CEU eTD Collection W ARTIM In partial fulfillmentIn partial the for degreeMasterinGender ofArts Studies of SHI F E SEXUAL VIOLENCE IN VIOLENCE SEXUAL E T S

IN THE PUBLIC DISCOU PUBLIC THEIN Department Gender Studies of

Central EuropeanCentral University Supervisor: Jana Kujund Budapest, Hungary Submitted to

2014 Elissa Elissa By

Helms

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CEU eTD Collection Key word feminist legal reasoning. violence. sexual issue the around discourse public the in elements nationalist the on focusing ( benefits t reports media relevant is violence sexual wartime of victims of category legal the since forward step important an presents itself law The feminist. be to claim does not victims` regulation status of the legal inprompting keyhas a organization been in Women of Association discourse. public the from disappeared fem nationalist Croatia in debates period time recent the of analysis the in media Croatian in violence sexual op as perpetrators the on focus milder a with but way sensationalist and populist a in report still c one first The 1990s. the since violence sexual wartime of vio sexual of victims of status the regulate will which law new the of proposal draft recent the following Croatia in violence sexual wartime of issue the on focus will thesis This he law itself law he 2014 pose ) . d This paper contributes to the existing literature on the gender the on literatureexisting the to contributes paper This

since the since to the media reports in the in reports media the to s lence. T lence. : wartime sexual violence, sexual wartime legal raises certain objections certain raises inist

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t financial means for this law are not foreseen in the state budget for this year this for budget state the in foreseen not are law this for means financial wo major sh major wo also builds upon feminist legal theories by examining the new law through law new the examining by theories legal feminist upon builds also To positioning Two . s

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A f rain feminist Croatian of 90s. the most controversial issue is the matter of financial of matter the is issue controversial most the being BSTRACT econd shift concerns shift econd feminist theories, public discourse

19 Dubravka Žarkov`s analysis of media reports of of reports media of analysis Žarkov`s Dubravka s i

introduced for the first time. time. first the for introduced

90s

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s rsne a a tpig stone stepping a as presented is hne sne national since changed draft of the of draft

oncerns the media reports media the oncerns s

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and nationalism by nationalism and ist , nationalism - T

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the - CEU eTD Collection Imedical difficult times assistance be inthis will grateful. forever Jovan and Đorđe friends, dear my to least, not but Last Lanathank I mebecome Petö.helped theperson She am today. to want I expressions, legal and system legal Croatian the understanding with help the all For I recommendation of wouldn`t able towr be letters and inspiration support, their Without studies. Croatian for department the from Matić Renato and Mraović gratit my show to like also would I interviewmycrucial wasfordiscourse violence. sexual thewartime understanding around of correspondence and law new the to objections feminist the about information insider the all for Pamuković Nela thank to want I yearthroughoutprogram. one this involveme dedicated and assistance her with mentor a as and professor a as me inspired editing. and writing thesis of process painful this through me led which insights helpful fore and First I also want to thank Marija Slišković, for the interview, the book and the movie. Our Our movie. the and book the interview, the for Slišković, Marija thank to want also I ot I at o hn m sprio, lsa em, o hr id upr and support kind her for Helms, Elissa supervisor, my thank to want I most, . Without her help. Without ite this acknowledgments this thefirstite in place. for for las patient always A

CKNOWLEDGMENTS my understmy

ude to my former professors and supervisors, Irena Cajner Cajner Irena supervisors, and professors former my to ude ly

anding of the topic would be incomplete. andingwould be ofthe topic ii nwrn m qetos hog or online our through questions my answering

of Sociology, University of Zagreb of University Sociology, . For their love, companionship and companionship love, their For .

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CEU eTD Collection 5. Bibliogr 4. Conclusion Legal3. debatesand framework feminist discourse2. Public onthetopicof violence sexual wartime Introduction1. Abbreviations of List Acknowledgments Abstract T 3.3 Feminist objections thenew to law 3.2. TheofsexualviolenceLawvictims new inthe onthewar 3.1 Croatian legal of war regulation victims` status 2.2 violence2.1 Croatian aboutsexual wartime mediain1990s reports 1.3 Researchmethods design and 1.2 Recent politicalcontext 1.1 Croatian discourse 1990swartime OF ABLE 2.1.3 Shift in themedia in reports2.1.3 Shift thefeminist/women`s in 2.1.2 Shift discourses and2.1.1 “TheRio” amongCroatian thesplit from feminists witches Sunny

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CEU eTD Collection domovinskom 2014: 1 agencyimplies and notpassivity. term this because “survivor” term the use will I allows context the when but clarity of sake disc the on reporting am I Since victimhood. of discourse the reproduces term that using the of issues the victims the about discourse public violence sexual of victims the about discourse public the in nationalism and ethnicity of issues debates. feminist and representations media in violence sexual wartime wa of war the surrounding debates the femini violence sexual representations and reports media with concerned is shifts these of One violence. o conducted the on focus will thesis This 1. The draft proposal of the Law on victims of sexual violence was released for public debate on the 17 the on debate public for released was violence sexual of victims on Law the of proposal draft The

I issues of1990swar ourses NTRODUCTION https://www.branitelji.hr/pregled/nacrt tm sxa violence sexual rtime sts Throughout my thesis my Throughout . 1 The new law is important because it it because important is law new The

working on the issue of working the on , legal framework , legal - ratu the n gender,

. , and the otherthe and date access date My research questions questions research My recent recent

ethnicity and nationalism come up in the in up come nationalism and ethnicity time sexual violence? sexualviolence? time

the draft proposal of a new Law on victims of sexual violence during violence sexual of victims on Law new a of proposal draft the ed: 20.3.2014 ed: ulc icus i Cro in discourse public

and media representations I for expressions usetheirwill the own representations and media s a victims war as is found is

I will be using be will I two major shifts shifts major two wartime sexual violence sexual wartime

of war of - prijedloga

among are time sexual violence in Croatia? When and how and When Croatia? in violence sexual time : In what ways do ways what In : . The new law also brought back the issue of of issue the back brought also law new The .

the positioning of positioning the - the term “victim” even though I am aware that that aware am I though even “victim” term the 1 zakona officially officially

ht ee ruh t lgt y h rsac I research the by light to brought were that - o ta concerning atia - pravima re . These shifts are brought to light by brought areby shifts . These light to cognizes, es this new law new this es - zrtava current public discourse about discourse public current Croatian - seksualnog for the first time, victims time, first the for 1990s women`s groups and groupswomen`s

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women`s groups periodand time feministsintherecent women`s Media representations of wartime sexual violence have changed from the from changed have violence sexual wartime of representations Media s be can research this of importance The viole sexual wartime around Discourse wl bgn y rvdn cnet f the of context providing by begin will I of the Croatian city of Vukovar of city Croatian the of voec and violence l arkov`s analysis of the Croatian media Croatian the arkov`s analysis of

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. discourse of wartime sexual violence in the post the in violence sexual wartime of discourse Th - s hss a b stae in situated be can thesis is state building process, building state itmzd bodies victimized s n oe` groups women`s and ist mns ltrtr o gne, ainls ad war and nationalism gender, on literature eminist - in the recent time period time recent the in war period. W ar and recent political context. context. political recent and ar 2

because of its importance concerning the new the concerning importance its of because

c i Cota ant e xmnd without examined be cannot Croatia in nce een in the two shifts which show which shifts two the in een ,

In exploring these issues I will will I issues these exploring In n te role the and 19 the post the

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in the in reports on wartime sexual violence to to violence sexual wartime on reports he bodr debates: broader three -

war has changed as well as changed has time . 19

f h media the of period and period . I will will I . In the second chapter I will will I chapter second the In 90s and 90s

in Croatia, explaining the the explaining Croatia, in - also also

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split split and and and ing ing CEU eTD Collection units paramilitary De law itself. violence sexual wartime of issuethe around shifts two the about points important of of regulation thinking feminist critical le feminist critical through scholars Anglo of works the of some translating feminist and Croatia in introducing scholarship by Croatia in scholarship legal to contribution law new briefly Iwill chapter third the In itself. law actual the and law the about reports media the between discrepancies the examine the since violence identified Croatian feminists text. the in further show will I which discourse violence. sexual of topic briefly

lrto o Idpnec in Independence of claration h nw a frhr n h tid chapter. third the in further law new the

present Žarkov`s analysis of media reports during the during reports media of analysis Žarkov`s present The 1.1

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victims of wartime sexual violence. sexual wartimeof victims ROATIAN ROATIAN

beg around the issue of war theissueof around 19 a 90s. 90s. n ain itrcl con of account historical oatian

19 forming and they and forming Žarkov`s analysis helps to point out the recent change in the public the in change recent the out point to helps analysis Žarkov`s truh y analysis, my through , nses at the draft proposal of the new law. I law. new the of proposal draft the at nses peet h rcn mda discour media recent the present I 90 S WARTIME DISCOURSE WARTIME S present feminist le feminist present ue f 1991, of June

legal feminist reasoning in reasoning feminist legal time rape. time aligned with the local militia against the Croatian Croatian the against militia local the with aligned s shlr Ivana scholar ist 3 n h cnlso I il umrz te most the summarize will I conclusion the In eiit eae aon te war the around debates feminist

I will present feminist objections to the draftthe to objections Ifeminist present will

n h esen rn o Croatia of front eastern the on n prahn te eilto ad legal and legislation the approaching in gal theories relevant for the analysis of the of analysis the for relevant theories gal wl also will I

Then I explain will Then vns tts ht fe te Croatian the after that states events

19 Radačić made an important important an made Radačić lbrt o the on elaborate se around the new law and and law new the around se

90s wartime concerning the the concerning wartime 90s my thesis thesis my - American

show the importance of of importance the show

the two overview of legal legal of overview I will be will I

legal feminist legal recent pi among split time sexual sexual time and the new the and

looking looking Serbian

shifts shifts I CEU eTD Collection 2 and 14 agreement mostly this context, toCroat victims) refers commemoration pub Croatian in s the and people 300 o and wounded numerous and non alongside civilians captured broken was defense Croatian the resistance of days seven Yugosla the of units the of involvement the following Croatia in context political recent the for 57 an Croatia in 19 which city the north a Selo, 1989” in (2007:4). already started minority Serbian and majority Croatian between clashes armed Guard. National Croatian the and Affairs Internal of Ministry Official webpage of Croatian Central Bureau of Statistics, ofStatistics, CentralBureau Croatian ofwebpage Official ne of the of ne . 90s. ethnically mixed city and a and city mixed ethnically 46 - % Croat and 32 and Croat % east of Croatia of east

, 000 have returned000 have Vukova Vuk of context The settlement in the county of Vukovar. of county the in settlement earch for the missing persons are persons missing the for earch

The tension escalated after the massacre of twelve Croatian policemen in Borovo in policemen Croatian twelve of massacre the after escalated tension The

since Vukovar since most notorious massacre notorious most n 95 Fo aon 1,0 t 18,000 to 17,000 around From 1995. in were were

ws fiily reintegrated officially was r suffered

rcsin n Vukovar in procession taken from the hospital, the from taken i dsore n eey er n h 1t o Nvme tee s a is there November of 18th the on year every and discourse lic , bordering with Serbia. Croatian national narrative perceives Vukovar as as Vukovar perceives narrative national Croatian Serbia. with bordering ,

. 88% Serb 88%

the most tragic consequences tragic most the

(Pokos andŽivić 2004:740) is a powerful symbol of Croatian victimhood Croatian of symbol powerful a is ovar is important for the national public discour public national the for important is ovar

ccording to the last population census population last the to ccording 2 - . civilians were executed. were civilians

I will explain further why its why further explain will s

happened in Ovčara, a farm near Vukovar where around where Vukovar near farm a Ovčara, in happened

s remembrance as

. killed

The op The still ongoing. still .

Vuko 4 in

to grave mass a in buried and www.dzs.hr en siege of Vukovar began in began Vukovar of siege en

var is a Croatian city Croatian a is var rai i 1998 in Croatia

xld rain iies aon 13 around citizens, Croatian exiled .

and N v People`s v owadays Vukovar is referred to as a hero city hero a as to referred is Vukovar For Croatian national war national Croatian For

heavy losses heavy f h fl ad t victims its and fall the of , dat , e accessed: 22.5.14. accessed: e

mi Žarkov states that “in Croatia “in that states Žarkov , however,

xed population is important is population xed Army (JNA). (JNA). Army

in 2011 2011 in

olwn te Dayton the following .

during the war in the in war the during Vukovar was always was Vukovar situated at the very the at situated se around the war war the around se

. many them are of the population is population the The exhumation exhumation The

After July of 1991 1991 of July narratives

i this (in eighty , 000 -

CEU eTD Collection communities Serbian in go not will I (JNA). forces Army Yugoslav`s by up backed soon was it and independence Croatian against main frame of Balkanist and Orientalist, perceptions Eurocentric, the of parcel and part extent great a “to also was terr certain of sovereignty to right proclaimed and ethnicity of because precisely groups ethnic different among on going was war” “ethnic term The 2009:5). (Žarkov community” international war” “ethnic term the used was war” “civil term war. the of narratives Croatian official 2011:19). (Nazor Yugoslavia of dissolution the of cause main MiloševićSlobodanand of politics the identifies warveteran, ( The war crimes thou suppo not still is Vukovar of fall the of commemoration Serb either are There rates employment 2004:742). Živić low and (Pokos and situation economic difficult the to due again city the leaving Velikosrpska gh the former Serb former the gh Homeland rm h Cota perspect Croatian the From In

the the col,cfe hp adrsarns iie y tnct; the ethnicity; by divided restaurants and shops coffee schools, .

f h Balkans the of

or Croat. There has been no reconciliation of history and the annual annual the and history of reconciliation no been has There Croat. or C agresija reference for Yugoslavreferencefor disintegration W roatian public discourse the discourse public roatian to ar ( ar

ra dti expla detail great Domovinski rat Domovinski and the and

ian president, Boris Tadić, Boris president, ian na hc ws wdl acce “widely was which

mostly by the international community international the by mostly Hrvatsku - oh ihn n otie f it of outside and within both breakup of Yugoslavia Yugoslavia of breakup Since the reintegration the city has been has city the reintegration the Since itories ( itories v te a satd eas the because started war the ive ). Ante Nazor, Croatian national historian and a former former a and historian national Croatian Nazor, Ante ). ) or in some cases Greater Serbian Aggression on Croati on Aggression Serbian casesGreater some in or ) nn te itrcl eainhp between relationship historical the ining Žarkov states that at the beginning the at that states Žarkov Ibid.

war 5 ).

time period from 1991 from period time But as Žarkov notes, the term “ethnic war” “ethnic term the notes, Žarkov as But visited Vukovar visited pted both inside Yugoslavia and by the the by and Yugoslavia inside both pted ”

(Ibid. since - ht lwy u srl bcm the became surely but slowly that td y h Serb the by rted ). a lot lot a

the idea of Greater Serbia as the asGreaterSerbia of idea the His op His has been written been has

but it was soon replaced by by replaced soon was it but in 2007 and apologized for for apologized and 2007 in indicat

Serb

- inion is shared by shared is inion ethnically segregated. segregated. ethnically 1995 ed aekont be to known are y

of the conflict the of

ioiy rebelled minority ouain e population,

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Croatian and and Croatian

about to it ven ven the the the by as a

CEU eTD Collection 3 veterans from deals Ministry v for founded was ( Defenders of Ministry 1997 in government Croatian of decision pa political all national Croatian aggressors. of latter the and defenders of former the positions; fixed two in Serbia and victimhood for claims homeland. their defended who ones the of position their implies chapter. second my in analysis Žarkov`s Croatia the by personified was Croatia si Croatians not and Croatia term the using deliberately am I attacking. was who one the the for fought was in used the with some of post the in veterans War Homeland Croatian of masculinities nationhood. Croatian and Yugoslavia of breakup media Croatian mainstream the in presented narratives 1995) 2006 (See writers international and national both Official website of the Ministry of defenders: ofdefenders: ofthe Ministry website Official eterans , Kkc 21) a peetd n i M tei a eaoae con o historical of account elaborate an thesis MA his in presented has (2012) Kukec . aDnl 2002, MacDonald

I will briefly explain the key terms that I will be using throughout my throughout using be will I that terms key the explain briefly will I Croatian national narratives describing narratives national Croatian .

his points furtherhis points inthe

“Homeland “Homeland u is ae lo pas f t of speaks also name its But

World War II War World as well. rties in Croatia differing in the degree and the manner of expression. By the the By expression. of manner the and degree the in differing Croatia in rties o ol wt te a vtrn fo the from veterans war the with only not war eeoig n nertd ytm f ae o dif for care of system integrated an developing defense of the the of defense

W narratives and establishment and ar” esn 2001, Benson (Domovinski rat (Domovinski

text (Kukectext 2012). a rise from this position and this position is prevalent among prevalent is position this and position this from rise homeland. homeland.

http://www.branitelji.hr/ mda n the in media n aa 20, akvć 98 Gre 1996, Garde 1998, Matković 2001, Banac e sue psto o defending of position assumed he The term term The

of absolute innocence. absolute of

) example for Croatia was merely defending itself; it was not was it itself; defending merely was Croatia and “defender and 6

the the In his thesis he was exploring the shifts in shifts the exploring was he thesis his In

defender 19 90s wa 90s

and political narratives related to the to related narratives political and : 19 Jović 200 Jović , date accessed: 29.5.14. accessed: date , 19 0 a I il hw n presenting in show will I as 90s s s

rtime and it implies that the war the that implies it and rtime ” refers 0 wr u as with also but war 90s ( - branitelji a cnet I il eun to return will I context, war

I This term also enables the the enables also term This t

3, Čolović 2009, Ivanović 2009, Čolović 3, to the war veterans and it it and veterans war the to Ministarstvo eet aeois f war of categories ferent also ). Homeland ). foregrounds Croatia Croatia foregrounds

even though the the though even

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tions in Croatia in 1990 and Franjo and 1990 in Croatia in tions R and Mesić wa Mesić and

ECENT POLITICAL CONT POLITICAL ECENT but with now

Even though Croatia has Croatia though Even because the political context is relevant for the further understanding of Croatian Croatian of understanding further the for relevant is context political the because e EU and both advocated for and for advocated both and EU e them during their during them they

Stjepan bri ,

HDZ lost the lost HDZ fy xli te oiia cnet rm the from context political the explain efly ha

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CEU eTD Collection 5 Vukovar (Bradar signs those of breaking violent and protests caused which Vukovar, in buildings the on up set were website organizat veterans` war 22 by Vukovar“ Croatian of defense rights. minority exe be would which reverence special of place Vukovar of city the of Statue changethe to clauseand that oferasure the for push to started wingparties Right Vukovar.of Vuk vet war population ofVukovar. census population last th of third a least at up make requires which Latin the alongside discourses political recent the of because Vukovar of context recent the explain briefly will I section EUR was Sander somewhat http://stozerzaobranuhrvatskogvukovara.hr/o ovar has been an official alphabet official an been has ovar ) from governmental and public companies (Škiljić companies public and governmental from ) R erans and and erans 5 ).

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CEU eTD Collection homeland. Croatian 6 sta acknowledged. whose violence sexual wartime of survivors of position difficult family, one`s for benefits social pension, monthly insurance, health w even encounter they struggles in this all Taking (PTSD) disorder stress Posttraumatic the to related be can diseases and system the since by signaled ( associations role active the of renegotiation war fro changed position their that argues He society. Croatian in legal rights 2014). (Hina the blame they Also, graveyards. the on wreaths placing taken is picture their when year a once only government the by made visits the resent they and government current the of work the with the by procession the from off cut were officials government Vukovar of government. current the to regard in (Špoljar 2013). in but 2009 in Statute HSP and HDZ parties wing right the that fact the is Croatian Party of Rights of Party Croatian time time defenders lead by lead defenders Kukec (2012:65) explains the d the explains (2012:65) Kukec to a a to 19 current

the estimated number of 2 of number estimated the 90s mainly caused by tumors, cardiovascular diseases, diseases of the digestive the of diseases diseases, cardiovascular tumors, by caused mainly 90s osqecs f nuy and injury of consequences Kukec asv, agnlzd n in one marginalized passive,

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(See: Horvat 1990) Horvat (See: to government for the systematic disdain systematic the for government

account about the lives of lives the about account

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2012:70). 2012:70). -

Ante Starčević. Ante Starčević was a politician who is considered the father of the the of father the considered is who politician a was Starčević Ante Starčević. Ante

03 they 2013 the Headquarters (Patković 2013). (Patković Headquarters the

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ith their legal status regulated status legal their ith e nay oiin o de of positions uneasy he hc cn e en in seen be can which ulcy poe te nrdcin f Cyrillic of introduction the opposed publicly During the last year`s ann year`s last the During , 000 suicides and overall 30 overall and suicides 000 ifficulties of adaptation to peace time peace to adaptation of ifficulties

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9 war veterans in the post the in veterans war

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Centar za Žene Žrtve rata) Žrtve Žene za Centar interview the for be favorable more would I it since thought

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CEU eTD Collection (and was ideologynationalistic ethno Yugoslavia former of states the in media Concerning 2009). (Carpenter others from 2011: ideolog a never is media influence and shape also relations power but relations power anddecision(Carpenter makers public Media opinion impacts 2009). influences issues those of framing and zones conflict in issues certain of coverage Media groups” produceethnic that wars as war ethnic the warand media the both perceive in representation media th argued Žarkov insurmountable. as represented and magnified were differences these gro racial or ethnic other some as differentiated or segregated as never were Yugoslavia former in groups in ways and identity national the sustaining andbuilding in employed was media national conflict afterthe late the importan an had media Mass 19 the about reports media Croatia the of analysis Žarkov`s present will t In 2. he mass media media mass he 90s.

the beginning of of beginning the P national difference (Volčič difference national UBLIC DISCOURSE ON T ON DISCOURSE UBLIC

13). T

ical reproduction since it since reproduction ical Mass media has the power to highlight certain issues while drawing attention drawing while issues certain highlight to power the has media Mass 19

hen I will elaborate on two major shifts around the issue of wartime sexual violence sexual wartime of issue the around shifts major two on elaborate will I hen h mda f ifrn ex different of media the

80s and beginning of beginning and 80s

eta, betv osre o reporter or observer objective neutral, ups in other parts of the world the of parts other in ups concerning the war and national identities in former Yugoslavia. former in identities national and war the concerning this chapter I will briefly go over the theoretical framework of the role of of role the of framework theoretical the over go briefly will I chapter this omr uolva rdcd tnct, r n e on word own her in or ethnicity, produced Yugoslavia former t role in shaping and producin and shaping in role t

still is) the dominant ideology through which the social reality reality social the which ideologythrough dominant the is) still 19 and Džihana 2011 Džihana and

represent 90s in the former Yugoslavia. In the beginning, during and and during beginning, the In Yugoslavia. former the in 90s - uolv onre. akv ons u that out points Žarkov countries. Yugoslav HE TOPIC OF WARTIME WARTIME OF TOPIC HE s soci s ”

(2001: 12

al

:8 . Mass media media Mass . and power relations (Volčič and Džihana Džihana and (Volčič relations power and

81) ). The history is represented in different different in represented is history The ). .

In the interest of nationalist projects nationalist of interest the In g

ethnic and national identities in identities national and ethnic cs s oiat agent dominant as acts

SEXUAL VIOLENCE SEXUAL or i or

discourses can influence influence can discourses sexual violence in the the in violence sexual n other words, media media words, other n

After that I that After “

h ethnic the (2007: at the at away s, “I “I s,

2) of of - . .

CEU eTD Collection seen inthe recentreportsI mediashowfurther inCroatiawill as inthe text. 2011:23). Džihana and heroes as accused the representing crimes, on focusing by opinion and Bosnia and Serbia 2011:11). strengthened Džihana Media and (Volčič ideologies ethnic of perspectives and interests dominant crime war on reports media surprisingly, not that, revealed Analysis w breakup the and paradigm political entire the of transformation crime war of representation war Yugoslav imaginedcommunity inthe everyday life2006: (Anderson ofitsmembers bindin is reader community political imagined an as nation the construct to helping Communities Imagined the of members the of unity and homogenization of media. national of owners of majority of proliferation restrained economicelites andMerging political 2011:9). ofDžihana interests represented (Volčičand is te a flo citizens fellow as them g representatio the analyzed have (2011) Džihana and Volčič connected to other readers other to connected the the s

mass media market in the states of former Yugoslavia is controlled by controlled is Yugoslavia former of states the in market media mass in the media in the former states of Yugoslavia focusing on the media media the on focusing Yugoslavia of states former the in media the in Similar bias reporting on the issues of the wartime sexual violence can be be can violence sexual wartime the of issues the on reporting bias Similar n mdae between mediated and emphasizes the historical importance of the press (print press the of importance historical the emphasizes H

one version of history which avoided any responsibility for war war for responsibility any avoided which history of version one erzegovina The a variety of political discourses despite market deregulation. The The deregulation. market despite discourses political of variety s National media in every country forms a basis for the process the for basis a forms country every in media National

. The newspapers are reminders of of reminders are newspapers The . ras Mda eot aot h til ipiae the implicated trials the about reports Media trials. . Media reports about the war crimes shaped the p the shaped crimes war the about reports Media .

by the by aesca r social same 13 oiia elit political

innocent victims of conspiracy (Volčič and and (Volčič conspiracy of victims innocent nation. Benedict Ander Benedict nation. s n ter dis their and es eality presented in presented eality

ith the former regimes. regimes. former the ith of n (2006) the s

35). trials trials

course in Croatia, Croatia, in course the rootedness of the the of rootedness . The newspaper The . son

the newspaper, newspaper, the

- history of the the of history capitalism) in capitalism) , in his book his in , reflect ed a ublic few the CEU eTD Collection violence sexual the about rapists the about abou newspapers: Croatian the by developed women Muslim of Croatian as presented Yugoslavia of behalf on acting be to claimed Serbia while independence its emphasized and 1992 in statehood gained Croatia recognition; Croatia against war people Serbian on focused Serbia in Media violence. sexual of context the in war of representation media of norms the and femininity, heterosexuality, could have not ethnicity produced” been and masculinity of notions the without “that showing by and gender introducing By Yugoslavia. former in war of context the in sexuality and gender ethnicity, of representation Dubravka perpetrators. victimize the above stance “higher” the take to Croatia allowed it and victimization, sexual of ordeal the through humiliated as represented 20 (Žarkov equation r being women Muslim of beginning the at was representation war of topic The 2.1

C ROATIAN MEDIA REPORT MEDIA ROATIAN Žarkov`s analysis has shown has analysis Žarkov`s media was was media the , specifically men specifically ,

time rape was scarcely reported on in Croatian media Croatian in on reported scarcely was rape time ( rnia vci i te rain media Croatian the in victim principal 2007:129)

(2007: also Žarkov . Croat the sense, this In 07).

akv 20) nlzs rain n Srin rs eaiig the examining press Serbian and Croatian analyzes (2007) Žarkov pd y eba mn leav men, Serbian by aped concerned with concerned 131) ;

sexuality into the analysis Žarkov wanted to destabilize ethnicity destabilize to wanted Žarkov analysis the into sexuality most articles were translated from Italian, French, British and and British French, Italian, from translated were articles most themselves by research done scarcely had journalists Croatian . . Žarkov points out thre out points Žarkov .

nepes hs s mte o saeod n international and statehood of matter a as this interprets

a S ABOUT SEXU ABOUT S nd their suffering while media i media while suffering their nd , among o among ,

producing the ethnic Other by focusing on the rapes the on focusing by Other ethnic the producing the d Bosnian bodies and the brutality of the Serbian Serbian the of brutality the and bodies Bosnian d t victims of rape, about forced impregnation, and and impregnation, forced about rape, of victims t conflict but it quickly turned its focus on the the on focus its turned quickly it but conflict 14 ther things, ther

(2007:14

women and the Croatian nation were not not were nation Croatian the and women AL VIOLENCE IN IN VIOLENCE AL n Croat ing e distinctive stories about war about stories distinctive e

(2007:8) - A .

15) the different Croatian and Serbian and Croatian different the Žro` aayi shows analysis Žarkov`s s Cota a proiid and personified was Croatia .

oe (n mn ot f the of out men) (and women .

n Croatia defined war as as war defined Croatia n 19 .

90 I ts highest peak of of peak highest ts S WAR time rapes time TIME ,

the the CEU eTD Collection out (Ibid.) sorted be to need which problem a 7 of board a by appointed editors chief their had periodicals and papers Daily government. feminists. among Croatian anti in violence sexual of topic the about wrote who and regime nationalist the opposed who feminists individual section following this In 2.1.1 Ion which further elaborate will inthe text medi the war of mentioning 2007:133). comm and particularly thatMuslim used out to point forcesindirect Croatian not did statements were framework the and abortion of issue look the faith children’s on focusing were women Muslim of pregnancies forced women ne that problem a as and f media Croatian if all. at mentioned detail, further without mentioned usually was women Croatian of rape The 2007:129). and newspapers German

B ecause a lot of refugees escaped from Bosnia to Croatia, that is why the Croatian media could present them as as them present could media Croatian the why is that Croatia, to from Bosnia escaped refugees of lot a ecause

“T it rapes or at least only incidental and not genocidal, systematic rapes (Žarkov (Žarkov rapes systematic genocidal, not and incidental only least at or rapes it

ny s ae victim rape as only HE HE a.

The topic has gained attention again in 2011 with the publishing of the book the of publishing the with 2011 in againattentiongained has topic The WITCHES FROM FROM WITCHES Žro 2007:129) (Žarkov ic te 90 tm period time 1990s the Since time rapes decreased and the topic was almost completely abandoned by by abandoned completely almost was topic the and decreased rapes time ed

- a nationalist rhetoric. Consequently, I will briefly elaborate on the split the on elaborate briefly will I Consequently, rhetoric. nationalist t through t eds sorting out sorting eds

During th R (Žarkov women Muslim raped around revolved majority the wl peet n example an present will I sprtd hm rm Croat from them separated s IO

. Serbs were defined through the image of the rapist and and rapist the of image the through defined were Serbs . ”

AND AND an ocused on Muslim women presenting women Muslim on ocused e

orientalist lens and debated through debated and lens orientalist 19 THE SPLIT AMONG AMONG SPLIT THE 7 90s most of 90s most

(Žarkov 2007: (Žarkov .

hc ws nlzd y Žarko by analyzed was which 15

the the 131). The representation of Muslim of representation The 131). Croatian media was controlled by the by the controlled was Croatian media C of ROATIAN FEMINISTS ROATIAN

e and men ei rpeettos of representations media

oe. rils about Articles women.

them both as victims as both them a Catholic religious Catholic (2007) v

a Sunny ,

few few the the

CEU eTD Collection have to men Serbian of wives and communists state, the of enemies traitors and Slavenka in congress (PEN) next the Dubrovnik holding against lobbied Janeiro, de Rio in congress (PEN) Novelists and Essayists Poets, of congress 58th the during allegedly, they because Rio” from rightshuman internationalmonitors to Bosn in rapes about wrote “Croat 11 the On Globus. magazine nationalnational aspirationsDžihana pride and2011:31). (Volčičand appeal to trying manner, populist the in reporting were media commercial and private the hand, other the On position. governmental official the present to opportunity every using were and reporting their in moderate more were media 20 Džihana and (Volčič case particular this in media private/commercial th in Vukovar reports reporter the by internalized and 2011 Džihana (Volčič reporting of manner the and ownership media between correlation strong no Vrdoljak con program and owned, state was/is (HRT) television and radio Croatian government. the by nominated directors ia`s Feminists Rape Croatia” about five women writers, journalists and publicists who who publicists and journalists writers, women five about Croatia” Rape Feminists ia`s The Croatian government owned a printing house which issued a weekly nationalist weekly a issued which house printing a owned government Croatian The of four Croatian and Serbian daily newspapers newspapers daily Serbian and Croatian four of

betrayed Croatia by publishing their works abroad, reading foreign literature and and literature foreign reading abroad, works their publishing by Croatia betrayed

who was also the vice president of the ruling party (HDZ). But resear But (HDZ). party ruling the of president vice the also was who rklć Vesna Drakulić, Croatia , to :31

19 ad hy ae oie a noticed have they and 1991 e rai. hi borpis n h atce ee sd o ota te a the as them portray to used were article the in biographies Their Croatia. ). Bias ).

Tx 1993:624) (Tax ed tent and personnel were supervised in the 1990s by a director Antun director a by 1990s the in supervised were personnel and tent

ia and Croatia and Croatia and ia

ethnic reporting is sometimes not imposed from the outside but is but outside the from imposed not sometimes is reporting ethnic Kesić and Dubravka and Kesić her/ th

isl. uai ad akvć hav Marković and Subašić himself. f eebr n 1992 in December of Tee ie oe, Jelena women, five These .

(Tax 1993:624) (Tax had had 16

Ugrešić were accused of being pro being of accused were Ugrešić also pointed also o t to

ifrne ewe sae we and owned state between difference . The articlecalledthe The . e ulc y introducing by public he Globus on

(Tax 1993:625) (Tax

out press censorship in Croatia Croatia in censorship press out the

sud n ril headlined article an issued a cie cmitd in committed crimes war

L

vi, Rada ovrić, aaye the analyzed e 11 :78

. They . women “witches women ). State owned State ). ch has shown shown has ch

elements of of elements

were said were Iveković, - Serbian Serbian media -

CEU eTD Collection discredit to tool powerful were they since of accused were nation their present to and Helms 2013 feminist nation own their betraying are Cro positioning is Croatia” raping women old male reproaching; than more doing also is “witch” term the But them. have would fairytales in witches of representation stereotypical the as malicious and evil are they behave, should women Croatian proper as behave not do they women; proper as attacked were were they But rhetoric. national nat seen is approach feminist the how shows example This person” "infringingdignitythe of ofthe basis the on 2004 against suit as but women Muslim and continuation of peace patriarchal time menagainst of women. violence Croatian raping men Serbian of issue nationalist a not a camps rape Serbian about information the omitting allegedly nd Kesić have Kesić nd ion - centered - tt ad o tee oe wr atce fr hi dsbdec t te acceptable the to disobedience their for attacked were women these how and state The metaphor The twist and wrong was article the in information of lot A tesle ad tes Se Ksć 94 Krć 94 Tx 93 Mso 1995, Mostov 1993, Tax 1994, Korać 1994, Kesić (See: others and themselves s

in Croatian language Croatian in Globus , Miškovska Kajevska, Miškovska 2014 , chauvinistic way chauvinistic ,

written about war about written

being just as bad as the Serbs who are raping Croatian raping are who Serbs the as bad as just being feminists and as and feminists obscuring this truth which negates the Croatian victimhood. This was a a was This victimhood. Croatian the negates which truth this obscuring . Slavenka .

of rape is commonly used by used commonly is rape of

these anti these - state as a victim a as state

Drakulić was the first one to win the law suit against suit law the win to one first the was Drakulić - state.

(since the term “witch” is “witch” term the (since ). Also, the title that title the Also, ). attacked not only as writers, as only not attacked atia as the victim and the feminists as evil perpetrators who who perpetrators evil as feminists the and victim the as atia women. Calling them “witches” signalizes “witches” them Calling women. time rapes e rapes time - n A lot has been written about this incident by involved involved by incident this about written been has lot A ationalist ).

(Massad 17 mphasizing the feminist perspective of rape as rape of perspective feminist the mphasizing

feminists and to turn to and feminists

nationalist projects to justify their actions their justify to projects nationalist

charges 1995:471) as

(H commonly threatening to the building of building the to threatening -

t s lo arnzn te i a in them patronizing also is it alterov investigativni tim 2008). tim investigativni alterov journalists or or journalists that the “Croatian feminists are feminists “Croatian the that (Tax 1993:625) (Tax ed, and the women filed a law law a filed women the and ed, . In this case the case this In .

popular opinion against opinion popular used used

and Muslim women women Muslim and as an insult for for insult an as freethinkers;

that they are not are they that . Both Drakulić Both . se feminists se Globus

they they the the the the the

in

CEU eTD Collection politics. nationalistic dominant Herzegovina and Bosnia from victim the aggressorand L Zona/Women`s NONA ( groups feminist organizations 200 groups women's and activists with cooperation and violence of victims women to assistance providing in neutrality political and objectivity solidarity, Victims as such Croatiaorganizations Feminist and Herzegovina and Bosnia in violence war (sexual) the of victims states She Miškovska helped topromote the claimin book, his in “witches” the about article (H down turned was but first, Milošević Letica Allegedly, elections. democratic first Slaven them. esa oo sada pomoć Ženska 5 :26 The article was article The )

In contrast, during the the during contrast, In rap of topic The M , Letica, a sociologist and a political advisor to the Franjo the to advisor political a and sociologist a Letica, , ) , regardless , Tdy the Today, . Women's Lobby Women's

that “ that Kajevska addresses this split among feminists in Za in feminists among split this addresses Kajevska ulticultural form the in 1992 the feminists clearly split on the definition of definition the on split clearly feminists the 1992 in Kareta ine

of ethnicity and ethnicity of

) ( e organizations se , careers O written Croatian Women's Ne e is what caused a split among the Croatian feminist Croatian the among split a caused what is e Multi

- H in the war,and the in oaŽnk linija Zona/Ženska (

aian f Radikalna elp Zagreb -

of these wom of these m anonymous ( Autonomous W Autonomous Network Bori da Women edia 19

They and the Croatian Anti Croatian the and 0 wartime 90s ć nationality,

200 mnsik gua Kareta grupa eministička aog wi along ,

cooperated with organizationswith cooperated dniid ih n spotd h dsore of discourse the supported and with identified 5 group - ly alterov :26 en (Ibid en

) twork. twork. but in 1993 in but , `s 18

had had ) ha g that it was “a was it that g . omen's House Zagreb, Center for Women War War Women for Center Zagreb, House omen's

The latter organizations became a part of the the of part a became organizations latter The NONA Center and and e emp ve period, ( h te nw anti new other th

rž mliutrle pomoći multikulturalne Mreža offered his advisory services to Slobodan Slobodan to services advisory his offered investigativni

2008).

they have they from

hasized the necessity of of necessity the hasized - raiain sc as such organizations War Campaign War it

was revealed was

h fre Ygsai (Bori Yugoslavia former the charitable endeavor charitable

greb in h in greb continued to maintain contact maintain to continued

( ) utmdjk žnk centar ženski Multimedijski i 20) H icue the included He 2008). tim

Tuđman in the 1990s after 1990s the in Tuđman n Women's and - a ad anti and war Biser er PhD thesis (2014). (2014). thesis PhD er

the perpetrators and perpetrators the advocated that the author was author the that

in the in

and Women BiH Women and

” (2014:14). (2014:14). ”

the ” naming 19 - Help ) nationalist because

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N Ana

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CEU eTD Collection otherwise stated 8 Homeland War exposure, and attention media di reg the in groups feminist and Croati of Network 1990s the Since 2.1.2 Ifeminists haschanged elaborate paragraph. will the1990sas since oninthenext victimhood. their claimed and rapes wartime terms. w ethnic aligned were feminists in perpetrators and victims between emphasis clear nationa rapesto wartime of manipulation the side one the on the by committed rapes about “truth” the silencing of accused Yugo as discredited were and state Croatian of example (Miškovska enemies the considered were a Croatia of victimization

In this context the term region will region term the context this In sappeared from the public visibility public the from sappeared

otne n rmtn wmns oiaiy cos odr ad cooperat and borders across solidarity women`s promoting in continue

S HIFT IN THE FEMINIST THE IN HIFT l ist

eiit wo internaliz who feminists the

) , doe “witches from Rio” t Rio” from “witches the , a persisted since the 1990s with 1990s the since persisted a proclaim be to feminist. s not

iuto hs ch has situation e ee the were re

Serbs (Miškovska Serbs t Bsin oe` gop who groups women`s Bosnian ith d eue t coeae with cooperate to refused nd ion / WOMEN

Udruga 8 mostly be used in reference to reference in used be mostly O te te hn, h ntoait eiit rus have groups feminist nationalist the hand, other the On . further

d h vciiain f Croatia of victimization the ed anti ` he anti he

anged. The feminist groups which form the Women`s Women`s the form which groups feminist The anged. S DISCOURSES S recent gained which group women`s The 1990s. since wa te ainls fmnss called, feminists nationalist the what , žena u Domovinskom u žena

- the nationalist propaganda and,propaganda nationalist the national

Kajevska 2014:55). Kajevska

aesa 2014:55). Kajevska - national feminists were seen as enemies of of enemies as seen were feminists national 19 -

otli ad pro and nostalgic h stain among situation The ist

the same anti same the anti ,

eba fmnss eas al Serbs all because feminists Serbian

- Serbia and Bosnia and Herzegov and Bosnia and Serbia war feminists who opposed the the opposed who feminists war

mhszd h ehiiy n th in ethnicity the emphasized ratu In the In - national s hv son ih the with shown have I As

- ( Serbian. Serbian. Association of Women in in Women of Association

n wo nitd n the on insisted who and 19 women`s groups and and groups women`s 90s, to put it roughly, it put to 90s,

on the other side, the side, other the on rain nationalist Croatian ist , anti , hy ee also were They

the genocidal genocidal the ing - war rhetoric war

with the the with ina if not not if ina the the e

CEU eTD Collection Albanian Kosovar and Croatia from groups women`s and feminists enemy common the on placed was emphasis the dichotomy reasoni of line This Slovenia). including (not region the of rest the for option an not is which recourses its use can and Europe of part a official now is Croatia of one be might means July2013) R region. the from Croatia distancing from 2013:291). (Luketić force enemy (“th Balkan Ser and Yugoslavia and Croatia between made was distinction 2013:292). (Luketić East the to belongs Serbia while Europe Western the to argued Tuđman when 1990s No Serbia we that me told she conversation our in later But everyone. with cooperates Association the that briefly responded she region the job enough Also, unemployment. not are there when rights women`s about War, Homeland rway

the ,

h dfeetain f rai fo te ein te B the region, the from Croatia of differentiation The my In . ocrig ea rglto o wrie eul violence sexual wartime of regulation legal concerning

19 This presents a shift from the a This presents

of of 90s

cultural and advanced and cultural interview interview ,

Slišković`s line of reaso of line Slišković`s she , among other things, other among , h raos h Sikvć rus hr i there argues Slišković why reasons the told me that she has nothing against feminism but feminism against nothing has she that me told when asked about asked when

women`s groups but this is no longer the case. The The case. the longer no is this but groups women`s with Marija with mntr ih he heads”) three with monster e in his interview interview his in Even though the recent politic recent the though Even

Europe and Europe Slišković, the president of the Association of Women in Women of Association the of president the Slišković, ecent Croatian accession to the European Union (1 Union European the to accession Croatian ecent

19 that the funds of funds the that (Croatia) ning ning

cooperation with other women`s organizations from organizations women`s other with cooperation 90s in a90s in multilayeredway. for the the for can be seen as falling as seen be can could collaborate and consolidate and collaborate could 20

barbaric and backward and barbaric should not should te Serbs, the , bia New Yorker New

EU become available to Croatia. ThatCroatia. to available becomeEU by

s and men are also victims of of victims also are men and s portraying n ne t lo t te region. the to look to need no s look group

las satd led i the in already started alkans, which is why the nationalist nationalist the why is which

in 1991 that 1991 in al context is much different much is context al , to the region, to Bosnia or or Bosnia to region, the to n Serbia ing

into the same discourse of of discourse same the into we should should we ng is reproducing th reproducing is ng

hm s one as them asked asked

Balkans present The fundamental The

how we we how

Croatia belongs Croatia rather together with with together

. In the the In . wit rhetoric h Bosnian h

demonic, can can ok at look 19 e old old e st talk 90s 90s

of of of

CEU eTD Collection war of perpetrators prosecuting 2012) book investi has OfficeAttorney`s District the war of victims focus later inthe text. was testimonies these of outcome T experienced women these that saying atrocities unprecedented quoted is Slišković perpetrators. the of initials torture and violence sexual depicting article the in presented are testimonies of inserts Some Vukovar.” from women of As punishment: without Marija by Vukovar from women raped ar an published violence. sexual wartime the with concerned reports media the of examples few war. the since ways different in issue this on working been have who 2011 in starting 2.1.3 from Serbia. t Slišković, Marija heir sufferi heir

S . Sunny The The HIFT IN THE MEDIA RE MEDIA THE IN HIFT In war on focus recent The an Minister of Justice, Orsat Justice, of Minister ng is not known or recognized, it is omitted from the history the from omitted is it recognized, or known not is ng

n ta te hv manag have they that and ril pbihd in published article should be available be should

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rai t Erp dsacn Croatia distancing Europe to Croatia sociation of Women in Homeland W sociation inHomeland of Women but there is silence about about silence is there but that women suffered through. No names are mentioned, only mentioned, are names No through. suffered women that PORTS ati time rapes is the passing of time since a lot of perpetrators do perpetrators of lot a since time of passing the is rapes time on of Women in the Homeland W Homeland the in Women of on ie eul vio sexual time

for the victims of sexual violence is introduced stating that that stating introduced is violence sexual of victims the for uani list Jutarnji the book the

Miljenić was quoted was Miljenić d o eemn te dniis f perpetrators of identities the determine to ed gated the stories of women that women of stories the gated

Slišković Sunny 21

n 2012 in ec ws ruh bc b the by back brought was lence every day, systematic rapes systematic day, every ,

published later in 2011, 2011, in later published Rle 2011) (Roller ,

the saying that the biggest problem of of problem biggest the that saying ar gathers ar testimonies frightening

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19 since the war itself war the since with 90s wartime in Croatia. The outcome was the drafting of the of drafting the was outcome The Croatia. in wartime 90s time victims of sexual violence following the the following violence sexual of victims time the Bosniancaseof the perpetrators of war crimes war of perpetrators The book was published in both Croatian and Engl and Croatian both in published was book The atm sxa voec fo te region the from violence sexual wartime W Defenders ar 25

ić have regularly spoke to work on the issues of rest of issues the on work to

n h dat f h Cota nw law new Croatian the of draft the in . During our interview, Slišković to Slišković interview, our During . I will elaborate more on on more elaborate will I time rape to expose themselves publicly themselves expose to rape time

signed the agreement in 2013 with the with 2013 in agreement the signed the s Marija s

Association of Women Victims ofVictims Women of Association e.html

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it was paradoxical that feminist and therapy NGO aligned on the the on aligned NGO therapy and feminist that paradoxical was it In a way a In women who who women this ,

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appare 26

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ident s h nm o a eight an of name the is the r in 1991 with her mother. Her mother was sexually molested by the Serbian Serbian bythe molested sexually was mother Her mother. her with 1991 in r fe a Rmn Catholic Roman as ifies A

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consists of ten testimonies, nine of which are told by women women by told are which of nine testimonies, ten of consists a signed was

followed the publications of both books both of publications the followed ively used and it presents the connection of national and and national of connection the presents it andively used - month . Sunny`s cries were muffled by the heavy military military heavy the by muffled were cries Sunny`s . and zing the victimization of one particular ethnic group. ethnic particular one of victimization the zing

n te hrh a a oefl nlec o the on influence powerful a has Church the and ir (lšoi 21: 9). 2011: (Slišković diers implicitly portrayed as the perpetrators and the the and perpetrators the as portrayed implicitly ewe te oa Ctoi Cuc ad the and Church Catholic Roman the between 27 - l baby old

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(Slišković 2011:122) (Slišković .

H e was working as a police officer and she reported him but soon but him reported she and officer police a as working was e erb soldiers: “I was afraid what was happening to her and my my and her to happening was what afraid was “I soldiers: erb But their agency nevertheless goes against the assumption the against goes nevertheless agency their But o eape in example, For

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CEU eTD Collection of case the In norm. “ the posing consciousness and judgment feminist practical question, woman methods: main three on focusing by methods legal feminist analyzes Bartlett vanquish to order the practices, and possi the are rules what and legal patriarchy of thesustainment through words, identities other gender in of practices, reflection and and rules construction legal of aspects gendered on focus common laws formulated haveand through written been in when measures, legal and laws of neutrality and objectivity the assume system legal theo legal scholars. legal Croatian among explored or Croatia. in schools law in classes the of any academia Croatian in developed been not reforms. legal various these jurisprude the without passed been have women of process it. to objections Croatia. in violence then and 3. w

oman question oman L EGAL FRAMEWORK AND F AND FRAMEWORK EGAL ifrn dfntos f ifrn fmns lega feminist different of definitions Different I chapter this In I present I ries will help me understand it understandme help will ries nce (Radačić 2009:3). 2009:3). (Radačić nce the European Union accession, various legal reforms concerning human rights of of rights human concerning reforms legal various accession, Union European the vn Rdčć rus ht n h ls 1 yas n rai, following Croatia, in years 15 last the in that argues Radačić Ivana ”

its patriarchal overtones and male biases (Radačić 2009:10). Katharine T. Katharine 2009:10). (Radačić biases male and overtones patriarchal its

the existing laws and the new law addressing the issue of wartime sexual sexual wartime of issue the addressing law new the and laws existing the refers to the examining of the gender implications of a social practice or practice social a of implications gender the of examining the to refers the ciial eaie the examine critically I give a brief overview of the legal feminist theories rel theories feminist legal the of overview brief a give legal system it refers to the questioning of the proposed objectivity proposed the of questioning the to refers it system legal Systematic Meaning, no theoretical framework was dedicated to explore to dedicated was framework theoretical no Meaning, s E

consideration of the relations of gender and law has has law and gender of relations the of consideration genderimpl . MINIST DEBATES MINIST

subsequent F In analyzing the proposal of the new law new the of proposal the analyzing In eminist legal theories do not exist as exist not do theories legal eminist Feminist legal theories have not been recognized been not have theories legal Feminist 34

rf o th of draft a

patriarchal framework. l wy t tasom h lgl ytm in system legal the transform to ways ble ications. Uncritical considerations of Uncriticalconsiderations ications.

tere cn e umd p n their in up summed be can theories l analysis on the theoretical level of of level theoretical the on analysis nw a ad I and law new e -

raising

(

1990:28) present feminist feminist present ated to my topic mytopic to ated . Posing the Posing . a

subject in subject ,

feminist fact; the the the

CEU eTD Collection 11 to in take not do women against violence about campaigns the that criticizes She protection. own their of name the in rights women`s restricted further cases some in which Vi response local and international an provoked framework victimhood the thought solely women of construction The 2005:254). (Kapur of promotion with do to nothing have which measures state and remedies legal encourages violence the rights c and gendered perpetuates victimhood of subject the on focusing that and phenomenon transnational a is victimhood victimhood. their proving and witnessing of victimization secondary produce account. in take to important is victimization of issue the violence experiences thatare and interactive an is It problems. other with together experience personal of validation various and articulation of process collaborative of perception public the alter could which meta moral and political the open Consciousness process. making decision legal the behind interests the and influences in out bring to tries It 1990:40). (Bartlett experiences recog of perspective feminist the with model reasoning Aristotelian classical combines reasoning feminist Practical 1990:29). (Bartlett amendments legal propose and function their uncover formulations, legal the in biases male the unmask leg a as question Woman concepts. and standards legal of neutrality and http://www.un.org/document lne gis Women against olence - the precedes it since method (2005:251 ic te e lw s eln wt te ea sau o vcis f atm sexual wartime of victims of status legal the with dealing is law new the Since women`s rights and can provoke paternalistic and conservative state responses responses state conservative and paternalistic provoke can and rights women`s - 252) being articulated and validated (Bartlettbeing articulatedand1990:47). validated

. Her argument states that the subject of victimhood and emphasis on emphasis and victimhood of subject the that states argument Her . s/ga/res/48/a48r104.htm

n 1993 in ultural essentialism in the international arena of women`s human women`s of arena international the in essentialism ultural

b 11 y making the survivors relive their trauma for the purpose purpose the for trauma their relive survivors the making y

rvos ehd b epaiig oe` experiences women`s emphasizing by methods previous n h fr o lgl eom fcsd n h pnl code penal the on focused reforms legal of form the in , date accessed: 30.5.14. accessed: date , 35 after the UN UN the after

Ratna

nition and validation of marginalized of validation and nition au age ta te ujc of subject the that argues Kapur Declaration on the Elimination of Elimination the on Declaration

Legal procedures can can procedures Legal l ehd is to aims method al -

the account the raising is a a is raising CEU eTD Collection ratu http://www.branitelji.hr/pregled/nacrt 12 ethnic and gendered perpetuates which victimhood of subject the is on law focusing new of outcome this that argue I argument Kapur`s on Reflecting integrity. human moral i and law international the respect to Croatia of of status of regulation for need the that reasons Also, this. all of spite in out carried be law new this of implementation the n does it system, legal the with problem the acknowledge simply than more procedures, of nothing length does it But the evidence. of lack as and victims of such stigmatization victimization, secondary victims the for procedures court of problematic the Statement) text: in w system women`s widely experience across and cultures diverse epochs”(Brown 1995:170). of much marking powerlessness and dependence of modality very “the perpetuates system procedu court from protection seeks one which from violence of mechanisms same the reproduces itself state the s raises Brown victimization. of category the through identities political as produced are victims of identities the law new the cross which pur the for deployed are they because politicization for available identities, social produces state welfare “the that argues Brown Wendy 2005:260). (Kapur the produce mechanisms discursive their how sa o rcei čnk poia a ao o rvm žtv skulo nasilja seksualnog žrtava pravima o zakon za propisa učinaka procjeni o Iskaz , date accessed: 15.52014 accessed: date , (1995:169) Brown`s hich are taken for granted. for taken are hich - cuts juridical identities based on abstract right” abstract on based identities juridical cuts re which is trying to remedy the “first” victimization. victimization. “first” the remedy to trying is which re

Fr example, For . critique is important because it points out the problems within the legal legal the within problems the out points it because important is critique , which was issued alongside with the draft of the new law, new the of draft the with alongside issued was which ,

-

prijedloga ome important questions regarding the state protection when when protection state the regarding questions important ome ntttoa voec a scnay victimizat secondary as violence institutional Statement of assessment on the impact of the law the of impact the on assessment of Statement - zakona 36 nternational convections and protect the basic, basic, the protect and convections nternational - victims of wartime violence exists violence wartime of victims

o ujc o vciho ad identit and victimhood of subject - pravima - zrtava (1995:58) - seksualnog poses of political regulation, political of poses .

The state and the legal the and state The In the Croatian case of of case Croatian the In - nasilja ot state how will will how state ot -

o drn the during ion u acknowled h Statement the - domovinskom

in the need the in

y politics politics y

12 (later ges an an - , CEU eTD Collection 13 for 27/11) 80/08, (NN victims (ZORH, war Civil the during forces police and Army Croatian the of members by caused damage (ŽOST, for Croatia of responsibilities Demonstrations Public and Acts Terrorist 18/13 140/12, 55/11, 146/10, 137/09, 65/09, Families Their and Veterans War Homeland (NN Invalids War Civilian and Military mil and civilians, against crime agains "Crimes titled chapter for Humanandthe Croatian Rights Helsinki Committee Committee Civic Studies, Peace for Centre Osijek,the Human Rights andPeace, Nonviolence Doc also will I and analysis assessed and law new the for following Inthe 3.1 further inthe text. essentialism. Official Gazette of Republic of Croatia of Republic of OfficialGazette

lis o restitution. to claims umenta C ROATIAN LEGAL REGULA LEGAL ROATIAN It is worth mentioning that mentioning worth is It itary

h eitn laws existing the -

victims of war is governedby is war of victims Center for dealing with the past the with dealing for Center This will be shown mo shown be will This

section

the problems with existing laws. existing with problems the brieflymention

inter alia inter I will brieflyI will explain

h ms eiet rbe wt ZPBR s ht t of it that is ZOPHBDR with problem evident most The .

eeat o h ise f atm victims wartime of issue the to relevant None of the of None t humanity and human dignity", human and humanity t

, rape and forced prostitution. prostitution. forced and rape ,

,

The Criminal Code of the Republic of Croatia in the ninth the in Croatia of Republic the of Code Criminal The http://www.nn.hr/Default.aspx TION OF WAR VICTIMS WAR OF TION re clearly in examining particular articles of the new law law new the of articles particular examining in clearly re NN NN

som s 13 e

laws laws 33/92, 57/92), 33/92, special laws such as: such laws special 1/3 and 117/03) e of the complaints made bymade complaints the of e

) (ZOPHBDR, (ZOPHBDR, the existing legislation in ordert existinglegislationin the 37

, The , is

explicitly

an NGO founded NGO an

Law on Liability for Damage Caused by by Caused Damage for Liability on Law . In the Statement the lawmakers the Statement the In

h Law The The Law on the Rights of Croatian of Rights the on Law The include sexu include NN NN NN 174/04, 92/05, 02/07, 107 02/07, 92/05, 174/04, NN , ` date accessed: 17.5.2014 accessed: date

Article 91 91 Article STATUS 117/03),

The The But t But

n opnain to compensation on in 2010 2010 in Law on the Protection of of Protection the on Law . he protection of protection he

al violence as the basis basis the as violence al I will draw from their their from draw will I

the the recognizes T he Law on the the on Law he by NGO Documenta NGO o show the needthe show o the the

Centre for for Centre es legal fers as a war war a as civilian crime

have have /07, .

CEU eTD Collection took reasonin when Statement informa no realize to how have or opportunities victims Most etc.). home, at assistance realized thus and a that show between estimated but unknown document analysis met and 2012 July to 2011 September from period time the in handbook definition insufficient case in implementation the matter of and responsibility reparation. regulate to not and entities, legal and individual its to Croatia, to done damage war determine acknowledged is it ZORH, and expired. d the that means which hostilities of termination Invalids War Civilian violence. sexual of result a as 100% to 50% from day three minimum of basis m two and women pe those only for protection os nldd in included hods

with lc ad hr te dsryd lre numbe large a destroyed they where and place oh ŽOST Both Under this law law this Under

oes f xet o te sus f ua rgt (uikć 021) Research 2012:18). (Bužinkić rights human of issues the on experts of dozens and a re a and

very small very

search report aboutreport search e and the associated social rights (disability living costs allowance, care and and care allowance, costs living (disability rights social associated the n have obtained the status of Croatian war veterans war Croatian of status the obtained have n n ZR wr ciiie b NGO by criticized were ZORH and - s et ad semi and depth has a time limit for claiming compensation of 3 months from the date of for from atimeclaiming limit compensationmonths of thehas date of 3

case of terrorism and war damage war and terrorism of number of victims have obtained have victims of number wee hr i a ak f aeil vdne s el s o their for as well as evidence material of lack a is there where s ten fr h ne o te e law. new the of need the for g

studies (Ibid. studies s sn wt etbihd tts as status established with rsons women were able to achieve compensation. compensation. achieve to able were women

imprisonment in a in imprisonment

hs sca rights. social these n the in 4,000 and 8,000 people (Ibid. people 8,000 and 4,000

civil victims of war in Croatia. Croatia. in war of victims civil - tutrd neves fcs rus pbi hearings, public groups, focus interviews, structured Statement ).

The number of civilian victims of war in Croatia is Croatia is in ofwar civilian victims of number The 38

detention camp and p and camp detention

eadline for making those claims has long long has claims those making for eadline The Law The ht h mi proe f hs lw i to is laws these of purpose main the that

The same is also acknowledged by the the by acknowledged also is same The

(Bužinkić 2012) (Bužinkić with a with r of housing units, procedures for for procedures units, housing of r

the status of civilian of status the n ra where areas In

on the Protection of Military and Military of Protection the on Documenta

Homeland Homeland sample of 105 civilian victims civilian 105 of sample in bu the about tion ). The results results The Research . Documenta . roof of roof

under this law law this under for the problem of of problem the for

W military operations operations military ocrig ŽOST Concerning r veterans. ar of the research the of bodily was victims of war war of victims ir

ihs an rights

conducted conducted

issued a a issued damage damage on the the on Four Four d

CEU eTD Collection anti of works the ignored easily government the like seems It tendencies. nationalistic anti war, the Association Slišković`s draft or theStat th address precisely has. NGO other no way a in attention media gain to and status W Homeland the in Women the victims civilian of problems psycho to related activities 2013. June since Torture necessary doubt no is there But and areas rape war(Bužinkić war of execution of form proceedings criminal of stages different in documents court of analysis their D violence, sexual of victims Concerning 2012 litigation in resulted mainly damage for compensation p not have efforts ir victims` status for so long,forvictims` so status s :39

during armed conflict, conflict, armed during t s neetn t nt that note to interesting is It the to “Support project the of part a is victims civilian for support The ” ).

- and it is it and nationalist organization while Association of Women of Association while organization nationalist because the victim the because This may be one of the reasons why victims are reluctant to start a court procedure. court a start to reluctant are victims why reasons the of one be may This support (Bužinkić support (Bužinkić

2012 ement do

The carried out in collaboration in out carried : e

64). project ends in December of of December in ends project issue , according to the report, the to according , rompted government rompted have been have

The report states that states report The not address report. Documenta`s

- s crimes, social support social

which are brought up by Documenta by up brought are which ar. Sli ar. 2012: s are mostly silent mostly are s since 2010, including 2010, since b

their positi their ecause it is very difficult to get information from the c the from information get to difficult very is it ecause

šković managed to prompt the legal regulation of victims` victims` of regulation legal the prompt to managed šković 65). inter alia inter criticiz

while ons are qualitatively different. for the for ing cmnas eerh a fud 7 or css in cases court 17 found has research ocumenta`s

, reaction as reaction

of 39

sexual abuse against abuse sexual the state and the government for government the and state the it

oh Documenta both

due to trauma or fear of s of fear or trauma to due

Documenta and the European Hous EuropeanDocumenta the and that so far the victims have not received the the received not have victims the far so that is very difficult to assess the assess to difficultvery is

victims. victims.

2014 after which there will be new be will there which after2014 the victims of war of victims the was the case with case the was

Documenta has been addressing the the addressing been has Documenta

ot fr h vcis (Bužinkić victims the for costs

aog ay others, many among , in the Homeland W Homeland the in but it is interesting that interesting is it but

hs e lw s en to meant is law new This civil time sexual violence but violence sexual time Documenta is an anti Documenta isan ians and prisoners of of prisoners and ians ocial s ocial the Associ the that exact

not regulating not tigmatization contain, a contain,

itm of Victims e Vukovar e number of of number ar shows shows ar

planned ation of ation onflict onflict

and the s a s - - .

CEU eTD Collection ICTY the by years 35 ofimprisonment to weresentenced Martić Milan and MilanBabić thatcrime 15 prosecuted. were nor found never Perpetrators Storm 1995. in operation 14 war law existing other no previously, recently The 3.2. feminist the present will I objections. Then comments. my with alongside law new the of draft the tow animosity creates it because 1995 ignoring Documenta`s Škabrnja Varivode mentioning always are They 1991. about never but 1995 about talk always Documenta, like NGOs” leftist “those that interview our crime victimhood. Croatian the nationa which aggression Serbian the from suffered have who men and women Croatian of victimhood the on focuses Association Slišković`s attention. their got anti nationalist,

Škabrnja is a small village near Zadar where 84 Croats were killed, 26 defenders and 58 civilians in in civilians 58 and defenders 26 killed, were Croats 84 where Zadar near village small a is Škabrnja aioe s sal v small a is Varivode time

l

T w n itm o sxa vi sexual of victims on aw s is only is

HE NEW NEW HE l narrativewar. ofthe Slišković`s Association focuses on 1991 and Vukovar which is ideal for foregrounding foregrounding for isideal which Vukovar 1991and Slišković`s on focuses Association committed against the Serbian minority in Croatia. Ma Croatia. in minority Serbian the against committed

sexual vio sexual 15 eesd o pbi dbt, s h frt f t kn i Cota A I mentioned I As Croatia. in kind its of first the is debate, public for released .

n hs ttmn tee s sne f rese of sense a is there statement this In

aggravating - war NGOs war L AW ON THE VICTIMS OF VICTIMS THE ON AW lence.

illage near Skradin where nine Serbian civilians were killed two months after the the after months two killed were civilians Serbian nine where Skradin near illage of Croatian suffering Croatian of

the Croatian people and it is not helping the Serbian minority either either minority Serbian the helping not is it and people Croatian the n h ohr hand, other the On

but there was something about the Slišković`s Association which Association Slišković`s the about something was there but

ards them. ards olence during the Yugoslav war in the the in war Yugoslav the during olence

provided the basis of realizing of basis the provided In the following section I will present and explain explain and present will I section following the In .

40 SEXUAL VIOLENCE IN T IN VIOLENCE SEXUAL

Slišković Documenta is known for addressing the war war the addressing for known is Documenta

14 tet oad wa i itrrtd as interpreted is what towards ntment

bt hy o` wn t ha about hear to want don`t they but , told me that this that me told

is in accordance in is rija Slišković told me during me told Slišković rija

rights for the survivors of of survivors the for rights HE WAR HE

preoccupation with preoccupation 19 with the with 0, hc was which 90s, .

1991. For 1991. official CEU eTD Collection women. of testimonies public in silence of issue the out pointed She Commission. Reconciliation and Truth African South the of hearings scholarship regard law tothis Germa and throughsecondaryexposure victimization public and status victim`s of determination the regarding Bosnia in implementation with problems compensation. of sum uniform a establish would which adopted Herzegovina and Bosnia of draft Inthe amendment its and Children with andWar Families ProtectionLaw Victims of Civilian onSocial Protection FederationBosnia Herzegovina of and re until 06.04.1941 15.05.1945 from defined is period time the since War World Second the of victims of payment the on Law post and The war of and victims to compensation 2001 in violence war of victims on Law The passed presented is Slovenia of in achieved been not has victims war for compensation presents then draft The violated. been have liberties and rights these if compensation the enabling means and rights human basic of protection The legislation. Croatian in incorporated humanitarian international of requirements and principles fundamental h dat tts ht h rglto o ti ise s eesr bcue f the of because necessary is issue this of regulation the that states draft The As examples of good international practice South African Republic, Argentina, C Argentina, Republic, African South practice international good of examples As ny are ny . , it

in C Rs (01 hs rte aot h wmns etmne in testimonies women`s the about written has (2001) Ross C. Fiona pcfc o implementation of Specifics is acknowledged that this matter is not uniformly resolved on the whole terriwhole the uniformlyon ismatter not resolved this acknowledgedisthat the comparison of legislative systems of the neighboring countries showing that that showing countries neighboring the of systems legislative of comparison the

. mentioned Also, whatexample ofgood Drawing doesan Also, mean? practice feminist from s which placed survivors of war of survivors placed which s n h dat s h ms advanced most the as draft the in

and the federal Law on the Protection from Torture has not been been not has Torture from Protection the on Law federal the and

in the draft the in

but it is not clear what is directly taken from them in in them from taken directly is what clear not is it but gulated the - war vi war f hs lw ae o explored not are laws those of 41

( She has shown how women mostly testified testified mostly women how shown has She olence in 2004. in olence Helms time sexual violence in a special category. special a in violence sexual time status ofcivil war victims the most parts of the region. the of parts most the 2013: concerning legislation since it it since legislation concerning 211) Helms But .

these laws refer to the to refer laws these

law which have which law has written about written has

in 2006

n h draft the in liberties also also liberties Republic Republic

by public

been been

tory The The

hile the .

CEU eTD Collection the newcla law which draft the in points several are There Conflict. in Violence Sexual End to Commitment on Declaration UN (2013) adopted recently with accord in be to said is Law new The women. ga has veterans War of Ministry languageacknowledged. tobe prov But victims. can and victimization betranslated into must theassumptionthat also asvictimhood relies on status their claim to order in fulfil to need victims the which conditions required are there text, the in further mention will I as law, new the of case a must one trauma war to related experiences their express women how understand truly to order in and language. into communicated and translated becaus important here is silence being s about warns Ross violence. wartime of case diffic the to point in case a as serve can Commission of victimization the and victimization own one`s about stories personal sharing and testifying of difficulties the out not and experiences men`s about

aware of of aware In the draft it is stated that stated is it draft the In cknowledge silence as a legitimate discourse on pain ( pain on discourse legitimate a as silence cknowledge    

insuring therights ofmandatoryand supplementary care health insurance, establishingacknowledging and thestatusof victims, definition of violence sexual inthe Homeland ims toaddress:ims enablingregular psychological care andhealth check the meanings loved ones ( ones loved

of silence of

e every legal procedure requires that violence and trauma are trauma and violence that requires procedure legal every e thered data about 7 about data thered about Administration for the detainees and missing persons of of persons missing and detainees the for Administration Ross Ross

in a particular context ( context particular a in their own abuse (Ross 2001:253). 2001:253). (Ross abuse own their 2001:276). The witnessing process in front of the of front in process witnessing The 2001:276). Ross also points out that the silence is gendered is silence the that out points also Ross 42 ilences in women`s speech and importance of of importance and speech women`s in ilences

,

666 exchanged persons of which 932 are 932 which of persons exchanged 666 ulties of witnessing process itself in the the in itself process witnessing of ulties W ar, ar, Ross Ross Ross Ross

-

ups 2001:271). The issue of issue The 2001:271). :272). for the victims, for R oss also pointed also oss In the Croatian Croatian the In ing of one`s one`s of ing

CEU eTD Collection the from taken Croatian isalready citizen entitled crimes. as for the (approx. 2014. May Slišković law new a require new the through envisioned is compensation of payment the why not are law this for funds the that and I Thelaw consequences the of n the previously mentioned issued Statement it is stated tha stated is it Statement issued mentioned previously the n the promotion of promotion the      

next year website oftheZagreb).next (Official city of increase financial support. c approaching andbasic worldofhumanEuropean rights standards protection the restoring dignity ofvictims, the in cooperation of official institutions ou speaking of encouragement reparationguarantee and the I Concerning Concerning t is unclear how exactly how unclear is t ollecting 26 on

promotion oftruth,  Mayor said that the City of Zagreb of City the that said Mayor ,

380.60 establish of war establish r acek ad Cota ctzn wo eog o priual vulnerable particularly a to belong who citizens “Croatian and paychecks ir

funds from various sources various from funds .

truth, reparation, rest reparation, truth, the rights of mandatory and supplementary health care insurance care health supplementary and mandatory of rights the E ao o Zge, Mi Zagreb, of Mayor time sexualviolencetime victims. ing UR ing

) the Foundation for the for Foundation the

for this year this for a monthly financial support to the persons the to support financial monthly a ,

as proclaimedby thedraft

of non will will

to mandatory health care health thecontributionto mandatory insurance since is this law achieve its stated goals, stated its achieve law this - foreseen in the in foreseen , and another 400,000 another and ,

repetition of crimes,repetition aot rms n h Hmln W Homeland the in crimes about t oration of oration a Bni hs signed has Bandić lan the 43 (funds, foundations) for the victims in order to order in victims the for foundations) (funds, will allocate will

prosecution of crimes, wartime

dignit s , tate

will be will y and guarantee of non of guarantee and y victims o victims t the state`s treasury is overloaded overloaded is treasurystate`s the t b for the Foundation 200,000 Foundation the for

udget for the year 2014. year the for udget HRK :

an agreement agreement an f

(approx. (approx. foundation foundation sexual violence sexual

who obtained the status the obtained who

especially 52 , 761.20 which - repetition ih Marija with ar and the the and ar things

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CEU eTD Collection osobe.“ ženske 17 16 tha implied and raped get doesn`t man” reports one Serbian of way masculinity Croatian a the preserving as this interprets She reports. those in invisible completely were men Croatian while victims, as Muslims and perpetrators as portrayed always were Serbs men, of rapes victims. the were sexuality masculinity, Žarkov the from which victims) divert female among (than men among prevalent more is stigmatization of fear was men against violence. sexual wartime of victims women were victims of majority persons mentioned male and female both to apply and neutral are gender female supplem HZZO Insurance, Health for Institute (Croatian contributions” care health paying from exempt are category „Izrazi koji se u ovom Zakonu koriste za osobe u muškom ili ženskom rodu su neutralni i odnose se na muške i muške na se odnose i neutralni su ženskomrodu ili muškomu osobe za koriste Zakonu ovom u se koji „Izrazi webpage, Official

very specifically gendered when presenting men as only perpetrators of rape and never never and rape of perpetrators only as men presenting when gendered specifically very s

them from coming forward and speaking about it. them fromand comingabout forward speaking Acknowledgment of men as victims of rape presents a shift in the public discourse discourse public the in shift a presents rape of victims as men of Acknowledgment T n the in in her article “The body of the Other man Other the of body “The article her in entary in health he A he 19 Sta

, representatio media its and men against violence Sexual 90s.

In Žarkov`s example of six articles in Croatian newsp Croatian in articles six of example Žarkov`s In

rticle 10 of the draft the of 10 rticle o i i wa ad po and weak it is nor 19 tement http://www.hzzo.hr/en/croatian 90s done in captivity (detention camps). It is acknowledged is It camps). (detention captivity in done 16

. h only The ).

concerning that was issued alongside alongside issued was that and ethnicity in Croatian media” Croatian in ethnicity and surance

by the state by the sexual violence against men endorsed the idea that idea the endorsed men against violence sexual

states: u it but additional

It has been estimated that the majori the that estimated been has It els a Muslim as werless as “the legitima “the as

t only weak and homosexual men do. In the wartime wartime the In do. men homosexual and weak only t

has acknowledged that men and children were also also were children and men that acknowledged has “Expressions used in this law for persons of male or male of persons for law this in used “Expressions - health which isstated inthe which

44 eei i ti case this in benefit

- care the -

- system Sexual violence and the construct the and violence Sexual te one”, one”, te draft `s

(2001).

Žro 2001:79) (Žarkov , date accessed: date ,

lis o ae assessed have to claims not perverse and savage as the the as savage and perverse not

W draft A ar narratives ar apers that reported on the the on reported that apers s bearing is

20.5.14. rticle 13,clauserticle 1. ty of ty in the draft the in . n was explored by explored was n 17 .

” Croatian T sexual violence sexual

he

in the the in h cs of cost the prev

that

that the that “a real “a ion of of ion iously iously media 19 90s the

CEU eTD Collection pro this is influential how remains question the But crimes. enemy`s the emphasizing just not and parties all of crimes the acknowledging Croat as well were de occurring women when were rapes also multiple claims Statement The hinterland. war the of Croatia of areas occupied the on prisons and camps detention Missing and Detainees turnoutproblem ofvicti of estimated low the stating simply than rather place first the in implemented be can law the ways the explore and victimization Ratna and (1995) Brown Wendy of criticism on drawing mentioned, previously haveI As explored. not producing stigmatization greater fear might men society low turnoutofmale man`s a book the in testimony of example the with their show to But tried violence. have I sexual as gendered wartime highly still of is victims presentation as presented be to men Croat for space moral men weak for place no was there narratives e

T and changed has narrative the years twenty for over been has war the Since codn t te aa f iity f eedr, pcfcly h Amnsrto for Administration the specifically Defenders, of Ministry of data the to According of Croat he issues of secondary victimization caused by establishing the status of victim are victim of status the establishing by caused victimization secondary of issues he

those fears rather than Kapur (2005) of the state concerning the legal categori legal the concerning state the of (2005) Kapur and i and

ian soldiers. n the areas of East Slavonia, East of areas the n

institutional violence should be taken into account. The law makers should should makers law The account. into taken be should violence institutional

men had tobebolstered. men

victims ofsexualviolence.coursevictims Of Sunny. Sunny. Persons, hs s a b se a asmn mr ojcie oiin in position objective more assuming as seen be can is This Also one might wonder about the Statement`s the about wonder might one Also it is estimated that the majority of sexual violence sexual of majority the that estimated is it representing arepresenting k

ht h mjrt o rps ee ige niet bt there but incidents single were rapes of majority the that ms.

lmto o te eea pbi attd? That attitude? public general the on clamation 45

as counties of counties

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- many disputes were held were disputes many national, anti national, Croatian feminists on the issue of war of issue the on feminists Croatian written been has lot A The

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48

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C representation re wt preuig h prertr. h nw a isl peet a iprat step important an presents itself law new The perpetrators. the persecuting with erned ONCLUSION s working on this issue. I have have I issue. this on working s Since the 1990s the topic of wartime sexual violence was mostly forgotten by the the by forgotten mostly was violence sexual wartime of topic the 1990s the Since alysis of relevant media articles helped me show the discrepancy between the public the between discrepancy the show me helped articles media relevant of alysis Sunny Sunny nged from the 1990s. I prese I 1990s. the from nged s Sunny Sunny

of wartime sexual violence in violence sexual wartime of hc cnitd of consisted which

medi ure the entwinement of the public discourse around the issue of of issue the around discourse public the of entwinement the ure a started writing about the new law which will finally address address finally will which law new the about writing started a

one ot h iprac o te e lw n its and law new the of importance the out pointed

testimonies of survivors of 1990s wartime sexual sexual wartime 1990s of survivors of testimonies nted 51

two shifts two survivors` testimonies in testimonies survivors` f I rtcly analyzed critically I lf.

I identified through my research my through identified I d

the nationalistic elements in in elements nationalistic the

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and a special special a and orth mentioning that one of the limitations is also the use of the English English the of use the also is limitations the of one that mentioning orth nlecd y esetv o ti tpc hc distinguishes which topic this on perspective my influenced which Foundation was Foundation

to n to could lead to further resear further to lead could ote

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eerh M bcgon a a as background My research. p in my thesis alsop inmy presentofmy thesis the limitations thesis. s .

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CEU eTD Collection prošlošću. Zagreb 2012. (ed.) E Bužinkić, andthe Consent, Economy Political Sexual ofWar,” Viol Sexual “Situating 2012. J.E. Burnet, Press 1995. W. Brown, cekicima 2 on published Bradarić kritičke analize (ed.): Ćaćić in učiniti” moramo “Nešto 2005. R. Borić, Benson,L. 2001. Bosnia and Herzegovina.” 2010. E. Bećirević, Durieux 2001. I. Banac, društvoSrbijeViktimološko iEvropskipokret uS V.(ed.): Ristanović, Andrić Nationalism. 2006. B. Anderson, Minneapolis: Universityof Minnesota Press 1996. B. Allen, Sarajevo: SavezlogorašaBosne Ce i Hercegovine, IrfanAjanović, (ed.)1999. 5.

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