States in Lamborn and others (1938) and Stout and others (1923). and Canada. Nearly all clay and shale produced in Ohio is
Production • Shale: • Tons produced (clay) = 742,357 (–18.7% from 2017) ◦ Tons sold = 524,129 (–17.1% from 2017; table • Tons produced (shale) = 443,552 (–34.3% from 2017) 17) • Detailed 2018 U.S. rankings for the 40 producing ◦ Value8 = $11,506,384 (table 9) states were unavailable (USGS, 2019e); in 2016, Ohio • Leading counties for shale (percentage of statewide was ranked 6th. sales): Sales ◦ Tuscarawas (35.6%) (See figs. 14, 15, 16, 17) ◦ Cuyahoga (32.2%) • Clay: ◦ Harrison (5.4%) ◦ Tons sold = 667,978 (–13.7% from 2017; table 16) ◦ Marion (5.2%) ◦ Value7 = $5,912,513 (table 9) ◦ Coshocton (4.8%) • Leading counties for clay (percentage of statewide Employment sales): (See also table 10) • Production employees reported = 252 ◦ Tuscarawas (28.0%) ◦ Paulding (19.7%) • Nonproduction employees reported = 172 ◦ Defiance (8.2%) • Average employee annual wage = $42,478 ◦ Mahoning (6.6%) • Total wages earned = $15,653,457 Washington (6.1%) ◦ • Average days worked per operation = 135
7 Includes reported and estimated values. See footnote 1, p. 1 8 Includes reported and estimated values. See footnote 1, p. 1 2018 Report on Ohio Mineral Industries 19
ASHTABULA ASHTABULA
WILLIAMS FULTON LUCAS WILLIAMS FULTON LUCAS GEAUGA GEAUGA OTTAWA LAKE OTTAWA LAKE WOOD WOOD TRUMBULL TRUMBULL HENRY CUYAHOGA HENRY CUYAHOGA DEFIANCE SANDUSKY DEFIANCE SANDUSKY ERIE LORAIN ERIE LORAIN PORTAGE PORTAGE HURON MEDINA SUMMIT HURON MEDINA SUMMIT PAULDING SENECA PAULDING SENECA PUTNAM HANCOCK PUTNAM HANCOCK MAHONING MAHONING
VAN WERT VAN WERT WYANDOT CRAWFORD RICHLAND ASHLAND WAYNE WYANDOT CRAWFORD RICHLAND ASHLAND WAYNE ALLEN STARK COLUMBIANA ALLEN STARK COLUMBIANA HARDIN HARDIN MERCER CARROLL MERCER CARROLL AUGLAIZE MARION HOLMES AUGLAIZE MARION HOLMES MORROW MORROW TUSCARAWAS TUSCARAWAS LOGAN KNOX LOGAN KNOX JEFFERSON UNION JEFFERSON SHELBY UNION SHELBY COSHOCTON HARRISON COSHOCTON HARRISON DELAWARE DELAWARE DARKE DARKE
LICKING LICKING CHAMPAIGN GUERNSEY CHAMPAIGN GUERNSEY MIAMI MIAMI MUSKINGUM BELMONT MUSKINGUM BELMONT FRANKLIN MADISON FRANKLIN MADISON CLARK CLARK
NOBLE FAIRFIELD NOBLE PREBLE FAIRFIELD PERRY PREBLE PERRY MONTGOMERY MONROE MONTGOMERY MONROE GREENE PICKAWAY GREENE PICKAWAY MORGAN MORGAN FAYETTE FAYETTE
HOCKING WASHINGTON HOCKING WASHINGTON WARREN BUTLER WARREN CLINTON BUTLER CLINTON ROSS ROSS ATHENS ATHENS
VINTON VINTON HIGHLAND HIGHLAND HAMILTON HAMILTON CLERMONT CLERMONT MEIGS PIKE MEIGS PIKE JACKSON JACKSON
BROWN ADAMS GALLIA BROWN ADAMS GALLIA SCIOTO SCIOTO
LAWRENCE LAWRENCE
100,000 – 249,999 tons 100,000 – 249,999 tons 50,000 – 99,999 tons <50,000 tons <50,000 tons
FIGURE 14. Clay sales in Ohio in 2018, by county and quantity. FIGURE 15. Shale sales in Ohio in 2018, by county and quantity.
4 14
12 ) ) 3 s s sales 10 dolla r dolla r 8 2 value illion illion m m 6 ( (
4 alue sales 1 v 2
0 0 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020 FIGURE 16. Sales and value of clay in Ohio.
5 16
14 4
12 ) ) s s 10
3 dolla r dolla r 8 illion illion
sales m ( m 2 ( 6 alue v
sales 4 1 value 2
0 0 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020 FIGURE 17. Sales and value of shale in Ohio. 20 2018 Report on Ohio Mineral Industries
TABLE 16. 2018 Ohio clay sales, by county and use Tons sold County Common clay Vitrified Cement Other/ Total Stoneware Refractories Construction Landfill use products products manufacture unspecified Ashtabula 3,452 3,452 Athens 22,000 22,000 Auglaize 1,798 1,798 Cuyahoga 6,291 1,304 4,987 Defiance 55,000 55,000
Franklin 10,920 10,920 Geauga 8,860 8,860 Jackson 33,514 5,627 27,887 Licking 40,485 40,485 Mahoning 43,789 43,789
Muskingum 26,825 11,825 1,000 7,000 7,000 Paulding 131,624 131,624 Perry 11,505 11,505 Portage 7,078 68 7,000 10 Stark 2,920 2,920
Trumbull 33,923 33,923 Tuscarawas 187,260 164,189 22,659 412 Washington 40,734 40,734
TOTAL 667,978 190,689 1,000 0 154,283 12,627 98,671 121,843 88,865
TABLE 17. 2018 Ohio shale sales, by county and use Tons sold County Common clay Vitrified Cement Lightweight Other/ Total Construction Landfill use products products manufacture aggregate unspecified Columbiana 9,795 9,795 Coshocton 25,196 25,196 Cuyahoga 168,597 168,597 Harrison 28,202 28,202 Knox 1,148 1,148
Licking 20,268 20,268 Mahoning 17,517 17,517 Marion 27,242 27,242 Muskingum 10,000 10,000 Perry 22,674 22,674
Tuscarawas 186,363 186,363 Wayne 7,127 7,127 TOTAL 524,129 267,302 0 0 168,597 10,000 25,196 53,034 2018 Report on Ohio Mineral Industries 21
SALT Directory of operators available at: http://geosurvey.ohiodnr.gov/economic-geology/economic-geology-home
Salt was one of the first industrial minerals produced in The modern salt industry in Ohio began in 1956 with Ohio and was a valuable commodity to early pioneers who the construction of the underground salt mine at Fairport obtained it from natural springs. The first State Legislature Harbor in Lake County. A second large underground enacted laws concerning salt springs in 1803–1804, and operation was constructed in Cleveland, beginning in 1957. wells were drilled in Jackson and Muskingum Counties, The primary use for Ohio salt in 2018 was ice control. Salt leading to the first commercial salt production in the also was used as an additive in animal feed, for cattle blocks, state. The most important area for early salt production and as a commercial and residential water-softening agent. was in Meigs County, beginning in 1850. By 1903, Ohio Salt production in 2018 decreased slightly from 2017, was producing 14.7 percent of all salt in the United States and sales decreased for the third straight year. Decreased (Bownocker, 1906). sales are likely a result of the unusually warm winter with lower-than-average precipitation.
ASHTABULA Production WILLIAMS FULTON LUCAS 2 GEAUGA OTTAWA LAKE • Tons produced = 3,835,221 (–16.7% from 2017) WOOD TRUMBULL HENRY CUYAHOGA SANDUSKY DEFIANCE ERIE 1 LORAIN • U.S. ranking PORTAGE HURON MEDINA SUMMIT PAULDING SENECA 5th out of 16 producing states (USGS, 2019f) PUTNAM HANCOCK ◦ 3 MAHONING VAN WERT WYANDOT CRAWFORD RICHLAND ASHLAND WAYNE ALLEN STARK COLUMBIANA • Top producing geologic units (fig. 7): HARDIN 4 MERCER CARROLL ◦ Salina Group (Silurian) AUGLAIZE MARION HOLMES MORROW TUSCARAWAS KNOX LOGAN JEFFERSON Sales SHELBY UNION COSHOCTON HARRISON DELAWARE DARKE (See figs. 18, 19)
LICKING CHAMPAIGN GUERNSEY MIAMI MUSKINGUM BELMONT • Tons sold = 3,909,206 (–11.9% from 2017) MADISON FRANKLIN 5 CLARK 9 FAIRFIELD NOBLE • Value = $218,146,674 (table 9) PREBLE PERRY MONTGOMERY MONROE GREENE PICKAWAY MORGAN FAYETTE Employment HOCKING WASHINGTON BUTLER WARREN CLINTON ROSS (See table 10) ATHENS
VINTON HIGHLAND • Production employees reported = 238 HAMILTON CLERMONT PIKE MEIGS JACKSON • Nonproduction employees reported = 184
BROWN ADAMS GALLIA SCIOTO • Average employee annual wage = $73,918
LAWRENCE • Total wages earned = $31,045,473 • Average days worked per operation = 292
Salt
FIGURE 18. Counties producing salt in Ohio in 2018 and their rankings in sales. 9 Includes reported and estimated values. See footnote 1, p. 1.
7 250
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FIGURE 19. Sales and value of salt in Ohio. 22 2018 Report on Ohio Mineral Industries
REFERENCES CITED Bownocker, J.A., 1906, Salt deposits and the salt industry in U.S. Department of Energy (USDOE), 2019, Monthly Coal Ohio: Columbus, Geological Survey of Ohio, Fourth Series, Production Estimates, January–December 2018: U.S. Bulletin No. 8, 42 p. Department of Energy, Energy Information Administration, Bownocker, J.A., 1915, Building stones of Ohio: Columbus, last accessed August 12, 2019, at
LIST OF DOWNLOADABLE APPENDICES Mineral commodity summaries as well as the following 2018 Sandstone and conglomerate companies reporting sales appendices can be found on the Ohio Department of Natural and/or production, by company and county Resources, Division of Geological Survey website at http:// http://geosurvey.ohiodnr.gov/economic-geology/mineral- geosurvey.ohiodnr.gov/economic-geology/mineral-industry- industry-summaries/post/2018-sandstone-conglomerate summaries 2018 Clay and Shale companies reporting sales and/or 2018 Coal companies reporting sales and/or production, by production, by company and county company and county http://geosurvey.ohiodnr.gov/economic-geology/mineral- http://geosurvey.ohiodnr.gov/economic-geology/mineral- industry-summaries/post/2018-clay-shale industry-summaries/post/2018-coal 2018 Salt companies reporting sales and/or production, by 2018 Limestone and dolomite companies reporting sales and/ company and county or production, by company and county http://geosurvey.ohiodnr.gov/economic-geology/mineral- http://geosurvey.ohiodnr.gov/economic-geology/mineral- industry-summaries/post/2018-salt industry-summaries/post/2018-limestone-dolomite
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