Summary of Activities, Impacts and Outputs 2013-May 2017

Summary of activities, impacts and outputs 2013-May 2017

John Britton Linda Bauld Ann McNeill

On behalf of the UK Centre for Tobacco and Alcohol Studies

Progress Report 2013 -2017

UKCTAS overview, activities, impacts and outputs 2013 to May 2017

1. Introduction

The UK Centre for Tobacco and Alcohol Studies (UKCTAS) is a strategic partnership now comprising 14 university academic groups working collaboratively on programmes of research, teaching, training and policy development to prevent harms to health and wider society rising from tobacco and alcohol use. UKCTAS originated as the UK Centre for Tobacco Control Studies (UKCTCS), one of the five UK Public Health Research Centres of Excellence established by the UK Clinical Research Collaboration in 20081, and expanded in accordance with its original objectives to become UKCTAS in the successful competition for second phase funding in 2013. The remit and achievements of UKCTAS during the 2008-13 funding period are detailed in earlier reports 2,3.

This report updates our 2013-5 review of outputs and achievements submitted to our International Advisory Board (IAB) in 20153 by providing an overview of key elements and impacts of our work from the commencement of our current five-year funding period in September 2013, including those developed since (and in response to) the IAB at its September 2015 meeting. It concludes with some initial thoughts on next steps for continuing the work of the Centre beyond the current funding period, which is due to end in 2018.

2. UKCTAS Objectives 2013-18

UKCTAS was established to build on the success of the UKCTCS in tobacco work, and to expand the focus of the Centre to include alcohol as well as tobacco. The declared objectives of UKCTAS are to:

 Establish the UKCTAS as a leading international centre for both tobacco and alcohol research and policy excellence, complementing our success with UKCTCS  Deliver a world-class portfolio of original research and policy development  Build and sustain capacity by developing our engagement and training programmes for researchers, health professionals, policymakers, advocates and others in alcohol and tobacco science and practice  Harness the skills, knowledge and outputs of the UKCTAS to engage with and provide strategic direction for the tobacco and alcohol control policy agenda

3. UKCTAS Structure, management and research teams

UKCTAS is led by the Director (John Britton) and Deputy Directors (Linda Bauld and Ann McNeill) and managed by a Strategic Management Group (SMG) of 26 senior academics from 13 UK and 1 New Zealand University, who with their wider research groups and collaborations deliver the work of UKCTAS. The Centre is supported by a research coordinator (Graeme Docherty), digital media and support officer (Chris Hill) and data manager (Yue Huang). Further details on the lead academics and their host universities are summarised in Figure 1 below; full details of the research teams involved are listed in full on the UKCTAS website4. UKCTAS currently involves a total of over 135 researchers and related staff, and a wider research network of nearly 300 collaborators and other stakeholders. UKCTAS work is organised into six workstreams and four cross-cutting themes (Figure 2).

1 UK Clinical Research Collaboration. Strengthening public health research in the UK. UK Clinical Research Collaboration: http://www.ukcrc.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/03/Public_Health_Report_July_08.pdf; 2008 2 http://ukctas.net/reports.html 3 http://ukctas.net/pdfs/UKCTAS-2013-15-Progress-Report.pdf 4 http://ukctas.net/teams/researchteams.html

Progress Report 2013 -2017

Figure 1: Institutions and lead researchers in the UKCTAS network

(full details of research teams are available at http://ukctas.net/teams/researchteams.html)

Figure 2: UKCTAS Workstreams and Cross-cutting Themes

Workstreams (WS)

WS 1 WS 2 WS 3 Behaviour and risks of tobacco Population strategies for Individual strategies for and alcohol use behaviour change behaviour change

WS 4 WS 5 WS 6 Reducing harm from tobacco Policy and ethics The tobacco and alcohol and alcohol use industries

Cross-cutting Themes (CCT)

CCT 4 CCT 2 CCT 3 CCT 1 Teaching, training, New research Economics Reducing Inequalities capacity development, methods assessment public engagement

Progress Report 2013 -2017

4. Example research achievements 2013-17:

Since UKCTAS was established in 2013 we have published over 700 peer-reviewed original research papers and around 100 reviews, letters and other academic outputs. We have attracted over £45 million in new research grant income, and achieved significant policy and practice impacts in a range of different areas. Details of our publications and grants are presented in Appendices 1 and 2, and an account of activities in relation to all WS and CCT objectives outlined in our funding proposal in Appendix 3. Our current cohort of postgraduate students and research fellows funded through UKCTAS (directly or through leveraged funding) are listed in Appendix 4. The following sections provide examples of success in research, policy and other areas of activity.

4.1 Decision-support to national policymakers on alcohol policy UKCTAS academics were commissioned by the group responsible for developing the new UK Chief Medical Officer's drinking guidelines5, and undertook a series of projects commissioned by Public Health England, to inform policy recommendations on alcohol to government and the National Health Service. These projects included: (1) investigating potential health, economic and societal impacts of taxation and minimum pricing policies for alcohol and identification and brief advice (IBA) for risky drinkers by primary care practitioners;6,7 (2) Estimating the number of alcohol dependent adults in need of specialist assessment and treatment and the number of children living in their households8 and (3) Estimating the risks associated with different levels and patterns of alcohol consumption for UK adults to inform revisions to the UK Chief Medical Officers’ low risk drinking guidelines.9 We also adapted or updated our modelling of the potential impact of minimum unit pricing policies for Scotland, Wales, Northern Ireland and the Republic of Ireland, all of which are taking steps towards implementing the policy, and have cited our work extensively in their policy development and legal processes. We performed new analyses for the Scottish Government on the comparative effectiveness of Minimum Unit Pricing and alcohol taxation10, and this work formed a key part of their successful defence of Minimum Unit Pricing in the Scottish courts.

We have also been developing new modelling methods to allow us to adapt the Sheffield Alcohol Policy Model to the Local Authority level. These new models will enable local decision makers to understand the extent and distribution of alcohol-related harm in their area, and appraise the potential impact of a range of policy options to address this.

4.2 Requirements for specialist alcohol treatment capacity As part of the DH Policy research programme we have developed a model to estimate requirements for specialist alcohol treatment capacity in England - The Specialist Treatment for Alcohol Model (STreAM) Version 1.011. This includes identifying key specialist treatment options and combinations of treatments and care packages; then investigate the effectiveness and resource uses of these treatment modalities, taking into account the severity

5 https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/545937/UK_CMOs__report.pdf 6 Angus C, Ally A. Modelling the potential impact of duty policies using the Sheffield Alcohol Policy Model version 3. Sheffield: ScHARR, University of Sheffield, 2015. 7 Angus C, Gillespie D, A A, A B. Modelling the impact of minimum unit pricing and identification and brief advice policies using the Sheffield Alcohol Policy Model version 3. Sheffield: ScHARR, University of Sheffield, 2015. 8 Pryce R, Buykx P, Gray L, A S, Drummond C, A B. Estimates of alcohol dependence in England based on APMS 2014, including estimates of children living in household with an adult with alcohol dependence: Prevalence, trends and amenability to treatment. Sheffield and London: University of Sheffield and King's College London, 2017. 9 Holmes J, Angus C, Buykx P, Ally A, Stone T, Meier P. Mortality and morbidity risks from alcohol consumption in the UK: Analyses using the Sheffield Alcohol Policy Model (v.2.7) to inform the UK Chief Medical Officers' review of the UK lower risk drinking guidelines. Sheffield: ScHARR, University of Sheffield, 2016. 10 Angus C, Holmes J, Pryce R, Meier P, Brennan A. (2016) 'Model-based appraisal of the comparative impact of Minimum Unit Pricing and taxation policies in Scotland: An adaptation of the Sheffield Alcohol Policy Model version 3', ScHARR: University of Sheffield. 11 Brennan, Buykx, Pryce, Jones, Hill-McManus, Stone, Ally, Gillespie, Meier, Alston, Cairns, Millar, Donmall, Wolstenholme, Phillips, Elzerbi, and Drummond. An Evidence-Based Model for Estimating Requirements for Specialist Alcohol Treatment Capacity in England - The Specialist Treatment for Alcohol Model (STreAM) Version 1.0. Final report to DH Policy Research Programme PR-R4-0512-12002. October 2016.

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of patients’ alcohol dependence and other patient characteristics; estimating the prevalence of harmful and dependent drinkers by the severity of alcohol dependence, gender, age and other relevant patient characteristics in England at both national and local levels over time, engaging with stakeholders to reach consensus on England-specific “amenable” and “acceptable” levels of service provision and other key model assumptions, and estimating the impact of specialist alcohol treatment in terms of resource usage and reduced alcohol-related health (mortality, hospital admissions).

4.3 Use of International Alcohol Control survey data to inform licensing policy in New Zealand New Zealand legislated in 2012 to allow local territorial authorities to establish trading hours suitable for their locality. Data collected by Professor Sally Casswell and her team, through the International Alcohol Control (IAC) study, about the time at which alcohol was purchased have since been disseminated and used by several agencies including regional public health services and Councils. Before the IAC project, such data were not available to assist with alcohol policy development within New Zealand. Findings on late night trading hours from the IAC survey were also used by Prof Casswell and Dr Taisia Huckle when called as expert witnesses for the New Zealand Police at appeal hearings before the Alcohol Regulatory Licensing Authority. Data from the IAC study have also been used to inform debate on policy development in other participating countries including Vietnam and South Africa.

Papers have been published on pricing data, hours of purchase and prediction of heavier drinking12 and policy relevant behaviours, socioeconomic status and alcohol consumption.13 A recent paper on the alcohol industry’s reliance on harmful use of alcohol in middle and higher income countries received wide media coverage in New Zealand.14 Papers on price and heavier drinking by young people and drinker types, harm and policy are in press15,16 Two other papers on heavier drinking in high and middle income markets and the Alcohol Environment Protocol (AEP) tool have been submitted for publication – with one at the revision stage.17 The paper on the AEP tool is being considered for a special IAC issue of Drug and Alcohol Review, funded by International Drug Research Centre (IDRC), Canada which will showcase cross country analysis of the IAC data18. IAC pre-conference meetings have been held at Annual Alcohol Epidemiology Symposiums of the Kettil Bruun Society since 2013, and papers from the study presented at the KBS Annual Conferences over this period, and at the Global Alcohol Policy Alliance (GAPA) Conferences in 2013 (Seoul) and 2015 (Edinburgh).

4.4 Alcohol and Cognition The effects of alcohol on both short- and long-term cognition are recognised, but not fully understood. UKCTAS researchers at the University of Liverpool (Ian Gilmore) have been working with the alcohol services team at the Royal Liverpool University Hospital to implement and evaluate a new nurse-led clinical pathway for patients who are vulnerable to Alcohol-Related Brain Injury (ARBI). The project is funded by the Health Foundation and builds on the work presented at the British Society of Gastroenterology, which was awarded best oral presentation.

12 Casswell, S., Huckle, T., Wall, M., Yeh, L.-C. (2014). International Alcohol Control study: pricing data and hours of purchase predict heavier drinking. Alcoholism Clinical and Experimental Research, 38(5), 1425-1431. 13 Casswell, S., Huckle, T., Wall, M., Parker, K. (2016). Policy relevant behaviours mediate the relationship between socio-economic status and alcohol consumption – analysis from the International Alcohol Control (IAC) study. Alcoholism Clinical and Experimental Research, 40(2), 385-392. 14 Casswell, S., Callinan, S., Chaiyasong, S., Pham V, C., Kazantseva, E., Bayandorj, T., Huckle, T., Parker, K., Railton, R., Wall, M. (2016). How the alcohol industry relies on harmful use of alcohol and works to protect its profits. Drug and Alcohol Review, published online 27 OCT. doi: 10.1111/dar.12460. 15 Wall, M., Casswell, C., Yeh, L.-C. (2016). Purchases by heavier drinking young people concentrated in lower priced beverages – implications for policy. Drug and Alcohol Review, in press November 16 Wall, M., & Casswell, S. (2017). Drinker types, harm and policy related variables: results from the 2011 International Alcohol Control Study in New Zealand. Alcoholism Clinical and Experimental Research, in press March. 17 Huckle, T., Callinan, S., Cuong Pham, Chaiyasong, S., Parker, K., Casswell, S. (2017). Where heavier drinking occurs in high and middle income alcohol markets. Alcoholism Clinical and Experimental Research, under review. 18 Casswell, S., Parry, C., Morojele, N., Petersen Williams, P., Chaiyasong, S., Gordon, R., Gray-Philip, G., Pham V, C., MacKintosh, A.-M., Halliday, S., Railton, R., Randerson, S. (2017). The Alcohol Environment Protocol - a new tool for alcohol policy. Drug and Alcohol Review, submitted for IAC Special Issue

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The pathway examined in the study is intended to improve identification of patients with early signs of cognitive impairment (a symptom of ARBI), enabling the alcohol team to select and implement the most appropriate interventions aimed at improving that patient's cognitive function and their ability to abstain from alcohol. The intervention makes it easier for carers, community services and GPs to understand the patient’s needs and to manage their care more appropriately, increasing the chances of improving their health and building greater understanding of the support they will need from the community to manage their condition.

4.5 Attention to health warnings on alcohol packaging UKCTAS researchers at the University of Liverpool have demonstrated that drinkers pay little attention to warning labels on alcohol packaging, which attract only around 7–8% of the total viewing time given to the overall branding and packaging of alcohol products19. Even drinkers motivated to cut down did not increase their attention to warning labels, though they did reduce attention to overall branding. These findings suggest that the low level of attention reflects the limited space given to alcohol warning labels on packaging, which on average take up less than 5% of the available space. They also suggest that drinkers may not see the messages as relevant to any motives to cut down, because the messages do not provide information on consequences. There are also grounds for concern that “drink responsibly” messages may function to promote drinking, rather than raise awareness of harmful consequences.

4.6 The Drink Less Smartphone Application UCL has led a consortium of UKCTAS members in the development, and initial evaluation of the Drink Less smartphone application designed to help people with excessive alcohol consumption. The aim of the study was to identify modules of the application that are likely to be effective 20. It found that a combination of advanced goal-setting and self-monitoring modules yielded grater self-reported reduction than other modules. The application will be subject to further development and testing using its rapidly expanding user base of >50 new registration every day.

4.7 The Alcohol Toolkit Study Building on the success of the Smoking Toolkit Study, UCL with other UKCTAS members has developed the Alcohol Toolkit Study: a series of monthly household surveys tracking key measures of alcohol consumption and problems, attempts to reduce consumption and advice from health professionals 21. Mostly funded by the NIHR School for Public Health Research, UCL has just received funding from Cancer Research UK to continue a core part of this study for a further 5 years. It has already provided invaluable information tracking rates of receipt of GP advice on drinking, attempts to reduce consumption linked with Dry January, reductions in alcohol consumption associated with smoking quit attempts and population-level associations over time between smoking prevalence and prevalence of excessive alcohol consumption.

4.8 Effects of mass media campaigns on smoking behaviour UKCTAS academics have contributed to the design and appraisal of anti-smoking mass media campaigns by both the English Department of Health and the Scottish Government. In a report for the English Department of Health in 2015, investigators from Nottingham, Bath and King’s College London undertook a comprehensive evaluation of the impact of government-funded televised tobacco control campaigns shown in England since 2002, demonstrating that both positive and negative emotive campaigns are likely to have been effective in influencing key indicators of adult smoking behaviours including campaign recall, quitting behaviour, smoking prevalence, cigarette consumption and smoking in the home22. Qualitative work on disadvantaged parents’ smoking

19 Kersbergen I, Field M. Alcohol consumers’ attention to warning labels and brand information on alcohol packaging: Findings from cross- sectional and experimental studies. BMC Public Health. 2017;17(1):123. 20 Garnett C, Crane D, Michie S, West R, Brown J. Evaluating the effectiveness of a smartphone app to reduce excessive alcohol consumption: protocol for a factorial randomised control trial. BMC Public Health 2016; 16(1): 536. 21 Alcohol consumption in England http://www.alcoholinengland.info/ 22 http://ukctas.net/pdfs/Policy_briefing.docx

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practices in the home23 by the Edinburgh group led to a change in the content of some 2014 TV advertisements, and the findings of a subsequent evaluation of this media campaign24 was shared with the Scottish Government’s team developing the revised 2015 campaign.

More recent work led by the University of Stirling, in collaboration with academics from Nottingham and Glasgow, found that tobacco control mass media campaigns in Scotland between 2003 and 2012 were effective in triggering calls to the national stop smoking helpline but did not significantly increase the use of prescribed nicotine replacement therapy by adult smokers 25. An ongoing NIHR-funded study led by UKCTAS academics is drawing together existing evidence on effective use of mass media to communicate public health messages for a range of health behaviours, including smoking. A study from the UCL group demonstrated that a substantial public health impact could be achieved by designing a national digital and mass media smoking cessation campaign (‘Stoptober’) with a clear behavioural target (making a serious quit attempt) using key psychological principles26. The results of this evaluation were important in Stoptober being recommissioned by PHE, and being exported and used in Netherlands, New Zealand and France.

4.9 Maternal smoking during and after pregnancy Our research on tobacco looks at tobacco use and cessation throughout the life course, beginning with smoking in pregnancy, its effect on maternal and child health, interventions that can support smoking cessation, and outcomes if women stop smoking. The extent of this work was highlighted in the 'Better Beginnings' report, published by the National Institutes for Health Research 27. In the chapter on stopping smoking, nine of the twelve highlighted studies were conducted by UKCTAS researchers. Some of these studies included Professor Michael Ussher from St George's University of London, who has served as an unfunded member of UKCTAS since 2013 and helps to lead our smoking in pregnancy work along with UKCTAS co-investigators Professors Tim Coleman and Linda Bauld. The new NIHR studies have provided findings which have translated into changes in policy and practice, particularly around providing evidence for routine Carbon Monoxide (CO) screening and opt out referral to stop smoking services in pregnancy, the safety and efficacy of NRT, the effectiveness of incentives for smoking cessation, and new work on electronic cigarettes in pregnancy. A key vehicle for this translation from evidence to practice has been the multi-agency 'Smoking in Pregnancy Challenge Group' chaired by Bauld since 2012. The Challenge Group, in conjunction with UKCTAS, has prepared accessible resources on CO screening, referral and electronic cigarettes endorsed by the Royal College of Midwives and many other organisations including baby charities28.

Our work on smoking in pregnancy also involves developing the work of early career researchers on this topic. For example, Matthew Jones, a UKCTAS doctoral student at the University of Nottingham, recently developed a dynamic economic model for estimating the economic consequences of maternal smoking behaviour in pregnancy and in the home after childbirth, for infants, children and their mothers. This demonstrates that even interventions with very small effects on women’s smoking can result in NHS cost savings and reduced infant morbidity. To encourage commissioning of smoking cessation services for pregnant smokers, Public Health England have written to all CCGs in the West Midlands using model-derived estimates to illustrate the NHS cost savings that could be generated by providing such services.

23 Rowa-Dewar N, Lumsdaine C, Amos A. Protecting children from smoke exposure in disadvantaged homes. Nicotine &Tobacco Research 2015;17:496-501 24 Rowa-Dewar N, Amos A. Disadvantaged parents’ responses to a national secondhand smoke in the home mass media campaign: a qualitative study. International Journal of environmental Research and Public Health 2016:13, 901. 25 Haghpanahan H et al. The Impact of TV Mass Media Campaigns on Calls to a National Quitline and the Use of Prescribed Nicotine Replacement Therapy: A Structural Vector Autoregression Analysis. Addiction. 2017 10.1111/add.13793. 26 Brown J, Kotz D, Michie S, Stapleton J, Walmsley M, West R. How effective and cost-effective was the national mass media smoking cessation campaign 'Stoptober'? Drug and Alcohol Dependence. 2014;135:52-58. 27 http://www.dc.nihr.ac.uk/themed-reviews/Better-beginnings-web-interactive.pdf 28 http://www.smokefreeaction.org.uk/SIP/

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Other recent examples of smoking in pregnancy research include UKCTAS academics’ work to develop a text- based self-help cessation support system for pregnant smokers (MiQuit), and demonstrate that women will activate this after reading a leaflet without intervention by a health professional. We have trialled this in the largest RCT to have tested this kind of intervention in pregnancy29,30. Pilot trial results are encouraging and we have now obtained funding for a definitive trial. Ultimately MiQuit could be used to reach the ~ 80-90% (> 100,000 annually) of pregnant smokers who do not currently access NHS Stop Smoking Support.

4.10 Reducing children’s second-hand smoke exposure in the home A UKCTAS-led (academics from Nottingham, York, KCL, and Birmingham) randomised trial of a complex intervention combining personalised feedback on home air quality with behavioural and pharmacological support, designed to reduce second-hand smoke (SHS) exposure of children whose primary caregiver feels unable or unwilling to quit smoking, has demonstrated significant reductions in indoor pollution levels and salivary cotinine levels in children after delivery of cessation and/or harm reduction counselling, compared to usual care31. Notably, these changes took place in predominantly highly disadvantaged single parent families who, at the outset of the study, were not willing to consider quitting smoking. This trial highlights the potential of an intensive intervention of this type in preventing harm to children from second-hand tobacco smoking even in the most difficult circumstances, with the potential to break the intergenerational cycle of tobacco addiction and smoking-related harm. However, a similar randomised trial (FirstSteps2Smokefree) undertaken in Lanarkshire (2014-16) with the involvement of the Edinburgh group (co-I Amos), found no significant difference between socioeconomically disadvantaged first time mothers who were given routine verbal advice about reducing SHS exposure in the home and those who were given personalised feedback on air quality (SHS) levels in the home (papers in preparation). The process evaluation using qualitative interviews found that participants given the enhanced intervention had increased their capability and motivation to reduce SHS in the home, but their opportunity to do so was hindered by social and physical barriers and constraints. The participants in this trial were younger and more disadvantaged than those in the UKTAS-led trial, and this intervention was delivered in ‘real life’ conditions by First Steps workers rather than research staff.

4.11 Smoking and mental health UKCTAS researchers from Oxford and King’s College London published a systematic review in 201432 demonstrating strong and consistent evidence that mental health, however measured, improves when people stop smoking. The effect of cessation was the same in all groups of participants, including those with mental health problems. The effect on anxiety and depression was as large, or larger, than that of antidepressant therapy, thus demonstrating that smoking cessation is probably associated with improvements in, not exacerbation of, mental health. A prospective study, undertaken by researchers from Stirling and Bath, found subjective wellbeing when starting a quit attempt was associated with long term smoking cessation33.

Concerns that varenicline, a smoking cessation therapy, might increase the risk of neuropsychiatric adverse events has been a major obstacle to the use of this highly effective therapy in smokers with mental health problem. Two 2016 systematic reviews from UKCTAS colleagues in York University and King’s College London established the efficacy of varenicline and bupropion for smoking cessation in people with mental health problems. These reviews identified more than fourfold increases in likelihood of successful cessation with

29 Naughton F, et al: Large multicentre pilot randomised controlled trial testing a low-cost, tailored, self-help smoking cessation text message intervention for pregnant smokers (MiQuit). Addiction 2017 http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/add.13802/abstract?campaign=wolacceptedarticle 30 Naughton F, et al. The adaptation and uptake evaluation of an SMS text message smoking cessation programme (MiQuit) for use in antenatal care. BMJ Open. 2015;5:e008871. doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2015- 008871

31 Ratschen E, et al. A Randomised Controlled Trial of a Complex Intervention to reduce Children’s Exposure to Secondhand Smoke in the Home. Tobacco Control (In press) 32 Taylor G, et al. Change in mental health after smoking cessation: systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ 2014;348:g1151 33 Bauld, L., R. Hiscock, F. Dobbie, P. Aveyard, T. Coleman, J. Leonardi-Bee, H. McRobbie and A. McEwen (2016). "English Stop-Smoking Services: One-Year Outcomes." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 13(12): 1175.

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varenicline or bupropion, relative to those receiving no treatment, and no evidence of an increased risk of neuropsychiatric adverse effects34,35. These findings were supported by results of a major randomised controlled trial of cessation therapy in patients with and without psychiatric disorders, with collaboration from Robert West at UCL36.

UKCTAS colleagues have also played a major role in the introduction of smoke-free policies alongside treatment in mental health settings, in accordance with NICE guidance PH4837 (programme development group chaired by Britton; Farley, Murray, Ratschen were group members). UKCTAS members published research showing that more time and money was spent in mental health settings facilitating smoking than treating it38,39, have influenced guidance by the Care Quality Commission, and been involved in committees set up by Public Health England to implement NICE guidance nationally. Kings College London and its’ partner mental health Trust, the South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, offer monthly meetings to colleagues across the UK to support smoke-free implementation in mental health trusts. A new multi-agency working group to translate evidence to practice, set up by Action on Smoking and Health, is chaired by McNeill (King’s College London).

A 2016 systematic review on smoking cessation treatments for smokers in substance abuse treatment by a Masters’ student supervised and co-authored by UKCTAS colleagues at King’s College London was awarded the Gary Swan Prize for Article of the Year by the journal Nicotine & Tobacco Research40.

4.12 Smoking cessation in people with cancer UK health policy is seeking to address survivorship for people with cancer, principally aimed at improving quality of life. To date, such initiatives have not sought to address risk factors for cancer recurrence, principally smoking. UKCTAS members at the University of Oxford have conducted reviews that showed for the first time that stopping smoking improved the outcome for people who have been treated for cancer. In further work, we have conducted the largest study to date which shows strong evidence of reduced death in people who stop smoking after smoking-related cancers 41. Furthermore, the team showed that GPs were more likely to intervene to help people stop smoking if they had developed ischaemic heart disease compared with cancer, with higher rates of updating smoking status, providing advice on how to quit, and prescription of pharmacotherapy 42. Perhaps as a consequence, a higher proportion of people with cancer smoked a year after diagnosis than did people with heart disease, with around two thirds continuing to smoke. Led by colleagues at Stirling University, UKCTAS are now trying new approaches to supporting cessation in this group of patients, including the use of e- cigarettes, with funding from the Roy Castle Lung Cancer Foundation.

4.13 Research on electronic cigarettes Work from Robert West’s group at UCL has explored the relation between electronic cigarette use and smoking cessation. A 2016 study of the association between e-cigarette use and changes in quit attempts, success of quit attempts, use of smoking cessation pharmacotherapy, and use of stop smoking services in England demonstrated

34 Wu Q, et al. Varenicline for smoking cessation and reduction in people with severe mental illnesses: systematic review and meta- analysis. Addiction. 2016;111(9):1554-67. 35 Roberts E, Evins AE, McNeill A, Robson D. Efficacy and acceptability of pharmacotherapy for smoking cessation in adults with serious mental illness: a systematic review and network meta-analysis. Addiction 2015 Nov 23. doi: 10.1111/add.13236. 36 Anthenelli, R. M et al. Neuropsychiatric safety and efficacy of varenicline, bupropion, and nicotine patch in smokers with and without psychiatric disorders (EAGLES): a double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled clinical trial. The Lancet, 2016;387:2507-2520. 37 https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/ph48 38 Robson D, Yates M, Craig TJK, Healey A, McNeill A. Time to smoke: facilitating smoking breaks in mental health inpatient settings. Nicotine & Tobacco Research, 2016;18:1794-7.doi:10.1093/ntr/ntw103 39 Sohal H, Huddlestone L, Ratschen E. Preparing for Completely Smoke-Free Mental Health Settings: Findings on Patient Smoking, Resources Spent Facilitating Smoking Breaks, and the Role of Smoking in Reported Incidents from a Large Mental Health Trust in England. Int J Environmental Research Public Health2016 Feb 25;13(3). pii: E256. doi: 10.3390/ijerph13030256. 40 Thurgood S, Clark-Carter D, McNeill A, Brose LS. A systematic review of smoking cessation interventions for adults in substance abuse treatment or recovery. Nicotine Tob Res 2016 May;18(5):993-1001. doi: 10.1093/ntr/ntv127 41 Koshiaris C, Aveyard P, Oke J, Ryan R, Szatkowski L, Stevens R, Farley A. Smoking cessation and survival in lung, upper aero-digestive tract and bladder cancer: cohort study. British Journal of Cancer, in press 42 Farley A, Koshiaris C, Oke J, Ryan R, Szatkowski L, Stevens R, Aveyard P. Smoking cessation support in primary care and quitting after lung, bladder or aerodigestive tract cancer. Annals of Family Medicine, in press.

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that changes in prevalence of e-cigarette use in England have been positively associated with the success rates of quit attempts43. A separate study from the same group has demonstrated increased likelihood of quitting among smokers accessing electronic cigarettes relative to those using over-the-counter nicotine medications44. UKCTAS researchers have also been involved in research from the International Tobacco Control Policy Evaluation Project demonstrating that the success of e-cigarettes when used in quit attempts, varies according to country and the regulations governing e-cigarettes45. UKCTAS researchers also produced definitive evidence of significant reductions in toxin exposure among smokers who switch completely to electronic cigarettes, through the first longer term study to look at exposures and to compare continuing smokers, dual users (smoking and vaping) and exclusive e-cigarette users46.

Work from the Edinburgh group has explored, using qualitative methods, smokers’ and ex-smokers’ views, understandings and experience of e-cigarettes (PI Amos). The first study was one of the first qualitative studies on adults’ views of e-cigarettes47. It found that different groups of smokers bring diverse expectations, requirements and concerns to their evaluations and therefore to the potential use of nicotine-containing products. The ambiguity around e-cigarettes in public health debates and medical practice was reflected in the positions and concerns of smokers. Their second recently completed study explored disadvantaged young adults’ (16-24 years old) perceptions of e-cigarettes (two papers under review). It found that e-cigarette use among this group was mainly short lived, and often faltered when socialising and drinking, or at times of stress. E-cigarette norms were being informed by the similarities and differences between smoking and vaping.

5. Policy highlights 2013-17

5.1 UK Low Risk Drinking Guidelines The UK government produced low risk drinking guidelines in 1994 and, despite new evidence about the health harms of drinking at different levels, these were not updated. However, in 2014 the Chief Medical Officer for England convened an expert group tasked with reviewing the evidence and updating the guidelines, which several UKCTAS members contributed to. UKCTAS researchers at the Universities of Sheffield and Stirling used focus groups and model-based forecasts to provide evidence to the CMO’s review 48 which demonstrated that the current guidelines are not well understood or used by adults in England and Scotland. Findings suggested that current guidelines on daily limits, including using units, were not sufficient; and that guidance about single occasion drinking was also needed. In a confidential report to the Department of Health we projected the potential health, economic and societal impacts of individuals drinking to alternative guideline levels. Our modelling investigated the potential impact of several empirical methods of guidelines setting, including methods developed in Canada and Australia.

These findings, and those of the Sheffield Alcohol Policy model, directly informed the development of new draft guidelines released for consultation in January 2016 and published in final form in new UK Chief Medical Officers’ Low Risk Drinking Guidelines in August 2016 49 (see also section 4.1). UKCTAS researchers from Sheffield, Liverpool and Stirling were then involved in dissemination of the guidelines, providing comments to the media

43 Beard E et al. Association between electronic cigarette use and changes in quit attempts, success of quit attempts, use of smoking cessation pharmacotherapy, and use of stop smoking services in England: time series analysis of population trends. BMJ 2016; 354. 44 Brown J, Beard E, Kotz D, Michie S, West R. Real-world effectiveness of e-cigarettes when used to aid smoking cessation. Addiction. 2014;109(9):1531-1540. 45 Yong H-H, Hitchman SC, Cummings KM, Borland R, Gravely SM, McNeill A, Fong GT. Does the regulatory environment of e-cigarettes for smoking cessation? Longitudinal findings from the ITC Four Country Survey. NTR 2 017 Mar 4. doi: 10.1093/ntr/ntx056. 46 Shahab L et al. Nicotine, Carcinogen, and Toxin Exposure in Long-Term E-Cigarette and Nicotine Replacement Therapy Users: A Cross- sectional Study. Ann Intern Med. [Epub ahead of print 7 February 2017] doi: 10.7326/M16-1107 47 Rooke C, Cunningham-Burley S, Amos A (2016). Smokers’ and ex-smokers’ understandings of electronic cigarettes: a qualitative study. Tobacco Control, 25, e60-e66 48 Lovatt, M., Eadie, D., Meier, P. S., Li, J., Bauld, L., Hastings, G., and Holmes, J. (2015) Lay epidemiology and the interpretation of low-risk drinking guidelines by adults in the United Kingdom. Addiction, doi: 10.1111/add.13072. 49 https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/545937/UK_CMOs__report.pdf

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including broadcast interviews. UKCTAS publications involving Sheffield, UCL and Stirling have since then examined the short-term impact of the guidelines on levels of public awareness and knowledge through two publications of survey results, and Sheffield and UCL have been commissioned by NIHR’s public health research programme to evaluate longer term changes in understanding and drinking behaviour.

5.2 Drink driving limit reduction in Scotland Academics from UKCTAS worked with Scottish groups including Alcohol Focus Scotland and Scottish Health Action on Alcohol Problems to advocate for a reduction in the ‘drink-drive limit’ in Scotland. The Scottish Government successfully argued for power over drink-drive limits to be devolved to Holyrood, and in December 2014, the limit was reduced in Scotland from 80mg to 50mg of alcohol in 100ml of blood. Evidence suggests this will reduce road traffic accidents (RTAs) and resultant deaths.

The limit change could also positively or negatively affect overall levels of drinking and related harms, which are rising in Scotland at least in part due to increased home drinking. The University of Stirling is leading a study, with colleagues at Glasgow Caledonian and Glasgow Universities, to understand how the limit change has been experienced by the public in general, as well as by licensees, the police and community safety staff. We will conduct group interviews with the general public to explore attitudes and responses to the change and whether, how and why they feel they changed their drinking patterns, locations, or mode of transport, both initially and over time. We will also conduct individual interviews with pub/bar owners and managers to find out how these businesses have responded to the limit change. To our knowledge this will be the first evaluation of its kind to focus on unintended (positive or negative) consequences of the limit change using qualitative methodology. The findings will enable better understanding of how the change may have impacted on overall drinking levels, drinking patterns and related harms in Scotland, and will therefore inform future policies to reduce alcohol- related harm. It will also inform future decisions in jurisdictions with an 80mg limit (including the rest of the UK and many US states) where debate about lowering the limit continues.

5.3 Health First and the Four Nations Health First 50 is an exemplar alcohol strategy for the UK compiled by the University of Stirling under the auspices of the Alcohol Health Alliance UK (www.ahauk.org), and supported by over 70 organisations including Royal Colleges, NHS bodies, third sector bodies and universities. It includes 30 clear alcohol policy recommendations and presents a broad consensus drawing on the scientific literature, and independent of the alcohol industry. It has been used extensively as an advocacy tool since publication in 2013.

In 2015, the Universities of Stirling and Sheffield, in partnership with the Alliance for Useful Evidence, audited current alcohol policy in each of the four nations of the UK against the Health First recommendations. The resulting ‘Four Nations’ document51 had a significant impact, reinforcing the Scottish Government’s progressive, evidence-based approach; and highlighting the failure, particularly at UK level, in relation to minimum unit pricing (MUP). The report led to several questions in parliament, leading to a public statement of the UK Government’s position on minimum unit pricing, which was not previously clear: “minimum unit pricing will remain under review whilst we monitor carefully the legal developments and the implementation of this policy in Scotland.” This opens the door to further advocacy on this issue following the resolution of the legal case later in 2017.

5.4 Tobacco harm reduction UKCTAS has taken a leading role in promoting the use of electronic cigarettes and other non-tobacco nicotine sources as a reduced harm substitute for smoking. Key outputs and contributions since 2013 include

50 https://www.stir.ac.uk/media/schools/management/documents/Alcoholstrategy-updated.pdf 51 http://www.ias.org.uk/uploads/pdf/Four%20Nations%20v4.pdf

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 Authoring evidence summaries used as the foundation for policy by Public Health England (PHE)52,53,54. These reports all attracted substantial media interest, particularly the McNeill et al 2015 paper which estimated that electronic cigarette use was likely to be around 95% less harmful than tobacco smoking.  Publication, through our close collaboration with the Royal College of Physicians (Britton chairs the RCP Tobacco Advisory Group), of a report Nicotine without smoke55, a report advocating widespread promotion and adoption of electronic cigarettes as a consumer alternative to tobacco. The report attracted substantial international media interest (see http://ukctas.net/rcp.html for examples), and a leading article in The Times newspaper56.  Primary research funded by HTA, CRUK, Pfizer, PHE and other sources to clarify the efficacy of e-cigarettes in smoking cessation, the natural history of dual use, aldehyde emissions from EC flavourings, safety and effects of e-cigarettes in pregnancy. We were one of the first research centres to evaluate the safety of e- cigarettes (EC) and their effects on users, and this work fed into the PHE and RCP reviews, the National Centre for Smoking Cessation Training (NCSCT) briefing to stop-smoking practitioners, and briefings for the CMO and all-party parliamentary group. Our input influenced clinical practice within the national stop-smoking services and is increasingly influencing primary care practice. Among other papers, we have reported on the ‘real world’ effectiveness of e-cigarettes used in quit attempts by smokers 57 and a recent paper demonstrating objective evidence of significant reductions in toxin exposure among smokers who switch completely to electronic cigarettes 58. We helped to produce guidance on the integration of e-cigarettes into treatment for smokers offered by NHS Stop Smoking Services59. Through surveying Stop Smoking Services personnel, we are working with ASH and PHE to monitor ongoing changes in smokers’ interest and use of EC60,61. We submitted written and oral evidence to Victoria Health and the Therapeutics Goods Administration in Australia, Ministry of Health in New Zealand and the Canadian and Scottish and Welsh parliaments/assemblies (John Britton, Linda Bauld, Ann McNeill); and authored a briefing paper critiquing a scientific assessment and policy options report on electronic cigarettes (referred to in the report as Electronic Nicotine Delivery Systems (ENDS) and Electronic Non-Nicotine Delivery Systems (ENNDS) prepared for the WHO Seventh Conference of the Parties 1 of the Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (FCTC COP-7)62.  UKCTAS has established the UK Electronic Cigarette Research Forum in partnership with Cancer Research UK and Public Health England. The forum meets face to face three times a year involving researchers, policy makers and practitioners and produces a monthly evidence briefing written by Linda Bauld with colleagues at CRUK. The forum has already produced a number of new collaborations across UK Universities (extending beyond UKCTAS) resulting in successful grant applications to CRUK, who have funded 40 studies on e- cigarettes since 2014.

52 Britton J, Bogdanovica I. Electronic cigarettes. A report commissioned by Public Health England. www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/311493/Ecigarettes_report.pdf; 2014 53 Bauld L, Angus K, de Andrade M. E-cigarette uptake and marketing. A report commissioned by Public Health England. www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/311491/Ecigarette_uptake_and_marketing.pdf; 2014 54 McNeill A, Brose LS, Calder R, Hitchman SC, Hajek, P, McRobbie H. . E-cigarettes: an evidence update. https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/457102/Ecigarettes_an_evidence_update_A_report_ commissioned_by_Public_Health_England_FINAL.pdf ; 2015 55 https://www.rcplondon.ac.uk/file/3563/download?token=uV0R0Twz 56 http://www.thetimes.co.uk/edition/comment/vaping-vindicated-26vrp9vlx 57 Brown J, et al. Real-world effectiveness of e-cigarettes when used to aid smoking cessation: a cross-sectional population study. Addiction. 2014;109(9):1531-40. 58 Shahab L, et al. Nicotine, carcinogen, and toxin exposure in long-term e-cigarette and nicotine replacement therapy users: A cross- sectional study. Annals of Internal Medicine. 2017. doi: 10.7326/M16-1107 59 http://www.ncsct.co.uk/usr/pub/Electronic_cigarettes._A_briefing_for_stop_smoking_services.pdf 60 Hiscock, R., et al (2015). Views from the coalface: What do english stop smoking service personnel think about e-cigarettes? International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 12(12), 16157-16167. 61 Hiscock, R., Goniewicz, M., McEwen, A., Murray, S., Arnott, D., Dockrell, M., & Bauld, L. (2014). E-cigarettes: Online survey of uk smoking cessation practitioners. Tobacco Induced Diseases, 12(1), 1-9. doi:10.1186/1617-9625-12-13 62 http://ukctas.net/pdfs/UKCTAS-response-to-WHO-ENDS-report-26.10.2016.pdf

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5.5 Smoke-free policy in English Prisons

One of our PhD students, Leah Jayes (Nottingham), measured levels of indoor particulate (PM2.5) pollution, demonstrating extremely high levels in the indoor environments of a sample of English prisons in which smoking is allowed. The work also demonstrates that current efforts to separate smokers and non-smokers have little effect in protecting non-smokers from passive smoke exposure. Personal monitoring of prison staff demonstrates extremely high levels of exposure sustained during their working day. Our 2015 report on this work 63 was described, in a meeting with the Deputy Director of Public Sector Prisons, Ian Mulholland, as ‘ground-breaking’; and led, after obtaining independent confirmation by another research organisation, to the announcement of a programme of implementation of smoke-free policy across the prison estate to be implemented from October 201564. This process has now begun: the first cluster of four English prisons went smoke-free in spring 2016; women’s and sex-offender prisons followed suit later in 2016; and the policy is gradually being introduced across the English prison estate. All prisons in Wales are also now smoke-free. Leah Jayes has measured the change in indoor particulate pollution generated by the policy, and completed studies of staff and prisoners in these institutions before and after policy implementation to explore expected and actual difficulties with implementation, and identify lessons to apply as the policy is extended across the UK.

5.6 Smoking in cars with children Legislation prohibiting smoking in cars carrying children in England and Wales came into force in October 2015. UKCTAS played a leading role in bringing this legislation into place, beginning with a call for legislation in a Royal College of Physicians report on passive smoking and children led by UKCTAS academics65, and followed up by work with leading medical charities advocating for legislation. UKCTAS researchers also wrote a report for the Department of Health on the implementation of similar legislation in other countries that had already implemented similar policies66, which was used in both the Westminster and Scottish parliaments to inform relevant bills. Data are now available through the Cancer Research UK-funded Youth Tobacco Policy Survey conducted by UKCTAS researchers at Stirling to evaluate the impact of the legislation in young people’s reported exposure to smoking in cars since the legislation was introduced and a publication is in preparation on these results.

5.7 Standardised tobacco packaging legislation Legislation to introduce standardised packaging for tobacco was passed in the UK parliament in the spring of 2015 and will be fully implemented from May 2017. This covers all parts of the UK. UKCTAS research played a key role in this decision. This began with primary studies conducted by researchers at the University of Stirling, the University of Bristol and elsewhere over several years. UKCTAS, through Stirling’s involvement in the Department of Health funded Public Health Research Consortium, was then commissioned in 2012 along with the EPPI Centre to conduct a systematic review of the evidence. This underpinned a public consultation on the issue. Stirling researchers then updated this review in Sept 2014.

63 Jayes L, Ratschen E, Murray R, Dymond-White S, Britton J. Second-hand smoke in four English prisons: an air quality monitoring study. National Offender Management Service and HM Prison Service: 2015 https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/464423/Nottingham_AQM_Report_FINAL__2_.docx; 64 https://www.gov.uk/government/speeches/smoking-in-prisons 65 Royal College of Physicians. Passive smoking and children. A report by the Tobacco Advisory Group of the Royal College of Physicians. London: RCP; 2010.http://www.rcplondon.ac.uk/sites/default/files/documents/passive-smoking-and-children.pdf 66 http://www.prp-ccf.org.uk/PRPFiles/SFR_April_2011/0340038%20SFR_Ann%20McNeill.pdf

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the Bath and UKCTAS research on the tobacco industry’s misleading arguments.67, The latter was also used in the Government’s legal defence against the tobacco industry’s challenge to the legislation, and was heavily cited in the resulting 2016 High Court ruling by Justice Green68.

Subsequent research has confirmed how the tobacco industry used third party organisations financially linked to them to produce research, promote their arguments and lobby government as a means of expanding and extending the policy conflict in the UK69. We are currently examining social media responses to plain packaging debates, industry use of the media to promote misleading data about the illicit tobacco trade and evaluating the impact of standardised packaging on the tobacco industry in the UK. UKCTAS researchers are now involved in studies that will evaluate the implementation of the policy, funded by Cancer Research UK and others.

One of our papers on standardised packaging (senior author Anna Gilmore, Bath)70 was selected by PLoS Medicine as one of its eight ‘most interesting and influential articles’ of the last ten years,71 and has prompted similar work by Australian researchers studying British American Tobacco’s (BAT) submission to New Zealand’s Tobacco Plain Packaging Amendment Bill14.

Finally, UKCTAS researchers at Kings, Stirling and Oxford Universities, collaborating with Canadian colleagues, have just published a Cochrane systematic review of standardised packaging, the most comprehensive assessment of evidence on this topic to date.

5.8 Smoke-free NHS secondary care progress UKCTAS academics chaired and served as members of NICE programme development groups producing guidance on tobacco harm reduction (PH45)72 and smoking cessation in secondary care (PH48)73, both published in 2013. PH45 has led to the adoption of principles of harm reduction as an alternative strategy for NHS services dealing with smokers who are unable or unwilling to quit, and in turn to PHE calls for NHS stop smoking services to include and incorporate electronic cigarettes into their support for smokers. PH48 called for systematic introduction of stop smoking support into secondary care services, with services based on a model established in a RCT from the Nottingham group74 and for comprehensive smoke-free policy in secondary care settings. This guidance included mental health care settings, increasing numbers of which have since successfully gone smoke- free. We have also supported Public Health England’s online videos, conferences and guidance to encourage mental health trusts to introduce smoke-free policies and treatment. In November 2016 PHE wrote to all NHS trusts, asking them to implement NICE PH48 guidance75.

Our work on provision of cessation services in mental health settings and the 2013 RCP report Smoking and mental health (led by and with significant contributions from UKCTAS academics) were heavily cited in PHE implementation guidance for commissioners and providers of mental health services, published in 201576.

5.9 European tobacco control research and policy UKCTAS academics from KCL, Stirling and Bristol were involved in an advisory group for the new WHO roadmap of tobacco actions signed up by the 53 Member States of the WHO European Region. UKCTAS was also part of the Working Group of Scientific Experts which culminated in the 4th edition of the European Code against Cancer

67 http://www.kcl.ac.uk/health/10035-TSO-2901853-Chantler-Review-ACCESSIBLE.PDF 68 Royal High Courts of Justice. Tobacco Companies vs. UK Department of Health London, UK. 2016. 69 Hatchard, JL et al. Standardised tobacco packaging: a health policy case study of corporate conflict expansion and adaptation. BMJ Open 6(10). 2016. http://bmjopen.bmj.com/content/6/10/e012634 70 Ulucanlar S et al Representation and Misrepresentation of Scientific Evidence in Contemporary Tobacco Regulation: A Review of Tobacco Industry Submissions to the UK Government Consultation on Standardised Packaging. PLOS Medicine. 2014;11(3):e1001629. 71 http://blogs.plos.org/speakingofmedicine/2014/10/13/happy-birthday-plos-medicine/ 72 https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/PH45 73 https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/ph48 74 Murray RL et al. Systematic identification and treatment of smokers by hospital based cessation practitioners in a secondary care setting: cluster randomised controlled trial. BMJ. 2013;347:f4004. 75 https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/575158/letter_to_NHS_trusts_-_smoke_free.pdf 76 https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/smoking-cessation-in-secondary-care-mental-health-settings.

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and are currently involved in the establishment of ‘Cancer Prevention Europe’ a new research and policy initiative coordinated by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC). Several UKCTAS members are involved in the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco European Chapter and currently hold several posts on the Board including past (McNeill, Munafo) and President-Elect (Bauld). UKCTAS is now in discussion with DG Research in Brussels, facilitated by IAB member Florence Berteletti, to develop a funding mechanism for a Europe-wide University consortium for tobacco control research, using UKCTAS as a model. A preliminary event to discuss plans for this was held at the European Parliament in 2016 and a further event at the Parliament will be held on June 20th 2017 with UKCTAS speakers. Anna Gilmore is acting as an international academic advisor to the Smokefree Partnership (SFP) on the Tobacco Tax Directive, has also worked closely with the SFP on other EU tobacco control policies most notably the tobacco products directive77 and the agreements reached between the leading tobacco manufacturers and the European Commission on illicit tobacco (see below). Several UKCTAS researchers are involved in European research projects.

5.10 Illicit tobacco The University of Bath has undertaken extensive work on illicit tobacco78,79,80,81 including an evaluation of the agreements reached between the European Commission and the major tobacco manufacturers82. This work has featured prominently in a WHO FCTC publication83, underpinned written and oral evidence provided by Professor Anna Gilmore to UK and European inquiries into the illicit tobacco trade84,85,86 and was cited in a third87; and presented at an Inter-Ministerial Meeting on tobacco tax at Wilton Park. Among other things, it has been instrumental in raising awareness that the tobacco industry’s involvement in this illegal trade has probably contributed to the decision not to extend the agreement with PMI.

5.11 Tobacco tax, price & profit research UKCTAS work on tobacco industry pricing, also led from the University of Bath, showed 88,89,90 how the tobacco industry was using its pricing strategy to undermine the intended public health impacts of tobacco tax policy by absorbing taxes on its cheapest products. This has informed a number of policy changes most notably the decision to implement a minimum excise tax. It identified that many of the problems could be addressed, inter alia, through a minimum excise tax which the government has now committed to implement. In 2014 the

77 Peeters S, Costa H, Stuckler D, McKee M, Gilmore A. 2015. The Revision of the 2014 European Tobacco Products Directive : An Analysis of the Tobacco Industry’s Attempts to ‘break the health silo’. Tobacco Control 2016 Jan;25(1):108-17. 78 Gilmore AB, Fooks G, Drope J, Aguinaga Bialous S, Jackson RR. Exposing and addressing tobacco industry conduct in low-income and middle-income countries. The Lancet 2015; 385(9972),1029-1043. 79 Evans-Reeves KA., et al. “It will harm business and increase illicit trade”: An evaluation of the relevance, quality and transparency of evidence submitted by the tobacco industry to the UK Consultation on standardised packaging 2012. Tobacco Control 2015:Jun;24(e2):e168-77. 80 Rowell A, Evans-Reeves K, Gilmore AB. Tobacco industry manipulation of data on and press coverage of the illicit tobacco trade in the UK. Tobacco Control 2015 Mar;37(1):78-88. doi:10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2013-051397. 81 Gilmore A, et al. Re:KPMG response to 'Towards a greater understanding of illicit tobacco trade in Europe: a review of the PMI funded 'Project Star' report'. http://tobaccocontrol.bmj.com/content/early/2014/01/16/tobaccocontrol-2013-051240.full/reply#tobaccocontrol_el_12952 82 Joossens L, Gilmore A, Stoklosa M, Ross H. An assessment of European Union’s agreements with the four major Transnational Tobacco Companies to address the illicit cigarette trade. Tobacco Control 2016 May;25(3):254-60. 83 WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control. Combating the illicit trade in tobacco products from a European perspective. http://www.who.int/fctc/publications/Regional_studies_paper_3_illicit_trade.pdf?ua=1. 84 All Party Parliamentary Group on Smoking and Health. Inquiry into the illicit trade in tobacco products. 2013. http://www.ash.org.uk/APPGillicit2013 85 European Parliament. Directorate-General for Internal Policies Policy Department D Budgetary Affairs. Workshop Cigarette Smuggling Proceedings. Brussels: European Parliament, January 2014. http://www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/etudes/workshop/join/2014/490681/IPOL-JOIN_AT(2014)490681_EN.pdf. 86 European Parliament closed meeting Assessment of the EU Tobacco Agreements in the context of the global and EU instruments to fight illicit trade in tobacco – Roundtable. Brussels 27 January 2016. 87 House of Commons Home Affairs Committee. Tobacco Smuggling. First Report of Sessions 2014-15. London: House of Commons, 14 June 2014. http://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm201415/cmselect/cmhaff/767/76702.htm. (Accessed 3 March 2015) 88 Gilmore A, Tavakoly B, Taylor G, Reed H. Understanding tobacco industry pricing strategy and whether it undermines tobacco tax policy: the example of the British cigarette market. Addiction 2013;108(7):1317-26. doi: 10.1111/add.12159. Epub 2013 Apr 16. 89 Gilmore A, Reed H. The truth about cigarette price increases in the UK. Tob Control 2014 May; 23(0): e15–e16. doi: 10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2013-051048. 90 Gilmore A Tavakoly B, Taylor G, Hiscock R,. Smoking patterns in Great Britain: the rise of cheap cigarette brands and hand rolled tobacco. Journal of Public Health 2015 Mar;37(1):78-88.

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Treasury held a public consultation on a minimum excise tax, the consultation documents citing and reproducing our work91. The 2016 Budget then announced the introduction of a MET via the 2017 Finance Bill.92 KCL and the University of Bath are currently funded by NIHR to update and expand this work, and a CR-UK career development fellowship in Nottingham (Bogdanovica) is now developing further investigation of the effect of standardised packaging on market segmentation, pricing and consumption of tobacco and electronic cigarettes. Work on tobacco industry profitability93 has helped inform calls for the ‘polluter pays’ principle to be followed in tobacco control94 and a government consultation on placing a levy on the tobacco industry95

5.12 Reducing inequalities in smoking In 2014 UKCTAS researchers at the University of Edinburgh group published three systematic reviews on the equity impact on tobacco control interventions and policies on youth and adult smoking 96,97,98 The findings of these reviews have been widely disseminated to key national and local policymakers and practitioners in Scotland and the rest of the UK and Europe (eg invited presentations to the Scottish Government and EU parliament; plenaries at national and European conferences). In 2016 the Edinburgh Group relaunched themselves as GRIT (Group for Research on Inequalities and Tobacco) with a new website and half-day seminar on inequalities and tobacco 99. In autumn 2016 they held the first Scottish Tobacco End Game seminar, which involved key stakeholders from a range of sectors in Scotland including the Scottish Government and NGOs 100.

Since 2015 several UKCTAS groups have also undertaken and started studies focusing specifically on socioeconomically disadvantaged groups, some of which are touched on in the sections above. These have included: reducing smoking in the home (Nottingham, York, KCL and Birmingham; Edinburgh); young people’s access to tobacco 101; smoking and pregnancy (Stirling), smoking cessation (Edinburgh), smoking and mental health (King’s and Nottingham), smoking and illicit drug use (King’s).

6. Methodological developments

6.1 The Sheffield Alcohol Policy Model/Tobacco and Alcohol Policy Model The Sheffield Alcohol Policy Model102 has two main ‘layers’. The first estimates the effects of policy options on alcohol consumption behaviour and spending; and the second, the effects of changes in consumption for health/mortality, costs of health service use and effects on crime and workplace absenteeism. The model estimates the variation in policy effects, at both layers, among demographic groups (incl. age, sex) and socioeconomic groups (incl. income, socioeconomic status). Recent methodological developments have focused on:  Developing a local-authority focused version of the model to appraise the potential impact of local-level interventions. This has required the development of statistical methods to estimate local authority specific distributions of alcohol consumption and harm.

91 www.gov.uk/government/consultations/minimum-excise-tax 92 www.gov.uk/government/publications/minimum-excise-tax/minimum-excise-tax 93 Branston JR, Gilmore A. The extreme profitability of the UK tobacco market and the rationale for a new tobacco levy. University of Bath, 2015, http://opus.bath.ac.uk/43061/5/The_extreme_profitability_of_the_UK_tobacco_market_and_levy_V4.6_final.pdf 94 ASH, 2015, Smoking still kills: Protecting children, reducing inequalities, http://ash.org.uk/information-and-resources/reports- submissions/reports/smoking-still-kills/ 95 HM Treasury, 2014, Tobacco levy: Consultation, https://www.gov.uk/government/consultations/tobacco-levy 96 Brown T, Platt S, Amos A (2014) Equity impact of population-level interventions and policies to reduce smoking in adults: a systematic review. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 139, 7-16. 97 Brown T, Platt S, Amos A (2014) Equity impact of interventions and policies to reduce smoking in youth: systematic review. Tobacco Control, 23, e98-e105 98 Brown T, Platt S, Amos A (2014) Equity impact of European individual-level smoking cessation interventions to reduce smoking in adults: a systematic review. European Journal of Public Health, 24, 551–556 99 http://www.ed.ac.uk/usher/tobacco-control-inequalities 100 http://blogs.bmj.com/tc/2017/04/25/a-tobacco-endgame-for-scotland/ 101 Tjelta T, Ritchie D, Amos A. “It’s Easy to Get Fags”: A Qualitative Study of Disadvantaged Young People’s Perspectives on Cigarette Availability and Access. Nicotine Tob Res 2016 ntw267. doi: 10.1093/ntr/ntw267 102 http://www.shef.ac.uk/scharr/sections/ph/research/alpol/research/sapm

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 Developing our modelling of the identification of risky drinkers in primary care and the subsequent delivery of brief advice to them on their drinking. Under two Alcohol Research UK innovation grants we are improving methods to 1) describe socioeconomic inequalities in identification and delivery and 2) to quantify the direct costs that alcohol imposes on primary care through practitioner time and prescriptions.

We are also developing an extension of the Sheffield Model to smoking behaviour that will allow us to model the health-economic impact of policy focused on smoking, and to compare policy effects across tobacco and alcohol. This has involved:  Developing a conceptual understanding of the combined system in which tobacco and alcohol policy affect behaviour.  Developing a joint model of smoking and drinking behaviour with which to model policy effects.  Modelling the joint impact of tobacco and alcohol on mortality, hospital admissions and associated costs. We are currently developing bids to add capacity to model the health-economic impact of different future scenarios of e-cigarette use, and the health-economic of different future scenarios of changes to taxation across tobacco and alcohol.

6.2 Online tobacco and alcohol price tracking We have developed software in Nottingham to extract prices of individual brands of tobacco products (including cigarettes, hand-rolling tobaccos and e-cigarettes) and different types of alcoholic drinks by tracking prices on a grocery price comparison website (mysupermarket.com) automatically. Mysupermarket.com contains grocery product information from all UK major supermarkets (Tesco, Asda, Sainsbury’s, Morrisons, Waitrose), and is beginning to include data from Aldi and Amazon UK. We can collect data in real time but currently save weekly figures. The resulting data allow us to monitor the pricing strategies used by tobacco companies/alcohol manufacturers to, for example, minimise the effects of tax increases on the affordability of tobacco, and to explore the effects of price promotions and brand selections on the availability of low-cost alcoholic drinks. Since September 2015, we have developed a system to extract prices of tobacco products (mainly cigarettes) from supermarkets in four other countries (Australia (Coles), Sweden (henla24), Netherlands (Albert Heijn) and Ireland (Tesco & SuperValu)) using a similar approach. These data can help us to investigate the impact of tobacco policies on the price of tobacco products in different countries. Both data recording systems need to be monitored frequently due to the nature of web design.

6.3 Agreeing norms measures for assessing the re (or de) normalisation of smoking There are concerns that the increase in e-cigarette use could be renormalizing smoking of tobacco cigarettes, nicotine use and the tobacco industry, which in turn may have a negative impact on smoking prevalence. The Public Health Research Consortium commissioned researchers at King’s College London and the University of Stirling to develop two sets of survey questions to measure these norms: one for youth and one for adults. The survey questions were developed over three key stages: (1) Three desk reviews to identify current measures of norms towards smoking, nicotine use and the tobacco industry in the literature and national UK surveys; (2) Cognitive testing to establish the comprehension of the measures and whether they were eliciting information as intended; (3) Pilot testing to assess the association between the measures and smoking behaviour. International experts also commented on the findings. Following these stages, a set of valid measures were confirmed for use in national and international surveys in youth (seven measures) and adults (six measures) which were presented to Department of Health officials in April 2017. We are requesting, through the Open Science Framework, that the measures be used in national and international surveys to monitor and evaluate whether these norms are changing over time 103,104.

103 East K, Hitchman SC, Stead M, MacKintosh AM, McNeill A. Tools to measure norms towards smoking, nicotine use, and the tobacco industry: user guide. http://phrc.lshtm.ac.uk/project_2011-2016_013.html 104 East K, McNeill A, Hitchman S. The Development of Tools to Measure Norms Towards Smoking, Nicotine Use, and the Tobacco Industry. https://osf.io/mz4cx/

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6.4 Preventing publication bias in peer-review research Peer-review acts as a critical gatekeeper in both research grant funding and publication. However, as the scientific community grows and the number of journals proliferates, the burden of peer review has grown to the point where journals and funders are finding it difficult to obtain sufficient reviews. At the same time, incentive structures that promote the publication of novel, eye-catching findings that convey a clean narrative, as opposed to “unexciting” (i.e., null) results, the have been identified as major contributors to the poor reproducibility of much biomedical research. One proposed solution to this is the Registered Reports model, whereby decisions regarding publication are made in relation to the importance of the research question and the methods proposed to answer that question, and in-principle acceptance for publication of the paper reporting the results before data collection begins. We are piloting an extension of this model that integrates the Registered Reports model into the grant funding process. In a two-stage process the funder first decides whether to fund a project, based on a conventional peer-review grant application process; and in the second stage, an editor of a partner journal invites applicants to submit a detailed protocol for consideration as a Registered Report, using the same per-reviewers. Funding for the work, and in-principle acceptance of the results of the work, is therefore provided as part of a single, streamlined process; thus reducing publication bias. We are piloting this model with Cancer Research UK’s Tobacco Advisory Group (Aveyard, Bauld, Collin, Lewis) and the journal Nicotine & Tobacco Research (Munafò, Bauld).

7. Teaching, training and public/professional engagement

7.1 Masters and CPD teaching UKCTAS has developed a range of teaching and training modules on tobacco and alcohol. In our first funding period as UKCTCS we developed two Masters modules on tobacco (merged into one from 2015) offered as part of the Masters in Public Health programme at the University of Nottingham, but open to researchers and others from the UK and overseas. All UKCTCS and UKCTAS doctoral students and early career researchers have been encouraged to attend this teaching.

UKCTCS also developed a four day Continuing Development Course, ‘Tobacco Control in Practice’ which was updated by UKCTAS in 2015 to become ‘Nicotine and Tobacco Research: Current Issues, Policy and Practice’ reflecting both the core content and new developments on nicotine containing devices. This revised module was successfully run in 2015 and 2016 and will be offered again in 2017 and in future years to professionals and researchers from the UK and further afield.

UKCTAS added to existing tobacco control teaching with two new offerings on alcohol. At Masters level, Kings’ College London has now accredited an alcohol course which was offered for the first time in 2016 and again in 2017 as part of the MSc in Addiction Studies course; while Stirling University has set up a CPD ‘Alcohol Policy in Practice’ first offered in Edinburgh in 2014, in Sheffield in 2015 and Stirling in 2016. This has proved very popular and will be run again in 2017 and going forward. As with our tobacco modules, all early career researchers and doctoral students will be encouraged to attend one of these courses as well as international students from a number of Universities where UKCTAS has developed partnerships. Details are available at http://www.ukctas.net/educationandtraining.html. From October 2017 UKCTAS will be offering a 14 week distance-learning module in International Tobacco Control, accredited by the University of Stirling, as a partnership between the University of Stirling and the International Union on Tuberculosis and Lung Cancer.

7.2 Early career researcher conferences UKCTAS has continued the tradition established by UKCTCS of holding regular early career researcher conferences. We held a successful meeting before the annual UK Centres of Excellence conference in Leeds in

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July 2014105, and again in Bristol in September 2015106 and Norwich in 2016107. The next meeting will be held in 2017, before the UKCRC conference at the Royal College of Physicians in June. These meetings are typically attended by around 50 doctoral and postdoctoral researchers who are encouraged to present their work, and include sessions on career development, mentoring, research grant development and conference presentation.

7.3 UK Centres of Excellence conferences The five original UKCRC-funded Centres of Excellence, now joined by the Scottish Collaboration for Public Health Research and Policy (SCPHRP) meet annually to share research and other outputs and experience. UKCTAS organised the 2014 conference, held in June in Leeds, which was attended by a capacity audience of 225, and preceded by an early career researcher conference. Feedback on both events was extremely positive108. UKCTAS has contributed actively to all subsequent annual events (led by the other UKCRC-funded) centres, the latest of which will be held at the Royal College of Physicians in June 2017.

7.4 Public Engagement Panels Public engagement continues to be an important element of the Centre’s work, and our panels of smokers and alcohol users provide regular feedback and advice, from a user’s perspective, on Centre activities.

The smokers' panel moved to Nottingham from Bath in 2014 and continues to meet at least three times a year. There are now have 49 members representing smokers, ex-smokers and e-cigarette user of both genders, varied employment status and from a range of ethnic minorities. Members are given the opportunity to contribute outside meetings and some have been involved in studies as advisory group members or co-investigators, and also assist with dissemination. Members have attended the UKCRC Centres of Excellence conferences, thus gaining insight to see our work through the academic perspective. UKCTAS is now involving members of the New Nicotine Alliance (NNA), a not-for-profit organisation that does not accept funds from the tobacco, e-cigarette or pharmaceutical industries, in a number of studies. NNA e-cigarette users have played a valuable role in informing the Centre’s work in this area. The University of Bath continues to engage the smokers’ panel members there in advisory roles on its studies.

The UKCTAS alcohol public engagement panel was established in Stirling in 2014 and meets three times a year. It comprises 30 members drawn from the local area who drink alcohol at least weekly. Panel member are serving as members of advisory committees on a number of UKCTAS studies and have provided valuable input on study design, data collection instruments, ethics applications and dissemination strategies. The panel is now serving a model for a cross-faculty University public engagement panel at Stirling on population health issues.

7.5 Work with Advocacy Organisations The research conducted by the Centre has informed policy and practice as outlined in the examples above. However, this has not occurred through a simple process of Centre researchers communicating results to government or professional groups. Instead, a process of engagement and research translation has taken place with advocacy organisations acting as key intermediaries. These organisations are many and varied but include major UK Charities such as Cancer Research UK and the British Heart Foundation, both members of the UKCRC Centre funders group, and smaller NGOs working on tobacco and alcohol issues such as Action on Smoking and Health (ASH) in London and ASH Scotland, the EU Smokefree Partnership, the Institute of Alcohol Studies and Alcohol Focus Scotland, for example. It has also included regional advocacy bodies such as Balance North East, Fresh North East and Healthier Futures. Advocacy consortia such as the Smokefree Action Coalition and the Alcohol Health Alliance have also been important partners, along with umbrella groups working on specific topics, such as the Smoking in Pregnancy Challenge Group. Finally, committees that have an advocacy function

105 https://www.phc.ox.ac.uk/news/oxford-ukctas-team-hold-early-career-researcher-conference/ukctas-ecr-meeting-programme-and- abstract-booklet-140609v2.pdf 106 http://ukctas.net/events/ecr-progamme-2015.html 107 http://ukctas.net/events/programme-ecr-ukcrc16.html 108 http://www.ukctas.net/reports.html

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but include cross-party representation from policy makers such as the All Party Parliamentary groups on tobacco and on cancer, among others, have been instrumental in working with UKCTAS to inform and change policy and regulatory frameworks.

These partnerships with advocacy organisations have taken many forms. This has ranged from direct collaboration on funded Centre studies to organising events, briefings or meetings that include dissemination of results from Centre research. Advocacy organisations possess the skills and experience to directly lobby for policy and practice change in ways that it is difficult or not always appropriate for academics to do. It is unlikely, for example, that the Centre's research on themes such as smoking in pregnancy, electronic cigarettes and tobacco harm reduction, standardised packaging of tobacco, smokefree prisons, alcohol minimum unit pricing, drink driving and alcohol brief interventions would have achieved impact without meaningful and sustained collaborative relationships with advocacy organisations.

7.6 Website and Social Media In 2015 we appointed a digital media and support officer (Chris Hill) with a remit radically to redesign the UKCTAS website (www.ukctas.net), to increase our appeal to a much wider audience. To continue this growth, we also invested heavily in 2016 on our social media output including using new techniques to enable more people to view centre outputs. We have also utilised the cross-platform capability of the website by using it to publish reports, making it easier for people using smaller devices.to access the centre’s research and other information.

Feedback from users has been important to the development of the website and our presence on social media. This led to many features being added to the website, including a search function, early career researcher page and a homepage for the news section of the website. Feedback from users also led to the removal of certain features of the website that didn’t add to its appeal.

During 2016, the UKCTAS’ presence on social media has increased heavily with over 300,000 impressions on twitter (compared to 146,000 in 2015), over 15,000 views on our WordPress blog (compared to 7000 in 2015). Follower numbers have also increased on all platforms, with over 1200 regular followers on Twitter. We have also added pages to several other social networking sites including; Sound Cloud (for audio clips and podcasts), Instagram (for images and campaigns) and LinkedIn to increase the networking opportunities of the centre and to promote upcoming events. The centre’s social media is utilised for many reasons but its most important use is to recruit and engage participants in individual research projects across the country.

7.6 TobaccoTactics.org Our novel tobacco knowledge exchange platform, www.TobaccoTactics.org (led from the University of Bath and funded by Cancer Research UK) has been highly praised and widely used by diverse audiences including civil servants, politicians, NGOs and journalists. Some politicians have described how they use it routinely to determine whether those lobbying them are tobacco industry front groups and highlighted the important role the website played in informing debates over the EU Tobacco Products Directive and the Uganda Tobacco Control Bill.

The Framework Convention on Tobacco Control Secretariat also identified our model of tobacco industry research and dissemination as an example of good practice, and has initiated a project to establish similar university based ‘Tobacco Industry Observatories’ elsewhere109 [1]. To date, these have been established in Brazil, Sri Lanka and South Africa with others planned for Thailand, Lebanon and Russia. We have played a supportive role and have been commissioned to provide training for new Observatory staff.

109 WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control. Establishment of tobacco industry monitoring centres. WHO FCTC Secretariat: 2015. http://www.who.int/fctc/mediacentre/news/2016/TI-observatories-in-BRICS-countries/en/

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8. Proposals and strategy for the future

UKCTAS has achieved substantial success in advancing tobacco and alcohol research. There is considerable evidence that this research has influenced policy and practice, as highlighted in the examples above. Achieving impact has been facilitated by the efforts of colleagues in a wide range of partner organisations that UKCTAS works with, many of whom are represented on the Centre’s International Advisory Board.

Since UKCTAS is (as of May 2017) approaching the end of our fourth year of our current and final five-year funding period we are now beginning to develop a research strategy to take our work on preventing harms from tobacco and alcohol forward into the next five-year period. We therefore welcome the recent announcement of the UK Prevention Research Partnership (UKPRP)110, led by the MRC and involving a wide range of research funders. One of the UKCTAS Directors (Bauld) has been closely involved in the development of the UKPRP and is a member of the steering group for this new initiative. UKPRP intends to provide funding to support large research consortia and networks working on Non-Communicable Disease prevention. Our intention is to develop a proposal for a future UKPRP consortium proposal. We anticipate that the call for proposals will be issued in September 2017 and will then provide modest funds for a 6-month bid and consortium development process, which will provide us with a valuable opportunity to plan and refine a new proposal that fits the aspirations of the UKPRP.

We anticipate that our proposal to UKPRP will focus on research that can contribute to achieving whole-system change to address key population-level influences on smoking and harmful alcohol consumption. These include:

 Price: the efficient use of tax and other fiscal measures to minimise harm to society  Promotion: documenting and assessing the impact of advertising, marketing and promotion activities and developing and evaluating strategies to reduce or prevent them  Availability: mapping the availability of tobacco and alcohol products and the relationship between availability and consumption  Harm reduction: developing strategies to reduce harm to consumers of tobacco and alcohol and those around them, including complete replacement of tobacco with significantly less harmful alternatives.  Health systems: developing health services and infrastructure to identify, prevent and systematically treat tobacco and harmful alcohol use  Industry: understanding and counteracting the commercial drivers of tobacco and alcohol use  Denormalisation: developing and evaluating measures that shift social and societal norms to make non- smoking, and significantly lower levels of alcohol consumption (including abstinence from alcohol use for those who choose this) far more acceptable than is currently the case.  Equity: maximising prevention among disadvantaged and other high prevalence and at-risk groups  Cost-effectiveness: building the economic case for change

Our expectation is that to address the priorities of the UKPRP and the many funders involved in this new partnership, the current configuration of UKCTAS will need to change. In considering next steps to meet the requirements of the call anticipated in September 2017, we are now embarking on a period of reflection and re- prioritisation towards research that focusses on the population-level influences and actions listed above. This will require a renewed focus on the ‘upstream’ determinants of tobacco and alcohol consumption rather than research examining individual behaviour change (for example, this is likely to exclude substantial primary research on smoking cessation medications and behavioural support, alcohol brief interventions and treatment). Funding for individually-focused treatments and interventions will continue to be important to contribute to reducing alcohol and tobacco harms, but will need to be sought from sources other than the UKPRP. We look forward to continuing our work but regard UKPRP as a priority for the sustainability of the Centre.

110 https://www.mrc.ac.uk/research/initiatives/population-health-sciences/ukprp-initiative-launch/

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Appendix 1 – UKCTAS Publications 2013 – 2017 2013

Ussher M, Beard E, Abikoye G, Hajek P, & West R. 2013. Urge to smoke over 52 weeks of abstinence. Psychopharmacology, 226(1), 83-89. West R, & Brown J. 2013 Theory of addiction. London: Wiley [book]. Maynard O, Munafò M, & Leonards U. 2013 Visual attention to health warnings on plain tobacco packaging in adolescent smokers and non‐smokers. Addiction, 108(2), 413-419. Munafò M, Johnstone E, Aveyard P, & Marteau T. 2013. Lack of association of OPRM1 genotype and smoking cessation. Nicotine & Tobacco Research, 15(3), 739-744. Adams S, Ataya A, Attwood A, & Munafò M. 2013 Effects of alcohol on disinhibition towards alcohol-related cues. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 127(1), 137-142. Hart C, Gruer L, & Bauld L. 2013 Does smoking reduction in midlife reduce mortality risk? Results of 2 long- term prospective cohort studies of men and women in Scotland. American Journal of Epidemiology, 178(5), 770-779. Maynard O, Gage S, & Munafò M. 2013 Are waterpipe users tobacco‐dependent?. Addiction, 108(11), 1886- 1887. Adams S, & Munafò M. 2013 Will peak provoked craving prove superior to cue–reactivity?. Addiction, 108(6), 1027-1028. Hardman C, Rogers P, Etchells K, Houstoun K, & Munafò M. 2013 The effects of food-related attentional bias training on appetite and food intake. Appetite, 71, 295-300. MacKillop J, & Munafò M. 2013 Genetic Influences on Addiction: An Intermediate Phenotype Approach. [book] MIT Press. Stiby A, Macleod J, Hickman M, Yip V, Timpson N, & Munafò M. 2013 association of Maternal smoking With Child Cotinine levels. Nicotine & Tobacco Research, 15(12), 2029-2036. Tozzi F, Teumer A, Munafò M, Rawal R, Kazeem G, Gerbaulet M, & Grabe H. 2013 A genomewide association study of smoking relapse in four European population-based samples. Psychiatric Genetics, 23(4), 143-152. Maynard O, & Munafò M. 2013 Population Neuroscience. International Journal of Epidemiology, 42(6), 1897- 1897. Docherty G, McNeill A, Gartner C, Szatkowski L. Did hardening occur among smokers in England from 2000 and 2010? Addiction 2013. Oct 28, doi: 10.1111/add.12359 Bogdanovica I, McNeill A, Szatkowski L, & Britton J. 2013 Exposure to point-of-sale tobacco displays and changes in susceptibility to smoking in secondary school students. The Lancet, 382, S26. Sims M, Langley T, Richardson S, Salway R, Lewis S, McNeill A, & Gilmore A. 2013 The effectiveness of mass media campaigns in reducing smoking in England: an observational study. The Lancet, 382, S15. Jawad M, McEwen A, McNeill A, & Shahab L. 2013 To what extent should waterpipe tobacco smoking become a public health priority?. Addiction,108(11), 1873-1884. Moodie C, Bauld L, & Stead M. 2013 Plain packaging: how much evidence is enough?. BMJ, 347(7919). Stead M, Moodie C, Angus K, Bauld L, McNeill A, Thomas J, & Bryce S. 2013 Is Consumer Response to Plain/Standardised Tobacco Packaging Consistent with Framework Convention on Tobacco Control Guidelines? A Systematic Review of Quantitative Studies. PloS one, 8(10), e75919 Gallus S, Lugo A, La Vecchia C, Boffetta P, Chaloupka F, Colombo P & Clancy L. 2013 Pricing Policies And Control of Tobacco in Europe (PPACTE) project: cross-national comparison of smoking prevalence in 18 European countries. Eur. J. Cancer Prev. Gilmore A, Rowell A, Gallus S, Lugo A, Joossens L, & Sims M. 2013 Towards a greater understanding of the illicit tobacco trade in Europe: a review of the PMI funded ‘Project Star’report. Tobacco Control

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Sims M, & Gilmore A. 2013 Short-term impact of the smokefree legislation in England on emergency hospital admissions for asthma among adults Michelle Sims. The European Journal of Public Health, 23(suppl 1), ckt126-159. Gilmore A, & Reed H. 2013 The truth about cigarette price increases in Britain. Tobacco Control. Holmes J, Meng Y, Meier P, Brennan A, Angus C, Campbell-Burton A & Purshouse R. 2013 Minimum unit pricing for alcohol: policy appraisal modelling of income and socioeconomic group-specific effects on consumption, spending, and health harms. The Lancet, 382, S47. Rooke C, Amos A, Highet G, Hargreaves K. Smoking spaces and practices in pubs, bars and clubs: Young adults and the English smokefree legislation. Health Place, 2013 Jan;19:108-15. doi: 10.1016/j.healthplace.2012.10.009. Piné‐Abata H, McNeill A, Murray R, Bitton A, Rigotti N, & Raw M. 2013 A survey of tobacco dependence treatment services in 121 countries. Addiction, 108(8), 1476-1484. Stapleton J, West R, Hajek P, Wheeler J, Vangeli E, Abdi Z & Sutherland G. 2013 Randomized trial of nicotine replacement therapy (NRT), bupropion and NRT plus bupropion for smoking cessation: effectiveness in clinical practice. Addiction, 108(12), 2193-2201. Hsueh K, Hsueh S, Chou M, Tu M, McRobbie H, West O, & Hajek P. 2013 Smoking Cessation Treatment Outcomes in Men and Women in Taiwan: Implications for Interpreting Gender Differences in Smoking Cessation. Open Addiction Journal, 6, 1-5. Brown J, Hajek P, McRobbie H, Locker J, Gillison F, McEwen A & West R. 2013 Cigarette craving and withdrawal symptoms during temporary abstinence and the effect of nicotine gum. Psychopharmacology, 229(1), 209-218. Hajek P, Stead L, West R, Jarvis M, Hartmann-Boyce J, & Lancaster T. 2013 Relapse prevention interventions for smoking cessation. Cochrane Database Syst Rev, 8. Hajek P, McRobbie H, & Myers K. 2013 Efficacy of cytisine in helping smokers quit: systematic review and meta-analysis. Thorax, 68(11), 1037-1042. Parkes T, Stead M, Eadie D, Nicoll A, McKell J, Bauld L & Jepson R. 2013 Alcohol brief interventions in youth and social work settings in Scotland. Addiction science & clinical practice, 8(Suppl 1), A52. Hiscock R, & Bauld L. 2013 Stop Smoking Services and Health Inequalities. www.ncsct.co.uk Bauld L, Templeton L, Silver K, McKell J, Novak C, & Hay G. 2013 Pathways back to work for problem alcohol users. Policy Studies, 34(3), 360-376. Hiscock R, Murray S, Brose L, McEwen A, Bee J, Dobbie F, & Bauld L. 2013 Behavioural therapy for smoking cessation: The effectiveness of different intervention types for disadvantaged and affluent smokers. Addictive behaviors, 38(11), 2787-2796. Sims M, Langley T, Richardson S, Salway R, Lewis S, McNeill A & Gilmore A. 2013 The effectiveness of mass media campaigns in reducing smoking in England: an observational study. The Lancet, 382, S15. McClure J, Swan G, John J, Fauver R, Javitz H, Bergen A, & David S. 2013 Pharmacogenetic smoking cessation intervention in a health care setting: a pilot feasibility study. Nicotine & Tobacco Research,15(2), 518-526. Begh R, Munafò M, Shiffman S, Ferguson S, Nichols L, Mohammed M, & Aveyard P. 2013 Attentional bias retraining in cigarette smokers attempting smoking cessation (ARTS): Study protocol for a double blind randomised controlled trial. BMC public health, 13(1), 1176. Lycett D, Aveyard P, Farmer A, Lewis A, & Munafò M. 2013 Slimming World in Stop Smoking Services (SWISSS): study protocol for a randomized controlled trial. Trials, 14(1), 182. Dockrell M, Morrison R, Bauld L, & McNeill A. 2013 E-cigarettes: Prevalence and attitudes in Great Britain. Nicotine & Tobacco Research,15(10), 1737-1744. Adkison S, O'Connor R, Bansal-Travers M, Hyland A, Borland R, Yong H & Fong G. 2013 Electronic nicotine delivery systems: international tobacco control four-country survey. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 44(3), 207-215. McNeill A, & Munafò M. 2013 Reducing harm from tobacco use. Journal of Psychopharmacology, 27(1), 13-18.

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Kralikova E, Novak J, West O, Kmetova A, & Hajek P. 2013 Do e-Cigarettes Have the Potential to Compete With Conventional Cigarettes? Uptake of Electronic Cigarettes: A Survey of Conventional Cigarette Smokers’ Experiences With e-Cigarettes. CHEST Journal, 144(5), 1609-1614. Hajek P. 2013 Electronic cigarettes for smoking cessation. Lancet,382(9905), 1614. Hajek P, Foulds J, Houezec J, Sweanor D, & Yach D. 2013 Should e-cigarettes be regulated as a medicinal device?. The Lancet. Respiratory Medicine, 1(6), 429. Goniewicz M, Lingas E, & Hajek P. 2013 Patterns of electronic cigarette use and user beliefs about their safety and benefits: an Internet survey. Drug and Alcohol Review, 32(2), 133-140. McNeill A, Munafò MR. Reducing harm from tobacco use. J Psychopharmacol, 2013 Jan;27(1):13-8. doi: 10.1177/0269881112458731. Stead M, Jones L, Docherty G, Gough B, Antoniak M, McNeill A. No-one actually goes to a shop and buys them do they?”: Attitudes and behaviours regarding illicit tobacco in a multiply disadvantaged community in England. Addiction 2013. Brennan A, Meier P, Purshouse R, Rafia R, Meng Y, & Hill-Macmanus D. 2013 Developing policy analytics for public health strategy and decisions—the Sheffield alcohol policy model framework. Annals of Operations Research, 1-28. Fooks G, Gilmore A, Collin J, Holden C, & Lee K. 2013 The limits of corporate social responsibility: techniques of neutralization, stakeholder management and political CSR. Journal of Business Ethics, 112(2), 283-299. Collin J, & Hill S. 2013 Corporate involvement in public health policy is being obscured. British Medical Journal, 346 Clifford D, Hill S, & Collin J. 2013 Seeking out ‘easy targets’? Tobacco companies, health inequalities and public policy. Tobacco Control. Peeters S, & Gilmore A. 2014 Understanding the emergence of the tobacco industry's use of the term tobacco harm reduction in order to inform public health policy. Tobacco Control, tobaccocontrol-2013. Hatchard J, Fooks G, Evans-Reeves K, & Gilmore A. 2013 Assessing the evidence base of tobacco industry submissions to public consultations: The case of ‘plain packaging’of tobacco products in the UK. In Society for Social Medicine 57th Annual Scientific Meeting. University of Bath. Peeters S, & Gilmore A. 2013 Understanding the tobacco industry’s interests in smokeless tobacco and harm reduction in order to inform EU health policy. The European Journal of Public Health, 23(suppl 1), ckt124-104. Hatchard J, Evans-Reeves K, Ulucanlar S, Fooks G, & Gilmore A. 2013 How do corporations use evidence in public health policy making? The case of standardised tobacco packaging. The Lancet, 382, S42. Gilmore A, & Peeters S. 2013 Understanding corporations to inform public health policy: the example of tobacco industry interests in harm reduction and reduced risk products. The Lancet, 382, S14 GIlmore A, Rowell A, Gallus S, Lugo A, Joossens L, & Sims M. 2013 Assessing the accuracy of tobacco Industry data on the illicit tobacco trade Anna B Gilmore. The European Journal of Public Health, 23(suppl 1), ckt126- 303. Hatchard J, Fooks G, Evans-Reeves K, & Gilmore A. 2013 OP03 Assessing the Evidence Base of Tobacco Industry Submissions to Public Consultations: The case of ‘plain Packaging’of Tobacco Products in the UK. Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health, 67(Suppl 1), A4-A5. Donaghy E, Bauld L, Eadie D, McKell J, Pringle B, & Amos A. 2013 A Qualitative study of How Young scottish smokers living in Disadvantaged Communities get their Cigarettes. Nicotine & Tobacco Research, 15(12), 2053- 2059. Stead M, Bauld L, Angus K, MacDonald L, Munafò M, Attwood A, & Pickering K. 2013 Scoping and Feasibility Study to Develop and Apply a Methodology for Retrospective Adjustment of Alcohol Consumption Data. Jawad M, McEwen A, McNeill A, & Shahab L. 2013 Waterpipe tobacco smoking. www.ncsct.co.uk Sims M, Maxwell R, & Gilmore A. 2013 Asthma admissions, smoking bans and administrative databases: author’s response. Thorax, 68(12), 1166-1167.

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Gilmore A, & Reed H. 2013 The truth about cigarette price increases in Britain. Tobacco Control. 2014 May;23(e1):e15-6. doi: 10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2013-051048. Epub 2013

2014

Evans-Reeves KA, Hatchard JL, Gilmore AB. “It will harm business and increase illicit trade”: An evaluation of the relevance, quality and transparency of evidence submitted by the tobacco industry to the UK Consultation on standardised packaging 2012. Tobacco Control Published Online First 3 December 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2014-051930

Gilmore A Tavakoly B, Taylor G, Hiscock R. Smoking patterns in Great Britain: the rise of cheap cigarette brands and hand rolled tobacco. Journal of Public Health March 2015, Published Online First 11 August 2014 doi:10.1093/pubmed/fdu048. http://jpubhealth.oxfordjournals.org/content/early/2014/08/11/pubmed.fdu048.full.pdf

Gallus S, Lugo A, Fernandez E, Gilmore AB, Leon ME, Clancy L, La Vecchia C. Support for tobacco endgame strategy in 18 European countries. Preventive Medicine October 2014 2014;67:255-258. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0091743514002916

Costa H, Gilmore A, Mckee M, Peeters S, Stuckler D. 2014 Quantifying the Influence of Tobacco Industry on EU Governance: automated content analysis of the EU Tobacco Products Directive. Tobacco Control 2014;23:473– 478. http://tobaccocontrol.bmj.com/content/23/6/473.full.pdf doi:10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2014-051822

Savell E, Gilmore AB, Fooks G. How does the tobacco industry attempt to influence marketing regulations: a systematic review. PLoS One 2014, Feb; DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0087389

Fooks G, & Gilmore A. 2014 International trade law, plain packaging and tobacco industry political activity: the Trans-Pacific Partnership. Tobacco Control, 23(1), e1-e1.

Gallus S, Lugo A, La Vecchia C, Boffetta P, Chaloupka F, Colombo P, & Clancy L. Pricing Policies And Control of Tobacco in Europe (PPACTE) project: cross-national comparison of smoking prevalence in 18 European countries. Eur. J. Cancer Prev. 2014 May;23(3):177-85. doi: 10.1097/CEJ.0000000000000009.

Peeters S, & Gilmore A. 2014 Understanding the emergence of the tobacco industry's use of the term tobacco harm reduction in order to inform public health policy. Tobacco Control, tobaccocontrol-2013. doi:10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2013-051502

Fooks G, & Gilmore A. 2014 International trade law, plain packaging and tobacco industry political activity: the Trans-Pacific Partnership. Tobacco Control, 23(1), e1-e1. doi:10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2012-050869

Schuckit M, Smith T, Heron J, Hickman M, Macleod J, Munafo M, Kendler K, Dick D, & Davey-Smith G. Latent Trajectory Classes for Alcohol-Related Blackouts from Age 15 to 19 in ALSPAC. 16 Dec 2014 Alcoholism, clinical and experimental research. doi: 10.1111/acer.12601

Stiby A, Hickman M, Munafò M, Heron J, Yip V, & Macleod J. Adolescent Cannabis and Tobacco use and Educational Outcomes at Age 16: Birth Cohort Study. 9 Dec 2014 Addiction. doi: 10.1111/add.12827.

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Strong D, David S, Johnstone E, Aveyard P, Murphy M, & Munafò M. Differential efficacy of nicotine replacement among overweight and obese women smokers. Nicotine & Tob Res; 6 Dec 2014. doi: 10.1093/ntr/ntu256

Taylor A, et al. Stratification by smoking status reveals an association of CHRNA5-A3-B4 genotype with body mass index in never smokers. N. 4 Dec 2014 In : PLoS Genetics. 10, 12, p. e1004799; 10.1371/journal.pgen.1004799

Gage S, Hickman M, Heron J, Munafo M, Lewis G, Macleod J, & Zammit S. Associations of cannabis and cigarette use with psychotic experiences at age 18: findings from the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children. Dec 2014 In : Psychological Medicine. 44, 16, p. 3435-3444 10 p. doi 10.1017/S0033291714000531

Adams S, Attwood A, & Munafo M. Effects of Nicotine and Nicotine Expectancy on Attentional Bias for Emotional Stimuli. . Nicotine & Tob Res 21 Oct 2014 doi: 10.1093/ntr/ntu219

Ware J, & Munafò M. Determining the causes and consequences of nicotine dependence: emerging genetic research methods. Oct 2014 Current Psychiatry Reports. 16, 10, p. 477 doi: 10.1007/s11920-014-0477-5

Edwards A, et al. The association between depressive symptoms from early to late adolescence and later use and harmful use of alcohol. 18 Aug 2014 European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry. Doi: 10.1007/s00787-014- 0600-5

Chen L, Baker T, Piper M, Smith S, Gu C, Grucza R, Smith G, Munafo M, & Bierut L. Interplay of genetic risk (CHRNA5) and environmental risk (partner smoking) on cigarette smoking reduction. 3 Jul 2014 Drug and Alcohol Dependence.

Maynard O, Leonards U, Attwood A, Bauld L, Hogarth L, & Munafò M. Plain packaging of cigarettes and smoking behavior: study protocol for a randomized controlled study. 25 Jun 2014 Trials. 15, 1, p. 252

Attwood A, & Munafò M. Effects of acute alcohol consumption and processing of emotion in faces: Implications for understanding alcohol-related aggression. 11 Jun 2014 Journal of psychopharmacology (Oxford, England). 10.1177/0269881114536476

Attwood A, Ataya A, Bailey J, Lightman S, & Munafò M. Effects of 7.5% carbon dioxide inhalation on anxiety and mood in cigarette smokers. 24 Apr 2014 Journal of Psychopharmacology. Doi: 10.1177/0269881114529378

Maynard O, Attwood A, O'Brien L, Brooks S, Hedge C, Leonards U, & Munafò M. Avoidance of cigarette pack health warnings among regular cigarette smokers. 15 Jan 2014 Drug and Alcohol Dependence.

Ware J, Timpson N, Davey Smith G, & Munafò M. A recall-by-genotype study of CHRNA5-A3-B4 genotype, cotinine and smoking topography: study protocol. 2014. BMC Medical Genetics. 15, 1, p. 13

Attwood A, Williams T, Adams S, McClernon F, & Munafò M. Effects of varenicline and cognitive bias modification on neural response to smoking-related cues: study protocol for a randomized controlled study. 2014 Trials. 15, p. 391; doi: 10.1186/1745-6215-15-391

Taylor A, et al. Investigating the possible causal association of smoking with depression and anxiety using Mendelian randomisation meta-analysis: the CARTA consortium. 2014 BMJ Open. 4, 10, p. e006141; doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2014-006141

Ware J, & Munafò M. 2014 Determining the causes and consequences of nicotine dependence: emerging genetic research methods. Curr Psychiatry Rep. 2014 Oct;16(10):477. doi: 10.1007/s11920-014-0477-5.

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Madan J, Chen Y, Aveyard P, Wang D, Yahaya I, Munafò M, & Welton N. 2014 Synthesis of evidence on heterogeneous interventions with multiple outcomes recorded over multiple follow‐up times reported inconsistently: a smoking cessation case‐study. Journal of the Royal Statistical Society: Series A (Statistics in Society), 177(1), 295-314.

Taylor A, Howe L, Heron J, Ware J, Hickman M, Munafò M. Maternal smoking during pregnancy and offspring smoking initiation: Assessing the role of intrauterine exposure. Addiction. 2014; 109, 1013-21.

Sanderson S, Taylor A, & Munafò M. Article does not prove that smoking cessation has an "effect" on mental health. 2014 British Medical Journal. 348, p. g2018

Taylor A, Munafò M, et al on behalf of the CARTA consortium International journal of epidemiology Commentary: Does mortality from smoking have implications for future Mendelian randomization studies? 14 Aug 2014 doi: 10.1093/ije/dyu151

Taylor A, Davey Smith G, & Munafò M. Re: "exposure to maternal smoking during pregnancy as a risk factor for tobacco use in adult offspring". American Journal of Epidemiology, 7 Oct 2014

Rowa-Dewar N, Amos A, Cunningham-Burley S. Children’s perspectives on how parents protect them from secondhand smoke in their homes and cars in socioeconomically contrasting communities: a qualitative study. Nicotine & Tobacco Research 2014, 16, 1429-1435. doi: 10.1093/ntr/ntu096. Epub 2014 Jun 20

Brown T, Platt S, Amos A. Equity impact of interventions and policies to reduce smoking in youth: systematic review. Tobacco Control 2014, 23, e98-e105. doi:10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2013-051451

Brown T, Platt S, Amos A. Equity impact of European individual-level smoking cessation interventions to reduce smoking in adults: a systematic review. European Journal of Public Health 2014, 24, 551–556. doi: 10.1093/eurpub/cku065

Ormston R, van der Pol M, Ludbrook A, Amos A. quit4u: the effectiveness of combining behavioural support, pharmacotherapy and financial incentives to support smoking cessation . Health Education Research 2014 doi:10.1093/her/cyu024

Rowa-Dewar N, Amos A, Cunningham-Burley S. Children’s resistance to parents’ smoking in the home and car: a qualitative study. Addiction 2014, 109, 645–652. Doi: 10.1111/add.12435

Brown T, Platt S, Amos A. Equity impact of population-level interventions and policies to reduce smoking in adults: a systematic review. Drug and Alcohol Dependence 2014, 139, 7-16.

Rooke C, Amos A. News media representations of electronic cigarettes: an analysis of newspaper coverage in the UK & Scotland. Tobacco Control 2014, 23, 507-512. doi:10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2013-051043

Gravely S, Fong GT, Cummings KM, Yan M, Quah ACK, Borland R, Yon H-H, McNeill A, Hitchman SC, Hammond D, Thrasher JF, Willemsen MC, Seo HG, Jiang Y, Cavalcante T, Perez C, Omar M, Hummel K, Nagelhout GE. Awareness, Trial, and Use of Electronic Cigarettes Among 10 Countries: Findings from the ITC Project. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 2014 Nov 13;11(11):11691-704. doi: 10.3390/ijerph111111691.

Yong H-H, Borland R, Balmford J, McNeill A, Hitchman S, Driezen P, Thompson ME, Fong GT, Cummings KM. Trends in e-cigarette awareness, trial, and use under the different regulatory environments of Australia and the UK. Nicotine & Tobacco Research, 2014 Oct 30. pii: ntu231. [Epub ahead of print]. doi: 10.1093/ntr/ntu231

Progress Report 2013 -2017

Swift E, Borland R, Cummings KM, Fong GT, McNeill A, Hammond D, Thrasher JF, Partos TR, Young H-H. Australian smokers’ support for plain or standardized packs before and after implementation: Findings from the ITC Four Country Survey. Tobacco Control, 2014 Nov 10. pii: tobaccocontrol-2014-051880. doi: 10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2014-051880.

McNeill A, Guignard R, Beck F, Marteau R, Marteau T. Understanding increases in smoking prevalence: case study from France in comparison with England 2000-2010. Addiction, 2014 Nov 13. doi: 10.1111/add.12789.

Raupach T, Al-Harbi G, McNeill A, Bobak A, McEwen A. Smoking cessation education and training in UK medical schools: a national survey. Nicotine & Tobacco Research 2014 Sep 25. pii: ntu199. [Epub ahead of print] doi: 10.1093/ntr/ntu199

Li L, Borland R, Yong H, Cummings KM, Thrasher JF, Hitchman SC, Fong GT, Hammond D, Bansal-Travers M. Longer term impact of cigarette package warnings in Australia compared with the United Kingdom and Canada. Health Education Research. 2014. Epub ahead of print. doi: 10.1093/her/cyu074.

Hitchman SC, Fong GT, Zanna MP, Thrasher JF, Chung-Hall J, Siahpush M. Socioeconomic Status and Smokers’ Number of Smoking Friends: Findings from the International Tobacco Control (ITC) Project Four Country Survey. Drug and Alcohol Dependence. 2014. Epub ahead of print. doi: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2014.07.019.

Hitchman SC, Fong GT, Zanna MP, Thrasher JF, Laux F. The Relation Between Number of Smoking Friends, and Quit Intentions, Attempts, and Success: Findings from the International Tobacco Control (ITC) Four Country Survey. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors 2014.

McNeill A, Etter J-F, Farsalinos K, Hajek P, le Houezec J, McRobbie P. A critique of a WHO-commissioned report and associated article on electronic cigarettes. Addiction, 2014 Sep 5. doi: 10.1111/add.12730

Cookson C, Strang J, Ratschen E, Sutherland G, Finch E, McNeill A. Smoking and its treatment in addiction services: Clients’ and staff behaviour and attitudes. BMC Health Services Research. 2014, 14:304. Available at: http://www.biomedcentral.com/1472-6963/14/304

Bogdanovica I, Szatkowski L, Britton J, McNeill A. Smoking in cars in England: a study of school students in an English city. BMC Public Health. 2014 Jun 5;14:559. doi: 10.1186/1471-2458-14-559.

Drummond, C., Deluca, P., Coulton, S., Bland, M., Cassidy, P., Crawford, M., Dale, V., Gilvarry, E., Godfrey, C., Heather, N., McGovern, R., Myles, J., Newbury-Birch, D., Oyefeso, A., Parrott, S., Patton, R., Perryman, K., Phillips, T., Shepherd, J., Touquet, R. & Kaner, E. The effectiveness of alcohol screening and brief intervention in emergency departments: a multicentre pragmatic cluster randomized controlled trial. PLoS one. 2014;9(6):e99463. Available from: 10.1371/journal.pone.0099463

Nagelhout, G. E., van den Putte, B., Allwright, S., Mons, U., McNeill, A., Guignard, R., Beck, F., Siahpush, M., Joossens, L., Fong, G. T., de Vries, H. & Willemsen, MC. Socioeconomic and country variations in cross-border cigarette purchasing as tobacco tax avoidance strategy. Findings from the ITC Europe Surveys. Tobacco Control 2014;. 23(Suppl 1):i30-i38

Brown J, West R, Beard E, Michie S, Shahab L, McNeill A. Prevalence and characteristics of e cigarette users in Great Britain: Findings from a general population survey of smokers. Addictive Behaviours 2014;39:1120-5. doi: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2014.03.009. Epub 2014 Mar 12.

Taylor G, McNeill A, Girling A, Farley A, Lindson-Hawley N, Aveyard P. Change in mental health after smoking cessation: systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ 2014;348:g1151

Progress Report 2013 -2017

Sims M, Salway R, Langley T, Lewis S, McNeill A, Szatkowski L, Gilmore AB. Effectiveness of tobacco control television advertising in changing tobacco use in England: a population-based cross-sectional study. Addiction 2014 Jan 28. doi: 10.1111/add.12501. [Epub ahead of print]

Bains M, Venn A, Murray RL, McNeill A, Jones LL. ‘You Just Went In and You Got It All Sorted Straightaway’ – What is the Appeal of a Community-Based Mobile Stop Smoking Service? Journal of Smoking Cessation, available on CJO2014. doi:10.1017/jsc.2013.38.

Brose LS, Chong CB, Aspinall E, Michie S & McEwen, A. (2014). Effects of standardised cigarette packaging on craving, motivation to stop and perceptions of cigarettes and packs. Psychology & Health, 29(7), 849-860. Raupach T, Brown J, Herbec A, Brose L. & West R. (2014). A systematic review of studies assessing the association between adherence to smoking cessation medication and treatment success. Addiction, 109(1), 35- 43. McNeill A, Etter J-F, Farsalinos K, Hajek P, le Houezec J, McRobbie P. A critique of a WHO-commissioned report and associated article on electronic cigarettes. Addiction, 2014 Sep 5. doi: 10.1111/add.12730. Strang J, Drummond C, McNeill A, Lader M, Marsden J. Chapter 16. Addictions, dependence and substance abuse. In: Davies, S.C. “Annual Report of the Chief Medical Officer 2013, Public Mental Health Priorities: Investing in the Evidence” London: Department of Health (2014)

Brose LS. 2014 Editorial: Helping pregnant smokers to quit. BMJ, 348, g1808.

Robinson E, Jones A, Christiansen P, & Field M. Perceived peer drinking norms and responsible drinking in UK university settings. Substance Use & Misuse 2014, 49 (11), pp. 1376-1384. doi: 10.3109/10826084.2014.901390

Rose AK, Christiansen P, Clarke N, Jones A. Alcohol-induced risk taking on the BART mediates alcohol priming. Psychopharmacology 2014 321 (11): 2273-80 10.1007/s00213-013-3377-1

Martinovic J, Jones A, Christiansen P, Rose AK, Hogarth L, Field M. Electrophysiological activity associated with Pavlovian-to-Instrumental Transfer in social drinkers. Plos one 2014; 9 (4): 1-10 10.1371/journal.pone.0094605

Dallas R, Field M, Jones A, Christiansen P, Rose AK, Robinson E. Influenced but unaware: Mimicry of alcohol consumption amongst social acquaintances. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research 2014. 38(5): 1448- 53; DOI: 10.1111/acer.12375

Williams R, Aspinall R, Bellis M, Camps-Walsh G, Cramp M, Dhawan A, Ferguson J, Forton D, Foster G, Gilmore I, Hickman M, Hudson M, Kelly D, Langford A, Lombard M, Longworth L, Martin N, Moriarty K, Newsome P, O'Grady J, Pryke R, Rutter H, Ryder S, Sheron N, Smith T. Addressing liver disease in the UK: a blueprint for attaining excellence in health care and reducing premature mortality from lifestyle issues of excess consumption of alcohol, obesity, and viral hepatitis. Lancet. 2014 Nov 29;384(9958):1953-97. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(14)61838-9

Bendtsen P, Damsgaard M, Huckle T, Casswell S, Kuntsche E, Arnold P, Holstein B. 2014 Adolescent alcohol use: a reflection of national drinking patterns and policy?. Addiction, 109(11), 1857-1868. 10.1111/add.12681

Casswell S, Huckle T, Wall M, & Yeh L. 2014 International Alcohol Control Study: pricing data and hours of purchase predict heavier drinking. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research, 38(5), 1425-1431. 10.1111/acer.12359

Casswell S. 2014 Marketing and supplying alcohol to young people. NZ Med J, 127(1388), 81-3.

Progress Report 2013 -2017

Casswell S. 2014 Profits or people? The informative case of alcohol marketing. The New Zealand Medical Journal (Online), 127(1406), 87.

International Tobacco Control Project. 2014 Standardised Packaging for Tobacco Products: Recent Evidence from Australia and United Kingdom. Dhalwani N, Szatkowski L, Coleman T, Fiaschi L, Tata L. Prescribing of NRT in and around pregnancy - UK population-based study. British Journal of General Practice. 2014; 64(626). P554-560; doi: 10.3399/bjgp14X681361. (http://bjgp.org/content/bjgp/64/626/e554.full.pdf)

Dhalwani N, Tata L, Coleman T, Fiaschi L, Szatkowski L. A comparison of United Kingdom primary care data with other national data sources for monitoring the prevalence of smoking during pregnancy. Journal of Public Health. 2014; doi: 10.1093/pubmed/fdu060 (http://jpubhealth.oxfordjournals.org/content/early/2014/10/21/pubmed.fdu060.full.pdf?keytype=ref&ijkey= zHCp7kiI8uJ9Oze)

Essex H, Parrott S, Wu Q, Li J, Cooper S, Coleman T. Cost-effectiveness of nicotine patches for smoking cessation in pregnancy: A placebo randomised controlled trial (SNAP). Nicotine and Tobacco Research Journal. 2014; doi: 10.1093/ntr/ntu258 http://ntr.oxfordjournals.org/content/early/2014/12/05/ntr.ntu258.short?rss=1

Orton S, Jones L, Cooper S, Lewis S, Coleman. 2014 Predictors of children’s secondhand smoke exposure at home: a systematic review and narrative synthesis of the evidence. PLOS One. 2014; 9(11); DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.011269 http://www.plosone.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0112690

Cooper S, Taggar J, Lewis S, Marlow N, Dickinson A, Whitemore R, & Coleman T, for the Smoking, Nicotine and Pregnancy (SNAP) Trial Team. Impact of nicotine patches for smoking cessation in pregnancy on infant and maternal outcomes at 2 years: follow-up from the randomised, double-blind, placebo controlled SNAP trial. The Lancet Respiratory Medicine, 2014 doi: 10.1016/S2213-2600(14)70157-2

Essex H, Parrott S, Wu Q, Li J, Cooper S, and Coleman T. 2014 Cost-effectiveness of nicotine patches for smoking cessation in pregnancy: A placebo randomised controlled trial (SNAP). Nicotine Tob Res doi:10.1093/ntr/ntu258

Orton S, Jones L, Cooper S, Lewis S, and Coleman T. 2014 Predictors of children's secondhand smoke exposure at home: a systematic review and narrative synthesis of the evidence. PLoS ONE (2014) e112690. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0112690

Spanopoulos D, Britton J, McNeill A, Ratschen E, Szatkowski L. 2014 Tobacco display and brand communication at the point of sale: implications for adolescent smoking behaviour. Tobacco control 2014;23:64-69.; doi: 10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2012-050765

Lyons A, McNeill A, Britton J. 2014 Alcohol imagery on popularly viewed television in the UK. Journal of public health 2014;36:426-434.; doi: 10.1093/pubmed/fdt074

Richardson S, Langley T, Szatkowski L, Sims M, Gilmore A, McNeill A, Lewis S. 2014 How does the emotive content of televised anti-smoking mass media campaigns influence monthly calls to the NHS Stop Smoking helpline in England? Preventive Medicine. 69:43-48; doi:10.1016/j.ypmed.2014.08.030

Cooper S, Taggar J, Lewis S, Marlow N, Dickinson A, Whitemore R, Coleman T. Effect of nicotine patches in pregnancy on infant and maternal outcomes at 2 years: follow-up from the randomised, double-blind,

Progress Report 2013 -2017

placebo-controlled SNAP trial. Smoking, Nicotine and Pregnancy (SNAP) Trial Team. Lancet Respir Med. 2014 Sep;2(9):728-37.; doi: 10.1016/S2213-2600(14)70157-2

Bains M, Britton J, Marsh J, Jayes L, Murray RL. Patients and healthcare professionals’ views on a specialist smoking cessation service delivered in a United Kingdom hospital: a qualitative study. Tobacco induced diseases 2014;12:1-8.; doi: 10.1186/1617-9625-12-2.

Manouchehrinia A, Weston M, Tench CR, Britton J, Constantinescu CS. Tobacco smoking and excess mortality in multiple sclerosis: a cohort study. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry 2014; doi: 10.1136/jnnp- 2013-307187.

Constantinescu C, Manouchehrinia A, Tanasescu R, Britton J. Smoking Cessation and Disability Progression in Multiple Sclerosis: An Observational Cohort Study. Neurology 2014;82:6-141.

Britton J, Bogdanovica I, Ashcroft R, McNeill A. Electronic cigarettes, smoking and population health. Clinical Medicine 2014;14:334-337.; doi: 10.7861/clinmedicine.14-4-334

Singh A, Owusu-Dabo E, Britton J, Munafo MR, Jones LL. Pictures don't lie, seeing is believing: Exploring Attitudes to the Introduction of Pictorial Warnings on Cigarette Packs in Ghana. Nicotine & Tobacco Research 2014;16:1613-1619.; doi: 10.1093/ntr/ntu127.

Huang Y, Lewis S, Britton J. Use of varenicline for smoking cessation treatment in UK primary care: an association rule mining analysis. BMC public health 2014;14:1024. doi:10.1186/1471-2458-14-1024

Venn, A, Dickinson, A, Murray, R, Jones, L, Li, J, Parrott, S & McNeill, A 2014, 'Effectiveness of a mobile, drop-in stop smoking service in reaching and supporting disadvantaged UK smokers to quit' Tobacco Control., 10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2014-051760

Szatkowski L, McNeill A. Diverging trends in smoking behaviours according to mental health status. Nicotine & Tobacco Research, 2014 Sep 1. pii: ntu173.

Britton J, Bogdanovica I. Electronic cigarettes. A report commissioned by Public Health England. Public Health England: https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/311493/Ecigarettes_report. pdf; 2014

Docherty, G., McNeill, A., Gartner, C. E. & Szatkowski, L Response to Winter: 'Hardcore smoking does not necessarily indicate hardening' Addiction2014; 109:682-683.

Hopkinson NS, Majeed A, Britton J, Bush A, Ayres J, McKee M, Greenhalgh T. Respiratory health professionals call on MPs to vote to ban smoking in cars with children. BMJ 2014;348. doi: 10.1136/bmj.g1395.

Hopkinson NS, Britton J, McKee M, Gilmore ABC. Re: Tobacco industry hospitality and voting on tobacco control measures. British Medical Journal 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.g1521

Hopkinson NS, Britton J, Gilmore A, Moxham J, Ashton JR. OPEN LETTER TO THE PRIME MINISTER/SECRETARY OF STATE FOR HEALTH Please confirm that the regulations on standardised (" plain") packaging of cigarettes and tobacco products will be published soon. BMJ-BRITISH MEDICAL JOURNAL 348. 2014.

Hopkinson NS, Britton J, Gilmore A, Moxham J, Ashton JR. Please confirm that the regulations on standardised ('plain') packaging of cigarettes and tobacco products will be published soon. BMJ 2014;348.

Hopkinson NS, Britton J, Gilmore A, Moxham J, Ashton JR. Government must draw up law on tobacco plain packaging soon. BMJ 2014;348.

Progress Report 2013 -2017

Lindson-Hawley N, Coleman T, Docherty G, Hajek P, Lewis S, Lycett D, McEwen A, McRobbie H, Munafo M, Parrott S, Aveyard P. Nicotine patch preloading for smoking cessation (the preloading trial): study protocol for a randomized controlled trial. Trials 2014, 15:296 doi: 10.1186/1745-6215-15-296.

Beenstock J, Lindson-Hawley N, Aveyard P, Adams J. Future orientation and smoking cessation: secondary analysis of data from a smoking cessation trial. Addiction. 2014 Oct;109(10):1732-40. doi: 10.1111/add.12621.

Taylor G, McNeill A, Girling A, Farley A, Lindson-Hawley N, Aveyard P. Systematic review and meta-analysis of change in mental health after smoking cessation. BMJ 2014;348:g1151. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.g1151

Khasteganan N, Lycett D, Turner AP, Farley AC, Lindson-Hawley N, Furze G. Health, not weight loss, focused programmes versus conventional weight loss programmes for cardiovascular risk factors (Protocol). Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2014, Issue 7. Art. No.: CD011182. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD011182.

Hartmann-Boyce J, Stead L, Cahill K, & Lancaster T. 2014 Efficacy of interventions to combat tobacco addiction: Cochrane update of 2013 reviews. Addiction, 109: 1414–1425. doi: 10.1111/add.12633

McRobbie H, Bullen C, Hartmann-Boyce J, Hajek P. Electronic cigarettes for smoking cessation and reduction. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2014, Issue 12. Art. No.: CD010216. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD010216.pub2.

McNeill A, Bauld L, Birken M, Hammond D, Moodie C, Stead M, Hitchman S, Hartmann-Boyce J. Tobacco packaging design for tobacco use cessation and reduction (Protocol). Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2014, Issue 8. 10.1002/14651858.CD011244

Hartmann-Boyce J, Lancaster T, Stead LF. Print-based self-help interventions for smoking cessation. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2014, Issue 6. Art. No.: CD001118. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD001118.pub3.

Hughes JR, Stead LF, Hartmann Boyce J, Cahill K, Lancaster T, Antidepressants for smoking cessation. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2014, Issue 1; 10.1002/14651858.CD000031.pub4

Taylor G, Greening J, Aveyard P. Quitting Smoking: Therapeutic in Mental Health Treatment. Psychiatric Times 01/2014; May. http://www.psychiatrictimes.com/addiction/quitting-smoking-therapeutic-mental-health- treatment

Aveyard P, Taylor G, Lindson-Hawley N, McNeill A. Authors reply to Sanderson and colleagues. BMJ 2014;348:g2031. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.g2031

Taylor G, Greening J, Aveyard P. Quitting smoking: therapeutic in mental health treatment. Psychiatric Times 2014 http://www.psychiatrictimes.com/addiction/quitting-smoking-therapeutic-mental-health-treatment

Gilmore A, Britton J, McKee M and 17 signatories including Aveyard P. BBC must ensure commentators' tobacco industry links are made public. Lancet 2014:383:952-953. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(14)60480-3

Gilmore A, Britton J, McKee M. 2014 BBC must ensure commentators' tobacco industry links are made public. Lancet, 383 (9921). pp. 952-3. ISSN 0140-6736 DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(14)60480-3 Full text not available from this repository.

Hajek P, Etter JF, Benowitz N, Eissenberg T, McRobbie H. 2014 Electronic cigarettes: use, content, safety, effects on smokers, and potential for harm and benefit. Addiction, doi:10.1111/add.12659

Progress Report 2013 -2017

Gonzales D, Hajek P, Pliamm L, Nackaerts K, Tseng L, McRae T, Treadow J. 2014 Re-treatment with varenicline for smoking cessation in smokers who have previously taken varenicline: A randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Jun 9. doi: 10.1038/clpt.2014.124.

McNeill A, Bates C, Etter JF, Farsalinos C, Hajek P, leHouezec J, McRobbie H. 2014 A critique of a WHO- commissioned report and associated article on electronic cigarettes. Addiction Sep 5. doi: 10.1111/add.12730.

Hajek P, Goniewicz M, Phillips A, Myers Smith K, West O, McRobbie H. 2014 Nicotine intake from electronic cigarettes on initial use and after four weeks of regular use. Nicotine and Tobacco Research Aug 13. pii: ntu153. [Epub ahead of print] doi: 10.1093/ntr/ntu153.

Goniewicz ML, Hajek P, McRobbie H. Nicotine content of electronic cigarettes, its release in vapour and its consistency across batches: regulatory implications. Addiction. 2014;109:500–7. DOI: 10.1111/add.12410

Waterlander W, Whittaker R, McRobbie H, Dorey E, Ball K, Maddison R, Myers Smith K, Crawford D, Jiang Y, Gu Y, Michie J, Ni Mhurchu C. Development of an Evidence-Based mHealth Weight Management Program Using a Formative Research Process. JMIR Mhealth Uhealth. 2014 Jul 11;2(3):e18. doi: 10.2196/mhealth.2850 [3]

Glover M, Fraser T, Bullen C, Wallace-Bell M, McRobbie H, Hadwen G. Transition to a smoke-free culture within mental health and drug and alcohol services: A survey of key stakeholders. Int J Ment Health Nurs. 2014 Apr;23(2):183–91. doi: 10.1111/inm.12035.

Maddison R, Roberts V, McRobbie H, Bullen C, Prapavessis H, Glover M, et al. Exercise Counseling to Enhance Smoking Cessation Outcomes: The Fit2Quit Randomized Controlled Trial. Ann Behav Med. 2014 Mar 7 10.1007/s12160-014-9588-9

Hajek P. Electronic cigarettes – friend or foe. Health Watch 2014, 93, 7.

Hajek P. Doctors should recommend that smokers who cannot stop smoking with other methods or who do not want to stop smoking switch to e-cigarettes. Prev. Tab 2014. 16, 246-247.

Bullen C, Howe C, Laugesen M, McRobbie H, Parag V, Williman J, et al. Electronic cigarettes and smoking cessation: a quandary? - Authors’ reply. Lancet. 2014 Feb 1;383:408–9.

Gell L, Meier P, & Goyder E. 2014 'Alcohol consumption among the over 50s: International comparisons', Alcohol and Alcoholism, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/alcalc/agu082

Meng Y, Brennan A, Purshouse R, Hill-McManus D, Angus C, Holmes J, & Meier P. 2014 Estimation of own and cross price elasticities of alcohol demand in the UK–a pseudo-panel approach using the Living Costs and Food Survey 2001 to 2009. J Health Econ. 2014 Mar;34:96-103. doi: 10.1016/j.jhealeco.2013.12.006.

Hill-McManus D, Angus C, Meng Y, Holmes J, Brennan A, & Meier P. 2014 Estimation of usual occasion-based individual drinking patterns using diary survey data. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 134, 136-143.

Brennan A, Meng Y, Holmes J, Hill-McManus D, & Meier P. 2014 'Potential benefits of minimum unit pricing for alcohol versus a ban on below cost selling in England 2014: modelling study', BMJ, doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.g5452.

Progress Report 2013 -2017

Holmes J, Meier P, Booth A, & Brennan A. 2014 'Reporting the characteristics of the policy context for population-level alcohol interventions: A proposed 'Transparent Reporting of Alcohol Intervention ContExts' (TRAICE) checklist', Drug and Alcohol Review, DOI: 10.1111/dar.12201

Brennan A, Meier P, Purshouse R, Rafia R, Meng Y, Hill-McManus D, Angus C, and Holmes J. 2014 'The Sheffield Alcohol Policy Model: A Mathematical Description', Health Economics, DOI: 10.1002/hec.3105 (Published online 30 September 2014)

Holmes J, Guo Y, Maheswaran R, Nicholls J, Meier P, & Brennan A. 2014 'The impact of spatial and temporal availability of alcohol on its consumption and related harms: A critical review in the context of UK licensing policies', Drug and Alcohol Review, 33 (5), pp.515-25 (Published online 4 September 2014)

Angus C, Latimer N, Preston L, Li J, & Purshouse R. 2014 'What are the implications for policy makers? A systematic review of the cost-effectiveness of screening and brief interventions for alcohol misuse in primary care', Frontiers in Psychiatry, DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2014.00114 (Published 1 September 2014)

Kruger J, Brennan A, Strong M, Thomas C, Norman N & Epton T. 2014 'The cost-effectiveness of a theory-based online health behaviour intervention for new university students: an economic evaluation', BMC Public Health, 14 (1011). (Published 27 September 2014) doi:10.1186/1471-2458-14-1011

Epton T, Norman P, Dadzie A, Harris P, Webb T, Sheeran P, Julious S, Ciravegna F, Brennan A, Meier P, Naughton D, Petroczi A, Kruger J, Shah I. 2014 'A theory-based intervention for new university students (U@Uni): results from a randomised controlled trial', BMC Public Health, 14 (563). (Published 5 June 2014) doi:10.1186/1471-2458-14-563

Ally A, Meng Y, Chakraborty R, Dobson P, Seaton J, Holmes J, Angus C, Guo Y, Hill-McManus D, Brennan A, & Meier P. 2014 'Alcohol tax pass-through across the product and price range: do retailers treat cheap alcohol differently?', Addiction, DOI:10.1111/add.12590. See accompanying commentary. (Published online 24 June 2014)

Holmes J, Meng Y, Meier P, Brennan A, Angus C, Campbell-Burton A, Guo Y, Hill-McManus D, &0 Purshouse R. 2014 'Effects of minimum unit pricing for alcohol on different income and socioeconomic groups: a modelling study', The Lancet, 383 (9929), 1655-64. See accompanying commentary. (Published 10 May 2014) doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(13)62417-4

Purshouse R, Ally A, Brennan A, Moyo D, & Norman P. 2014 'Evolutionary parameter estimation for a theory of planned behaviour microsimulation of alcohol consumption dynamics in an English birth cohort 2003 to 2010', Proceedings of the 2014 conference on Genetic and Evolutionary Computation, pp.1159-66 (Published July 2014)

Purshouse R, et al. 2014 'Commentary on Nakamura et al. 2014: Alcohol policy appraisal and evaluation - to understand what is happening and why, we need better data on alcohol as a commodity', Addiction, 109 (4) pp.568-9. (Published April 2014)

Angus C, Li J, Parrott S, & Brennan A. 2014 ‘Optimizing Delivery of Health Care Interventions (ODHIN) project: Cost-effectiveness – Analysis of the WP5 Trial’, Sheffield: ScHARR, University of Sheffield.

Jones LL, Moodie C, MacKintosh AM and Bauld L. 2014 Young people’s exposure to and perceptions of smoking in cars and associated harms in the United Kingdom. Drugs: Education, Prevention and Policy 2014, 21: 225- 233. DOI:10.3109/09687637.2013.875517

Madan J, Chen Y, Aveyard P, Wang D, Yahaya I, Munafo M, Bauld L and Weldon N. 2014 Synthesis of evidence on heterogeneous interventions with multiple outcomes recorded over multiple follow-up times reported

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inconsistently: A smoking cessation case study. Journal of the Royal Statistical Society 2014, 177(1): 295-314. DOI: 10.1111/rssa.12018

Flemming K, McCaughan D, Angus K, Graham H. Qualitative systematic review: barriers and facilitators to smoking cessation experienced by women in pregnancy and following childbirth. Journal of Advanced Nursing 2014, 28th November. doi: 10.1111/jan.12580

Glover M, Kira A, Walker N and Bauld L (2014 Online). Using incentives to encourage smoking abstinence among pregnant indigenous women? A feasibility study. Maternal and Child Health Journal 2014, 27th November. doi:10.1007/s10995-014-1645-2

Fitzgerald N, Molloy H, MacDonald F, McCambridge J. Alcohol brief interventions practice following training for multidisciplinary health and social care teams: A qualitative interview study. Drug and Alcohol Review 2014, 6th September. doi:10.1111/dar.12193

Thrasher JF, Osman A, Moodie C, Hammond D, Bansal-Travers M, Cummings KM, Borland R, Yong HH and Hardin J. Promoting cessation resources through cigarette package warning labels: a longitudinal survey with adult smokers in Canada, Australia and Mexico. Tobacco Control 2014, 22nd July. doi:10.1136/tobaccocontrol- 2014-051589

Moodie C, Purves R, McKell J and de Andrade M. Young women smokers’ perceptions of counterfeit cigarettes: Would plain packaging make a difference? Addiction Research and Theory 2014 22: 263-270. Doi: 10.3109/16066359.2015.1064905.

Moodie C, Angus K and Ford A. The importance of cigarette packaging in a ‘dark’ market: the ‘Silk Cut’ experience. Tobacco Control 2014, 23(2): 274-278. doi:10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2012-050681

Hiscock R, Murray S, Brose LS, McEwen A, Bee JL, Dobbie F and Bauld L. Behavioural therapy for smoking cessation: The effectiveness of different intervention types for disadvantaged and affluent smokers. Addictive Behaviors 2013, 38(11): 2787-2796. doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2013.07.010

Haw S, Amos A, Eadie D, Frank J, Macdonald L, MacKintosh AM, MacGregor A, Miller M, Pearce J, Sharp C, Stead M, Tisch C and van der Sluijs W. Determining the impact of smoking point of sale legislation among youth (Display) study: A protocol for an evaluation of public health policy. BMC Public Health 2014, 14(1): 251. http://www.biomedcentral.com/content/pdf/1471-2458-14-251.pdf doi:10.1186/1471-2458-14-251

Ford A, Moodie C, MacKintosh AM, Hastings G. Adolescent perceptions of cigarette appearance. European Journal of Public Health, 2014; 24: 464-468. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/eurpub/ckt161

Aveyard P, Lindson-Hawley N, Hastings G, de Andrade M. Should smokers be advised to cut down as well as quit? BMJ, 2014; 348: g2787. doi:10.1136/bmj.g2787

McCambridge J, Kypri K, Miller P, Hawkins B, Hastings G. Be aware of Drinkaware. Addiction, 2014; 109(4): 519-524. doi:10.1111/add.12356

McCambridge J, Kypri K, Miller P, Hawkins B, Hastings G. From tobacco control to alcohol policy. Addiction, 2014; 109(4): 528-529. doi:10.1111/add.12463

Cairns G, Purves R & McKell J. Combining school and family alcohol education: A systematic review of the evidence. Health Education 2014; 114(6): 451-472. doi:10.1108/HE-12-2013-0066

Bauld L, Angus K and de Andrade M. E-cigarette uptake and marketing: A report commissioned by Public Health England. Public Health England 2014.

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Stead M, Eadie D, McKell J, Bauld L, Parkes T, Nicoll A, Wilson S and Burgess C. Process Evaluation of Alcohol Brief Interventions in Wider Settings (Young People and Social Work). NHS Health Scotland 2014.

Hastings G. Tobacco companies are still determined to get children addicted. BMJ, 2014; 348: g1439. doi:10.1136/bmj.g1439.

Fitzgerald, N, Stead M, Eadie, D., McKell, J., Bauld, L., Parkes, T., Nicoll, A., Wilson, S., Burgess, C., Reid, G., McAteer, J. and Jepson R. (2014). Alcohol brief interventions in youth settings outside formal education: feasibility, acceptability, evaluability. International Network for Brief Interventions on Alcohol and Other Drugs. Alcoholism and Drug Addiction 27 (1) p50.

Raupach, T., Brown, J., Herbec, A., Brose, L., & West, R. (2014). A systematic review of studies assessing the association between adherence to smoking cessation medication and treatment success. Addiction, 109 (1), 35-43. doi:10.1111/add.12319

Beard, E., Brown, J., & West, R. (2014). Does smoking reduction make smokers happier? Evidence from a cross- sectional survey. Journal of Smoking Cessation, 9 (01), 1-5. doi:10.1017/jsc.2013.14

Kotz, D., Brown, J., & West, R. (2014). Effectiveness of varenicline versus nicotine replacement therapy for smoking cessation with minimal professional support: evidence from an English population study. Psychopharmacology (Berl), 231 (1), 37-42. doi:10.1007/s00213-013-3202-x

Beard E, Brose L, Brown J, West R, & McEwen A. 2014 How are the English Stop Smoking Services responding to growth in use of electronic cigarettes?. Patient Education and Counseling, 94 (2), 276-281. doi:10.1016/j.pec.2013.10.022

Ussher M, Brown J, Rajamanoharan A, & West R. 2014 How Do Prompts for Attempts to Quit Smoking Relate to Method of Quitting and Quit Success?. Annals of Behavioral Medicine, 47 (3), 358-368. doi:10.1007/s12160- 013-9545-z

Brown J, Kotz D, Michie S, Stapleton J, Walmsley M, & West R. 2014 How effective and cost-effective was the national mass media smoking cessation campaign 'Stoptober'?. Drug Alcohol Depend, 135, 52-58. doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2013.11.003

Brown J, Michie S, Geraghty A, Yardley L, Gardner B, Shahab L, West R. 2014 Internet-based intervention for smoking cessation (StopAdvisor) in people with low and high socioeconomic status: a randomised controlled trial. Lancet Respir Med, 2 (12), 997-1006. doi:10.1016/S2213-2600(14)70195-X

Herbec A, Brown J, Tombor I, Michie S, & West R. 2014 Pilot randomized controlled trial of an internet-based smoking cessation intervention for pregnant smokers ('MumsQuit'). Drug Alcohol Depend, 140, 130-136. doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2014.04.010

Brown J, West R, Beard E, Michie S, Shahab L, & McNeill A. 2014 Prevalence and characteristics of e-cigarette users in Great Britain: Findings from a general population survey of smokers. Addict Behav, 39 (6), 1120-1125. doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2014.03.009

Shahab L, Beard E, Brown J, & West R. 2014 Prevalence of NRT use and associated nicotine intake in smokers, recent ex-smokers and longer-term ex-smokers. PLoS One. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0113045

Kotz D, Brown J, & West R. 2014 Prospective cohort study of the effectiveness of smoking cessation treatments used in the "real world". Mayo Clin Proc, 89 (10), 1360-1367. doi:10.1016/j.mayocp.2014.07.004

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Kotz D, Brown J, & West R. 2014 Prospective cohort study of the effectiveness of varenicline versus nicotine replacement therapy for smoking cessation in the “real world”. BMC Public Health, 14 (1), 1163. doi:10.1186/1471-2458-14-1163

West R, Raw M, McNeill A, Stead L, Aveyard P, Britton J, Stapleton J, McRobbie H, Pkhrel S, Lester-George A, Borland R. Healthcare intervention to promote and assist tobacco cessation: a review of efficacy, effectiveness and affordability for use in national guideline development. Addiction. doi: 10.1002/add.12998.

Brown J, Vangeli E, Fidler J, Raupach T, & West R. 2014 Quitting Without Reporting Having Tried: Findings From a National Survey. Journal of Smoking Cessation, 1-5. doi:10.1017/jsc.2013.41

Brown J, Beard E, Kotz D, Michie S, & West R. 2014 Real-world effectiveness of e-cigarettes when used to aid smoking cessation: a cross-sectional population study. Addiction, 109 (9), 1531-1540. doi:10.1111/add.12623

Shahab L, Brown J, Gardner B, & Smith S. 2014 Seeking health-related information and support online – does it differ as a function of engagement in risky health behaviours? Evidence from the Health Information National Trends Survey. Journal of Medical Internet Research. doi:10.2196/jmir.3368

Herbec A, Beard E, Brown J, Gardner B, Tombor I, & West R. 2014 The needs and preferences of pregnant smokers regarding tailored Internet-based smoking cessation interventions: a qualitative interview study. BMC Public Health, 14 (1), 1070. doi:10.1186/1471-2458-14-1070

Lorencatto F, West R, Bruguera C, & Michie S. 2014 A method for assessing fidelity of delivery of telephone behavioral support for smoking cessation. J Consult Clin Psychol, 82 (3), 482-491. doi:10.1037/a0035149

Michie S, Johnson B, & Johnston M. 2014 Advancing cumulative evidence on behaviour change techniques and interventions: a comment on Peters, de Bruin, and Crutzen. Health Psychology Review. doi:10.1080/17437199.2014.912538

Brose L, West R, Michie S, & McEwen A. 2014 Changes in success rates of smoking cessation treatment associated with take up of a national evidence-based training programme. Prev Med, 69, 1-4. doi:10.1016/j.ypmed.2014.08.021

Michie S, Johnston M, West R, Abraham C, Hardeman W, & Wood C. 2014 Designing behavior change interventions: the behaviour change wheel and behavior change techniques. Annals of behavioral medicine, 47, s157.

Brose L, Chong C, Aspinall E, Michie S, & McEwen A. 2014 Effects of standardised cigarette packaging on craving, motivation to stop and perceptions of cigarettes and packs. Psychology and Health, 29 (7), 849-860. doi:10.1080/08870446.2014.896915

Ivers N, Sales A, Colquhoun H, Michie S, Foy R, Francis J, & Grimshaw J. 2014 No more 'business as usual' with audit and feedback interventions: towards an agenda for a reinvigorated intervention. Implement Sci, 9, 14-?. doi:10.1186/1748-5908-9-14

Johnston M, Milne R, Perera R, Moher D, Barbour V, Lamb S, Hoffmann T. 2014 Reporting behavior change interventions: the tidier interdisciplinary checklist of the minimum recommended information. Annals of behavioral medicine, 47, S158.

Hekler E, An L, Michie S, Larsen K, & Bickmore T. 2014 Resolving the tower of babel problem in behavioral theories: benefits of and developments in behavioral ontologies to support interventions. Annals of behavioral medicine, 47, S65.

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Davis R, Campbell R, Hildon Z, Hobbs L, & Michie S. 2014 Theories of behaviour and behaviour change across the social and behavioural sciences: a scoping review. Health Psychology Review. doi:10.1080/17437199.2014.941722

Johnson B, & Michie S. 2014 Towards healthy theorising about health behaviours in the maze of messy reality: a reaction to Peters, de Bruin, and Crutzen. Health Psychology Review. doi:10.1080/17437199.2014.900722

Sarkar B, Shahab L, Arora M, Lorencatto F, Reddy K, & West R. 2014 A cluster randomized controlled trial of a brief tobacco cessation intervention for low-income communities in India: Study protocol. Addiction, 109 (3), 371-378. doi:10.1111/add.12420

Taylor A, Thompson T, Greaves C, Taylor R, Green C, Warren F, West R. 2014 A pilot randomised trial to assess the methods and procedures for evaluating the clinical effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of Exercise Assisted Reduction then Stop (EARS) among disadvantaged smokers. Health Technol Assess, 18 (4), 1-324. doi:10.3310/hta18040

Courtney R, Bradford D, Martire K, Bonevski B, Borland R, Doran C, Mattick R. 2014 A randomized clinical trial of a financial education intervention with nicotine replacement therapy (NRT) for low socio-economic status Australian smokers: A study protocol. Addiction. doi:10.1111/add.12669

Fucito L, Bars M, Forray A, Rojewski A, Shiffman S, Selby P, Toll B. 2014 Addressing the evidence for FDA nicotine replacement therapy label changes: A policy statement of the association for the treatment of tobacco use and dependence and the society for research on nicotine and tobacco. Nicotine and Tobacco Research, 16 (7), 909-914. doi:10.1093/ntr/ntu087

Kouimtsidis C, Stahl D, West R, & Drummond C. 2014 Can outcome expectancies be measured across substances? Development and validation of a questionnaire for populations in treatment. Drugs and Alcohol Today, 14 (4), 172-186. doi:10.1108/DAT-02-2014-0007

Kotz D, Simpson C, Viechtbauer W, van Schayck O, West R, & Sheikh A. 2014 Cardiovascular and neuropsychiatric safety of varenicline and bupropion compared with nicotine replacement therapy for smoking cessation: study protocol of a retrospective cohort study using the QResearch general practice database. BMJ Open, 4 (8), e005281.

Shahab L, Andrew S, & West R. 2014 Changes in prevalence of depression and anxiety following smoking cessation: Results from an international cohort study (ATTEMPT). Psychological Medicine, 44 (1), 127-141. doi:10.1017/S0033291713000391

Pokhrel S, Evers S, Leidl R, Trapero-Bertran M, Kalo, Z., Vries, H. D., Coyle, D. (2014). EQUIPT: protocol of a comparative effectiveness research study evaluating cross-context transferability of economic evidence on tobacco control. BMJ Open, 4 (11), e006945-?. doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2014-006945

Brose L, West R, & McEwen A. 2014. How stable are stop smoking practitioner success rates over time?. Transl Behav Med, 4 (2), 220-225. doi:10.1007/s13142-014-0261-4

Twyman L, Bonevski B, Paul C, Bryant J, D'Este C, West R, et al. 2014 Outcomes of a smoking cessation intervention designed for socially disadvantaged smokers: a randomized controlled trial (rtc). Asia-pacific journal of clinical oncology, 10, 3.

Kouimtsidis C, Stahl D, West R, & Drummond C. 2014 Path analysis of cognitive behavioural models in substance misuse. What is the relationship between concepts involved?. Journal of substance use, 19 (6), 399- 404. doi:10.3109/14659891.2013.837974

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Brown J, Michie S, Raupach T, & West R. 2014 Should public health bodies stop commissioning research from market research companies that serve the tobacco industry?. Addiction, 109 (1), 1-2. doi:10.1111/add.12302

Brown J, & West R. 2014 Smoking prevalence in England is below 20% for the first time in 80 years. BMJ, 348 (feb11 9), g1378. doi:10.1136/bmj.g1378

Kouimtsidis C, Stahl D, West R, & Drummond C. 2014 How important are positive and negative outcome expectancies in the treatment of addiction: A narrative review of the literature. Alcohol Today, Vol. 14 Iss: 3, pp.137 – 149; http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/DAT-11-2013-0051

Babor T, Hall W, Humphreys K, Miller P, Petry N, & West R. 2014 Addiction editors respond to Mr Leverton. Addiction, 109 (7), 1209-1211. doi:10.1111/add.12555

Smit, E, Hoving C, Schelleman-Offermans K, West R, & de Vries H. 2014 Alcohol Today, 14 (3), 137-149. doi:10.1108/DAT-11-2013-0051

Brown J, Michie S, Raupach T, & West R. 2014 Animal Farm must give way to doublethink when studying addiction. Addiction, 109 (7), 1214-1215. doi:10.1111/add.12553

Brown J, Jarvis M, & West R. 2014 Is it a premature to announce that smoking prevalence in England is below 20%? Reply. BMJ, 348, ARTN g1946. doi:10.1136/bmj.g1946

Michie S, West R, Campbell R, Brown J, & Gainforth H. 2014 ABC of Behaviour Change Theories (1st ed.). Silverback Publishing.

Raupach T, Krampe H, & Brown J. 2014 Does research into medical education on tobacco and alcohol get the respect it deserves?. Addiction, 109 (2), 173-174. doi:10.1111/add.12357

West R, & Brown J. 2014 Electronic cigarettes: fact and faction. Br J Gen Pract, 64 (626), 442-443. doi:10.3399/bjgp14X681253

West R, Hajek P, McNeill A, Brown J, & Arnott D. 2014 Electronic cigarettes: what we know so far. Briefing report to UK All-Party Parliamentary Group on Pharmacy.

Pergadia M, Karen L, Forray A, Ikomi J, Peters E, & West R. 2014 News committee for the society for research on nicotine and tobacco treatment network: Policy issues. Nicotine and Tobacco Research, 16 (5). doi:10.1093/ntr/ntu030

Cropsey K, Forray A, Ikomi J, Pergadia M, Peters E, & West R. 2014 News committee for the SRNT treatment network. Nicotine and Tobacco Research, 16 (3), 378-379. doi:10.1093/ntr/ntt209

Overend, K, Lewis, H, Bailey, D, Bosanquet, K, Chew-Graham, C, Ekers, D, Gascoyne, S, Hems, D, Holmes, J, Keding, A, McMillan, D, Meer, S, Mitchell, N, Nutbrown, S, Parrott, S, Richards, D, Traviss, G, Trépel, D, Woodhouse, R & Gilbody, S 2014, 'CASPER plus (CollAborative care in screen-positive EldeRs with major depressive disorder): study protocol for a randomised controlled trial.' Trials, vol 15, no. 1, pp. 451., 10.1186/1745-6215-15-451

Wu Q, Parrott S, Godfrey C, Gilbert H, Nazareth I, Leurent B, Sutton S, Morris R. Cost-effectiveness of computer-tailored smoking cessation advice in primary care: a randomized trial (ESCAPE). Nicotine & Tobacco Research. 2014 Mar;16(3), 270 - 8.

Essex H, White I, Khadjesari Z, Linke S, McCambridge J, Murray E, Parrott S, Godfrey C. Quality of life among hazardous and harmful drinkers: EQ-5D over a 1-year follow-up period. Quality of Life Research. 2014. Volume 23, Issue 2, 733-743.

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Newbury-Birch D, Coulton S, Bland M, Cassidy P, Dale V, Deluca P, Gilvarry E, Godfrey C, Heather N, Kaner E, McGovern R, Myles J, Oyefeso A, Parrott S, Patton R, Perryman K, Phillips T, Shepherd J & Drummond C. Alcohol Screening and Brief Interventions for Offenders in the Probation Setting (SIPS Trial): a Pragmatic Multicentre Cluster Randomized Controlled Trial. Alcohol and Alcoholism (Oxford, Oxfordshire). 2014 Jul 26. Available from: 10.1093/alcalc/agu046

2015

Kaner E, Beyer F, Brown J, Crane D, Garnett C, Hickman M, Muirhead C, Redmore J, Michie S, de Vocht F. 2015 Personalised digital interventions for reducing hazardous and harmful alcohol consumption in community- dwelling populations (Protocol). Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews; Jan 16.

Im PK, McNeill A, Thompson ME, Fong GT, Xu S, Quah AC, Jiang Y, Shahab L. Individual and interpersonal triggers to quit smoking in China: a cross-sectional analysis. Tobacco Control 2015 Apr 17. pii: tobaccocontrol- 2014-052198. doi: 10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2014-052198. [Epub ahead of print]

Hiscock R, Dobbie F and Bauld L. Smoking cessation and socioeconomic status: An update of existing evidence from a national evaluation of English Stop Smoking Services. BioMed Research International 2015; doi:10.1155/2015/274056

Thrasher JF, Abad-Vivero EN, Moodie C, O’Connor RJ, Hammond D, Cummings KM, Yong HH, Salloum RG, Czoli C and Reynales-Shigematsu LM. Cigarette brands with flavour capsules in the filter: trends in use and brand perceptions among smokers in the USA, Mexico and Australia, 2012-2014. Tobacco Control, 2015; online Apr 27th. doi: 10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2014-052064

Hartmann-Boyce J, Aveyard P. Therapeutics: Pharmacotherapies for smoking cessation. BMJ 2015

Atusingwize E, Lewis S, Langley T. Economic evaluations of tobacco control mass media campaigns: a systematic review. Tob Control. 2015 Jul;24(4):320-7.; doi:10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2014-051579

Dobbie F, Hiscock R, Leonardi-Bee J, Murray S, Shahab L, Aveyard P, et al. 2015 Evaluating Long-term Outcomes of NHS Stop Smoking Services (ELONS): a prospective cohort study. Health Technology Assessment, 19, 95

Shahab L, Dobbie F, Hiscock R, McNeill A, Bauld L. Prevalence and impact of long-term use of nicotine replacement therapy in UK Stop-Smoking Services: findings from the ELONS study. Nicotine and Tobacco Research 2016, 1–8, doi:10.1093/ntr/ntw258.

Steele S, Gilmore AB, McKee M, Stuckler D. 2015 The role of public law-based litigation in tobacco companies' strategies in high-income, FCTC ratifying countries, 2004-14. J Public Health http://jpubhealth.oxfordjournals.org/content/early/2015/06/01/pubmed.fdv068.long 10.1093/pubmed/fdv068 Joosens L, Gilmore A, Stoklosa M, Ross H. 2015 An assessment of European Union’s agreements with the four major Transnational Tobacco Companies to address the illicit cigarette trade. Tobacco Control http://tobaccocontrol.bmj.com/content/early/2015/05/20/tobaccocontrol-2014-052218.full doi:10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2014-052218

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Smith KE, Gilmore A, Fooks G, Collin J, Weishaar H, Mandal S. Corporate Coalitions and Policy Making in the European Union: How and Why British American Tobacco Promoted “Better Regulation” J of Health Politics, Policy and Law 2015; 40(2):325-72, http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25646389 doi: 10.1215/03616878- 2882231 Gilmore AB, Fooks G, Drope J, Aguinaga Bialous S, Jackson RR. Exposing and addressing tobacco industry conduct in low-income and middle-income countries. The Lancet 2015; 385(9972),1029-1043, http://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(15)60312-9/fulltext Peeters S, Costa H, Stuckler D, McKee M, Gilmore A. 2015. The Revision of the 2014 European Tobacco Products Directive: An Analysis of the Tobacco Industry’s Attempts to ‘break the health silo’. Tobacco Control Published Online First 24 February 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2014-051919 Evans-Reeves KA, Hatchard JL, Gilmore AB. “It will harm business and increase illicit trade” : An evaluation of the relevance, quality and transparency of evidence submitted by the tobacco industry to the UK Consultation on standardised packaging 2012. Tobacco Control Published Online First 3 December 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2014-051930 Gilmore A, Tavakoly B, Taylor G, Hiscock R. Smoking patterns in Great Britain: the rise of cheap cigarette brands and hand rolled tobacco. Journal of Public Health March 2015, Published Online First 11 August 2014 doi:10.1093/pubmed/fdu048. http://jpubhealth.oxfordjournals.org/content/early/2014/08/11/pubmed.fdu048.full.pdf Gallus S, Lugo A, Fernandez E, Gilmore AB, Leon ME, Clancy L, La Vecchia C. Support for tobacco endgame strategy in 18 European countries. Preventive Medicine October 2014 2014;67:255-258. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0091743514002916 Hackley C, Bengry-Howell A, Griffin C, Szmigin I, Mistral W, Hackley RA. Transgression and excessive drinking: Pause for thought for policy makers? Journal of Business Research. 2015. Special issue on ‘Problem Drinking, Gambiling and Smoking (DGS): Advancing Theory and Evidence’. 10.1016/j.jbusres.2015.03.011 Lyons A, McCreanor T, Goodwin I, Griffin C. Social networking and young adults’ drinking practices: Innovative qualitative methods for health behavior research. Health Psychology. 2015. 34(4): 293-302. 10.1037/hea0000168 Bailey L, Griffin C, Shankar A. “Not a good look”: Impossible dilemmas for young women negotiating the culture of intoxication in the UK. Substance Use and Misuse. 2015. Special issue on Gender and Alcohol use. 10.3109/10826084.2015.978643 Morris R, Taylor A, et al. Heavier smoking may lead to a relative increase in waist circumference: evidence for a causal relationship from a Mendelian randomisation meta-analysis. The CARTA consortium. 11 Aug 2015 BMJ Open. 5, 8, 12 p., e008808; doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2015-008808 Pesola F., Shelton KH, Heron J, Munafò M, Hickman M, & van den Bree, M. The Developmental Relationship Between Depressive Symptoms in Adolescence and Harmful Drinking in Emerging Adulthood: The Role of Peers and Parents. 15 May 2015 - Journal of youth and adolescence. Doi: 10.1007/s10964-015-0295-z Leung T, Bergen A, Munafò M, De Ruyck K, Selby P, & De Luca V. Effect of the rs1051730-rs16969968 variant and smoking cessation treatment: a meta-analysis. 7 May 2015 In: Pharmacogenomics. p. 1-8 8 p. http://dx.doi.org/10.2217/pgs.15.34 Gage S, Hickman M, Heron J, Munafò M , Lewis G, Macleod J, & Zammit S. Associations of Cannabis and Cigarette Use with Depression and Anxiety at Age 18: Findings from the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children. 16 Apr 2015 PloS one. 10, 4, p. e0122896. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0122896 Ware J, Aveyard P, Broderick P, Houlston R, Eisen T, & Munafò M. The association of rs1051730 genotype on adherence to and consumption of prescribed nicotine replacement therapy dose during a smoking cessation attempt. 10 Apr 2015 Drug and Alcohol Dependence. doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2015.03.035 Van Den Abbeele J, Penton-Voak I, Attwood A, Stephen I, & Munafò M. Increased Facial Attractiveness Following Moderate, but not High, Alcohol Consumption. 25 Feb 2015. Alcohol and Alcoholism. doi: 10.1093/alcalc/agv010 Pesola F, Shelton K, Heron J, Munafò M, Maughan B, Hickman M, & van den Bree M. The Mediating Role of Deviant Peers on the Link Between Depressed Mood and Harmful Drinking. Feb 2015 The Journal of adolescent health 56, 2, p. 153-9 7 p.

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Hogarth L, Maynard O, Munafò M. Plain cigarette packs do not exert Pavlovian to instrumental transfer of control over tobacco-seeking. 1 Jan 2015 Addiction. 110, 1, p. 174-182 9 p. DOI: 10.1111/add.12756 Maynard O, Skinner A, Troy D, Attwood A, & Munafo M. Association of Alcohol Consumption with Perception of Attractiveness in a Naturalistic Environment. 2015 Alcohol and Alcoholism. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/alcalc/agv096 Ware J, & Munafò M. Genetics of smoking behaviour. 2015 Current topics in behavioural neurosciences. 23, p. 19-36 18 p. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-13665-3_2 Taylor A, Davies N, & Munafò M. Smoking and diabetes: Strengthening causal inference. 1 Jun 2015 The Lancet Diabetes & Endocrinology. 3, 6, p. 395-396 2 p. Munafo M. & Attwood A. Navigating an open road. 2015 Journal of Clinical Epidemiology. 10.1016/j.jclinepi.2015.04.016 Munafò M. A New Editor-in-Chief for Nicotine & Tobacco Research. Jan 2015 Nicotine & tob res 17, 1, p. 1 Ware J, Davies N, & Munafò M. Importance of national context in the translation of personalised treatments for smoking cessation. 9 Jan 2015 The Lancet Respiratory medicine. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S2213- 2600(14)70319-4 Munafò M. Recent Innovations at Nicotine & Tobacco Research. 6 Mar 2015 Nicotine & Tob Res Munafò M. Guidelines on Statistical Reporting at Nicotine & Tobacco Research. 15 Jun 2015 Nicotine and Tob Res Davey Smith G, Munafo M. Why is there a link between smoking and suicide? 1 Mar 2015 Psychiatric services (Washington, D.C.). 66, 3, p. 331. http://dx.doi.org/10.1176/appi.ps.660301 Shah S, Ainsworth H, Fairhurst C, Tilbrook H, Sheikh A, Amos A, Parrott S, Torgerson D, Thompson H, King R, Mir G, Siddiqi K (in press) Muslim Communities Learning About Second-hand Smoke (MCLASS): a pilot cluster randomised controlled trial and cost-effectiveness analysis. Primary Care Respiratory Medicine. doi:10.1038/npjpcrm.2015.52 Rooke C, Cunningham-Burley S, Amos A. Smokers’ and ex-smokers’ understandings of electronic cigarettes: a qualitative study. Tobacco Control. Published Online First: 8 June 2015 doi:10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2014- 052151 Weishaar H, Collin J, Amos A (in press) Unpacking commercial sector opposition to European smoke-free policy: “Fear of association”, tobacco industry isolation and harm reduction debates. Tobacco Control. Published Online First: 8 June 2015 doi:10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2014-052007 Weishaar H, Collin J, Amos A Best of Enemies: Using social network analysis to explore a policy network in European smoke-free policy. Social Science & Medicine 2015, 133, 85- 92. doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2015.03.045 Weishaar H, Collin J, Amos A. Tobacco control and health advocacy in the European Union: Understanding effective coalition-building. Nicotine and Tobacco Research 2015. doi: 10.1093/ntr/ntv016 Weishaar H, Amos A, Collin J. Capturing complexity: mixing methods in the analysis of a European tobacco control policy network. International Journal of Social Research Methodology 2015, 18, 175-192; doi: 10.1080/13645579.2014.897851 Rowa-Dewar N, Lumsdaine C, Amos A. Protecting children from smoke exposure in disadvantaged homes. Nicotine and Tobacco Research 2015, 17, 496-501. http://ntr.oxfordjournals.org/content/17/4/496.abstract Ritchie DD, Amos A, Shaw A, O’Donnell R, Semple S, Turner S, Martin C. How do policy advisors and practitioners prioritise the protection of children from second-hand smoke exposure in a country with advanced tobacco control policy? Tobacco Control 2015, 24, 70-76. doi:10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2012-050936 Hummel K, Nagelhout GE, Willemsen MC, Driezen P, Springvloet L, Mons U, Kunst AE, Guignard R, Allwright S, van den Putte B, Hoving C, Fong GT, McNeill A, Siahpush M, Vries H. Trends and socioeconomic differences in policy triggers for thinking about quitting smoking: Findings from the International Tobacco Control (ITC) Europe Surveys. Drug Alcohol Dependence 2015 Jul 31. pii: S0376-8716(15)01065-0. doi: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2015.07.678. [

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Leon ME, Peruga A, McNeill A, Kralikova E, Guha N, Minozzi S, Espina C, Schüz J. European Code Against Cancer, 4th edition: Tobacco and cancer.Cancer Epidemiol. 2015 Aug 11. pii: S1877-7821(15)00129-0. doi: 10.1016/j.canep.2015.06.001. [Epub ahead of print] Eastwood B, Dockrell M, Arnott D, Britton J, Cheeseman H, Jarvis M, McNeill A. Trends in electronic cigarette use in young people in Great Britain 2013-4. Public Health 2015 Aug 17. doi: 10.1016/j.puhe.2015.07.009. Bauld L, MacKintosh A, Ford A, McNeill A. E-cigarette use among youth in the UK: experimentation but little or no regular use. Nicotine & Tobacco Research 18 (1): 102-103. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/ntr/ntv132 Kruse GR, Rigotti NA, Raw M, McNeill A, Murray R, Pine-Abata H, Bitton A, Mcewen A. Tobacco dependence treatment training programs: an international survey. Nicotine & Tobacco Research 2015; Jun 27. pii: ntv142. Schüz J, Espina C, Villain P, Herrero R, Leon ME, Minozzi S, Romieu I, Segnan N, Wardle J, Wiseman M, Belardelli F, Bettcher D, Cavalli F, Galea G, Lenoir G, Martin-Moreno JM, Nicula FA, Olsen JH, Patnick J, Primic-Zakelj M, Puska P, van Leeuwen FE, Wiestler O, Zatonski W; Working Groups of Scientific Experts. European Code against Cancer 4th edition: 12 ways to reduce your cancer risk. Cancer Epidemiol 2015 Jul 9. pii: S1877-7821(15)00127-7. doi: 10.1016/j.canep.2015.05.009. Brose LS, McEwen A, Michie S, West R, Chew XY & Lorencatto F. Treatment manuals, training and successful provision of stop smoking behavioural support. Behaviour Research and Therapy 2015; doi: 10.1016/j.brat.2015.05.013. Brose LS. Review suggests e-cigarettes help smokers stop and reduce smoking Invited commentary. Evidence- Based Medicine. Aug;20(4):134. doi: 10.1136/ebmed-2015-110179. Epub 2015 McNeill A, Brose L, Calder R, Hitchman S, Hajek P, McRobbie H. E-cigarettes: an evidence review. Public Health England. August 2015 Public Health England/ McNeill A. public health England report. Smoking in prisons; management of tobacco use and nicotine withdrawal. 2015 McNeill A, Etter J-F, Farsalinos K, Hajek P, le Houezec J, McRobbie P. A critique of a WHO-commissioned report and associated article on electronic cigarettes. Addiction, 2014 Sep 5. doi: 10.1111/add.12730. Calder C, Hitchman SC, Rooke C, McNeill A. An assessment of small retailer preparations for tobacco point of sale display removal and longer-term tobacco disinvestment. Cancer Research UK, 2015. McNeill A, Brose L.S., Calder R, Hitchman S.C., Hajek P, McRobbie H (2015). E-cigarettes: and evidence update, Public Health England. McNeill A, Brose LS, Calder R, Hitchman SC, Hajek P, McRobbie H. Ann McNeill and colleagues reply to Martin McKee and Simon Capewell. BMJ 2015 Sep 24;351:h5010. doi: 10.1136/bmj.h5010. McNeill A, Brose LS, Calder R, Hitchman SC, Hajek P, McRobbie H. E-cigarettes: the need for clear communication on relative risks. Lancet 2015 Aug 31. pii: S0140-6736(15)00079-3. doi: 10.1016/S0140- 6736(15)00079-3. [Epub ahead of print] Rose AK, Hardman CA, Christiansen P. The effects of a priming dose of alcohol and drinking environment on snack food intake. Appetite 2015; 95: 341-348.doi: 10.1016/j.appet.2015.07.016 Christiansen P, Mansfield R, Duckworth J, Field M, Jones A. Internal reliability of the alcohol-related visual probe task is increased by utilising personalised stimuli and eye-tracking. Drug and Alcohol Dependence 2015, in press. DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2015.07.672 Jones A, Field M. Alcohol-related and negatively valenced cues increase motor and oculomotor disinhibition in social drinkers. Experimental and Clinical Psychopharmacology 2015, 23 (2), pp. 122-129. DOI: 10.1037/pha0000011 Robinson E, Jones A, Christiansen P, Field M. Drinking like everyone else: Trait self-control moderates the association between peer and personal heavy episodic drinking. Substance Use and Misuse 2015, 50 (5), pp. 590-597. DOI: 10.3109/10826084.2014.991407 Kersbergen I, Woud M, Field M. The Validity of Different Measures of Automatic Alcohol Action Tendencies. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors 2015, 29, 225-230. DOI: 10.1037/adb0000009. Clarke N, Field M, Rose A. Evaluation of a brief personalized intervention for alcohol consumption in college students. PloS One 2015, e0131229. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0131229.

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Cook PA, Morleo M, Billington D, Sanderson-Shortt K, Jones C, Gabbay M, Sheron N, Bellis MA, Phillips-Howard PA, Gilmore IT. Evaluation of work-based screening for early signs of alcohol-related liver disease in hazardous and harmful drinkers: the PrevAIL study. BMC Public Health. 2015 Jun 4;15:532. doi: 10.1186/s12889-015- 1860-9. Gilmore I. Alcohol--who is paying the price? BMJ. 2015 Jun 5;350:h2974. doi: 10.1136/bmj.h2974 Gilmore I. Should the drinks industry have a role in establishing public health policy to reduce alcohol-related harm? Int J Evid Based Health. 2015 Mar;13(1):1-2. A minimum unit price: the 'holy grail' of alcohol policy. Gilmore I. Clin Med. 2015 Feb;15(1):5-6.. Braillon A, Gilmore I, Williams R. Alcohol-related deaths: is misinformation hindering care improvement? Lancet. 2015 Apr 25;385(9978):1619-20. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(15)60790-5. Field M. The Biology of Desire: Why Addiction is not a disease (Book Review). Addiction 2015, 110 (6), pp. 1043-1044. Field M. Ecological momentary assessment - new insights and opportunities (Commentary). Addiction 2015, 110 (6), pp. 1043-1044. DOI: 10.1111/add.12925 Gruenewald P, Treno A, Ponicki W, Huckle T, Yeh L, Casswell S. Impacts of New Zealand's lowered minimum purchase age on context‐specific drinking and related risks. Addiction 2015 Jun 27. doi: 10.1111/add.13034. Dhalwani N, Szatkowski L, Coleman T, Fiaschi L, Tata L. Nicotine Replacement Therapy in Pregnancy and Major Congenital Anomalies in Offspring. Pediatrics Journal. 2015; 135(5). doi: 10.1542/peds.2014-2560 http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/early/2015/03/31/peds.2014-2560.full.pdf Cooper S, Foster K, Naughton F, Leonardi-Bee J, Sutton S, Ussher M, Leighton M, Montgomery A, Parrott S, Coleman T. Pilot study to evaluate a tailored text message intervention for pregnant smokers (MiQuit): study protocol for a randomised controlled trial. Trials. 2015; 16:29 doi: 10.1186/s13063-014-0546-4 http://www.trialsjournal.com/content/16/1/29 Bowker K, Lewis, Coleman T, Cooper S. Changes in the rate of nicotine metabolism across pregnancy: a longitudinal study. Addiction Journal. 2015; 10.1111/add.13029 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26119134 Agboola S, Coleman T, McNeill A, Leonardi-Bee J. Relapse and abstinence amongst smokers who use varenicline – a pooled analysis of randomized controlled trials. Addiction. 2015. DOI: 10.1111/add.12941 Taggar J, Coleman T, Lewis S, Henegham C, Jones M. Accuracy of methods for diagnosing atrial fibrillation using 12-lead ECG: A systematic review and meta-analysis International Journal of Cardiology. 2015; 184(1) : 175– 183. doi:10.1016/j.ijcard.2015.02.014 Marufu T, Ahankari A, Coleman T, Lewis S. Maternal Smoking and the Risk of Still Birth: Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. BMC Public Health 2015, 15:239 doi:10.1186/s12889-015-1552-5 Lycett D, Nichols L, Ryan R, Farley A, Roalfe A, Mohammed M, Szatkowski L, Coleman T, Morris R, Farmer A, Aveyard P. The Association between Smoking Cessation and HbA1c Control of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A THIN database cohort study. The Lancet Diabetes and Endocrinology. 2015 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S2213- 8587(15)00082-0 Ussher M, Lewis S, Aveyard P, Manyonda I, West R, Lewis B, Marcus B, Riaz M, Taylor A, Daley A, Coleman T. A randomised controlled trial of physical activity for smoking cessation in pregnancy. BMJ 2015;350:h2145 doi: 10.1136/bmj.h2145 Taggar J, Lewis S, Docherty G, Bauld L, McEwen A, Coleman T. Do cravings predict smoking cessation in smokers calling a national quit line: Secondary analyses from a randomised trial for the utility of 'urges to smoke' measures. Substance Abuse Treatment, Prevention, and Policy.2015, 10:15 DOI: 10.1186/s13011-015- 0011-8. Orton S, Coleman T, Jones LL, Cooper S, Lewis S. Smoking in the home after childbirth: prevalence and determinants in an English cohort. BMJ Open. 2015 Sep 8;5(9):e008856; doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2015-008856 Lewis S, Sims M, Richardson S, Langley T, Szatkowski L, McNeill A, Gilmore AB. The effectiveness of tobacco control television advertisements in increasing the prevalence of smoke-free homes. BMC Public Health 2015 Sep 8;15(1):869. doi: 10.1186/s12889-015-2207-2.

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Nugawela M, Lewis S, Szatkowski L, Langley T. Measuring Alcohol Consumption in Population Surveys: A Review of International Guidelines and Comparison with Surveys in England. Alcohol and Alcoholism. 2015 Jun 25. pii: agv073. 10.1093/alcalc/agv073 Ussher M, Lewis S, Aveyard P, Manyonda I, West R, Lewis B, Marcus B, Riaz M, Taylor A, Daley A, Coleman T. Physical activity for smoking cessation in pregnancy: randomised controlled trial. BMJ. 2015 May 14;350:h2145.; doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.h2145 Marufu TC, Ahankari A, Coleman T, Lewis S. Maternal smoking and the risk of still birth: systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Public Health. 2015 Mar 13;15:239.; DOI: 10.1186/s12889-015-1552-5 Cranwell J, Murray R, Lewis S, Leonardi-Bee J, Dockrell M, Britton J. Adolescents' exposure to tobacco and alcohol content in YouTube music videos. Addiction. 2015 Apr;110(4):703-11.; doi: 10.1111/add.12835 Atusingwize E, Lewis S, Langley T. Economic evaluations of tobacco control mass media campaigns: a systematic review. Tob Control. 2015 Jul;24(4):320-7.; doi:10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2014-051579 Szatkowski L, Murray R, Hubbard R, Agrawal S, Huang Y, Britton J. Prevalence of smoking among patients treated in NHS hospitals in England in 2010/2011: a national audit. Thorax 2015;70:498-500.; doi:10.1136/thoraxjnl-2014-206285 Bogdanovica I, Szatkowski L, McNeill A, Spanopoulos D, Britton J. Exposure to point-of-sale displays and changes in susceptibility to smoking: findings from a cohort study of school students. Addiction 2015;110:693- 702.; doi: 10.1111/add.12826 Belvin C, Britton J, Holmes J, Langley T. Parental smoking and child poverty in the UK: an analysis of national survey data. BMC public health 2015;15:507; DOI: 10.1186/s12889-015-1797-z Rothwell L, Britton J, Bogdanovica I. The relation between cigarette price and hand-rolling tobacco consumption in the UK: an ecological study. BMJ open 2015;5:e007697.; doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2015-007697 Eastwood B, Dockrell MJ, Arnott D, Britton J, Cheeseman H, Jarvis MJ, McNeill A. Electronic cigarette use in young people in Great Britain. Public Health 2015. doi:10.1016/j.puhe.2015.07.009 Shaikh A, Nugawela M, Szatkowski L. What are the main sources of smoking cessation support used by adolescent smokers in England? BMC Public Health. 2015; 19;15:562; 10.1186/s12889-015-1925-9. Cooper S, Foster K, Naughton F, Leonardi-Bee J, Sutton S, Ussher M, Leighton M, Montgomery A, Parrott S, Coleman T. 2015 'Pilot study to evaluate a tailored text message intervention for pregnant smokers (MiQuit): study protocol for a randomised controlled trial' Trials, vol 16, no. 1, pp. 29., 10.1186/s13063-014-0546-4 Agboola S, Coleman T, McNeill A, Leonardi-Bee J. Abstinence and relapse amongst smokers who use varenicline in a quit attempt – a pooled analysis of randomized controlled trials. Addiction 2015 Apr 6. doi: 10.1111/add.12941. Coleman T, Chamberlain C, Davey MA, Cooper SE, Leonardi-Bee J. Pharmacological interventions for promoting smoking cessation during pregnancy. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2015 Dec 22;12:CD010078. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD010078.pub2 Britton J. Electronic cigarettes: pro. Thorax 2015;70:309-310. doi:10.1136/thoraxjnl-2015-206935 Docherty G, McNeill A, Gartner C, Szatkowski L. Response to Winter: 'Hardcore smoking does not necessarily indicate hardening' Addiction2014; 109:682-683. Britton J. Progress with the global tobacco epidemic. The Lancet 2015; 385:924-926. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(15)60498-6 Britton J. Treating smoking in mental health settings. The Lancet Psychiatry 2015. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S2215-0366(15)00102-9 Langley T, Britton J. RCP Commentary magazine opinion piece: Smoke without fire? Smoke-free policy in public places. August 2015 Ussher M, Coleman T, West R, Aveyard P, Lewis S. 2015 Authors' reply to Braillon and Bewley. BMJ (Online), 350. doi:10.1136/bmj.h3555

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Blyth A , Maskrey V, Notley C, Barton GR, Brown TJ, Aveyard P, Holland R, Bachmann MO, Sutton S, Leonardi- Bee J, Brandon TH, Song F. Effectiveness and economic evaluation of self –help educational materials for the prevention of smoking relapse: randomised controlled trial. Health Technology Assessment. July 2015;19,59. http://dx.doi.org/10.3310/hta19590 Vaz LR, Coleman T, Cooper S, Aveyard P, Leonardi-Bee J, on behalf of the SNAP trial team. The nicotine metabolite ratio in pregnancy measured by trans-3’-hydroxycotinine to cotinine ratio: characteristics and relationship with smoking cessation. Nicotine & Tobacco Research 2015. doi: 10.1093/ntr/ntu342. Ware J, Aveyard P, Broderick P, Houlston R, Eisen T, Munafò MR. The association of rs1051730 genotype on adherence to and consumption of prescribed nicotine replacement therapy dose during a smoking cessation attempt. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 151:236-240. doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2015.03.035. Lycett D, Nichols L, Ryan R, Farley A, Roalfe A, Mohammed M, Szatkowski L, Coleman T, Morris R, Farmer A, Aveyard P. The Association between Smoking Cessation and HbA1c Control of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A THIN database cohort study. The Lancet Diabetes & Endocrinology 2015:3:423-430. doi:10.1016/S2213-858700082- 0. Taylor G, Taylor A, Munafo RM, McNeill A, Aveyard P. Does Smoking reduction worsen mental health? A comparison of two observational approaches. BMJ Open 2015;5:e007812 doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2015-007812. Thompson TP, Greaves CJ, Ayres R, Aveyard P, Warren FC, Byng R, Taylor RS, Campbell JL, Ussher M, Michie S, West R and Taylor AH. Lessons learned from recruiting socioeconomically disadvantaged smokers into a pilot randomized controlled trial to explore the role of Exercise Assisted Reduction then Stop (EARS) smoking. Trials 2015;16(1) doi:10.1186/1745-6215-16-1. Begh R, Munafo MR, Shiffman S, Ferguson SG, Nichols L, Mohammed MA, et al. Lack of attentional retraining effects in cigarette smokers attempting cessation: A proof of concept double-blind randomised controlled trial. Drug and Alcohol Dependence 2015, 149:158-65. doi: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2015.01.041 Hollands GJ, McDermott MS, Lindson-Hawley N, Vogt F, Farley A, Aveyard P. Interventions to increase adherence to medications for tobacco dependence. The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2015, Issue 2. Art. No.: CD009164. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD009164.pub2. Ierfino D, Mantzari E, Hirst J, Jones T, Aveyard P, Marteau TM. Financial incentives for smoking cessation in pregnancy: a single arm intervention study assessing cessation and gaming. Addiction 2015:110:680-8. doi: 10.1111/add.12817. Strong D, David S, Johnstone E, Aveyard P, Murphy M, Munafo M. Differential efficacy of nicotine replacement among overweight and obese women smokers. Nicotine & Tobacco Research 2015 doi: 10.1093/ntr/ntu256. Lindson-Hawley N, Thompson TP, Begh R. Motivational interviewing for smoking cessation. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2015, Issue 3. Art. No.: CD006936. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD006936.pub3. Hartmann-Boyce J, Aveyard P. Therapeutics: Pharmacotherapies for smoking cessation. BMJ 2015 Cahill K, Hartmann-Boyce J, Perera R. Incentives for smoking cessation. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2015, Issue 5. Art. No.: CD004307. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD004307.pub5. Fletcher BR, Hartmann-Boyce J, Hinton L, McManus RJ. The effect of self-monitoring of blood pressure on medication adherence and lifestyle factors: a systematic review and meta-analysis. American Journal of Hypertension 2015 Feb 26. pii: hpv008. Hartmann-Boyce J. 2015 Specific versus relational factors in addiction treatment: the forest and the trees, or just more trees? (invited commentary), Addiction, 110, 417–418. doi: 10.1111/add.12814. Hajek P, McRobbie H, Myers Smith K, Phillips A, Cornwall D, Dhanji A. 2015 Increasing varenicline dose in smokers who do not react to the standard dosage: Placebo controlled randomised trial. JAMA Internal Medicine. doi:10.1001/jamainternmed.2014.6916 Hajek P. 2015 Electronic cigarettes and smoking cessation: an interview with Professor Peter Hajek. News Medical, Thought Leaders Series, http://www.news-medical.net/news/20150205/Electronic-cigarettes-and- smoking-cessation-an-interview-with-Professor-Peter-Hajek.aspx Jiménez-Ruiz C, Lewis A, Tonnesen P, van Schayck C, Hajek P, Tonstad S, Dautzenberg B, Fletcher M, Masefield S, Powell P, Hering T, Nardini S, Tonia T, Gratziou C. 2015 Statement on smoking cessation in COPD and other

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pulmonary diseases and in smokers with comorbidities who find it difficult to quit. Eur Respir J. 2015 Apr 16. pii: ERJ-00926-2014; doi: 10.1183/09031936.00092614 Hajek P, Goniewicz M, Phillips A, Myers Smith K, West O, McRobbie H. 2015 Nicotine intake from electronic cigarettes on initial use and after four weeks of regular use. Nicotine and Tobacco Research 17:175-179 Hajek P. 2015 The development and testing of new nicotine replacement treatments: From ‘nicotine replacement’ to ‘smoking replacement’. Addiction Jul;110 Suppl S2:19-22. doi: 10.1111/add.12905. Hajek P. 2015 E-cigarettes do not release dangerous levels of aldehydes. Addiction. 2015 Aug;110(8):1357- 1358. doi: 10.1111/add.12958. McNeill A, Brose L, Calder R, Hitchman S, Hajek P, McRobbie H. E-cigarettes: an evidence update. Public Health England, 19 August 2015 West R, Hajek P, Mcneill A, Brown J, Arnott D. Electronic cigarettes: what we know so far. A report to UK All Party Parliamentary Groups. www.smokinginengland.info/reports/ 2015 Hajek P. Gateway doubt. New Scientist, 4 April 2015, 56. Hajek P. Electronic cigarettes – friend or foe. Health Watch 2014, 93, 7. Hajek P. Doctors should recommend that smokers who cannot stop smoking with other methods or who do not want to stop smoking switch to e-cigarettes. Prev. Tab 2014. 16, 246-247. Hajek P. The Big Six classification of mechanical puzzles. CFF 2015, 96, 8-9 Hajek P. Doctors should recommend that smokers who cannot stop smoking with other methods or who do not want to stop smoking switch to e-cigarettes. Prev Tab 2015; 16(4): 248-249 Hajek P. Electronic cigarettes have a potential for huge public health benefit. BMC Medicine 2015; 12:225 http://www.biomedcentral.com/1741-7015/12/225 Lovatt M, Eadie D, Meier P, Li J, Bauld L, Hastings G, Holmes J. 2015 'Lay epidemiology and the interpretation of low risk drinking guidelines by adults in the United Kingdom', Addiction, DOI: 10.1111/add.13072. Gmel G, Holmes J, Studer J. 2015 'Are alcohol outlet densities strongly associated with alcohol-related outcomes? A critical review of recent evidence?', Drug and Alcohol Review, DOI: 10.1111/dar.12304 Probst C, Moyo D, Purshouse R, Rehm J. 2015 'Transition probabilities for four states of alcohol use in adolescence and young adulthood: what factors matter when?', Addiction, DOI: 10.1111/add.12985 Holmes J, Angus, C, Meier P. 2015 'UK alcohol industry's "billion units pledge": interim evaluation flawed', British Medical Journal, DOI:10.1136.bmj.h1301. De Vocht F, Heron J, Angus C, Brennan A, Mooney J, Lock K, Campbell R, Hickman M. 2015 ‘The measurable effect of local alcohol licensing policies on population health in England’, J Epidemiol Community Health. Mar;70(3):231-7. doi: 10.1136/jech-2015-206040 Gillies D, Buykx P, Parker G, Hetrick S. 2015 "Consultation liaison in primary care for people with mental disorders." Cochrane Database Syst Rev 9: Cd007193. Angus C, Meng Y, Ally A, Holmes J, Brennan A. 2015 Model-based appraisal of minimum unit pricing for alcohol in the Republic of Ireland: An adaptation of the Sheffield Alcohol Policy Model version 3, Sheffield: ScHARR, University of Sheffield. Gell L, Ally A, Buykx P, Hope A, Meier P. 2015 'Alcohol's harm to others', London: Institute of Alcohol Studies. Moodie C, Purves R, McKell J, de Andrade M. Novel means of using cigarette packaging and cigarettes to communicate health risk and cessation messages: A qualitative study. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction 2015, 13: 333-344. doi: 10.1007/s11469-014-9530-1. Moodie C, MacKintosh AM, Hastings GB, 2015 Young people’s response to pictorial warnings on the reverse panel of cigarette packs: A repeat cross-sectional study. Tobacco Control 2015, 24: e93-97. http://tobaccocontrol.bmj.com/content/early/2013/08/08/tobaccocontrol-2013-050999.abstract 10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2013-050999 Gallopel-Morvan K, Moodie C, Eker F, Beguinot E and Martinet Y. Perceptions of plain packaging among young adult roll-your-own smokers in France: A naturalistic approach. Tobacco Control 2015, 24: e39-44. doi:10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2013-051513

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Moodie C, Ford A, MacKintosh AM, Purves R. Are all cigarettes just the same? Females’ perceptions of slim, coloured, aromatised and capsule cigarettes. Health Education Research 2015, 30(1): 1-12. doi:10.1093/her/cyu063 Tappin D, Bauld L, Purves D, Boyd K, Sinclair L, MacAskill S, McKell J, Friel B, McConnachie A, de Caestecker L, Tannahill C, Radley A, Coleman T; Cessation in Pregnancy Incentives Trial (CPIT) Team. Financial incentives for smoking cessation in pregnancy: randomised controlled trial. BMJ 2015, 350: h134. doi:10.1136/bmj.h134 Maynard O, Leonards U, Attwood A, Bauld L, Hogarth L and Munafò M. Effects of first exposure to plain cigarette packaging on smoking behaviour and attitudes: a randomised controlled study. BMC Public Health 2015, 15(1): 240. doi:10.1186/s12889-015-1586-8 Bauld L, Sinclair L. Rewarding smoking cessation in pregnancy - will women cheat to gain incentives? Addiction 2015, 110(4): 689-690. doi:10.1111/add.12851 Morgan H, et al. Benefits of Incentives for Breastfeeding and Smoking cessation in pregnancy (BIBS): a mixed- methods study to inform trial design. Health Technology Assessment, 2015; 19(30): 1-522. doi:10.3310/hta19300 Fitzgerald N, Platt L, Heywood S and McCambridge J. Large-scale implementation of alcohol brief interventions in new settings in Scotland: A qualitative interview study of a national programme. BMC Public Health 2015, 15: 289. doi:10.1186/s12889-015-1527-6 Thrasher J, Osman A, Abad-Vivero E, Hammond D, Bansal-Travers M, Cummings K, Hardin J and Moodie C. The use of cigarette package inserts to supplement pictorial health warnings: An evaluation of the Canadian policy. Nicotine & Tobacco Research 2015, 17(7): 870-875. doi: 10.1093/ntr/ntu246 Fitzgerald N, Youngson E, Cunningham S, Watson M and Stewart D. Support for community pharmacy-based alcohol interventions: a Scottish general public survey. Public Health, 2015; online August 18th. doi:10.1016/j.puhe.2015.07.005 Bauld L, Sinclair L. Rewarding smoking cessation in pregnancy-will women cheat to gain incentives? [Commentary on: Ierﬁno D, Mantzari E, Hirst J, Jones T, Aveyard P, Marteau T. Addiction, 110: 680–688.] Addiction 2015, 110(4): 689-90. doi: 10.1111/add.12851. Hastings G, Moodie C. Death of a salesman. Tobacco Control 2015, 2015; 24(Supplement 2): 1-2. Moodie C, Bauld L. Evidence supports plain tobacco packaging to improve public health. Pharmaceutical Journal 2015, 294: 7843-7844. McCambridge J, Kypri K, Miller P, Hawkins B, Hastings G. Where is the evidence? [Letter]. Addiction, 2015; online 20th January. doi:10.1111/add.12830 Bauld L, MacKintosh A, Ford A & McNeill A. E-Cigarette uptake amongst UK youth: Experimentation, but little or no regular use in non-smokers. [Letter]. Nicotine & Tobacco Research, 2015; online 6th August. doi:10.1093/ntr/ntv132 Hastings G. ‘Well, he would say that, wouldn't he?’ Addiction 2015, 110(8): 1226-1227. doi:10.1111/add.12965 Brown J, Michie S, Walmsley M, West R. 2015 An online documentary film to motivate quit attempts among smokers in the general population (4Weeks2Freedom): A randomised controlled trial. Nicotine & tobacco research. doi:10.1093/ntr/ntv161 Beard E, Bruguera C, McNeill A, Brown J, West R. 2015 Association of amount and duration of NRT use in smokers with cigarette consumption and motivation to stop smoking: a national survey of smokers in England. Addict Behav, 40, 33-38. doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2014.08.008 Beard E, Brown J, West R, Acton C, Brennan A, Drummond C, Hickman M, Holmes J, Kaner E, Lock K, Walmsley M, Michie S. 2015 'Protocol for a national monthly survey of alcohol use in England with 6-month follow-up: 'The Alcohol Toolkit Study'', BMC Public Health, 15 (230) doi:10.1186/s12889-015-1542-7 (Open access) Hitchman S, Brose L, Brown J, Robson D, McNeill A. 2015 Associations Between E-Cigarette Type, Frequency of Use, and Quitting Smoking: Findings From a Longitudinal Online Panel Survey in Great Britain. Nicotine & tobacco research. doi:10.1093/ntr/ntv078

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Ferguson S, Brown J, Frandsen M, West R. 2015 Associations between use of pharmacological aids in a smoking cessation attempt and subsequent quitting activity: a population study. Addiction, 110 (3), 513-518. doi:10.1111/add.12795 Crane D, Garnett C, Brown J, West R, Michie S. 2015. Behavior change techniques in popular alcohol reduction apps: Content analysis. Journal of Medical Internet Research, 17 (5). doi:10.2196/jmir.4060 Brown J, West R, Angus C, Beard E, Brennan A, Drummond C, Michie S. 2015 Comparison of brief interventions in primary care on smoking and excessive alcohol consumption in England: a population survey. British Journal of General Practice. Nelson V, Goniewicz M, Beard E, Brown J, Sheals K, West R, Shahab L. 2015 Comparison of the characteristics of long-term users of electronic cigarettes versus nicotine replacement therapy: A cross-sectional survey of English ex-smokers and current smokers. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 153, 300-305. doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2015.05.005 Tombor I, Shahab L, Brown J, Notley C, West R. 2015 Does non-smoker identity following quitting predict long- term abstinence? Evidence from a population survey in England. Addictive Behaviors, 45, 99-103. doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2015.01.026 Beard E, Brown J, McNeill A, Michie S, West R. 2015 Has growth in electronic cigarette use by smokers been responsible for the decline in use of licensed nicotine products? Findings from repeated cross-sectional surveys. Thorax. doi:10.1136/thoraxjnl-2015-206801 Garnett C, Crane D, West R, Brown J, Michie S. 2015 Identification of Behavior Change Techniques and Engagement Strategies to Design a Smartphone App to Reduce Alcohol Consumption Using a Formal Consensus Method. JMIR mHealth and uHealth, 3 (2), e73-?. doi:10.2196/mhealth.3895 Brown J, Michie S, West R. 2015 Interpreting internet-based trials: StopAdvisor for smoking cessation--authors' reply. Lancet Respir Med, 3 (3), e6-e7. doi:10.1016/S2213-2600(15)00025-9 Brose L, Hitchman S, Mcneill A, Brown J, West R. 2015 Is the use of electronic cigarettes while smoking associated with smoking cessation attempts, cessation and reduced cigarette consumption? A survey with a 1- year follow-up. Addiction. doi:10.1111/add.12917 Garnett C, Crane D, West R, Michie S, Brown J, Winstock A. 2015 Normative misperceptions about alcohol use in the general population of drinkers: A cross-sectional survey. Addictive Behaviors, 42, 203-206. doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2014.11.010 Beard E, Brown J, West R, Acton C, Brennan A, Drummond C, Michie S. 2015 Protocol for a national monthly survey of alcohol use in England with 6-month follow-up: 'The Alcohol Toolkit Study' Health behavior, health promotion and society. BMC Public Health, 15 (1). doi:10.1186/s12889-015-1542-7 Ubhi H, Michie S, Kotz D, Wong W, West R. 2015 A mobile app to aid smoking cessation: Preliminary evaluation of smokefree28. Journal of Medical Internet Research, 17 (1), e17. doi:10.2196/jmir.3479 Gilbody S, Peckham E, Man M, Mitchell N, Li J, Becque T, Shepherd C. 2015 Bespoke smoking cessation for people with severe mental ill health (SCIMITAR): A pilot randomised controlled trial. The Lancet Psychiatry, 2 (5), 395-402. doi:10.1016/S2215-0366(15)00091-7 Spruijt-Metz D, Hekler E, Saranummi N, Intille S, Korhonen I, Nilsen W, Pavel M. 2015 Building new computational models to support health behavior change and maintenance: new opportunities in behavioral research. Translational Behavioral Medicine, 5 (3), 335-346. doi:10.1007/s13142-015-0324-1 Davidoff F, Dixon-Woods M, Leviton L, Michie S. 2015 Demystifying theory and its use in improvement. BMJ Quality and Safety, 24 (3), 228-238. doi:10.1136/bmjqs-2014-003627 Atkins L, Michie S. 2015 Designing interventions to change eating behaviours. Proceedings of the Nutrition Society, 74 (2), 164-170. doi:10.1017/S0029665115000075 Cane J, Richardson M, Johnston M, Ladha R, Michie S. 2015. From lists of behaviour change techniques (BCTs) to structured hierarchies: comparison of two methods of developing a hierarchy of BCTs. Br J Health Psychol, 20 (1), 130-150. doi:10.1111/bjhp.12102 Michie S, Wood C. 2015 Health Behaviour Change Techniques. In P. Norman, M. Conner (Eds.), Predicting and Change Health Behaviour. Berkshire, UK: Open University Press.

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Thompson T, Greaves C, Ayres R, Aveyard P, Warren F, Byng R, Taylor A. 2015 Lessons learned from recruiting socioeconomically disadvantaged smokers into a pilot randomized controlled trial to explore the role of Exercise Assisted Reduction then Stop (EARS) smoking. Trials. doi:10.1186/1745-6215-16-1 Abraham C, Wood C, Johnston M, Francis J, Hardeman W, Richardson M, Michie S. 2015 Reliability of Identification of Behavior Change Techniques in Intervention Descriptions. Annals of Behavioral Medicine. doi:10.1007/s12160-015-9727-y Michie S, Wood C. 2015 Reporting Behaviour Change Interventions and Techniques. In M. Johnston, Y. Benyamini, E. C. Karademas (Eds.), Assessment in Health Psychology. Gottingen/Boston: Hogrefe. Tombor, I., Shahab, L., Herbec, A., Neale, J., Michie, S., & West, R. (2015). Smoker Identity and Its Potential Role in Young Adults' Smoking Behavior: A Meta-ethnography. Health Psychology. doi:10.1037/hea0000191 Beadman M, Das R, Freeman T, Scragg P, West R, Kamboj S. 2015 A comparison of emotion regulation strategies in response to craving cognitions: Effects on smoking behaviour, craving and affect in dependent smokers. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 69, 29-39. doi:10.1016/j.brat.2015.03.013 Kotz D, Viechtbauer W, Simpson C, van Schayck O, West R, Sheikh A. 2015 Cardiovascular and neuropsychiatric risks of varenicline: A retrospective cohort study. The Lancet Respiratory Medicine. doi:10.1016/S2213- 2600(15)00320-3 West R. 2015 Data and statistical commands should be routinely disclosed in order to promote greater transparency and accountability in clinical and behavioral research. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology. doi:10.1016/j.jclinepi.2015.06.015 Ebbert J, Hughes J, West R, Rennard S, Russ C, McRae T, Park P. 2015 Effect of varenicline on smoking cessation through smoking reduction: A randomized clinical trial. JAMA - Journal of the American Medical Association, 313 (7), 687-694. doi:10.1001/jama.2015.280 Gowing L, Ali R, Allsop S, Marsden J, Turf E, West R, Witton J. 2015 Global statistics on addictive behaviours: 2014 status report. Addiction, 110 (6), 904-919. doi:10.1111/add.12899 West R, Raw M, McNeill A, Stead L, Aveyard P, Britton J, Borland R. 2015 Health-care interventions to promote and assist tobacco cessation: A review of efficacy, effectiveness and affordability for use in national guideline development. Addiction, 110 (9), 1388-1403. doi:10.1111/add.12998 Pujades-Rodriguez M, George J, Shah A, Rapsomaniki E, Denaxas S, West R, Hemingway H. 2015 Heterogeneous associations between smoking and a wide range of initial presentations of cardiovascular disease in 1937360 people in England: lifetime risks and implications for risk prediction. Int J Epidemiol, 44 (1), 129-141. doi:10.1093/ije/dyu218 Kouimtsidis C, Stahl D, West R, Drummond C. 2015 Negative expectancies measured with the substance use beliefs questionnaire can differentiate controls from those in treatment for alcohol dependence. Drugs and Alcohol Today, 15 (2), 76-81. doi:10.1108/DAT-03-2014-0021 Wee L, West R, Mariapun J, Chan C, Bulgiba A, Peramalah D, Jit S. 2015 Should the threshold for expired-air carbon monoxide concentration as a means of verifying self-reported smoking abstinence be reduced in clinical treatment programmes? Evidence from a Malaysian smokers' clinic. Addictive Behaviors, 47, 74-79. doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2015.03.021 Im PK, McNeill A, Thompson ME, Fong GT, Xu S, Quah AC, Jiang Y, Shahab L. Individual and interpersonal triggers to quit smoking in China: a cross-sectional analysis. Tobacco Control 2015 Apr 17. pii: tobaccocontrol- 2014-052198. doi: 10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2014-052198. Brown J. 2015 A positive view on e-cigarettes. BMJ, 351, ARTN h3864. doi:10.1136/bmj.h3864 West R. 2015 The end of scientific articles as we know them?. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology. doi:10.1016/j.jclinepi.2015.06.017 West R, Marsden J, Darke S, Humphreys K, Miller P, Hall W, Petry N. 2015 Vote of thanks to Professor Tom Babor. Addiction, 110 (7), 1060. doi:10.1111/add.12959 Babor T, Strang J, West R. 2015 Building the connections between science, practice and policy: Griffith Edwards and the UK National Addiction Centre. Addiction, 110 (S2), 1-3. doi:10.1111/add.12928

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Neale J, West R. 2015 Guidance for reporting qualitative manuscripts. Addiction, 110 (4), 549-550. doi:10.1111/add.12857 Ebbert J, Hughes J, West R. 2015 In reply. JAMA - Journal of the American Medical Association, 313 (22), 2285- 2286. doi:10.1001/jama.2015.4981 Thompson C, Pulleyblank R, Parrott S & Essex H. 2015 'The cost-effectiveness of quality improvement projects: a conceptual framework, checklist and online tool for considering the costs and consequences of implementation-based quality improvement' Journal of Evaluation in Clinical Practice., 10.1111/jep.12421 Watson J, Fairhurst C, Li J, Tober G, Crosby H, Lloyd C, Godfrey C, Mdege ND, Dale V, Toner P, Parrott S, Raistrick D & ARiAS Research Group 2015, 'ADAPTA: A pilot randomised controlled trial of an alcohol-focused intervention versus a healthy living intervention for problem drinkers identified in a general hospital setting' Drug and alcohol dependence., 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2015.06.030 Gilbody, SM, Peckham, EJ, Man, M, Mitchell, N, Li, J, Becque, T, Hewitt, CE, Knowles, S, Bradshaw, T, Planner, C, Parrott, S, Michie, S & Shepherd, C 2015, 'Bespoke smoking cessation for people with severe mental ill health (SCIMITAR): a pilot randomised controlled trial' The Lancet Psychiatry, vol 2, no. 5, pp. 395-402., 10.1016/S2215-0366(15)00091-7 Peckham, E, Man, M-S, Mitchell, N, Li, J, Becque, T, Knowles, S, Bradshaw, T, Planner, C, Parrott, S, Michie, S, Shepherd, C & Gilbody, S 2015, 'Smoking Cessation Intervention for severe Mental Ill Health Trial (SCIMITAR): a pilot randomised control trial of the clinical effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of a bespoke smoking cessation service' National Institute for Health Research Journals Library, vol 19, no. 25, pp. 1-148., 10.3310/hta19250 Watson, J, Back, D, Toner, P, Lloyd, C, Day, E, Brady, L-M, Templeton, L, Ambegaokar, S, Parrott, S, Torgerson, D, Cocks, K, Gilvarry, E, McArdle, P & Copello, A 2015, 'A randomised controlled feasibility trial of family and social network intervention for young people who misuse alcohol and drugs: study protocol (Y-SBNT)' Pilot and Feasibility Studies, vol 1, no. 8., 10.1186/s40814-015-0004-4 Wu, Q, Szatkowski, L, Britton, J & Parrott, S 2015, 'Economic cost of smoking in people with mental disorders in the UK' Tobacco Control., 10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2013-051464 McKee M, Gilmore AB European watchdog is failing to hold tobacco industry to account over smuggling. BMJ. 2015 Dec 29;351:h6973. doi: 10.1136/bmj.h6973. Savell E, Gilmore AB, Sims M, Mony PK, Koon T, Yusoff K, Lear SA, Seron P, Ismail N, Calik KB, Rosengren A, Bahonar A, Kumar R, Vijayakumar K, Kruger A, Swidan H, Gupta R, Igumbor E, Afridi A, Rahman O, Chifamba J, Zatonska K, Mohan V, Mohan D, Lopez-Jaramillo P, Avezum A, Poirier P, Orlandini A, Li W, McKee M, Rangarajan S, Yusuf S, Chow CK. The environmental profile of a community's health: a cross-sectional study on tobacco marketing in 16 countries. Bull World Health Organ. 2015 Dec 1;93(12):851-61G. doi: 10.2471/BLT.15.155846. Lewis S, Sims M, Richardson S, Langley T, Szatkowski L, McNeill A, Gilmore AB The effectiveness of tobacco control television advertisements in increasing the prevalence of smoke-free homes. BMC Public Health. 2015 Sep 8;15:869. doi: 10.1186/s12889-015-2207-2. Taylor G, McNeill A, Aveyard P. Does deterioration in mental health after smoking cessation predict relapse to smoking? BMC Public Health. 2015 Nov 20;15:1150. doi: 10.1186/s12889-015-2473-z. PubMed PMID: 26589146; Brose LS, Brown J, Hitchman SC, McNeill A. Perceived relative harm of electronic cigarettes over time and impact on subsequent use. A survey with 1-year and 2-year follow-ups. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2015 Dec 1;157:106-11. doi: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2015.10.014. Epub 2015 Oct 22. Taylor G, Girling A, McNeill A, Aveyard P. Does smoking cessation result in improved mental health? A comparison of regression modelling and propensity score matching. BMJ Open. 2015 Oct 21;5(10):e008774. doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2015-008774. McNeill A, Brose LS, Calder R, Hitchman SC, Hajek P, McRobbie H. E-cigarettes: the need for clear communication on relative risks. Lancet. 2015 Sep 26;386(10000):1237. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(15)00079-3. Epub 2015 Aug 31. Hummel K, Nagelhout GE, Willemsen MC, Driezen P, Springvloet L, Mons U, Kunst AE, Guignard R, Allwright S, van den Putte B, Hoving C, Fong GT, McNeill A, Siahpush M, de Vries H. Trends and socioeconomic differences

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in policy triggers for thinking about quitting smoking: Findings from the International Tobacco Control (ITC) Europe Surveys. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2015 Oct 1;155:154-62. doi: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2015.07.678. Epub 2015 Jul 31. Leon ME, Peruga A, McNeill A, Kralikova E, Guha N, Minozzi S, Espina C, Schüz J. European Code against Cancer, 4th Edition: Tobacco and cancer. Cancer Epidemiol. 2015 Dec;39 Suppl 1:S20-33. doi: 10.1016/j.canep.2015.06.001. Epub 2015 Aug 11. Dobbie F, Hiscock R, Leonardi-Bee J, Murray S, Shahab L, Aveyard P, Coleman T, McEwen A, McRobbie H, Purves R, Bauld L. Evaluating Long-term Outcomes of NHS Stop Smoking Services (ELONS): a prospective cohort study. Health Technol Assess. 2015 Nov;19(95):1-156. doi: 10.3310/hta19950. 26565129; Ussher M, Lewis S, Aveyard P, Manyonda I, West R, Lewis B, Marcus B, Riaz M, Taylor AH, Barton P, Daley A, Essex H, Esliger D, Coleman T. The London Exercise And Pregnant smokers (LEAP) trial: a randomised controlled trial of physical activity for smoking cessation in pregnancy with an economic evaluation. Health Technol Assess. 2015 Oct;19(84):vii-xxiv, 1-135. doi: 10.3310/hta19840. PubMed PMID: 26491878; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC4781101. West R. Conflicts of conscience in Addiction. Addiction. 2015 Nov;110(11):1864. doi: 10.1111/add.13069. Epub 2015 Sep 23. Bonevski B, Twyman L, Paul C, D'Este C, West R, Siahpush M, Oldmeadow C, Palazzi K, Bryant J, Guillaumier A. Comparing socially disadvantaged smokers who agree and decline to participate in a randomised smoking cessation trial. BMJ Open. 2015 Sep 14;5(9):e008419. doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2015-008419. West R, Raw M, McNeill A, Stead L, Aveyard P, Bitton J, Stapleton J, McRobbie H, Pokhrel S, Lester-George A, Borland R. Health-care interventions to promote and assist tobacco cessation: a review of efficacy, effectiveness and affordability for use in national guideline development. Addiction. 2015 Sep;110(9):1388- 403. doi: 10.1111/add.12998. Gainforth H, West R, Michie S. Assessing Connections Between Behavior Change Theories Using Network Analysis. Ann Behav Med. 2015 Oct;49(5):754-61. doi: 10.1007/s12160-015-9710-7. Shahab L, Gilchrist G, Hagger-Johnson G, Shankar A, West E, West R. Reciprocal associations between smoking cessation and depression in older smokers: findings from the English Longitudinal Study of Ageing. Br J Psychiatry. 2015 Sep;207(3):243-9. doi: 10.1192/bjp.bp.114.153494. Epub 2015 May 21. Erratum in: Br J Psychiatry. 2015 Oct;207(4):365. Huque R, Dogar O, Cameron I, Thomson H, Amos A, & Siddiqi K. Children learning about second-hand smoking: A feasibility cluster randomized controlled trial. 01 Dec 2015 In : Nicotine and Tobacco Research. 17, 12, p. 1465-1472 8 p. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ntr/ntv015 MacKintosh A, MacDonald L, Purves R, Pearce J, Tisch C, van der Sluijis, W., Amos, A., MacGregor, A. & Haw, S. E-cigarette marketing in UK stores: an observational audit and retailers' views Eadie, D., Stead, M. 13 Sep 2015 In : BMJ Open. 5, 9, e008547. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2015-008547 Collin J, Hill SE, Smith KE. Merging alcohol giants threaten global health. BMJ. Nov 2015 17;351:h6087. doi: 10.1136/bmj.h6087. Gruenewald P, Treno A, Ponicki W, Huckle T, Yeh L, & Casswell S. 2015 Impacts of New Zealand's lowered minimum purchase age on context-specific drinking and related risks. Addiction, Article first published online: 4 AUG 2015 | DOI: 10.1111/add.13034. Jones M, Lewis S, Parrott S, Coleman T. Systematic critical review of previous economic evaluations of smoking cessation during pregnancy. BMJ open. 2015 Nov 13;5(11):1-12. Available from: 10.1136/bmjopen-2015- 008998 McRobbie H, Phillips A, Goniewicz ML, Smith KM, Knight-West O, Przulj D, Hajek P. Effects of Switching to Electronic Cigarettes with and without Concurrent Smoking on Exposure to Nicotine, Carbon Monoxide, and Acrolein. Cancer Prev Res (Phila). 2015 Sep;8(9):873-8. doi: 10.1158/1940-6207.CAPR-15-0058. PubMed PMID: 26333731. Begh R, Lindson-Hawley N, Aveyard P. Does reduced smoking if you can't stop make any difference? BMC Med. 2015 Oct 12;13:257. doi: 10.1186/s12916-015-0505-2. PubMed PMID: 26456865; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC4601132.

Progress Report 2013 -2017

Maskrey V, Blyth A, Brown TJ, Barton GR, Notley C, Aveyard P, Holland R, Bachmann MO, Sutton S, Leonardi- Bee J, Brandon TH, Song F. Self-help educational booklets for the prevention of smoking relapse following smoking cessation treatment: a randomized controlled trial. Addiction. 2015 Dec;110(12):2006-14. doi: 10.1111/add.13080. Epub 2015 Sep 18. West R, Raw M, McNeill A, Stead L, Aveyard P, Britton J, Stapleton J, McRobbie H, Pkhrel S, Lester-George A, Borland R. Healthcare intervention to promote and assist tobacco cessation: a review of efficacy, effectiveness and affordability for use in national guideline development. Addiction. 2015 Sep;110(9):1388-403. doi: 10.1111/add.12998.

2016

Savell E, Fooks G, Gilmore AB. Addiction 2016 How does the alcohol industry attempt to influence marketing regulations? A systematic review. Jan;111(1):18-32. doi: 10.1111/add.13048. Epub 2015 Aug 27. Review.

Ussher M, Kakara G, Hajek P, West R. Dependence versus motivation to stop smoking as predictors of success of a quit attempt: a direct comparison in a clinical sample. Addict Behav. 2016 Feb;53:175-80. doi: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2015.10.020. Thurgood S, Clark-Carter D, McNeill A, Brose LS. A systematic review of smoking cessation interventions for adults in substance abuse treatment or recovery. Nicotine Tob Res. 2016 May;18(5):993-1001. doi: 10.1093/ntr/ntv127

Steele SL, Gilmore AB, McKee M, Stuckler D. The role of public law-based litigation in tobacco companies' strategies in high-income, FCTC ratifying countries, 2004-14. J Public Health (Oxf). 2015 Jun 1. pii: fdv068.

Brown J, West R, Angus C, Beard E, Brennan A, Drummond C, Hickman M, Holmes J, Kaner E, & Michie S. ‘Comparison of brief interventions in primary care on smoking and excessive alcohol consumption in England: a population survey’, British Journal of General Practice 2016, 66(642), E1-E9.

Joossens L, Gilmore AB, Stoklosa M, Ross H. Tob Control 2016 Assessment of the European Union's illicit trade agreements with the four major Transnational Tobacco Companies. May;25(3):254-60. doi: 10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2014-052218. Epub 2015 May 28.

Peeters S, Costa H, Stuckler D, McKee M, Gilmore AB. Tob Control. 2016 The revision of the 2014 European tobacco products directive: an analysis of the tobacco industry's attempts to 'break the health silo'. Jan;25(1):108-17. doi: 10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2014-051919. Epub 2015 Feb 24.

Hutton F, Griffin C, Lyons A, Niland P, & McCreanor T. 2016 “Tragic girls” and “crack whores”: alcohol, femininity and Facebook. Feminism & Psychology, 26 (1), pp. 73-93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0959353515618224

Moewaka Barnes H, McCreanor T, Goodwin I, Lyons A, Griffin C, & Hutton F. 2016 Alcohol and social media:drinking and drunkenness while online. Critical Public Health, 26 (1), pp. 62-76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09581596.2015.1058921

McCreanor T, Lyons A, Moewaka Barnes H, Hutton F, Goodwin I, & Griffin C. 2016 ‘Drink a 12 box before you go’:pre-loading among young people in Aotearoa New Zealand. Kotuitui: New Zealand Journal of Social Sciences Online, 11 (1), pp. 36-46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/1177083X.2015.1037314

Progress Report 2013 -2017

Hatchard J, Fooks G, Gilmore A. Standardised tobacco packaging: a health policy case study of corporate conflict expansion and adaptation. BMJ Open. 2016 Oct 7;6(10):e012634. doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2016- 012634.

Steele S, Gilmore A, McKee M, Stuckler D. The role of public law-based litigation in tobacco companies' strategies in high-income, FCTC ratifying countries, 2004-14. J Public Health (Oxf). 2016 Sep;38(3):516-521.

Ulucanlar S, Fooks G, Gilmore A. PLoS Med. 2016 Sep 20;13(9):e1002125. doi: 10.1371/journal.pmed.1002125. eCollection 2016. The Policy Dystopia Model: An Interpretive Analysis of Tobacco Industry Political Activity.

Aveyard P, Yach D, Gilmore AB, Capewell S. BMJ. 2016 Should we welcome food industry funding of public health research? Apr 20;353:i2161. doi: 10.1136/bmj.i2161. No abstract available.

Allen K, Kypridemos C, Hyseni L, Gilmore AB, Diggle P, Whitehead M, Capewell S, O'Flaherty M. BMC Public Health. 2016 The effects of maximising the UK's tobacco control score on inequalities in smoking prevalence and premature coronary heart disease mortality: a modelling study. Apr 1;16:292. doi: 10.1186/s12889-016- 2962-8.

Taylor A, Martin R, Geybels M, Stanford J, Shui I, Eeles R, Easton D, Kote-Jarai Z, Al Olama A, Benlloch S, Muir K, Giles G, Wiklund F, Grönberg H, Haiman C, Schleutker J, Nordestgaard B, Travis R, Neal D, Pashayan N, Khaw K, Blot W, Thibodeau S, Maier C, Kibel A, Cybulski C, Cannon-Albright L, Brenner H, Park J, Kaneva R, Batra J, Teixeira M, Pandha H, Practical C, Donovan J, & Munafo M. 2016,‘Investigating the possible causal role of coffee consumption with prostate cancer risk and progression using Mendelian randomization analysis’. International Journal of Cancer. doi: 10.1002/ijc.30462.

Maynard O, Misak M & Munafo M. 2016, ‘Variation in health warning effectiveness on cigarette packs: a need for regulation?’. European Journal of Public Health, vol 26., pp. 836-838; DOI: 10.1093/eurpub/ckw094

Teasdale J, Newby A, Timpson N, Munafò M, & White S. 2016 ‘Cigarette smoke but not electronic cigarette aerosol activates a stress response in human coronary artery endothelial cells in culture’. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, vol 163., pp. 256-260; doi: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2016.04.020

Pechey R, Couturier D, Hollands G, Mantzari E, Munafò M, & Marteau T. 2016 ‘Does wine glass size influence sales for on-site consumption?: A multiple treatment reversal design’. BMC Public Health, vol 16. doi: 10.1186/s12889-016-3068-z.

Dumas-Mallet E, Button K, Boraud T, Munafo M, & Gonon F. 2016 ‘Replication Validity of Initial Association Studies: A Comparison between Psychiatry, Neurology and Four Somatic Diseases’. PLoS ONE, vol 11. doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0158064

Chen J, Bacanu S, Yu H, Zhao Z, Jia P, Kendler K, Kranzler H, Gelernter J, Farrer L, Minica C, Pool R, Milaneschi Y, Boomsma D, Penninx B, Tyndale R, Ware J, Vink J, Kaprio J, Munafò M, & Chen X. 2016 ‘Genetic Relationship between Schizophrenia and Nicotine Dependence’. Scientific Reports, vol 6. doi:10.1038/srep25671

Lumsden J, Edwards E, Lawrence N, Coyle D, & Munafò M. 2016 ‘Gamification of Cognitive Assessment and Cognitive Training: A Systematic Review of Applications and Efficacy’. JMIR Serious Games, vol 4. doi: 10.2196/games.5888.

Progress Report 2013 -2017

Munafò MR. 2016 ‘Tobacco Marketing by Stealth’. Nicotine and Tobacco Research, vol 18., pp. 1389; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/ntr/ntw112

Gledhill L, Cornelissen K, Cornelissen P, Penton-Voak IS, Munafo M & Tovée MJ, 2016 ‘An Interactive Training Program to treat Body Image Disturbance’. British Journal of Health Psychology. DOI: 10.1111/bjhp.12217

MacKillop J, Munafò MR. Commentary: Delay discounting and smoking: robust correlation, but uncertain causation. Int J Epidemiol. 2016 Dec 25. pii: dyw303. doi: 10.1093/ije/dyw303. [Epub ahead of print] PubMed PMID: 28017930.

Maynard OM, Brooks JC, Munafò MR, Leonards U. Neural mechanisms underlying visual attention to health warnings on branded and plain cigarette packs. Addiction. 2016 Nov 25. doi: 10.1111/add.13699. PubMed PMID: 27886656.

Munafò MR, Tilling K, Davey Smith G. Association of a Genetic Risk Score With Body Mass Index. JAMA. 2016 Nov 1;316(17):1825-1826. doi: 10.1001/jama.2016.14933. PubMed PMID: 27802538.

McNeill A. Should Clinicians Recommend E-cigarettes to Their Patients Who Smoke? Yes. Ann Fam Med. 2016 Jul;14(4):300-1. doi: 10.1370/afm.1962.

Taylor J, Taylor A, Lewis S, McNeill A, Britton J, Jones LL, Bauld L, Parrott S, Wu Q, Szatkowski L, Bains M. A qualitative evaluation of a novel intervention using insight into tobacco industry tactics to prevent the uptake of smoking in school-aged children. BMC Public Health. 2016 Jul 11;16:539. doi: 10.1186/s12889-016-3205-8.

Wadsworth E, Neale J, McNeill A, Hitchman SC. How and Why Do Smokers Start Using E-Cigarettes? Qualitative Study of Vapers in London, UK. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2016 Jun 30;13(7). pii: E661. doi: 10.3390/ijerph13070661.

Hopkinson NS, Millett C, Glantz S, Arnott D, McNeill A. UK government should fund stop smoking media campaigns not give tax breaks to films with smoking imagery. Addiction. 2016 Nov;111(11):2066-2067. doi: 10.1111/add.13511.

Brose LS, Partos TR, Hitchman SC, McNeill A. Support for e-cigarette policies: a survey of smokers and ex- smokers in Great Britain. Tob Control. 2016 Jun 16. pii: tobaccocontrol-2016-052987. doi: 10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2016-052987.

Britton J, Arnott D, McNeill A, Hopkinson N; Tobacco Advisory Group of the Royal College of Physicians. Nicotine without smoke-putting electronic cigarettes in context. BMJ. 2016 Apr 27;353:i1745. doi: 10.1136/bmj.i1745.

Robson D, Yates M, Craig TJ, Healey A, McNeill A. Time to Smoke: Facilitating Smoking Breaks in Mental Health Inpatient Settings. Nicotine Tob Res. 2016 Aug;18(8):1794-7. doi: 10.1093/ntr/ntw103. Epub 2016 Apr 16.

Sheals K, Tombor I, McNeill A, Shahab L. A mixed-method systematic review and meta-analysis of mental health professionals' attitudes toward smoking and smoking cessation among people with mental illnesses. Addiction. 2016 Sep;111(9):1536-53. doi: 10.1111/add.13387. Review.

Progress Report 2013 -2017

Kuipers MA, Beard E, Hitchman SC, Brown J, Stronks K, Kunst AE, McNeill A, West R. Impact on smoking of England's 2012 partial tobacco point of sale display ban: a repeated cross-sectional national study. Tob Control. 2016 Feb 22. pii: tobaccocontrol-2015-052724. doi: 10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2015-052724.

Roberts E, Eden Evins A, McNeill A, Robson D. Efficacy and tolerability of pharmacotherapy for smoking cessation in adults with serious mental illness: a systematic review and network meta-analysis. Addiction. 2016 Apr;111(4):599-612. doi: 10.1111/add.13236. Epub 2016 Jan 19. Review.

Yong HH, Borland R, Balmford J, Hitchman SC, Cummings KM, Driezen P, Thompson ME. Prevalence and Correlates of the Belief That Electronic Cigarettes are a Lot Less Harmful Than Conventional Cigarettes Under the Different Regulatory Environments of Australia and the United Kingdom. Nicotine Tob Res. 2016 May 17. pii: ntw137.

Nagelhout GE, Willemsen MC, de Vries H, Mons U, Hitchman SC, Kunst AE, Guignard R, Siahpush M, Yong HH, van den Putte B, Fong GT, Thrasher JF. Educational differences in the impact of pictorial cigarette warning labels on smokers: findings from the International Tobacco Control (ITC) Europe surveys. Tob Control. 2016 May;25(3):325-32. doi: 10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2014-051971. Epub 2015 Apr 14.

Kasza KA, Hyland AJ, Borland R, McNeill A, Fong GT, Carpenter MJ, Partos T, Cummings KM. Cross-country comparison of smokers' reasons for thinking about quitting over time: findings from the International Tobacco Control Four Country Survey (ITC-4C), 2002-2015. Tob Control. 2016 Oct 26. pii: tobaccocontrol-2016-053299. doi: 10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2016-053299.

De Vocht F, Heron J, Campbell R, Egan M, Mooney JD, Angus C, Brennan A & Hickman M (2016) Testing the impact of local alcohol licencing policies on reported crime rates in England. Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health, doi: jech-2016-207753. View this article in White Rose Research Online; doi:10.1136/jech- 2016-207753

Rafia R, Brennan A, Madan J, Collins K, Reed MWR, Lawrence G, Robinson T, Greenberg D & Wyld L (2016) Modeling the Cost-Effectiveness of Alternative Upper Age Limits for Breast Cancer Screening in England and Wales. Value in Health, 19(4), 404-412. doi: 10.1016/j.jval.2015.06.006

Brennan A, Meier P, Purshouse R, Rafia R, Meng Y & Hill-Macmanus D (2016) Developing policy analytics for public health strategy and decisions—the Sheffield alcohol policy model framework. Annals of Operations Research, 236(1), 149-176.View this article in White Rose Research Online; DOI: 10.1007/s10479-013-1451-z de Vocht F, Campbell R, Brennan A, Mooney J, Angus C, & Hickman M. 2016 Propensity score matching for selection of local areas as controls for evaluation of effects of alcohol policies in case series and quasi case– control designs. Public Health, 132, 40-49. View this article in White Rose Research Online; doi: 10.1016/j.puhe.2015.10.033

Brown J, West R, Angus C, Beard E, Brennan A, Drummond C, Hickman M, Holmes J, Kaner E & Michie S. 2016 Comparison of brief interventions in primary care on smoking and excessive alcohol consumption: a population survey in England. British Journal of General Practice, 66(642), e1-e9. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3399/bjgp16X683149

Meier P, Holmes J, Angus C, Ally AK, Meng Y, & Brennan A. 2016 Estimated Effects of Different Alcohol Taxation and Price Policies on Health Inequalities: A Mathematical Modelling Study. PLOS Medicine, 13(2), e1001963-e1001963. View this article in White Rose Research Online; doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1001963

Progress Report 2013 -2017

Holmes J, Brown J, West R, Beard E, Brennan A, Drummond C, Gillespie D, Hickman M, Holmes J, Kaner E & Michie S. 2016 Are recent attempts to quit smoking associated with reduced drinking in England? A cross- sectional population survey. BMC Public Health. View this article in White Rose

Angus CR, Thomas C, Anderson P, Meier P & Brennan A. 2016 Estimating the cost-effectiveness of brief interventions for heavy drinking in primary health care across Europe. European Journal of Public Health. View this article in White Rose Research Online; https://doi.org/10.1093/eurpub/ckw122

Egan M, Brennan A, Buykx PF, De Vocht F, Gavens L, Grace D, Halliday E, Hickman M, Holt V, Mooney J & Lock K. 2016 Local policies to tackle a national problem: comparative qualitative case studies of an English local authority alcohol availability intervention.. Health and Place, 41, 11-18. View this article in White Rose Research Online; doi: 10.1016/j.healthplace.2016.06.007

De Vocht F, Brown J, Beard E, Angus C, Brennan A, Michie S, Campbell R & Hickman M 2016 Temporal patterns of alcohol consumption and attempts to reduce alcohol intake in England. BMC Public Health, 16(1). doi: 10.1186/s12889-016-3542-7

Lewer D, Meier P, Beard E, Boniface S & Kaner E 2016 Unravelling the alcohol harm paradox: a population- based study of social gradients across very heavy drinking thresholds. BMC Public Health, 16(1). DOI: 10.1186/s12889-016-3265-9

Brennan A, Meier P, Purshouse R, Rafia R, Meng Y & Hill-Macmanus D. 2016 Developing policy analytics for public health strategy and decisions—the Sheffield alcohol policy model framework. Annals of Operations Research, 236(1), 149-176. DOI: 10.1007/s10479-013-1451-z

Gavens L, Goyder E, Hock ES, Harris J & Meier PS (2016) Alcohol consumption after health deterioration in older adults: a mixed-methods study. Public Health. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.puhe.2016.05.016

Meier PS, Holmes J, Angus C, Ally AK, Meng Y & Brennan A (2016) Estimated Effects of Different Alcohol Taxation and Price Policies on Health Inequalities: A Mathematical Modelling Study. PLOS Medicine, 13(2), e1001963-e1001963. DOI: 10.1111/add.13385

Angus CR, Thomas C, Anderson P, Meier P & Brennan A (2016) Estimating the cost-effectiveness of brief interventions for heavy drinking in primary health care across Europe. European Journal of Public Health. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/eurpub/ckw122

Gmel G, Holmes J & Studer J (2016) We have to become more specific: A reply to Morrison et al.. Drug and Alcohol Review, 35(1), 58-60.

Sadler S, Angus C, Gavens L, Gillespie D, Holmes J, Hamilton J, Brennan A, Meier P. Understanding the alcohol harm paradox: an analysis of sex- and condition-specific hospital admissions by socioeconomic group for alcohol-associated conditions in England. Addiction. 2016 Dec 15. doi: 10.1111/add.13726.

Maheswaran R, Holmes J, Green M, Strong M, Pearson T, Meier P. Investigation of the Association Between Alcohol Outlet Density and Alcohol-Related Hospital Admission Rates in England: Study Protocol. JMIR Res Protoc. 2016 Dec 16;5(4):e243. doi: 10.2196/resprot.6300

Progress Report 2013 -2017

Beard E, Brown J, Michie S, Kaner E, Meier P, West R. Use of aids for smoking cessation and alcohol reduction: A population survey of adults in England. BMC Public Health. 2016 Dec 8;16(1):1237. DOI: 10.1186/s12889- 016-3862-7

Holmes J, Brown J, Meier P, Beard E, Michie S, Buykx P. Short-term effects of announcing revised lower risk national drinking guidelines on related awareness and knowledge: a trend analysis of monthly survey data in England. BMJ Open. 2016 Dec 1;6(12):e013804. doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2016-013804.

Sadler S, Angus C, Gavens L, Gillespie D, Holmes J, Hamilton J, Brennan A, Meier P. Understanding the alcohol harm paradox: an analysis of sex- and condition-specific hospital admissions by socio-economic group for alcohol-associated conditions in England. Addiction. 2016 Dec 15. doi: 10.1111/add.13726. [Epub ahead of print] PubMed PMID: 27981670.

Buykx P, Li J, Gavens L, Hooper L, Lovatt M, Gomes de Matos E, Meier P, Holmes J. Public awareness of the link between alcohol and cancer in England in 2015: a population-based survey. BMC Public Health. 2016 Nov 30;16(1):1194. PubMed PMID: 27899099; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC5129195. de Andrade M, Angus K, Hastings G. Teenage perceptions of electronic cigarettes in Scottish tobacco-education school interventions: co-production and innovative engagement through a pop-up radio project. Perspect Public Health. 2016 Sep;136(5):288-93. doi: 10.1177/1757913915612109. Review. PubMed PMID: 26543156.

Moodie C, MacKintosh AM, Gallopel-Morvan K, Hastings G & Ford A Adolescents' Perceptions of an On- cigarette Health Warning (Forthcoming/Available Online), Nicotine and Tobacco Research. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ntr/ntw165

Progress Report 2013 -2017

Ford A, MacKintosh AM, Bauld L, Moodie C & Hastings G (2016) Adolescents’ responses to the promotion and flavouring of e-cigarettes, International Journal of Public Health, 61 (2), pp. 215-224. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00038-015-0769-5

Critchlow N, Moodie C, Bauld L, Bonner A & Hastings G Awareness of, and participation with, digital alcohol marketing, and the association with frequency of high episodic drinking among young adults (Forthcoming/Available Online), Drugs: Education, Prevention, and Policy. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/09687637.2015.1119247

Bauld L, Hiscock R, Dobbie F, Aveyard P, Coleman T, Leonardi-Bee J, McRobbie H, McEwen A. English Stop- Smoking Services: One-Year Outcomes. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2016 Nov 24;13(12). pii: E1175. PubMed PMID: 27886140; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC5201316. doi:10.3390/ijerph13121175

Bauld L, McNeill A, Hajek P, Britton J, Dockrell M. E-cigarette use in public places: striking the right balance. Tob Control. 2016 Nov 7. pii: tobaccocontrol-2016-053357. doi: 10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2016-053357. PubMed PMID: 27821792.

Glover M, Breier BH, Bauld L. Could Vaping be a New Weapon in the Battle of the Bulge? Nicotine Tob Res. 2016 Oct 25. pii: ntw278. PubMed PMID: 27798086. Doi:10.1093/ntr/ntw278

Lund KE, Vedøy TF, Bauld L. Do never smokers make up an increasing share of snus users as cigarette smoking declines? Changes in smoking status among male snus users in Norway 2003-15. Addiction. 2016 Oct 14. doi: 10.1111/add.13638. [Epub ahead of print] PubMed PMID: 27741374.

Shahab L, Dobbie F, Hiscock R, McNeill A, Bauld L. Prevalence and Impact of Long-term Use of Nicotine Replacement Therapy in UK Stop-Smoking Services: Findings From the ELONS Study. Nicotine Tob Res. 2016 Sep 24. pii: ntw258. PubMed PMID: 27664995. doi.org/10.1093/ntr/ntw258

Szatkowski L, Taylor J, Taylor A, Lewis S, Britton J, McNeill A, Bauld L, Wu Q, Parrott S, Jones L, Bains M. Development and evaluation of an intervention providing insight into the tobacco industry to prevent smoking uptake: a mixed-methods study. Southampton (UK): NIHR Journals Library; 2016 Sep. PubMed PMID: 27656735.

Bauld L. Electronic Cigarettes and Smoking Cessation. Nicotine Tob Res. 2016 Oct;18(10):1925. doi: 10.1093/ntr/ntw207. PubMed PMID: 27613958.

Kira A, Glover M, Walker N, Bauld L. Recruiting Pregnant Indigenous Women Who Smoke into a High Contact Incentivized Cessation Trial: A Feasibility Study. Nicotine Tob Res. 2016 Oct;18(10):2036-40. doi: 10.1093/ntr/ntw106. PubMed PMID: 27154970.

Templeton L, Ford A, McKell J, Valentine C, Walter T, Velleman R, Bauld L, Hay G & Hollywood J (2016) Bereavement through substance use: findings from an interview study with adults in England and Scotland, Addiction Research and Theory, 24 (5), pp. 341-354. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/16066359.2016.1153632

Fitzgerald N, Angus K, Emslie C, Shipton D & Bauld L (2016) Gender differences in the impact of population- level alcohol policy interventions: evidence synthesis of systematic reviews, Addiction, 111 (10), pp. 1735- 1747. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/add.13452

Progress Report 2013 -2017

Bessing B, Bauld L, Sinclair L, Mackay DF, Tappin D & Spence W (2016) Representativeness of the participants in the smoking Cessation in Pregnancy Incentives Trial (CPIT): A cross-sectional study, Trials, 17, Art. No.: 426. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s13063-016-1552-5

Templeton L, Ford A, McKell J, Valentine C, Walter T, Velleman R, Bauld L, Hay G & Hollywood J. 2016 Bereavement through substance use: findings from an interview study with adults in England and Scotland, Addiction Research and Theory, 24 (5), pp. 341-354. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/16066359.2016.1153632

Moodie C, Sinclair L, MacKintosh AM, Power E & Bauld L How tobacco companies are perceived within the United Kingdom: An online panel (Available Online), Nicotine and Tobacco Research. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ntr/ntw024

Flemming K, Graham H, McCaughan D, Angus K, Sinclair L & Bauld L. 2016 Health professionals’ perceptions of the barriers and facilitators to providing smoking cessation advice to women in pregnancy and during the postpartum period: a systematic review of qualitative research, BMC Public Health, 16, Art. No.: 290. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12889-016-2961-9

Templeton L, Valentine C, Ford A, McKell J, Velleman R, Walter T, Hay G, Bauld L & Hollywood J Bereavement following a fatal overdose: The experiences of adults in England and Scotland (Forthcoming/Available Online) , Drugs: Education, Prevention, and Policy.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/09687637.2015.1127328

Boyd K, Briggs A, Bauld L, Sinclair L & Tappin D (2016) Are financial incentives cost-effective to support smoking cessation during pregnancy?, Addiction, 111 (2), pp. 360-370. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/add.13160

Bauld L, MacKintosh AM, Ford A & McNeill A (2016) E-Cigarette Uptake Amongst UK Youth: Experimentation, but Little or No Regular Use in Nonsmokers (Letter), Nicotine and Tobacco Research, 18 (1), pp. 102-103. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ntr/ntv132

Critchlow N, Moodie C, Bauld L, Bonner A & Hastings G Awareness of, and participation with, digital alcohol marketing, and the association with frequency of high episodic drinking among young adults, Drugs: Education, Prevention, and Policy. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/09687637.2015.1119247

Bauld L, McNeill A, Hajek P, Britton J, Dockrell M. E-cigarette use in public places: striking the right balance. Tob Control. 2016 Nov 7. pii:b tobaccocontrol-2016-053357. doi: 10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2016-053357. PubMed PMID: 27821792.

Glover M, Breier BH, Bauld L. Could Vaping be a New Weapon in the Battle of the Bulge? Nicotine Tob Res. 2016 Oct 25. pii: ntw278. PubMed PMID: 27798086. 10.1093/ntr/ntw278

Progress Report 2013 -2017

Bauld L. Electronic Cigarettes and Smoking Cessation. Nicotine Tob Res. 2016 Oct;18(10):1925. doi: 10.1093/ntr/ntw207. PubMed PMID: 27613958.

Moodie C, Sinclair L, MacKintosh AM, Power E & Bauld L How tobacco companies are perceived within the United Kingdom: An online panel (Forthcoming/Available Online), Nicotine and Tobacco Research. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ntr/ntw024

Flemming K, Graham H, McCaughan D, Angus K, Sinclair L & Bauld L (2016) Health professionals’ perceptions of the barriers and facilitators to providing smoking cessation advice to women in pregnancy and during the postpartum period: a systematic review of qualitative research, BMC Public Health, 16, Art. No.: 290. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12889-016-2961-9

Progress Report 2013 -2017

Templeton L, Valentine C, Ford A, McKell J, Velleman R, Walter T, Hay G, Bauld L & Hollywood J Bereavement following a fatal overdose: The experiences of adults in England and Scotland (Available Online) , Drugs: Education, Prevention, and Policy.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/09687637.2015.1127328

Boland V, Stockings E, Mattick R, McRobbie H, Brown J, Courtney R. The Methodological Quality and Effectiveness of Technology-Based Smoking Cessation Interventions for Disadvantaged Groups: a Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Nicotine & Tobacco Research. 2016. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/ntr/ntw391

Holmes J, Brown J, Meier P, Beard E, Michie S, & Buykx P. 2016 Short-term effects of announcing revised lower risk national drinking guidelines on related awareness and knowledge: A trend analysis of monthly survey data in England. BMJ Open. doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2016-013804

Beard E, Brown J, Michie S, Kaner E, Meier P, & West R. 2016 Use of aids for smoking cessation and alcohol reduction: A population survey of adults in England. BMC Public Health. DOI: 10.1186/s12889-016-3862-7

Tombor I, Shahab L, Brown J, Crane D, Michie S, & West R. 2016 Development of SmokeFree Baby: a smoking cessation smartphone app for pregnant smokers. Translational behavioural medicine. doi:10.1007/s13142- 016-0438-0

Beard E, Brown J, West R, Angus C, Brennan A, Holmes J, Michie S. 2016 Deconstructing the Alcohol Harm Paradox: A population based survey of adults in England. PLoS One. doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0160666

Beard E, Michie S, West R, Brown J. 2016 Association between electronic cigarette use and changes in quit attempts, success of quit attempts, use of smoking cessation pharmacotherapy, and use of stop smoking services in England: time series analysis of population trends. BMJ;354:i4645 doi.org/10.1136/bmj.i4645

Brown J. 2016 A gateway to more productive research on e-cigarettes? Commentary on a comprehensive framework for evaluating public health impact. Addiction (Abingdon, England).doi: 10.1111/add.13449

Brown J, West R, Beard E, Brennan A, Drummond C, Gillespie D, Michie S. 2016 Are recent attempts to quit smoking associated with reduced drinking in England? A cross-sectional population survey. BMC Public Health, 16, 535. doi:10.1186/s12889-016-3223-6

Kotz D, Brown J, & West R. 2016 Questioning Nicotine Replacement Therapy Without Behavioral Support. JAMA Internal Medicine, 176 (6), 863-864.doi:10.1001/jamainternmed.2016.1559

Progress Report 2013 -2017

Herold R, Schiekirka S, Brown J, Bobak A, McEwen A, & Raupach T. 2016 Structured Smoking Cessation Training for Medical Students: a prospective study. Nicotine and Tobacco Research.doi.org/10.1093/ntr/ntw191 de Vocht F, Brown J, Beard, E, Angus C, Brennan A, Michie S, Hickman M. 2016 Temporal patterns of alcohol consumption and attempts to reduce alcohol intake in England. BMC public health, 16, 917.doi: 10.1186/s12889-016-3542-7

Garnett C, Crane D, Michie S, West R, & Brown J. 2016 Evaluating the effectiveness of a smartphone app to reduce excessive alcohol consumption: protocol for a factorial randomised control trial. BMC Public Health, 16, 536. doi:10.1186/s12889-016-3140-8

Hummel K, Brown J, Willemsen M, West R, & Kotz D. 2016 External validation of the Motivation To Stop Scale (MTSS): findings from the International Tobacco Control (ITC) Netherlands Survey. European journal of public health.doi.org/10.1093/eurpub/ckw105

Kaner E, Beyer F, Brown J, Crane D, Garnett C, Hickman M, de Vocht F. 2016 Personalised digital interventions for reducing hazardous and harmful alcohol consumption in community-dwelling populations. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 10.1002/14651858.CD011479

West R, Shahab L, & Brown J. 2016 Estimating the population impact of e-cigarettes on smoking cessation in England. Addiction, 111 (6), 1118-1119. doi:10.1111/add.13343

Kuipers M, Beard E, Hitchman S, Brown J, Stronks K, Kunst A E, West R. 2016 Impact on smoking of England's 2012 partial tobacco point of sale display ban: a repeated cross-sectional national study. Tobacco control.doi:10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2015-052724

Raupach T, Andresen J, Meyer K, Strobel L, Koziolek M, Jung W, Anders S. 2016 Test-enhanced learning of clinical reasoning: a crossover randomised trial. Medical Education, 50 (7), 711-720. doi:10.1111/medu.13069

McNamee P, Murray E, Kelly MP, Bojke L, Chilcott J, Fischer A, West R, Yardley L. Designing and Undertaking a Health Economics Study of Digital Health Interventions. Am J Prev Med. 2016 Nov;51(5):852-860. doi: 10.1016/j.amepre.2016.05.007. PubMed PMID: 27745685.

Murray E, Hekler EB, Andersson G, Collins LM, Doherty A, Hollis C, Rivera DE, West R, Wyatt JC. Evaluating Digital Health Interventions: Key Questions and Approaches. Am J Prev Med. 2016 Nov;51(5):843-851. doi: 10.1016/j.amepre.2016.06.008. PubMed PMID: 27745684.

Sarkar BK, West R, Arora M, Ahluwalia JS, Reddy KS, Shahab L. Effectiveness of a brief community outreach tobacco cessation intervention in India: a cluster-randomised controlled trial (the BABEX Trial). Thorax. 2016 Oct 5. pii: thoraxjnl-2016-208732. doi: 10.1136/thoraxjnl-2016-208732. PubMed PMID: 27708113.

Tombor I, Shahab L, Brown J, Crane D, Michie S, West R. Development of SmokeFree Baby: a smoking cessation smartphone app for pregnant smokers. Transl Behav Med. 2016 Oct 3. PubMed PMID: 27699682.DOI: 10.1007/s13142-016-0438-0

Beard E, Brown J, West R, Angus C, Brennan A, Holmes J, Kaner E, Meier P, Michie S. Deconstructing the Alcohol Harm Paradox: A Population Based Survey of Adults in England. PLoS One. 2016 Sep 28;11(9):e0160666. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0160666. eCollection 2016. PubMed PMID: 27682619.

Progress Report 2013 -2017

Beard E, West R, Michie S, Brown J. Association between electronic cigarette use and changes in quit attempts, success of quit attempts, use of smoking cessation pharmacotherapy, and use of stop smoking services in England: time series analysis of population trends. BMJ. 2016 Sep 13;354:i4645. doi: 10.1136/bmj.i4645. PubMed PMID: 27624188.

Sarkar BK, Shahab L, Arora M, Ahluwalia JS, Reddy KS, West R. The Social Gradient in Tobacco Use Does Not Generalize to Low-Income Urban Communities in India: Findings From a Census Survey. Nicotine Tob Res. 2016 Aug 23. pii: ntw214. [Epub ahead of print] PubMed PMID: 27613938.doi.org/10.1093/ntr/ntw214

Courtney RJ, Clare P, Boland V, Martire KA, Bonevski B, Hall W, Siahpush M, Borland R, Doran CM, West R, Farrell M, Mattick RP. Predictors of retention in a randomised trial of smoking cessation in low-socioeconomic status Australian smokers. Addict Behav. 2016 Aug 2;64:13-20. doi: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2016.07.019. [Epub ahead of print] PubMed PMID: 27533077.

Ubhi HK, Michie S, Kotz D, van Schayck OC, Selladurai A, West R. Characterising smoking cessation smartphone applications in terms of behavior change techniques, engagement and ease-of-use features. Transl Behav Med. 2016 Sep;6(3):410-7. doi: 10.1007/s13142-015-0352-x. PubMed PMID: 27528530; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC4987605.

O'Reilly J, West R. Addiction endorses Penelope, a new online manuscript checking tool. Addiction. 2016 Sep;111(9):1520. doi: 10.1111/add.13514. PubMed PMID: 27516396.

Hummel K, Brown J, Willemsen MC, West R, Kotz D. External validation of the Motivation To Stop Scale (MTSS): findings from the International Tobacco Control (ITC) Netherlands Survey. Eur J Public Health. 2016 Jul 24. pii: ckw105. PubMed PMID: 27452891. doi.org/10.1093/eurpub/ckw105

Brown J, West R, Beard E, Brennan A, Drummond C, Gillespie D, Hickman M, Holmes J, Kaner E, Michie S. Are recent attempts to quit smoking associated with reduced drinking in England? A cross-sectional population survey. BMC Public Health. 2016 Jul 22;16:535. doi: 10.1186/s12889-016-3223-6. PubMed PMID: 27443348; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC4957412.

Garnett C, Crane D, Michie S, West R, Brown J. Evaluating the effectiveness of a smartphone app to reduce excessive alcohol consumption: protocol for a factorial randomised control trial. BMC Public Health. 2016 Jul 8;16:536. doi:10.1186/s12889-016-3140-8. PubMed PMID: 27392430; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC4939028.

Mohee AR, Gascoyne-Binzi D, West R, Bhattarai S, Eardley I, Sandoe JA. Bacteraemia during Transurethral Resection of the Prostate: What Are the Risk Factors and Is It More Common than We Think? PLoS One. 2016 Jul 8;11(7):e0157864. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0157864. eCollection 2016. PubMed PMID: 27391962; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC4938130.

Kotz D, Brown J, West R. Questioning Nicotine Replacement Therapy Without Behavioral Support. JAMA Intern Med. 2016 Jun 1;176(6):863-4. doi: 10.1001/jamainternmed.2016.1559. PubMed PMID: 27273488.

West R. Announcing changes to randomized controlled trial (RCT) registration requirements and our new Short Report format. Addiction. 2016 May;111(5):766. doi: 10.1111/add.13336. Epub 2016 Mar 17. PubMed PMID: 26990498.

West R, Shahab L, Brown J. Estimating the population impact of e-cigarettes on smoking cessation in England. Addiction. 2016 Jun;111(6):1118-9. doi: 10.1111/add.13343. Epub 2016 Mar 15. PubMed PMID: 26920514.

Progress Report 2013 -2017

Brown J, West R, Angus C, Beard E, Brennan A, Drummond C, Hickman M, Holmes J, Kaner E, Michie S. Comparison of brief interventions in primary care on smoking and excessive alcohol consumption: a population survey in England. Br J Gen Pract. 2016 Jan;66(642):e1-9. doi: 10.3399/bjgp16X683149. PubMed PMID: 26719481; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC4684029.

O'Reilly J, West R. Addiction endorses Penelope, a new online manuscript checking tool. Addiction. 2016 Sep;111(9):1520. doi: 10.1111/add.13514. PubMed PMID: 27516396.

Beard E, Shahab L, Cummings DM, Michie S, West R. New Pharmacological Agents to Aid Smoking Cessation and Tobacco Harm Reduction: What Has Been Investigated, and What Is in the Pipeline? CNS Drugs. 2016 Oct;30(10):951-83. doi: 10.1007/s40263-016-0362-3. Review. PubMed PMID: 27421270.

Progress Report 2013 -2017

Gould GS, Watt K, West R, Cadet-James Y, Clough AR. Can smoking initiation contexts predict how adult Aboriginal smokers assess their smoking risks? A cross-sectional study using the 'Smoking Risk Assessment Target'. BMJ Open. 2016 Jul 7;6(7):e010722. doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2015-010722. PubMed PMID: 27388350; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC4947807.

Beard E, Dienes Z, Muirhead C, West R. Using Bayes factors for testing hypotheses about intervention effectiveness in addictions research. Addiction. 2016 Jun 27. doi: 10.1111/add.13501. [Epub ahead of print] PubMed PMID: 27347846. de Bruin M, Viechtbauer W, Eisma MC, Hartmann-Boyce J, West R, Bull E, Michie S, Johnston M. Identifying effective behavioural components of Intervention and Comparison group support provided in SMOKing cEssation (IC-SMOKE) interventions: a systematic review protocol. Syst Rev. 2016 May 4;5:77. doi: 10.1186/s13643-016-0253-1. PubMed PMID: 27146038; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC4857384.

Gainforth HL, Lorencatto F, Erickson K, West R, Michie S. Characterizing clients' verbal statements in behavioural support interventions: The case of smoking cessation. Br J Health Psychol. 2016 Sep;21(3):600-12. doi: 10.1111/bjhp.12188. Epub 2016 Apr 6. PubMed PMID: 27061000.

Riaz M, Lewis S, Coleman T, Aveyard P, West R, Naughton F, Ussher M. Which measures of cigarette dependence are predictors of smoking cessation during pregnancy? Analysis of data from a randomized controlled trial. Addiction. 2016 Sep;111(9):1656-65. doi: 10.1111/add.13395. Epub 2016 May 6. PubMed PMID: 26997495.

Lindson-Hawley N, Shinkins B, West R, Michie S, Aveyard P. Does cigarette reduction while using nicotine replacement therapy prior to a quit attempt predict abstinence following quit date? Addiction. 2016 Jul;111(7):1275-82. doi: 10.1111/add.13330. Epub 2016 Mar 16. PubMed PMID: 26990374; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC4913737.

Ubhi HK, Kotz D, Michie S, van Schayck OC, Sheard D, Selladurai A, West R. Comparative analysis of smoking cessation smartphone applications available in 2012 versus 2014. Addict Behav. 2016 Jul;58:175-81. doi: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2016.02.026. Epub 2016 Feb 18. PubMed PMID: 26950256; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC4821061.

Twyman L, Bonevski B, Paul C, Bryant J, West R, Siahpush M, D'Este C, Oldmeadow C, Palazzi K. Factors Associated With Concurrent Tobacco Smoking and Heavy Alcohol Consumption Within a Socioeconomically Disadvantaged Australian Sample. Subst Use Misuse. 2016;51(4):459-70. doi: 10.3109/10826084.2015.1122065. Epub 2016 Mar 4. PubMed PMID: 26942661.

Lorencatto F, West R, Bruguera C, Brose LS, Michie S. Assessing the Quality of Goal Setting in Behavioural Support for Smoking Cessation and its Association with Outcomes. Ann Behav Med. 2016 Apr;50(2):310-8. doi: 10.1007/s12160-015-9755-7. PubMed PMID: 26603626; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC4823339.

Ussher M, Kakar G, Hajek P, West R. Dependence and motivation to stop smoking as predictors of success of a quit attempt among smokers seeking help to quit. Addict Behav. 2016 Feb;53:175-80. doi: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2015.10.020. Epub 2015 Oct 29. PubMed PMID: 26547043.

West R. Data and statistical commands should be routinely disclosed in order to promote greater transparency and accountability in clinical and behavioral research. J Clin Epidemiol. 2016 Feb;70:254-5. doi: 10.1016/j.jclinepi.2015.06.015. Epub 2015 Jul 9. PubMed PMID: 26164748.

Progress Report 2013 -2017

West R. The end of scientific articles as we know them? J Clin Epidemiol. 2016 Feb;70:276. doi: 10.1016/j.jclinepi.2015.06.017. Epub 2015 Jul 8. PubMed PMID: 26163126.

Thompson TP, Greaves CJ, Ayres R, Aveyard P, Warren FC, Byng R, Taylor RS, Campbell JL, Ussher M, Green C, Michie S, West R, Taylor A. An Exploratory Analysis of the Smoking and Physical Activity Outcomes From a Pilot Randomized Controlled Trial of an Exercise Assisted Reduction to Stop Smoking Intervention in Disadvantaged Groups. Nicotine Tob Res. 2016 Mar;18(3):289-97. doi: 10.1093/ntr/ntv099. Epub 2015 May 11. PubMed PMID: 25969453. van der Sluijs W, Haseen F, Miller M, MacGregor A, Sharp C, Amos A, Best C, Stead M, Eadie D, Pearce J, Frank J, Haw S. "It Looks Like an Adult Sweetie Shop": Point-of-Sale Tobacco Display Exposure and Brand Awareness in Scottish Secondary School Students. Nicotine Tob Res. 2016 Oct;18(10):1981-8. doi: 10.1093/ntr/ntw032. PubMed PMID: 26883750; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC5016842.

Rowa-Dewar, N. & Amos, A. 9 Sep 2016 Disadvantaged Parents' Engagement with a National Secondhand Smoke in the Home Mass Media Campaign: A Qualitative Study In: International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 13, 9. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph13090901

Stead M, Eadie D, Mackintosh A, Best C, Miller M, Haseen F, Pearce J, Tisch C, Macdonald L, Macgregor A, Amos A, Van Der Sluijs W, Frank J, & Haw S. Young people's exposure to point-of-sale tobacco products and promotions Jul 2016 Public Health. 136, p. 48-56. doi.org/10.1016/j.puhe.2016.03.032

Best C, Haseen F, Van Der Sluijs W, Ozakinci G, Currie D, Eadie D, Stead M, Mackintosh A, Pearce J, Tisch C, Macgregor A, Amos A, Frank J, & Haw S. Relationship between e-cigarette point of sale recall and e-cigarette use in secondary school children: a cross-sectional study. 14 Apr 2016 In: BMC Public Health. 16, 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12889-016-2968-2

Eadie D, Stead M, Macintosh A, Murray S, Best C, Pearce J, Tisch C, Amos A, MacGregor A, & Haw S. Are retail outlets complying with national legislation to protect children from exposure to tobacco displays at point of sale? Results from the first compliance study in the UK 28 Mar 2016 In : PLoS One. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0152178

Frank J, Pearce J, & Amos A. Does exposure to cigarette brands increase the likelihood of adolescent e- cigarette use? A cross-sectional study 23 Feb 2016 In : BMJ Open. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2015-008734

Tjelta T, Ritchie D, Amos A. Oct 3 2016 pii: ntw267. [Epub ahead of print] PubMed PMID: 27698092. "It's Easy to Get Fags": A Qualitative Study of Disadvantaged Young People's Perspectives on Cigarette Availability and Access. Nicotine Tob Res. 2016 DOI: 10.1093/ntr/ntw267

Weishaar H, Collin J, Amos A. 2016 Tobacco control and health advocacy in the European Union: understanding effective coalition-building. Nicotine and Tobacco Research 18(2): 122-129. doi:10.1093/ntr/ntv016

Collin J, Casswell S. Alcohol and the Sustainable Development Goals. Lancet. 2016 Jun 25;387(10038):2582-3. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(16)30827-3.

Progress Report 2013 -2017

MacKenzie R, Collin J. 'A preferred consultant and partner to the Royal Government, NGOs, and the community': British American Tobacco's access to policy-makers in Cambodia. Glob Public Health. 2016 Apr 15:1-17.

Smith KE, Collin J, Hawkins B, Hilton S, Moore L. The pursuit of ignorance. BMJ. 2016 Mar 15;352:i1446. doi: 10.1136/bmj.i1446. No abstract available.

Collin J. On social plasticity: the transformative power of pharmaceuticals on health, nature and identity. Sociol Health Illn. 2016 Jan;38(1):73-89. doi: 10.1111/1467-9566.12342. Epub 2015 Sep 11.

Hogg SL, Hill SE, Collin J. State-ownership of tobacco industry: a 'fundamental conflict of interest' or a 'tremendous opportunity' for tobacco control? Tob Control. 2016 Jul;25(4):367-72. doi: 10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2014-052114. Epub 2015 Aug 4.

Collin J, & Casswell S. 2016 Comment: Re-thinking policy implications of the SDGs Lancet, 387, 2582–2583. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(16)30827-3. A382

Callinan S, Laslett A, Rekve D, Room R, Waleewong O, Benegal V, Casswell S, Florenzano R, Hanh T, Hanh V, Hettige S, Huckle T, Ibanga A, Obot I, Rao G, Siengsounthone L, Rankin G, & Thamarangsi T. 2016 Alcohol’s harm to others: An international collaborative project. International Journal of Alcohol and Drug Research (IJADR),published online, doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.7895/ijadr.vXiY.218. A383

Casswell S, Huckle T, Wall M, & Parker K. 2016 Policy relevant behaviours mediate the relationship between socio-economic status and alcohol consumption – analysis from the International Alcohol Control (IAC) study. Alcoholism Clinical and Experimental Research, 40(2), 385-392. A375 doi: 10.1111/acer.12359

Casswell S, Callinan S, Chaiyasong S, Cuong PV, Kazantseva E, Bayandorj T, Huckle T, Parker K, Railton R, Wall M. How the alcohol industry relies on harmful use of alcohol and works to protect its profits. Drug Alcohol Rev. 2016 Nov;35(6):661-664. doi: 10.1111/dar.12460. PubMed PMID: 27785844.

Cranwell J, Opazo-Breton M, Britton J. Adult and adolescent exposure to tobacco and alcohol content in contemporary YouTube music videos in Great Britain: a population estimate. Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health. 2016;70(5):488-92. doi: 10.1136/jech-2015-206402.

Hall M, Bogdanovica I, Britton J. Research funding for addressing tobacco-related disease: an analysis of UK investment between 2008 and 2012. BMJ Open. 2016;6(7). http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2016-011609

Huddlestone L, Pritchard C, Ratschen E. Smoking and Looked-After Children: A Mixed-Methods Study of Policy, Practice, and Perceptions Relating to Tobacco Use in Residential Units. International journal of environmental research and public health. 2016;13(6):593. 10.3390/ijerph13060593

Nugawela MD, Langley T, Szatkowski L, Lewis S. Measuring Alcohol Consumption in Population Surveys: A Review of International Guidelines and Comparison with Surveys in England. Alcohol and Alcoholism. 2016;51(1):84-92. https://doi.org/10.1093/alcalc/agv073

Sims M, Langley T, Lewis S, Richardson S, Szatkowski L, McNeill A, et al. Effectiveness of tobacco control television advertisements with different types of emotional content on tobacco use in England, 2004–2010. Tobacco Control. 2016;25(1):21-6. doi:10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2013-051454

Progress Report 2013 -2017

Taylor J, Taylor A, Lewis S, McNeill A, Britton J, Jones LL, et al. A qualitative evaluation of a novel intervention using insight into tobacco industry tactics to prevent the uptake of smoking in school-aged children. BMC Public Health. 2016;16(1):1-7. doi: 10.1186/s12889-016-3205-8.

Hall M, Bogdanovica I, Britton J. Research funding for addressing tobacco-related disease: an analysis of UK investment between 2008 and 2012. BMJ Open. 2016;6(7).

Rutter L, Britton J, Langley T. Title: Price-minimising behaviours in response to increasing tobacco price: a cross-sectional study of students. Journal of Child & Adolescent Substance Abuse.

Sohal H, Huddlestone L, Ratschen E. Preparing for Completely Smoke-Free Mental Health Settings: Findings on Patient Smoking, Resources Spent Facilitating Smoking Breaks, and the Role of Smoking in Reported Incidents from a Large Mental Health Trust in England. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health . 2016 Feb 25;13(3). Available from: 10.3390/ijerph13030256

Begh R, Smith M, Ferguson SG, Shiffman S, Munafò MR, Aveyard P. Association between smoking-related attentional bias and craving measured in the clinic and in the natural environment. Psychol Addict Behav. 2016 Dec;30(8):868-875. doi: 10.1037/adb0000231.

Aveyard P, Lewis A, Tearne S, Hood K, Christian-Brown A, Adab P, Begh R, Jolly K, Daley A, Farley A, Lycett D, Nickless A, Yu LM, Retat L, Webber L, Pimpin L, Jebb SA. Screening and brief intervention for obesity in primary care: a parallel, two-arm, randomised trial. Lancet. 2016 Oct 21. pii: S0140-6736(16)31893-1. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31893-1. PubMed PMID: 27789061;

West R, Lindson-Hawley N, Aveyard P. Gradual Versus Abrupt Smoking Cessation. Ann Intern Med. 2016 Nov 15;165(10):742. doi: 10.7326/L16-0401.

Vaz LR, Aveyard P, Cooper S, Leonardi-Bee J, Coleman T; SNAP Trial Team. The Association Between Treatment Adherence to Nicotine Patches and Smoking Cessation in Pregnancy: A Secondary Analysis of a Randomized Controlled Trial. Nicotine Tob Res. 2016 Oct;18(10):1952-9. doi: 10.1093/ntr/ntw080.

Lindson-Hawley N, Banting M, West R, Michie S, Shinkins B, Aveyard P. Gradual Versus Abrupt Smoking Cessation: A Randomized, Controlled Noninferiority Trial. Ann Intern Med. 2016 May 3;164(9):585-92. doi: 10.7326/M14-2805. Epub 2016

Progress Report 2013 -2017

Hartmann-Boyce J, Aveyard P. Drugs for smoking cessation. BMJ. 2016 Feb 23;352:i571. doi: 10.1136/bmj.i571.

Szatkowski L, Aveyard P. Provision of smoking cessation support in UK primary care: impact of the 2012 QOF revision. Br J Gen Pract. 2016 Jan;66(642):e10-5. doi: 10.3399/bjgp15X688117.

Farley A, Aveyard P, Kerr A, Naidu B, Dowswell G. Surgical lung cancer patients' views about smoking and support to quit after diagnosis: a qualitative study. J Cancer Surviv. 2016 Apr;10(2):312-9. doi: 10.1007/s11764-015-0477-4.

Boland VC, Stockings EA, Mattick RP, McRobbie H, Brown J, Courtney RJ. The Methodological Quality and Effectiveness of Technology-Based Smoking Cessation Interventions for Disadvantaged Groups: a Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Nicotine Tob Res. 2016 Dec 29. pii: ntw391. doi: 10.1093/ntr/ntw391.

McRobbie H. Modelling the population health effects of e-cigarettes use: current data can help guide future policy decisions. Nicotine Tob Res. 2016 Dec 24. pii: ntw387. doi: 10.1093/ntr/ntw387.

Kowalski M, Udy AA, McRobbie HJ, Dooley MJ. Nicotine replacement therapy for agitation and delirium management in the intensive care unit: a systematic review of the literature. J Intensive Care. 2016 Nov 15;4:69.

Masefield S, Powell P, Jiménez-Ruiz C, Hajek P, Lewis K, Andreas S, Tønnesen P, van Schayck O, Gratziou C, Dautzenberg B, Tonstad S, Hering T, Nardini S, Fletcher M. Recommendations to improve smoking cessation outcomes from people with lung conditions who smoke. ERJ Open Res. 2016 Apr 27;2(2). pii: 00009-2016.

Hartmann-Boyce J, McRobbie H, Bullen C, Begh R, Stead LF, Hajek P. Electronic cigarettes for smoking cessation. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2016 Sep 14;9:CD010216.

Hajek P, McRobbie H, Bullen C. E-cigarettes and smoking cessation. Lancet Respir Med. 2016 Jun;4(6):e23. doi: 10.1016/S2213-2600(16)30024-8. Epub 2016 Apr 25.

Wu PC, Hsueh KC, Mar GY, Hsueh SC, Tu MS, McRobbie H, Hajek P. Gender Differences in Outcome of an Attempt to Stop Smoking Among Smokers Attending a Smoking Cessation Clinic in Taiwan: 3-Year Follow-Up Study. Eval Health Prof. 2016 Sep;39(3):317-25. doi: 10.1177/0163278715616439. Epub 2015 Nov 23.

Cox S, Kośmider L, McRobbie H, Goniewicz M, Kimber C, Doig M, Dawkins L. E-cigarette puffing patterns associated with high and low nicotine e-liquid strength: effects on toxicant and carcinogen exposure. BMC Public Health. 2016 Sep 20;16:999. doi: 10.1186/s12889-016-3653-1.

Walker N, Bullen C, Barnes J, McRobbie H, Tutka P, Raw M, Etter JF, Siddiqi K, Courtney RJ, Castaldelli-Maia JM, Selby P, Sheridan J, Rigotti NA. Getting cytisine licensed for use world-wide: a call to action. Addiction. 2016 Nov;111(11):1895-1898. doi: 10.1111/add.13464.

McRobbie H, Przulj D, Smith KM, Cornwall D. Complementing the Standard Multicomponent Treatment for Smokers With Denicotinized Cigarettes: A Randomized Trial. Nicotine Tob Res. 2016 May;18(5):1134-41. doi: 10.1093/ntr/ntv122.

Progress Report 2013 -2017

Drummond C, Gilburt H, Burns T, Copello A, Crawford M, Day E et al. Assertive Community Treatment For People With Alcohol Dependence: A Pilot Randomized Controlled Trial. 2016 Dec 8. Available from: 10.1093/alcalc/agw091

Manthey J, Laramée P, Parrott S, Rehm J. Economic burden associated with alcohol dependence in a German primary care sample: a bottom-up study. BMC Public Health. 2016 Aug 31;16. 906. Available from: 10.1186/s12889-016-3578-8

Taylor J, Taylor A, Lewis S, McNeill A, Britton J, Jones LL et al. A qualitative evaluation of a novel intervention using insight into tobacco industry tactics to prevent the uptake of smoking in school-aged children. BMC Public Health. 2016 Jul 11;16:539. Available from: 10.1186/s12889-016-3205-8

Wu Q, Gilbody S, Peckham E, Brabyn S, Parrott S. Varenicline for smoking cessation and reduction in people with severe mental illnesses: systematic review and meta-analysis. Addiction . 2016 Apr 4. Available from: 10.1111/add.13415

Jones M, Lewis S, Parrott S, Wormall S, Coleman T. Re-starting smoking in the postpartum period after receiving a smoking cessation intervention: a systematic review. Addiction 2016: 10.1111/add.13309

2017

Colquhoun H, Michie S, Sales A, Ivers N, Grimshaw JM, Carroll K, Chalifoux M, Eva K, Brehaut J. Reporting and design elements of audit and feedback interventions: a secondary review. BMJ quality & safety. 2017 Jan 1;26(1):54-60.

Poldrack RA, Baker CI, Durnez J, Gorgolewski KJ, Matthews PM, Munafò MR, Nichols TE, Poline JB, Vul E, Yarkoni T. Scanning the horizon: towards transparent and reproducible neuroimaging research. Nat Rev Neurosci. 2017 Jan 5. doi: 10.1038/nrn.2016.167..

Beard E, Brown J, Kaner E, West R, Michie S. Predictors of and reasons for attempts to reduce alcohol intake: A population survey of adults in England. PLoS one. 2017 Mar 9;12(3):e0173458.

Perski O, Blandford A, Ubhi HK, West R, Michie S. Smokers’ and drinkers’ choice of smartphone applications and expectations of engagement: a think aloud and interview study. BMC Medical Informatics and Decision Making. 2017 Feb 28;17(1):25.

Beard E, Brown J, West R, Angus C, Kaner E, Michie S. Healthier central England or North–South divide? Analysis of national survey data on smoking and high-risk drinking. BMJ open. 2017 Mar 1;7(3):e014210.

Ubhi HK, Kotz D, Michie S, van Schayck OC, West R. A comparison of the characteristics of iOS and Android users of a smoking cessation app. Translational Behavioral Medicine. 2017 Feb 6:1-6.

Garnett C, Crane D, West R, Michie S, Brown J, Winstock A. User characteristics of a smartphone app to reduce alcohol consumption. Translational Behavioral Medicine. 2017 Mar 17:1-9.

Crane D, Garnett C, Brown J, West R, Michie S. Factors influencing usability of a smartphone app to reduce excessive alcohol consumption: think-aloud and interview studies. Frontiers in Public Health. 2017 Feb 17;5.

Progress Report 2013 -2017

Gardner B, Jovicic A, Belk C, Kharicha K, Iliffe S, Manthorpe J, Goodman C, Drennan VM, Walters K. Specifying the content of home-based health behaviour change interventions for older people with frailty or at risk of frailty: an exploratory systematic review. BMJ open. 2017 Feb 1;7(2):e014127.

Courtney RJ, Clare P, Boland V, Martire KA, Bonevski B, Hall W, Siahpush M, Borland R, Doran CM, West R, Farrell M. Predictors of retention in a randomised trial of smoking cessation in low-socioeconomic status Australian smokers. Addictive Behaviors. 2017 Jan 31;64:13-20.

Bauld L, McNeill A, Hajek P, Britton J, Dockrell M. E-cigarette use in public places: striking the right balance. Tob Control. 2017 Mar;26(e1):e5-e6. doi: 10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2016-053357. Epub 2016 Nov 7. PubMed PMID: 27821792.

Leung W, Roberts V, Gordon LG, Bullen C, McRobbie H, Prapavessis H, Jiang Y, Maddison R. Economic evaluation of an exercise-counselling intervention to enhance smoking cessation outcomes: The Fit2Quit trial. Tob Induc Dis. 2017 Mar 29;15:21. doi: 10.1186/s12971-017-0126-y. eCollection 2017. PubMed PMID:28360828; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC5371274.

Bourke L, Bauld L, Bullen C, Cumberbatch M, Giovannucci E, Islami F, McRobbie H, Silverman DT, Catto JW. E- cigarettes and Urologic Health: A Collaborative Review of Toxicology, Epidemiology, and Potential Risks. Eur Urol. 2017 Jan 7. pii: S0302-2838(16)30926-5. doi: 10.1016/j.eururo.2016.12.022. [Epub ahead of print] Review. PubMed PMID: 28073600.

Hajek P, Przulj D, Phillips A, Anderson R, McRobbie H. Nicotine delivery to users from cigarettes and from different types of e-cigarettes. Psychopharmacology (Berl). 2017 Mar;234(5):773-779. doi: 10.1007/s00213- 016-4512-6. Epub 2017 Jan 9. PubMed PMID: 28070620; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC5306435.

Hajek P, Przulj D, Phillips A, Anderson R, McRobbie H. Nicotine delivery to users from cigarettes and from different types of e-cigarettes. Psychopharmacology (Berl). 2017 Jan 9. doi: 10.1007/s00213-016-4512-6. [Epub ahead of print] PubMed PMID: 28070620.

McRobbie H. Modelling the Population Health Effects of E-Cigarettes Use: Current Data Can Help Guide Future Policy Decisions. Nicotine Tob Res. 2017 Feb;19(2):131-132. doi: 10.1093/ntr/ntw387. Epub 2016 Dec 24. PubMed PMID: 28013269.

Yong HH, Hitchman SC, Cummings KM, Borland R, Gravely SM, McNeill A, Fong GT. Does the regulatory environment for e-cigarettes influence the effectiveness of e-cigarettes for smoking cessation?: Longitudinal findings from the ITC Four Country Survey. Nicotine Tob Res. 2017 Mar 4. doi: 10.1093/ntr/ntx056. PubMed PMID: 28340053.

Brose LS, McNeill A, Arnott D, Cheeseman H. Restrictions on the use of e-cigarettes in public and private places-current practice and support among adults in Great Britain. Eur J Public Health. 2017 Feb 4. doi: 10.1093/eurpub/ckw268. PubMed PMID: 28339940.

Kulkarni M, Foraker RE, McNeill AM, Girman C, Golden SH, Rosamond WD, Duncan B, Schmidt MI, Tuomilehto J. Evaluation of the Modified FINDRISC Diabetes Score to Identify Individuals at High Risk for Diabetes among Middle-aged White and Black ARIC Study Participants. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2017 Mar 21. doi: 10.1111/dom.12949. PubMed PMID: 28321981.

Progress Report 2013 -2017

Simonavicius E, McNeill A, Arnott D, Brose LS. What factors are associated with current smokers using or stopping e-cigarette use? Drug Alcohol Depend. 2017 Apr 1;173:139-143. doi: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2017.01.002. Epub 2017 Feb 14. PubMed PMID: 28246049.

Shahab L, Goniewicz ML, Blount BC, Brown J, McNeill A, Alwis KU, Feng J, Wang L, West R. Nicotine, Carcinogen, and Toxin Exposure in Long-Term E-Cigarette and Nicotine Replacement Therapy Users: A Cross- sectional Study. Ann Intern Med. 2017 Mar 21;166(6):390-400. doi: 10.7326/M16-1107. Epub 2017 Feb 7. PubMed PMID: 28166548; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC5362067.

Bogdanovica I, McNeill A, Britton J. Cohort study investigating the effects of first stage of the English tobacco point-of-sale display ban on awareness, susceptibility and smoking uptake among adolescents. BMJ Open. 2017 Jan 23;7(1):e012451. doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2016-012451. PubMed PMID: 28115330; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC5278284.

Hitchman SC, Pearson JL, Villanti AC. The need for more nuance in headline adult cigarette smoking prevalence estimates. Addiction. 2017 Mar 13. doi: 10.1111/add.13794. PubMed PMID: 28295768.

Munafò M. Metascience: Reproducibility blues. Nature. 2017 Mar 29;543(7647):619-620. doi: 10.1038/543619a. PubMed PMID: 28358073.

Gage SH, Jones HJ, Taylor AE, Burgess S, Zammit S, Munafò MR. Investigating causality in associations between smoking initiation and schizophrenia using Mendelian randomization. Sci Rep. 2017 Jan 19;7:40653. doi: 10.1038/srep40653.

Kennedy E, Cohen M, Munafò M. Childhood Traumatic Brain Injury and the Associations With Risk Behavior in Adolescence and Young Adulthood: A Systematic Review. J Head Trauma Rehabil. 2017 Mar 9. doi: 10.1097/HTR.0000000000000289. [Epub ahead of print] PubMed PMID: 28092286.

Gage SH, Jones HJ, Burgess S, Bowden J, Davey Smith G, Zammit S, Munafò MR. Assessing causality in associations between cannabis use and schizophrenia risk: a two-sample Mendelian randomization study. Psychol Med. 2017 Apr;47(5):971-980. doi: 10.1017/S0033291716003172. Epub 2016 Dec 8. PubMed PMID: 27928975; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC5341491.

Maynard OM, Brooks JC, Munafò MR, Leonards U. Neural mechanisms underlying visual attention to health warnings on branded and plain cigarette packs. Addiction. 2017 Apr;112(4):662-672. doi: 10.1111/add.13699. Epub 2017 Jan 4. PubMed PMID: 27886656; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC5347953.

Chow CK, Corsi DJ, Gilmore AB, Kruger A, Igumbor E, Chifamba J, Yang W, Wei L, Iqbal R, Mony P, Gupta R, Vijayakumar K, Mohan V, Kumar R, Rahman O, Yusoff K, Ismail N, Zatonska K, Altuntas Y, Rosengren A, Bahonar A, Yusufali A, Dagenais G, Lear S, Diaz R, Avezum A, Lopez-Jaramillo P, Lanas F, Rangarajan S, Teo K, McKee M, Yusuf S. Tobacco control environment: cross-sectional survey of policy implementation, social unacceptability, knowledge of tobacco health harms and relationship to quit ratio in 17 low-income, middle-income and high-

Progress Report 2013 -2017

income countries. BMJ Open. 2017 Mar 31;7(3):e013817. doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2016-013817. PubMed PMID: 28363924.

Hartwell G, Thomas S, Egan M, Gilmore A, Petticrew M. E-cigarettes and equity: a systematic review of differences in awareness and use between sociodemographic groups. Tob Control. 2016 Dec 21. pii: tobaccocontrol-2016-053222. doi: 10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2016-053222.

Cranwell J, Britton J, Bains M. "F*ck It! Let's Get to Drinking-Poison our Livers!": a Thematic Analysis of Alcohol Content in Contemporary YouTube MusicVideos. Int J Behav Med. 2017 Feb;24(1):66-76. doi: 10.1007/s12529- 016-9578-3.

Wall M, Casswell S, Yeh L. 2017 Purchases by heavier drinking young people concentrated in lower priced beverages – implications for policy. Drug and Alcohol Review, published online 14 March, doi: 10.1111/dar.12495.

Wall M, & Casswell S. 2017 Drinker types, harm and policy related variables: results from the 2011 International Alcohol Control Study in New Zealand. Alcoholism Clinical and Experimental Research, published online 14 March, doi: 10.1111/dar.12495

Farley A, Tearne S, Taskila T, Williams RH, Mackaskill S, Etter JF, Aveyard P. A mixed methods feasibility study of nicotine-assisted smoking reduction programmes delivered by community pharmacists - The RedPharm study. BMC Public Health. 2017 Feb 17;17(1):210. doi: 10.1186/s12889-017-4116-z. Erratum in: BMC Public Health. 2017 Mar 31;17 (1):288.

Gavens L, Holmes J, Bühringer G, McLeod J, Neumann M, Lingford-Hughes A, Hock ES, Meier PS. Interdisciplinary working in public health research: a proposed good practice checklist. J Public Health (Oxf). 2017 Mar 14:1-8. doi: 10.1093/pubmed/fdx027.

Li J, Lovatt M, Eadie D, Dobbie F, Meier P, Holmes J, Hastings G, MacKintosh AM. Public attitudes towards alcohol control policies in Scotland and England: Results from a mixed-methods study. Soc Sci Med. 2017 Mar;177:177-189. doi: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2017.01.037. Epub 2017 Jan 25.

Holmes J, Angus C. A Response to Two Papers Critiquing the Total Consumption Model by Kari Poikolainen. Alcohol Alcohol. 2017 Jan 8. doi: 10.1093/alcalc/agw103.

Rowa-Dewar N, Rooke C, Amos A. Using e-cigarettes in the home to reduce smoking and secondhand smoke: disadvantaged parents' accounts. Health Educ Res. 2017 Jan 13. pii: cyw052. doi: 10.1093/her/cyw052.

Holliday R, Kist R, Bauld L, Preshaw PM. E-cigarettes and oral health: a balanced viewpoint. Oral Dis. 2017 Mar 20. doi: 10.1111/odi.12666.

Holliday R, Preshaw P, Bauld L. Smoking cessation: The role of e-cigarettes. Br Dent J. 2017 Jan 13;222(1):3. doi: 10.1038/sj.bdj.2017.6.

Progress Report 2013 -2017

Lund KE, Vedøy TF, Bauld L. Do never smokers make up an increasing share of snus users as cigarette smoking declines? Changes in smoking status among male snus users in Norway 2003-15. Addiction. 2017 Feb;112(2):340-348. doi: 10.1111/add.13638. Epub 2016 Dec 5.

Scott S, Parkinson K, Kaner E, Robalino S, Stead M, Power C, Fitzgerald N, Wrieden W, Adamson A. Non- pharmacological interventions designed to reduce health risks due to unhealthy eating behaviour and linked risky or excessive drinking in adults aged 18-25 years: a systematic review protocol. Syst Rev. 2017 Mar 3;6(1):42. doi: 10.1186/s13643-017-0434-6.

Fitzgerald N, Nicholls J, Winterbottom J, Katikireddi SV. Implementing a Public Health Objective for Alcohol Premises Licensing in Scotland: A Qualitative Study of Strategies, Values, and Perceptions of Evidence. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2017 Feb 23;14(3). pii: E221. doi: 10.3390/ijerph14030221.

Naudet F, Fitzgerald N, Braillon A. Nalmefene for alcohol dependence: a NICE decision? Lancet Psychiatry. 2016 Dec;3(12):1104-1105. doi: 10.1016/S2215-0366(16)30356-X.

Coulton S, Dale V, Deluca P, Gilvarry E, Godfrey C, Kaner E, McGovern R, Newbury-Birch D, Patton R, Parrott S, Perryman K, Phillips T, Shepherd J, Drummond C. Screening for At-Risk Alcohol Consumption in Primary Care: A Randomized Evaluation of Screening Approaches. Alcohol Alcohol. 2017 Mar 24:1-6. doi: 10.1093/alcalc/agx017.

Naughton F, Cooper S, Foster K, Emery J, Leonardi-Bee J, Sutton S, Jones M, Ussher M, Whitemore R, Leighton M, Montgomery A, Parrott S, Coleman T. Large multicentre pilot randomised controlled trial testing a low-cost, tailored, self-help smoking cessation text message intervention for pregnant smokers (MiQuit). Addiction. 2017 Feb 26. doi: 10.1111/add.13802.

Gilbert H, Sutton S, Morris R, Petersen I, Galton S, Wu Q, Parrott S, Nazareth I. Effectiveness of personalised risk information and taster sessions to increase the uptake of smoking cessation services (Start2quit): a randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2017 Feb 25;389(10071):823-833. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(16)32379-0. Epub 2017 Jan 25.

Peckham E, Arundel C, Bailey D, Brownings S, Fairhurst C, Heron P, Li J, Parrott S, Gilbody S. Smoking Cessation Intervention for Severe Mental Ill Health Trial (SCIMITAR+): study protocol for a randomised controlled trial. Trials. 2017 Jan 26;18(1):44. doi: 10.1186/s13063-017-1789-7.

Gilbert H, Sutton S, Morris R, Petersen I, Wu Q, Parrott S, Galton S, Kale D, Magee MS, Gardner L, Nazareth I. Start2quit: a randomised clinical controlled trial to evaluate the effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of using personal tailored risk information and taster sessions to increase the uptake of the NHS Stop Smoking Services. Health Technol Assess. 2017 Jan;21(3):1-206. doi: 10.3310/hta21030.

Wall M, Casswell S. Drinker Types, Harm, and Policy-Related Variables: Results from the 2011 International Alcohol Control Study in New Zealand. Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 2017 Apr 3. doi: 10.1111/acer.13372.

Bogdanovica I, McNeill A, & Britton J. Cohort study investigating the effects of first stage of the English tobacco point-of-sale display ban on awareness, susceptibility and smoking uptake among adolescents. BMJ Open, 2017; 7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2016-012451

Progress Report 2013 -2017

Chamberlain C, O'Mara-Eves A, Porter J, Coleman T, Perlen SM, Thomas J, McKenzie JE. Psychosocial interventions for supporting women to stop smoking in pregnancy. Cochrane Database of Systematic Review 2017, Issue 2. Art. No.: CD001055. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD001055.pub5.

Angus C, Holmes J, Maheswaran R, Green MA, Meier P, Brennan A. 2017 'Mapping patterns and trends in the spatial availability of alcohol using low-level geographic data: A case study in England 2003-2013', International Journal of Environmental Research in Public Health, 14(4), 404

Gavens L, Holmes J, Buehringer G, McLeod J, Neumann M, Lingford-Hughes A, Hock ES, Meier PS. 2017 'Interdisciplinary working in public health research: a proposed good practice checklist', Journal of Public Health, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/pubmed/fdx027

Beard E, Brown, J, West R, Angus C, Kaner E, Michie S. 2017 'Healthier central England or North-South divide? Analysis of national survey data on smoking and high-risk drinking', BMJ Open, 7, e014210

Purshouse RC, Brennan A, Moyo D, Nicholls J, Norman P. 2017 'Typology and dynamics of heavier drinking style in Great Britain: 1978-2010', Alcohol and Alcoholism, DOI:10.1093/alcalc/agw105

Lovatt M, Holmes J. 2017 ‘Digital phenotyping and sociological perspectives in a Brave New World’, Addiction.

Kotz D, Viechtbauer W, Simpson CR, van Schayck OCP, West R, Sheikh A. Cardiovascular and neuropsychiatric risks of varenicline and bupropion in smokers with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Thorax. 2017 May 4. pii: thoraxjnl-2017-210067. doi: 10.1136/thoraxjnl-2017-210067. PubMed PMID: 28473506.

Hummel K, Candel MJJM, Nagelhout GE, Brown J, van den Putte B, Kotz D, Willemsen MC, Fong GT, West R, de Vries H. Construct and predictive validity of three measures of intention to quit smoking: Findings from the International Tobacco Control (ITC) Netherlands Survey. Nicotine Tob Res. 2017 May 3. doi: 10.1093/ntr/ntx092. [Epub ahead of print] PubMed PMID: 28472427.

Kastaun S, Brown J, Brose LS, Ratschen E, Raupach T, Nowak D, Cholmakow-Bodechtel C, Shahab L, West R, Kotz D. Study protocol of the German Study on Tobacco Use (DEBRA): a national household survey of smoking behavior and cessation. BMC Public Health. 2017 May 2;17(1):378. doi: 10.1186/s12889-017-4328-2. PubMed PMID: 28464934; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC5414339.

Crane D, Garnett C, Brown J, West R, Michie S. Factors Influencing Usability of a Smartphone App to Reduce Excessive Alcohol Consumption: Think Aloud and Interview Studies. Front Public Health. 2017 Apr 3;5:39. doi: 10.3389/fpubh.2017.00039. eCollection 2017. PubMed PMID: 28421175; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC5376568.

West R. Significant effects: A personal perspective on how health psychologists can influence policy and practice. Br J Health Psychol. 2017 May;22(2):209-214. doi: 10.1111/bjhp.12210. PubMed PMID: 28370907; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC5396267.

Lewin S, Hendry M, Chandler J, Oxman AD, Michie S, Shepperd S, Reeves BC, Tugwell P, Hannes K, Rehfuess EA, Welch V, Mckenzie JE, Burford B, Petkovic J, Anderson LM, Harris J, Noyes J. Assessing the complexity of interventions within systematic reviews: development, content and use of a new tool (iCAT_SR). BMC Med Res Methodol. 2017 Apr 26;17(1):76. doi: 10.1186/s12874-017-0349-x. PubMed PMID: 28446138; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC5406941.

Progress Report 2013 -2017

Hartmann-Boyce J, Boylan AM, Jebb SA, Fletcher B, Aveyard P. Cognitive and behavioural strategies for self- directed weight loss: systematic review of qualitative studies. Obes Rev. 2017 Mar;18(3):335-349. doi: 10.1111/obr.12500. Epub 2017 Jan 24. Review. PubMed PMID: 28117945.

Ratschen E, Thorley R, Jones L, Opazo Breton M, Cook J, McNeill A, Britton J, Coleman T, Lewis S. A randomised controlled trial of a complex intervention to reduce children's exposure to secondhand smoke in the home. Tob Control. 2017 Apr 21. pii: tobaccocontrol-2016-053279. doi: 10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2016-053279.[Epub ahead of print] PubMed PMID: 28432210.

Britton J. Death, disease, and tobacco. Lancet. 2017 Apr 5. pii: S0140-6736(17)30867-X. doi: 10.1016/S0140- 6736(17)30867-X. [Epub ahead of print] PubMed PMID: 28390696.

Skinner AL, Attwood AS, Baddeley R, Evans-Reeves K, Bauld L, Munafò MR. Digital phenotyping and the development and delivery of health guidelines and behaviour change interventions. Addiction. 2017 May 4. doi: 10.1111/add.13746. [Epub ahead of print] PubMed PMID: 28472848.

McNeill A, Gravely S, Hitchman SC, Bauld L, Hammond D, Hartmann-Boyce J. Tobacco packaging design for reducing tobacco use. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017 Apr 27;4:CD011244. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD011244.pub2. Review. PubMed PMID: 28447363.

Stead M, Parkes T, Nicoll A, Wilson S, Burgess C, Eadie D, Fitzgerald N, McKell J, Reid G, Jepson R, McAteer J, Bauld L. Delivery of alcohol brief interventions in community-based youth work settings: exploring feasibility and acceptability in a qualitative study. BMC Public Health. 2017 Apr 24;17(1):357. doi: 10.1186/s12889-017- 4256-1. PubMed PMID: 28438195; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC5404319.

Bauld L, Oncken C. Smoking in Pregnancy: An Ongoing Challenge. Nicotine Tob Res. 2017 May 1;19(5):495-496. doi: 10.1093/ntr/ntx034. PubMed PMID: 28403476.

Purshouse RC, Brennan A, Moyo D, Nicholls J, Norman P. Typology and Dynamics of Heavier Drinking Styles in Great Britain: 1978-2010. Alcohol Alcohol. 2017 May 1;52(3):372-381. doi: 10.1093/alcalc/agw105. PubMed PMID: 28430928; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC5397881.

Angus C, Holmes J, Maheswaran R, Green MA, Meier P, Brennan A. Mapping Patterns and Trends in the Spatial Availability of Alcohol Using Low-Level Geographic Data: A Case Study in England 2003-2013. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2017 Apr 12;14(4). pii: E406. doi: 10.3390/ijerph14040406. PubMed PMID: 28417941; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC5409607.

Wall M, Casswell S. Drinker Types, Harm, and Policy-Related Variables: Results from the 2011 International Alcohol Control Study in New Zealand. Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 2017 May;41(5):1044-1053. doi: 10.1111/acer.13372. Epub 2017 Apr 3. PubMed PMID: 28372021.

Sloan M, Hopewell S, Coleman T, Cooper S, Naughton F. Smoking Cessation Support by Text Message During Pregnancy: A Qualitative Study of Views and Experiences of the MiQuit Intervention. Nicotine Tob Res. 2017 May 1;19(5):572-577. doi: 10.1093/ntr/ntw241. PubMed PMID: 28403457.

Progress Report 2013 -2017

Smith JL, Dash NJ, Johnstone SJ, Houben K, Field M. Current forms of inhibitory training produce no greater reduction in drinking than simple assessment: A preliminary study. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2017 Apr 1;173:47- 58. doi: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2016.12.018. Epub 2017 Jan 31. PubMed PMID: 28196787.

Kersbergen I, Field M. Alcohol consumers' attention to warning labels and brand information on alcohol packaging: Findings from cross-sectional and experimental studies. BMC Public Health. 2017 Jan 26;17(1):123. doi: 10.1186/s12889-017-4055-8. PubMed PMID: 28122527; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC5267428.

Christiansen P, Townsend G, Knibb G, Field M. Bibi ergo sum: the effects of a placebo and contextual alcohol cues on motivation to drink alcohol. Psychopharmacology (Berl). 2017 Mar;234(5):827-835. doi: 10.1007/s00213-016-4518-0. Epub 2017 Jan 7. PubMed PMID: 28062899; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC5306434.

Field M, Di Lemma L, Christiansen P, Dickson J. Automatic avoidance tendencies for alcohol cues predict drinking after detoxification treatment in alcohol dependence. Psychol Addict Behav. 2017 Mar;31(2):171-179. doi: 10.1037/adb0000232. Epub 2016 Dec 1. PubMed PMID: 27935726; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC5343749.

Campbell KA, Cooper S, Fahy SJ, Bowker K, Leonardi-Bee J, McEwen A, Whitemore R, Coleman T. 'Opt-out' referrals after identifying pregnant smokers using exhaled air carbon monoxide: impact on engagement with smoking cessation support. Tob Control. 2017 May;26(3):300-306. doi: 10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2015-052662. Epub 2016 May 25. PubMed PMID: 27225017.

Heckman BW, Cummings KM, Kasza KA, Borland R, Burris JL, Fong GT, McNeill A, Carpenter MJ. Effectiveness of Switching Smoking-Cessation Medications Following Relapse. Am J Prev Med. 2017 Mar 20. pii: S0749- 3797(17)30102-2. doi: 10.1016/j.amepre.2017.01.038. [Epub ahead of print] PubMed PMID: 28336353.

Progress Report 2013 -2017

Watson J, Toner P, Day E, Back D, Brady LM, Fairhurst C, Renwick C, Templeton L, Akhtar S, Lloyd C, Li J, Cocks K, Ambegaokar S, Parrott S, McArdle P, Gilvarry E, Copello A. Youth social behaviour and network therapy (Y- SBNT): adaptation of a family and social network intervention for young people who misuse alcohol and drugs - a randomised controlled feasibility trial. Health Technol Assess. 2017 Mar;21(15):1-260. doi: 10.3310/hta21150. PubMed PMID: 28399988; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC5402218.

Davies NM, Thomas KH, Taylor AE, Taylor GM, Martin RM, Munafò MR, Windmeijer F. How to compare instrumental variable and conventional regression analyses using negative controls and bias plots. Int J Epidemiol. 2017 Apr 7. doi: 10.1093/ije/dyx014. [Epub ahead of print] PubMed PMID: 28398582

Munafò M. Improving the efficiency of grant and journal peer review: Registered Reports funding. Nicotine Tob Res. 2017 Apr 6. doi: 10.1093/ntr/ntx081. [Epub ahead of print] PubMed PMID: 28387844

Lewis G, Kounali DZ, Button KS, Duffy L, Wiles NJ, Munafò MR, Harmer CJ, Lewis G. Variation in the recall of socially rewarding information and depressive symptom severity: a prospective cohort study. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 2017 May;135(5):489-498. doi: 10.1111/acps.12729. Epub 2017 Apr 4. PubMed PMID: 28374430

Munafo M. How Can Technology Support Smoking Cessation Interventions? Nicotine Tob Res. 2017 Mar 1;19(3):271-272. doi: 10.1093/ntr/ntx019. PubMed PMID: 28201717

Progress Report 2013 -2017

Brose LS, Hitchman SC, Brown J, West R, McNeill A. Is use of electronic cigarettes while smoking associated with smoking cessation attempts, cessation and reduced cigarette consumption? A survey with a 1-year follow-up. Addiction, 110: doi: 10.1111/add.12917.

East K, Hitchman SC, Stead M, MacKintosh AM, McNeill A. Tools to measure norms towards smoking, nicotine use, and the tobacco industry: user guide. PHRC available at: http://phrc.lshtm.ac.uk/project_2011- 2016_013.html

Progress Report 2013 -2017

Appendix 2 – UKCTAS grants and awards – 2013 – 2017

Funder: National Institute of Health Research (NIHR) Health Technology Assessment (HTA) programme

Proposal: Barriers and Facilitators to smoking cessation in pregnancy and following childbirth

Principal applicant: Bauld L

Host institution University of Stirling

Duration January 2013 - December 2014

Amount £250,723

Other applicants (where known) H Graham, K. Flemming, D. Tappin, L. Sinclair, F. Naughton, D. Gorman, E. Ross

Funder: Cancer Research UK

Proposal: Harm reduction and smoking: smokers’ understandings and experiences.

Principal applicant: A Amos

Host institution University of Edinburgh

Duration January 2013 - December 2013

Amount awarded £48,879.32

Other applicants (where known) Rooke C

Funder: Medical Research Council

Proposal: Using mendelian randomisation to establish the causal role of cigarette smoking in anxiety and depression.

Principal applicant: Munafò, M.R.

Host institution University of Bristol

Duration 2013

Amount awarded £110,818

Other applicants (where known) Davey Smith, G., Hickman, M., Lewis, G., Macleod, J.

Progress Report 2013 -2017

Funder: NIHR Public Health Research Programme

Proposal: Development and evaluation of a novel intervention providing insight into the tobacco industry to prevent the uptake of smoking in school-aged children

Principal applicant: Szatkowski L

Host institution University of Nottingham

Amount £710,751

Duration June 2013 – September 2016

Other applicants (where known) Bains M, McNeill A, Lewis S, Britton J, Jones L, Bauld L, Parrott S, Fairs-Billams T, Letniowski T

Funder: NIHR Research Capability scheme (via NHS Nottingham City)

Proposal: Tobacco dependence among young people with mental health problems

Principal applicant: Ratschen E

Host institution University of Nottingham

Amount £48,050

Duration June 2013 - May 2014

Other applicants (where known) K Sayal, A McNeill, R Murray, A Taylor, J Brooks

Funder: ESRC Seminar Series

Proposal: The policy challenges of tobacco control: Implications for public and global health

Principal applicant: Collin J

Host institution University of Edinburgh

Amount £29,763

Duration December 2013 - November 2015

Other applicants (where known) Amos, A, Bauld, L, De Andrade, M, Hastings, G, Holden, C, Pearce, J, Rooke, C, Smith, K

Progress Report 2013 -2017

Funder: Irish Cancer Society

Proposal: Design and Evaluate ‘We Can Quit’ Smoking Cessation Model

Principal applicant: Bauld L

Host institution University of Stirling

Amount £26,923

Duration April 2013 - August 2014

Other applicants (where known) Dobbie, F, Eadie, D, Fullerton, D, Insights Research.

Funder: Scottish Government – Chief Scientist Office

Proposal: Evaluation of the impact of tobacco control mass media campaigns on quitting behaviour, smoking prevalence and smoking-related health outcomes.

Principal applicant: Prof Sally Haw, Prof Jill Pell

Host institution University of Stirling

Amount £216,451

Duration November 2013 - October 2015

Other applicants (where known) Prof David Bell, Dr Tessa Langley

Funder: Edinburgh and Lothians Health Foundation

Proposal: Protecting young children in disadvantaged households from secondhand smoke: identifying barriers and levers to creating smokefree homes.

Principal applicant: Amos A

Host institution University of Edinburgh

Amount £39,289

Duration 2013 - 2014

Other applicants (where known) Rowa-Dewar N, Lumsdaine C.

Funder: European Commission – Exec Agency for Health & Consumers

Progress Report 2013 -2017

Proposal: EAHC/Health/10 concerning Multiple Framework Contracts with reopening of competition to support tobacco policies - Lot 2: Labelling, Packaging, Presentation and Marketing of Tobacco and Related Products

Host institution Host institution: consortium led by Burson-Marsteller Brussels, in partnership with the Smoke Free Partnership.

Amount The funding comes through specific 'Requests for Services'(assignments or individual contracts) that the chosen contractors (SFP, Nottingham, Stirling etc) will bid for each time. For each assignment won, they will decide the budget split among the consortium members.

Duration September 2013 - August 2017

Other applicants (where known) Ilze Bogdanovica, Linda Bauld, Gerard Hastings, Ann McNeill and others

Funder: Cancer Research UK

Proposal: The marketing of electronic cigarettes in the UK: Direct and indirect promotion through traditional, digital and social media.

Principal applicant: Hastings G

Host institution University of Stirling

Amount £22,864

Duration May 2013 - October 2013

Funder: Cancer Research UK.

Proposal: Tobacco harm reduction and nicotine containing products: Research priorities and policy directions.

Principal applicant: Hastings G

Host institution University of Stirling

Amount £4,668

Duration April 2013 - May 2013

Funder: ESRC Knowledge Exchange Grant

Progress Report 2013 -2017

Proposal: TobaccoTactics.org: a dynamic model of knowledge exchange to help academic research inform public health policy.

Principal applicant: Gilmore A

Host institution University of Bath

Amount £124,526

Duration January 2013 - December 2013

Funder: Cancer Research UK

Proposal: Monitoring tobacco industry activity to inform public health policy: developing a wiki as a new model of knowledge exchange.

Principal applicant: Gilmore A

Host institution University of Bath

Amount £99,549

Start date September 2013 - August 2015

Funder: NIHR Research Capability funding (via NHS Nottingham Clinical Commissioning Group)

Proposal: Developing a Tobacco dependence intervention in the elderly

Principal applicant: Ratschen E

Other applicants (where known) Huddlestone L

Duration 2014 - 2015

Amount £24,500

Funder: Cancer Research UK

Proposal: Smokefree mental health settings - exploring options to combat the persistent smoking culture in psychiatry

Principal applicant: Ratschen E

Duration June 2014 - November 2015

Amount £56,603

Other applicants (where known) Arun Chopra, Sirah Bright, Jo Leonardi-Bee & John Britton

Progress Report 2013 -2017

Funder: Public Health England

Proposal:

An update on evidence on e-cigarettes and harm reduction

Principal applicant: Britton J

Duration April 2014 - March 2015

Amount £6851

Other applicants (where known) I Bogdanovica

Funder: Vic Health (Australia)

Proposal: Harm Reduction in Victoria

Principal applicant: Bogdanovica I

Other applicants (where known) Britton J

Duration September 2013 - August 2014

Amount £12,209

Funder: Medical Research Council - National Prevention Research Initiative (NPRI)

Proposal: Alcohol Policy Interventions in Scotland and England: APISE

Principal applicant: Hastings G

Host institution University of Stirling

Other applicants (where known) L Bauld, others

Amount £966,266

Duration March 2012 - August 2015

Funder: Health Research Council

Progress Report 2013 -2017

Proposal: Alcohol Policy Interventions in New Zealand (APINZ)

Principal applicant: Casswell S

Host institution Massey University

Other applicants (where known) Huckle, T., Asiasiga, L., Moewakabarnes, H., Nosa, V., Wall, M.

Amount $1,197,019.90 (£612,700)

Duration July 2012 - June 2015

Funder: NICE

Proposal: Managing overweight and obese adults: update review.

Principal applicant: Aveyard P

Host institution University of Oxford

Other applicants (where known) Hartmann-Boyce J, Johns D, Jebb S, Finer N, Ogden J, Summerbell C.

Amount £19,998

Duration December 2012 - Late 2013

Funder: MRC National Prevention Research Initiative

Proposal: An RCT to test the clinical and cost-effectiveness of primary care referral to a commercial weight loss provider. (MR/J000493/1)

Principal applicant: Ahern A

Host institution

Other applicants (where known) Aveyard P, Cohn S, Halford J, Jebb S, Suhrcke M.

Amount £815,948

Duration June 2012 - May 2015

Grant ref

Funder: Tower Hamlets PCT

Proposal: Running and evaluation of TH Specialist Smoking Cessation Service and Inpatient Smoking Cessation Service.

Progress Report 2013 -2017

Principal applicant: Hajek P

Host institution QMUL

Other applicants (where known) H McRobbie

Amount £268,000

Duration 2012 - 2014

Funder: City and Hackney PCT

Proposal: Running and evaluation of C&H Specialist Smoking Cessation Service.

Principal applicant: Hajek P

Host institution QMUL

Other applicants (where known) H McRobbie

Amount £250,000

Duration 2012 - 2014

Funder: NIHR HTA

Proposal: A peer-support weight management programme to supplement brief advice in general practice for obese adults from deprived communities

Principal applicant: McRobbie H

Host institution QMUL

Other applicants (where known) Hajek, Myers.

Amount £1,050,000

Duration 2012 - 2015

Funder: City & Hackney PCT

Proposal: Evaluation of Fresh Start weight management project

Host institution QMUL

Applicants K Myers, P Hajek, H McRobbie

Progress Report 2013 -2017

Amount £21,500

Duration 2012 - 2013

Funder: Medicines and Healthcare Regulatory Agency (MHRA)

Proposal: Electronic cigarette: Potential toxicant (acrolein) and nicotine delivery in users.

Host institution QMUL

Principal Applicant Hajek P

Amount £55,000

Duration 2012 - 2013

Funder: MHRA

Proposal: Electronic cigarette: Nicotine content and consistency of its delivery.

Host institution QMUL

Amount £12,000

Duration 2012 - 2013

Principal Applicant Hajek P

Funder: Cancer Research UK

Proposal: Price paid for cigarettes and tobacco and its association with smoking cessation. C1417/A15631

Amount £48,000

Duration September 2012 - August 2015

Applicants West R, McNeill A, Gilmore A.

Progress Report 2013 -2017

Funder: Cancer Research UK

Proposal: Mapping industry political activity aimed at opposing the introduction of plain packaging and examining its impact on policy makers.

Host institution University of Bath

Duration December 2012 - November 2013

Amount £84,449

Applicants Gilmore A, Fooks G.

Funder: Alcohol Research UK

Proposal: Alcohol marketing to young people via social media: Implications for the Advertising Standards Code of Practice: January 2015- August 2016

Host institution University of Bath

Duration January 2015 - August 2016

Amount £60,425

Applicants Griffin, C. (PI, Psychology, Bath), Gavin, J. (CI, Psychology, Bath) & Szmigin, I.T. (CI, Birmingham Business School, Bham uni)

Funder Cancer Research UK Proposal Voices in fiscal cancer prevention: An investigation of non- governmental organisations and networks engaged in tobacco, alcohol and sugar-related taxation and price policy debates in the UK Duration 12 months Amount £56,241 Name(s) of UKCTAS staff involved Dr Jenny Hatchard

Funder Cancer Research UK Proposal Inequalities in smoking among 16-24 year olds: Scottish Health Survey secondary analysis and qualitative follow-up project. Duration January 2016-April 2017 Amount £64,370 Name(s) of UKCTAS staff involved Andy MacGregor, ScotCen Social Research (Edinburgh) Co-applicants: Stephen Hinchliffe, Susan McConville, Amanda Amos

Progress Report 2013 -2017

Funder US National Institutes of Health NIAAA Proposal Calibrated Agent Simulations for Combined Analysis of Drinking Etiologies (CASCADE) (large international complex systems modelling programme testing social theories of alcohol consumption R01 Duration 2017-2019 Amount (PI Purshouse) £1.37 million Name(s) of UKCTAS staff involved £56,241

Funder Wellcome Trust Proposal Doctoral Training Centre in Public Health Economics and Decision Science

Duration 2016-2022 Amount £1,400,000 in scholarships

Name(s) of UKCTAS staff involved Meier P, Brennan A

Funder NIHR HTA Proposal Helping people cope with temptations to smoke to reduce relapse: A factorial randomised controlled trial (Smoking cessation RCT, notified as successful, contract stage) Duration 2016-2018 Amount £1,280,000 Name(s) of UKCTAS staff involved (PI McRobbie)

Funder NIHR Public Health Research

Proposal The effectiveness of promotional campaigns associated with revised UK drinking guidelines: A prospective evaluation Duration 2016-2018 Amount £590,000 Name(s) of UKCTAS staff involved (PI Holmes)

Funder Alcohol Research UK Proposal Alcohol Screening and Brief Intervention (SBI) programmes: do they improve or worsen health inequalities? Duration 2016-2017 Amount £52,000 Name(s) of UKCTAS staff involved (PI Angus)

Progress Report 2013 -2017

Funder Alcohol Research UK Proposal 'The cost of alcohol to primary care in England' Duration 2016-17 Amount £59,402 Name(s) of UKCTAS staff involved Duncan Gillespie

Funder Cancer Research UK Proposal Advancing and integrating population and individual approaches to smoking cessation Duration 2017-2022 Amount £3,586,492. Name(s) of UKCTAS staff involved West R, Michie S and Shahab L.

Funder The Wellcome Trust. Proposal The Human Behaviour-Change Project: Building the science of behaviour change for complex intervention development. 201524/Z/16/Z. Duration 2016-2021 Amount Collaborative Award in Science, £3,796,005.

Name(s) of UKCTAS staff involved Michie S, Shawe-Taylor J, Johnston M, Thomas J, Kelly M.

Funder NIHR Proposal NIHR School for Public Health Research (UCL allocation) Duration 2015-2020 Amount £1,537,000 Name(s) of UKCTAS staff involved Michie S, Raine R, Freemantle N, Law C, Osborn D

Funder National Institute of Health Research Proposal Health Protection Research Unit: Evaluation of Interventions. (HPRU-2012-10026) Duration 2013 - 2017 Amount £3,865,761 Name(s) of UKCTAS staff involved Michie S,

Funder NIHR Proposal How do smoking cessation medicines compare with respect to their neuropsychiatric safety: a systematic review, network meta-analysis and cost effectiveness analysis. Duration 2016-2018 Amount Project Grant 15/58/18, £261,106 (fEC). Name(s) of UKCTAS staff involved Munafò, M.R

Funder NIHR

Progress Report 2013 -2017

Proposal What is the effectiveness of varenicline compared with nicotine replacement therapy for long term smoking cessation and clinically important outcomes such as mortality, myocardial infarction and frequency of service use? Evidence from the Clinical Practice Research Datalink. Duration 2015-2017 Amount Project Grant 14/49/94, £205,942 (fEC). Name(s) of UKCTAS staff involved Munafò, M.R.,

Funder Cancer Research UK Proposal Using cognitive neuroscience to improve the effectiveness of tobacco health warnings. Reference: Project Grant C51287, Duration 2015-2017 Amount £21,472 Name(s) of UKCTAS staff involved Maynard, O.M. (PI), Munafò, M.R.

Funder Cancer Research UK Proposal Cut Films: Evaluating a filmmaking and social media peer education intervention to prevent the uptake of smoking among young people. Duration 2015-2017 Amount Project Grant C22555,£35,124 Name(s) of UKCTAS staff involved Munafò, M.R. (Co-PI)

Funder Pfizer Global Research Awards for Nicotine Dependence Proposal Investigating the effectiveness of varenicline for long-term smoking cessation and its impact on longer-term health outcomes in a real world setting. Duration 2015-2017 Amount $139,076 Name(s) of UKCTAS staff involved Munafò, M.R.

Funder NIHR School for Primary Care Research Proposal Cochrane Tobacco Addiction Group twentieth anniversary priority setting. Duration 01.04.16 to 31.12.16 Amount £18,713 Name(s) of UKCTAS staff involved Lindson-Hawley N, Aveyard P

Funder Royal College of Physicians Proposal Royal College of Physicians: smoking cessation interventions Duration 19/12/16 - 28/02/17 Amount £8,000.00 Name(s) of UKCTAS staff involved Parrott, S., Principal investigator, Health Sciences

Funder NIHR PHR

Progress Report 2013 -2017

Proposal Communities in charge of Alcohol Programme - Evaluation of an alcohol health champions programme in Greater Manchester Duration 1/02/17 - 31/01/22 Amount £71,300.00, fEC % 74.00% Name(s) of UKCTAS staff involved Principal investigator: Parrott, S

Funder Medical Research Council Proposal Muslim Communities Learning About Second-hand Smoke in Bangladesh (MCLASS ll) Duration 1/01/17 - 30/06/20 Amount £771,920.00, fEC % 87.00% Name(s) of UKCTAS staff involved Co-investigator: Parrott, S.

Funder NIHR Programme Grants for Applied Research Proposal Improving Effectiveness of Nicotine replacement Therapy Duration 1/07/17 - 30/06/23 Amount £281,676.00, fEC % 50.00% Name(s) of UKCTAS staff involved Principal investigator: Torgerson, D Co-investigators: Parrott, S; Watson, J

Funder NIHR Research Capability Funding (CLAHRC 2015/16) Proposal Modelling LongTerm Quality of Life in Smoking Cessation Duration 1/06/15 - 31/03/16

Amount £5,250.00, fEC % 45.00% Name(s) of UKCTAS staff involved co-investigator: Parrott, S.

Funder EUROPEAN COMMISSION Proposal Tobacco cessation within TB programmes Duration 1/11/15 - 31/10/19 Amount £604,886.25, fEC % 77.00%

Name(s) of UKCTAS staff involved Principal investigator: Siddiqi, K. Co-investigator: Gabe, R, Parrott, S.

Funder MRC Public Health Intervention Development scheme (PHIND) Proposal Developing alcohol labelling interventions: the “what”, “who” and “how”. Duration 2016-2018 Total value of grant (if applicable, £195,948, (fEC) state 100% FEC and funder income rate e.g. 80% FEC) Name(s) of UKCTAS staff involved Attwood, A. (PI), Maynard, O.M, Munafo, M.R.

Funder Alcohol Research UK Proposal Know Your Limits: Labelling Interventions to Reduce Alcohol Consumption. Principal investigator

Progress Report 2013 -2017

Duration 2016-2017 Amount £7,478 Name(s) of UKCTAS staff involved PI: Maynard, O.M. Co-investigator: Munafò, M.R.

Funder NIHR Public Health Research Programme Proposal EXILENS – EXploring the Impact of alcohol Licensing in ENgland and Scotland: A mixed-method, natural experiment evaluation of public health engagement in alcohol premises licensing and impact on alcohol-related harms Duration 1st April 2017 – 31st March 2020. Amount £837,440 Name(s) of UKCTAS staff involved PI: Dr Niamh Fitzgerard, Stirling, L Bauld, C Angus, co-Is

Funder Chief Scientist Office Proposal Understanding the direct and indirect Impact of lowering Scotland’s drink-drive limit. Duration 1st March 2017 to 31st May 2018 Amount £130K Name(s) of UKCTAS staff involved Dr Niamh Fitzgerard,

Funder NIHR SPHR Proposal A national survey of adults in England (SPHR-SWP-ALC-WP5). Duration 2015 – 2017 Amount £73,836.00 Name(s) of UKCTAS staff involved Michie, S., Brown, J. (Co-PI), Beard, E., West, Holmes, J., Brennan, A.,

Funder National Institute for Health Research: Public Health Research Programme: Proposal The effectiveness of promotional campaigns associated with revised UK drinking guidelines: A prospective evaluation. Duration 2015 – 2018 Amount £605,358.24. Name(s) of UKCTAS staff involved Holmes, J., Buykx, P., Meier, P., Brennan, A., Michie, S., Brown, J., Beard, E., Lewis, S.

Funder Cancer Research UK Tobacco Advisory Group Proposal Secondary analysis of e-cigarette survey data. Duration 2015 – 2017 Amount £60,304.05 Name(s) of UKCTAS staff involved McNeill, A., Hitchman, S., Brose, L., Brown, J., West, R

Progress Report 2013 -2017

Funder City of London Corporation. Proposal Running and evaluation of Specialist Smoking Cessation Service. Duration 2015-2018. Amount £340,000 Name(s) of UKCTAS staff involved PI: P Hajek.

Funder Public Health England. Proposal Nicotine delivery from electronic cigarettes. Duration 2015-2016. Amount £50,000 Name(s) of UKCTAS staff involved P Hajek, H McRobbie.

Funder NIHR/HTA Proposal Helping people cope with temptations to smoke to reduce relapse: A factorial randomised controlled trial. Duration 2015-2019. Amount £1,160,000 Name(s) of UKCTAS staff involved McRobbie, Hajek et al.

Funder Pfizer. Proposal Dual Users of e-cigarettes and conventional cigarettes. Duration 2015-2017. Amount £172,000 Name(s) of UKCTAS staff involved Hajek, Myers,,McRobbie.

Funder MRC Name of grant MRC Intermittent Fasting: Acceptability, adherence and participant retention. Duration 2015-2017. Amount £129,000 Name(s) of UKCTAS staff involved Hajek.

Funder Cancer Research UK Name of grant Can electronic cigarettes help disadvantaged smokers who struggle to quit? Duration 2016-2018 Amount £73,900 Name(s) of UKCTAS staff involved Hajek, McRobbie.

Funder NIHR HTA Name of grant Helping pregnant smokers quit: Role of e-cigarettes.

Duration 2016-2020 Amount £1,600,000 Name(s) of UKCTAS staff involved P Hajek, T Coleman, L Bauld.

Progress Report 2013 -2017

Funder NIHR School for Primary Care Research - NIHR Post-doctoral Fellowship (R Begh) Name of grant A randomised controlled trial on the effectiveness of GP promotion of e-cigarettes in supporting reduced smoking and abstinence in hardcore smokers with smoking-related chronic disease (ERASE). Duration 1.11.16 to 31.10.19. Amount £398,766 Name(s) of UKCTAS staff involved Begh R, Aveyard P, Coleman T, Naughton F, Gilbert H, Barnes R, McNeill A, Yardley L.

Funder NIHR Programme Grant for Applied Research Proposal Improving effectiveness of nicotine replacement therapy for smoking cessation in pregnancy through better adherence and adequate dosing. RP-PG-0615-20003. Duration 1.4.17 to 31.3.23. Amount £2,498,478 Name(s) of UKCTAS staff involved Coleman T, McEwen A, Lewis S, Naughton F, Berlin I, Cooper S, Greenwood J, Mountcastle S, Parrott S, Torgerson D, Bauld L, Ussher M, Aveyard P, Sutton S, Vedhara K. ,

Funder Cancer Research UK Proposal Understanding the nature and drivers of dual use of electronic and tobacco cigarettes. Duration 1.7.17 to 30.6.18. Amount £48,337.84 Name(s) of UKCTAS staff involved Farley A, Aveyard P, Jones L, Adams R.

Funder Cancer Research UK Proposal Raising the topic of smoking cessation in general practice: a conversation analysis of GP consultations on smoking. Duration 1.2.17 to 31.1.16. Amount £55,916.65 Name(s) of UKCTAS staff involved Begh R, McEwen A, Barnes R, Aveyard P.

Funder Cancer Research UK Proposal Perceptions of GPs and nurses on the role of e-cigarettes for harm reduction and smoking cessation in general practice. Duration 1.2.17 to 31.7.17. Amount £25,217.62 Name(s) of UKCTAS staff involved Begh R, Aveyard P.

Funder Cancer Research UK Proposal Knowledge, attitudes and current practice of health professionals regarding the use of e-cigarettes and other smoking cessation interventions in cancer survivors Duration 1.2.17 to 31.1.18. Amount £44,582 Name(s) of UKCTAS staff involved Aveyard P

Progress Report 2013 -2017

Funder Bezmialem Vakif University Proposal Evaluation of alcohol control policies in Turkey Duration January 2016 for 12 months Amount NZ$16,500 Name(s) of UKCTAS staff involved Casswell, S

Funder International Development Research Centre (Canada) Proposal International Alcohol Control Study Intensive Data Analysis Workshop Duration March 2016 for 3 months.

Amount NZ$43,813 Name(s) of UKCTAS staff involved Casswell, S

Funder Hanoi School of Public Health Proposal Research on alcohol use and related policies in Vietnam Duration May 2016 for 1 month Amount NZ$17,850

Name(s) of UKCTAS staff involved Casswell, S, Huckle, T. & Parker, K.

Funder Hanoi School of Public Health Proposal Research on alcohol use and related policies in Vietnam Duration August 2016; 1 month Amount NZ$7,425.60

Name(s) of UKCTAS staff involved Casswell, S

Funder Department of Health, Policy Research Programme Proposal A comprehensive evaluation of the impact of recent English tobacco control policy using secondary data (PR-R14-1215-24001) Duration Jan 2017 – 31 Dec 2018 Amount £457,137 Name(s) of UKCTAS staff involved PI: Tessa Langley

Funder Medical Research Council – Global Alliance on Chronic Diseases Proposal Preventing smoking uptake among adolescents - A primary prevention initiative for chronic lung disease in India Duration Jan 2017 – July 2021 Amount £581,334 Name(s) of UKCTAS staff involved PI: Prof John Britton

Funder Cancer Research UK Proposal The Role of Stop Smoking Services in the Devolved Nations (C25760/A24352) Duration Nov 2016 – Feb 2017 Amount £24,965 Name(s) of UKCTAS staff involved PI: Dr Rachael Murray

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Funder Nottingham Clinical Commissioning Group Proposal Bridging funding for Leah Jayes Duration 12 months from March 2017 Amount £39,560 Name(s) of UKCTAS staff involved Britton J, Jayes L

Funder Cancer Research UK Proposal Career Development Fellowship (I Bogdanovica): Study of emissions, toxicity, sales and marketing data for tobacco and electronic cigarette products on the UK market Duration 6 years from 2016 Amount £869,771.48 Name(s) of UKCTAS staff involved Bogdanovica I, Britton J

Funder NIHR HTA Proposal A multi-centred Trial of physical Activity assisted Reduction of Smoking (TARS) Duration February 2017 – September 2020 Amount £1,821,614 Name(s) of UKCTAS staff involved Prof Adrian Taylor, University of Plymouth. Co-Is: Rachael Murray, Paul Aveyard, Michael Ussher

Funder MRC PHIND Proposal Feasibility and development of a novel intervention for active ageing and smoking cessation: the HoptoStop study Duration Jan 2017 – July 2017 Amount £141847.11 Name(s) of UKCTAS staff involved Sarah Allison, University of Surrey; Co-I Manpreet Bains, University of Nottingham

Funder NIHR Proposal Helping pregnant smokers quit: Multi-centre RCT of electronic cigarettes vs usual care Duration May 2017 – April 2021 Amount £1,721,962 Name(s) of UKCTAS staff involved Hajek P, McRobbie H, Coleman T, Bauld L, Ussher M, Cooper S, Naughton F, Sinclair L, Lewis S, Manyonda I, Przulj D, Sasieni P and Walton R

Funder NIHR Proposal EXILENS – Exploring the impact of alcohol licensing in England and Scotland: A mixed-method, natural experiment evaluation of public health engagement in alcohol premises licensing and impact on alcohol-related harms Duration April 2017 – March 2020 Amount £837,436

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Name(s) of UKCTAS staff involved Fitzgerald N, Bauld L, de Vocht F, Angus C, Egan M, Nicholls J, Shortt N and Nichols T

Funder Medical Research Council Proposal Preventing re-starting smoking postpartum (PReSS study) Duration January 2017 – June 2018 Amount £4,047 Name(s) of UKCTAS staff involved Bauld L

Funder NIHR Proposal Impacts of e-cigarette regulation via the EU tobacco products directive on young people’s use of e-cigarettes: A natural experiment Duration January 2017 – April 2019 Amount £403,751 Name(s) of UKCTAS staff involved Bauld L, MacKintosh AM, Munafo M

Funder Cancer Research UK Proposal Attitudes to and use of electronic cigarettes: A multi-centre longitudinal cohort survey of smokers and recent ex-smokers during pregnancy and postpartum Duration October 2016 – August 2018 Amount £102,136 Name(s) of UKCTAS staff involved Cooper S, Sinclair L, Naughton F, McRobbie H, Orton S, Ussher M, Lewis S, Coleman T and Bauld L

Funder NIHR Proposal Evaluating graduated progress towards and impacts of the implementation of indoor smoke free prison facilities in Scotland Start and end date of grant July 2016 – June 2019 Amount £855,045 Name(s) of UKCTAS staff involved Bauld L, Eadie D

Funder NIHR Proposal Helping people cope with temptations to smoke to reduce relapse: A factorial RCT Duration February 2016 – July 2019 Amount £1,168,718 Name(s) of UKCTAS staff involved McRobbie HJ, Hajek P, McEwan A, McNeill A, Lewis S, Bauld L, Brennan A, Meier P, Parrott S

Funder Department of Health (through Tommy’s) Proposal Baby Be Smoke Free – A quit smoking service for young mums-to-be Start and end date of grant September 2016 – August 2017 Amount £247,682 Name(s) of UKCTAS staff involved Bauld L, Dobbie F and Crithlow N

Funder Chief Scientist Office (Scotland)

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Proposal Promoting smoking cessation during pregnancy: A combined feasibility and pilot trial of a theory-based intervention using narrative, images and embedded behaviour change techniques, delivered via text-messaging Duration January 2017 – June 2019 Amount £279,019 Name(s) of UKCTAS staff involved Bauld L

Funder Cancer Research UK Proposal Pilot research study for the Policy Research Centre for Cancer Prevention, Cancer Research UK: Youth Policy Surveys (YPS) Duration April 2016 – February 2017 Amount £30,844

Name(s) of UKCTAS staff involved Mackintosh AM, Eadie D, Stead M, McKell J and Bauld L

Funder Cancer Research UK Proposal E-cigarette marketing: Current research policy Duration March 2016 – May 2016 Amount £29,938

Name(s) of UKCTAS staff involved Bauld L, Angus K, Ford A and de Andrade M

Funder Cancer Research UK Proposal Retail audit to evaluate standardised packaging and its impact in the UK proposal to investigate the issues affecting the sustainability of community retailers in Scotland Duration December 2015 – January 2018 Amount £63,993

Name(s) of UKCTAS staff involved Stead M, Eadie D, MacKintosh AM, Bauld L, Angus K and Murray S

Funder Cancer Research UK Proposal Attitudes to electronic cigarettes: A qualitative study of women who are pregnant or have recently given birth Duration October 2015 – October 2016 Amount £4,709 Name(s) of UKCTAS staff involved Bauld L and Sinclair L

Funder British Council - FCO Science and Innovation Fund for Uruguay Proposal British Council Research Links Workshop Grant Duration December 2015 - May 2016 Amount £35,460

Name(s) of UKCTAS staff involved Bauld L

Funder NHS Health Scotland Proposal Research on warnings on cigarettes and pack inserts Duration November 2015 – March 2016

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Amount £25,000 Name(s) of UKCTAS staff involved Moodie C, Bauld L and Hiscock R

Funder Roy Castle Lung Cancer Foundation Proposal Feasibility and acceptability of e-cigarettes for smoking cessation in lung cancer patients Duration February 2016 – January 2017 Amount £24,994

Name(s) of UKCTAS staff involved Bauld L, Sinclair L and McKell J

Funder Cancer Research UK Proposal CRUK Centre for Tobacco Control Research Duration October 2015 – September 2018 Amount £652,314

Name(s) of UKCTAS staff involved MacKintosh AM, Bauld L, Moodie C, Ford A

Funder NIHR Public Health Research Programme Proposal Mass media for public health messages Duration October 2015 - March 2017 Amount £207,068

Name(s) of UKCTAS staff involved Bauld L, Stead M, Thomas J, Lewis S, Langley T, Hilton S and Katikireddi S

Funder Smoke Free Partnership Proposal Smoke Free Partnership Evaluation Duration September 2015 – August 2016 (Year 1) Amount £7,878

Name(s) of UKCTAS staff involved Bauld L, Ford A and Stead M

Funder Medical University of South Carolina Proposal Evaluating how tobacco control policies are shaping the nicotine delivery market Duration 19/4/16 – 31/03/17 (yearly extension until 31/03/21) Amount £2.6M Name(s) of UKCTAS staff involved Co-applicant: Prof Ann McNeill (Sub-recipient Principal Investigator)

Funder Horizon 2020 (2017-2021), European Training Network 721567 Proposal Childhood and adolescence psychopathology: Unravelling the complex aetiology by a large interdisciplinary collaboration in Europe. Duration 2017 Amount €3,163,688 (100% fEC). Name(s) of UKCTAS staff involved Munafò, M.R.,

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Funder Royal College of Physicians Proposal Royal College of Physicians: smoking cessation interventions Duration 19/12/16 → 31/03/18 Amount £28,000.00 Name(s) of UKCTAS staff involved Parrott, S.

Funder NIHR Proposal Programme Grant: ADVANCE - Advancing artiologies and treatment approaches for males in substance misuse treatment Duration 1/10/16 → 30/09/21

Amount £98,488.00 Name(s) of UKCTAS staff involved Parrott, S.

Funder Cancer Research UK Proposal Can electronic cigarettes help disadvantaged smokers who struggle to quit? Duration 2017-2018 Amount £73,900 Name(s) of UKCTAS staff involved Hajek, McRobbie

Funder Cancer Research UK Proposal Natural history and trajectory of smokers who also vape

Duration 2017-2019 Amount £98,000 Name(s) of UKCTAS staff involved Hajek and Bauld

Funder Health Research Board (Dublin) (Led by Trinity College Dublin) Proposal We Can Quit 2: A randomised pilot trial of a community-based smoking cessation intervention for women in disadvantaged areas of Ireland Duration May 2017 – February 2020 Amount €540,761 (University of Stirling funding: £20,909) Name(s) of UKCTAS staff involved Hayes C et al, Bauld L and Dobbie F

Funder Cancer Research UK (Led by University of Glasgow) Proposal Cessation in Pregnancy Incentives Trial (CPIT): A phase III randomised controlled trial

Duration Await confirmed start date (duration 39 months) Amount £425,334 (to be confirmed)

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Name(s) of UKCTAS staff involved Tappin D et al, Bauld L, Sinclair L and Hoddinot P

Funder NIHR (Led by NatCen) Proposal Tobacco controls and the changing profile of smokers

Duration January 2018 – December 2019 Amount £21,048 Name(s) of UKCTAS staff involved Stead M and MacKintosh AM

Funder Cancer Research UK Proposal Adult smokers’ perceptions of pack inserts with positive messages: A naturalistic study Duration April – December 2017 Amount £55,884 Name(s) of UKCTAS staff involved Moodie C, Critchlow N and Purves R

Funder Cancer Research UK Proposal The MIQUIT Study: RCT and meta-analysis Testing effectiveness and cost effectiveness of a tailored text message programme for smoking cessation in pregnancy. Duration April 2017 to October 2019 Amount £296,687 Name(s) of UKCTAS staff involved T Coleman, M Jones, S. Cooper, F. Naughton, S. Sutton, M. Ussher, C Hewitt,J Leonardi-Bee, D Torgerson.

Funder Cancer Research UK Proposal Socioeconomic Inequalities in Experiences of Smoking Cessation Interventions: a systematic review Duration April-September 2017 Amount £23,670. Name(s) of UKCTAS staff involved Amos A, Hill S, Smith C.

Funder Cancer Research UK Proposal Longitudinal survey on e-cigarette use and smoking behaviour: 5th wave Duration 01/04/17 – 31/03/18 Amount £40,735.68 Name(s) of UKCTAS staff involved Main applicant: Dr Timea Partos

Cis: Dr Leonie Brose and Prof Ann McNeill

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Funder Heart Research UK (via Sheffield Hallam University) Proposal Impact on cardiovascular function in smokers making a quit attempt using E-cigarettes compared with smokers making a quit attempt with prescription Nicotine-Replacement Therapy (ISME-NRT) Duration 24/04/17 – 23/04/20 Amount £144,134 Name(s) of UKCTAS staff involved Main applicant: Dr Markos Klonizakis (Sheffield Hallam University)

Co-applicant: Dr Leonie Brose

Funder National Institutes of Health/National Cancer Institute (United States) Proposal Pilot Study Evaluation of the Ban on E-cigarettes Advertising Among Youth in Scotland Duration 01/03/17-31/12/17 Amount $13,563.00 USD Name(s) of UKCTAS staff involved Main applicant: Dr Sara Hitchman

Funder National Institutes of Health/National Cancer Institute (United States) Proposal Evaluating how tobacco control policies are shaping the Nicotine Delivery Market Duration 19/04/16 – 31/03/21 Amount $15,180,235.00 USD Name(s) of UKCTAS staff involved Co-I: Prof Ann McNeill and Dr Sara Hitchman

Funder European Commission Proposal EUREST-PLUS – European Regulatory Science on Tobacco: Policy implementation to reduce lung diseases Duration 01/01/16 – 31/12/18 Amount 526,650 EUR Name(s) of UKCTAS staff involved Co-I: Prof Ann McNeill and Dr Sara Hitchman

Funder Cancer Research UK/British Heart Foundation Proposal Adult Tobacco Policy Survey Duration 01/11/15 – 01/12/17 Amount £123,305.48 Name(s) of UKCTAS staff involved Co-PI: Dr Sara Hitchman CO-I Prof Ann McNeill

Funder National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Public Health Research Programme

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Proposal Understanding the impact of tobacco tax increases and tobacco industry pricing on smoking behaviour and inequalities

Duration 01/09/14 – 30/06/17 Amount £344,894.56 Name(s) of UKCTAS staff involved PI: Prof Ann McNeill Co-Is: Prof Anna Gilmore, Dr Sara Hitchman, Dr Rosemary Hiscock

Funder NIHR Proposal Appraising the effect of implementing local minimum unit pricing under the Sustainable Communities Act on alcohol consumption in the North West of England Duration 2017 – 2018 Amount £287,114 Name(s) of UKCTAS staff involved Brennan A, Buykx P, Angus C, Meier P, Holmes J, Pryce R, Gillespie D.

Funder Alcohol Research UK Proposal Changes to the alcohol treatment commissioning landscape: a qualitative study of stakeholder perspectives Duration 2017-2018 Amount £56,091 Name(s) of UKCTAS staff involved Buykx P, Irving A, Brennan A, Meier P

Funder Public Health England Proposal Incorporating new methods to estimate the distribution of risk factors at population subgroup level by local authority into the Global Burden of Disease model: a case study using local evidence on alcohol consumption distributions Duration 2017 Amount £4,000 Name(s) of UKCTAS staff involved Colin Angus, Rob Pryce and Alan Brennan

Funder Medical Research Council Proposal Global Challenges Research Fund: Building capacity for applied research to reduce tobacco-related harm in low and middle income countries Duration 2017 Amount £3,185,514 Name(s) of UKCTAS staff involved Bauld L, Britton J, Parrott S, Collin J, Gilmore A, McNeill A

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Appendix 3 – UKCTAS workstreams and cross-cutting themes 2013 – 2017

Workstream 1: Behaviour and risks of tobacco and alcohol use

We assess the determinants and risks to individuals and society as a result of tobacco and alcohol use, and examine how current theorisation of tobacco use and behaviour can be applied to alcohol.

WS1 leads:

Marcus Munafo (Bristol), Matt Field (Liverpool)

Early career researcher leads:

Olivia Maynard (Bristol), Eric Robinson (Liverpool)

Other UKCTAS investigators:

Behaviour: Susan Michie (UCL), Robert West (UCL), Linda Bauld (Stirling) Risks: Sarah Lewis (Nottingham), Jo Leonardi-Bee (Nottingham)

WS1 Overview

This workstream aims to improve understanding of the key drivers of smoking and harmful use of alcohol. To assist this process, UKCTAS investigators have developed the Behaviour Change Wheel (http://www.implementationscience.com/content/6/1/42) and PRIME theory (http://www.primetheory.com/) to describe the process of how behaviour change occurs.

The following areas are identified as ongoing or future work:

University of Bristol (Munafò, Maynard):

1. Exploring pathways into alcohol and tobacco use and use of cotinine levels to define validated smoking trajectories.

Project lead: Amy Taylor

This topic contains several projects:

Cotinine GWAS meta-analysis: We have completed a GWAS meta-analysis of cotinine levels in current, daily smokers, with the aim of identifying genetic variants associated with heaviness of smoking. This is an international consortium-based project comprising 11 studies (including the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children - ALSPAC).

Update August 2015: We identified a locus close to UGT2B10 at 4q13.2 (minimum p = 5.89 x 10-10 for rs114612145), which was consequently replicated in two independent samples. This variant is in high linkage disequilibrium with a known functional variant in the UGT2B10 gene that is associated with reduced nicotine and cotinine glucuronidation activity, but is not associated with nicotine intake. Additionally, we observed association between multiple variants within the 15q25.1 region and cotinine levels, all located within the CHRNA5-A3-B4 gene cluster or adjacent genes (minimum p = 1.46 x 10-19 for rs10851907), consistent with previous much larger GWAS using self-report measures of smoking quantity.

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The results from this study illustrate two important points. Firstly, they demonstrate the increase in power afforded by using precise biomarker measures in genetic association studies. Secondly, they highlight that biomarkers do not always mark the phenotype of interest, and that the use of metabolite data (e.g., cotinine) as a proxy for environmental exposures should be carefully considered in the context of individual differences in metabolic pathways.

Update April 2017: This paper was published at Scientific Reports in February 2016:

Ware JJ et al. Sci Rep. 2016 Feb 1;6:20092.

Smoking topography recall-by-genotype study: We are currently employing a recall-by-genotype approach to explore the association between rs1051730/rs16969968 and smoking quantity. The protocol has been published in BMC Medical Genetics (see publications in appendix).

Update April 2017: This study is ongoing. Data collection is 70% complete.

Nicotine challenge study: We are currently developing a protocol to examine the impact of rs1051730/rs16969968 genotype on response to nicotine challenge in humans. This will be a translational study building directly upon preclinical research using alpha-5 knock-out mice. Testing will take place at two sites (University of Bristol and University of East London), and is planned to commence in early 2015, pending favourable ethics review.

A number of other consortium-based genetics projects are also in progress (e.g., GWAS and Sequencing Consortium of Alcohol and Nicotine Use; GSCAN) aiming to determine the genetic aetiology of multiple smoking-related phenotypes, including initiation and age of initiation.

This protocol is still in development.

Update August 2015: The study protocol and associated documents have now been approved by Faculty of Science Human Research Ethics Committee (July 2015).

Update April 2017: This study is ongoing. Data collection is 40% complete.

Mendelian randomisation analysis of the causal effect of coffee consumption on smoking behaviour: This is a new project which was conceived and completed in the last year. We found no evidence for a causal effect of coffee consumption on smoking initiation. However, we identified a causal effect of coffee consumption on both smoking cessation and smoking heaviness.

Building upon the results of these causal analyses, in collaboration with colleagues at the University of Toronto, we conducted a series of preclinical studies to assess the impact of coffee constituents on nicotine metabolism inhibition in vitro using human liver microsomes and CYP2A6 supersomes. The findings of these studies did not support an effect of coffee on nicotine metabolism. A follow up Mendelian randomisation analysis conducted in UK Biobank did not find support for a causal effect of coffee consumption on smoking heaviness.

Update April 2017: A revised manuscript including all these studies is currently under review at Addiction. Ware JJ et al. Does coffee consumption impact on heaviness of smoking? Addiction (under review). 2017.

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We also conducted a human laboratory study to investigate the effect of caffeine consumption on tobacco withdrawal following a period of short-term tobacco abstinence. Additional experimental studies are planned, for which grant funding has been sought (see below), with the goal of progressing to two full clinical trials if successful.

2. Exploring family, social and genetic risk factors for experimentation and uptake of tobacco and alcohol.

Project lead: Suzi Gage

Work commenced in November 2014.

Genetic risk scores for childhood mental health on smoking and alcohol use behaviour: Proposals to undertake these analyses have been approved by the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children executive board. Datasets have been compiled and these analyses are being undertaken. Risk scores available include those for ADHD, depression, bipolar disorder and schizophrenia.

Assessing the causal relationship between smoking and schizophrenia: A recent genome wide association study for schizophrenia found that a gene strongly associated with heaviness of smoking was also associated at genome wide significance with schizophrenia. This, alongside observational evidence suggesting smoking status predicts risk of schizophrenia or psychosis, suggests smoking may be a risk factor for schizophrenia. Data has been requested from UK Biobank in order to undertake a Mendelian randomisation analysis to explore whether the association is indeed causal, or a pleiotropic effect of that genetic variant.

Update April 2017: 2-sample Mendelian randomization analysis published. Gage, S. et al. Scientific Reports, 2017, 40653. http://doi.org/10.1038/srep40653

ALSPAC study on smoking and education using Mendelian randomization is analysed and currently being written up for submission. ALSPAC study on smoking and neuroticism currently being analysed.

A grant entitled ‘DNA methylation in e-cigarette users versus cigarette smokers and never-smokers has been awarded by Cancer Research UK Population Research Committee. This grant will allow us to investigate similarities and differences in epigenetic DNA methylation patterns between smokers and e-cigarette users. We are collecting saliva samples from smokers, vapers and non-smokers. The protocol is published on the Open Science Framework, and recruitment has begun for the study.

This grant was awarded to Suzi Gage and Rebecca Richmond (of ICEP unit, University of Bristol), and started in September 2016, lasting 2.5 years: Gage, S et al. Investigating epigenetic DNA-methylation patterns in e-cigarette users, compared to smokers and non-smokers. Cancer Research UK (2016-2019) £185,000 (fEC).

3. Using eye tracking / fMRI to explore visual attention to advertising, packaging and media imagery, in laboratory and naturalistic settings.

Project lead: Olivia Maynard Collaborators: Inge Kersbergen and Natasha Clarke

Update April 2017: Eye-tracking and tobacco packaging: Three laboratory-based eye-tracking studies have been conducted, supported by a grant awarded to Olivia Maynard by the Cancer Research UK (CRUK) Tobacco Advisory Group. This two year grant will finish in June 2017. Marcus Munafò also received funding from the MRC (capital equipment bid) to purchase a new eye-tracker, which has supported the activities planned as part of this CRUK grant.

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The three studies have examined the impact of health warning location, warning framing and warning immediacy on visual attention to them. Data collection is now complete and data analysis is now in progress. We plan to write up the findings of all three studies in one manuscript and submit to the journal Psychological Science.

Maynard, O.M., Munafò, M.R. Using cognitive neuroscience to improve the effectiveness of tobacco health warnings. Cancer Research UK Tobacco Advisory Group Project Award (2015) £18,195.78 (non- fEC).

fMRI and tobacco packaging: A manuscript describing research using fMRI and eye-tracking to investigate attention to health warnings on tobacco products has been published in the journal Addiction (Maynard et al, 2016; Addiction).

Eye-tracking and alcohol packaging:

a. Liverpool: Across two studies, UKCTAS-funded PhD student Inge Kersbergen demonstrated that alcohol consumers devote minimal attention to health warnings on alcohol packaging, but the degree of attention is proportional to their size relative to the rest of the packaging (Kersbergen & Field, 2017; BMC Public Health). Drinkers who were motivated to reduce their alcohol consumption did not consistently direct any more (or less) attention to health warnings than drinkers who were not motivated, and encouraging participants to focus their attention on health warnings did not affect their intentions to drink alcohol or limit their drinking. The findings were covered by the popular media (https://www.theguardian.com/society/2017/jan/28/plain-packaging-graphic-warning- alcohol-craft-drinks-sanctimonious-health-experts) and specialist marketing (http://www.worldtrademarkreview.com/blog/Detail.aspx?g=3bccd1b2-9bdb-4f71-862a- c3a004e42a1b) and alcohol policy (http://www.alcoholpolicy.net/2017/02/do-responsible- drinking-messages-attract-attention.html) blogs. b. Bristol: Carlos Sillero, a PhD student supervised by Olivia Maynard has started an eye-tracking study (n = 128) investigating the impact of alcohol health warning severity and a self- affirmation intervention on visual attention to warnings. Data collection is expected to be complete in August 2017.

Eye-tracking and alcohol advertising:

Update April 2017: a. Liverpool: Inge Kersbergen completed an experimental study investigating the effect of alcohol advertising on alcohol consumption in a naturalistic ‘lounge’ setting. This study was completed and incorporated into Inge’s PhD thesis, which she successfully defended in January 2017. We do not plan to submit the study for publication because a methodological issue meant that there was reduced scope for alcohol advertising to influence drink choice. b. Liverpool: Inge Kersbergen completed two studies that investigated participants’ eye movements to brand and health information in TV advertisements and public health campaigns, and these were accepted for publication in Psychology of Addictive Behaviors in April 2017 (DOI not yet available). We found that participants devoted minimal attention to health information if that information was displayed in the context of a conventional alcohol advertisement (attended to for less than 1% of the time that it was displayed), but this increased to 7% if the health information was presented in the context of an alcohol advertisement that emphasised responsible drinking, and 43% if the health information was presented in the context of a public health campaign. Our findings suggest that the context in which alcohol-related health information is presented is crucial, and this information is effectively ignored in conventional alcohol adverts. Across both studies, we also observed no association between individual differences in attention to health information and drinking habits or motivation to reduce drinking.

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4. Using Mendelian randomization and negative control methods to explore causal effects of tobacco and alcohol use on a range of health outcomes.

Project lead: Amy Taylor

Mendelian randomisation analysis of the causal effects of smoking: We have established the Consortium for Causal Analysis Research in Tobacco and Alcohol (CARTA), a consortium of over 30 studies with data on over 150,000 individuals (see http://www.bris.ac.uk/expsych/research/brain/targ/research/collaborations/carta/). CARTA has run five analyses looking at the causal effects of tobacco use on depression/anxiety, blood pressure and pulse, regional adiposity, income and vitamin D levels.

Update April 2017: The following papers have been published or are in press:

Skaaby, TA et al. Scientific Reports. 2017 (in press) Linneberg A et al. Circ-Cardiovasc Gene. 2015;8(6):832-841. Morris RW, Taylor AE et al.. BMJ open. 2015;5(8). Taylor AE et al. PLoS Genet. 2014 Dec4;10(12). Taylor, AE et al. BMJ Open. 2014 Oct 7;4(10):e006141.

We submitted a successful grant application to CRUK to fund collection of data on e-cigarettes use in the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children. The data collection for this project is now underway. We have been awarded a GRAND award from Pfizer to investigate effectiveness of smoking cessation medications amongst individuals with mental health conditions. The analysis for this project is in progress.

University of Liverpool (Field, Robinson):

5. Using Ecological Momentary Assessment to examine associations between differing states of disinhibition and alcohol consumption.

Project lead: Andrew Jones, University of Liverpool

Update April 2017: a. Liverpool: We completed several EMA studies to investigate associations between naturally- occurring fluctuations in disinhibition and attentional bias, and day-to-day variation in alcohol consumption. In an MRC-funded study with 100 heavy drinkers who were motivated to reduce their alcohol consumption, all recruited from the local community, we demonstrated that day- to-day variations in disinhibition were not predictive of day-to-day variations in alcohol consumption. However, within-day fluctuations in disinhibition (i.e. if people became more disinhibited over the course of the day) were associated with elevated alcohol consumption later that day. In another study, we demonstrated that attentional bias for alcohol cues averaged over the course of the day was not a reliable predictor of alcohol consumption later that day, but attentional bias that was measured in close temporal proximity to the onset of drinking occasions was a significant predictor of alcohol consumption later that day. The first finding has been written up for publication and we hope to submit before the end of May 2017; the second is preliminary and we are currently conducting replication and extension studies before writing this up for publication. b. Liverpool: We conducted two pilot studies to investigate if a novel behavioural intervention (‘inhibition training’) could be delivered via smartphones and if this intervention would prompt people to reduce their alcohol consumption. In the first, we demonstrated that repeated completion of a standard inhibitory control task on a smartphone prompted a robust

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improvement in inhibitory control, but this was not associated with a reduction in alcohol consumption (beyond a non-specific effect that was also seen in a control group). In a second study we investigated if a ‘gamified’ version of inhibition training’ would increase user engagement and prompt improvements in inhibitory control and reductions in alcohol consumption. The gamified inhibition training was well received by participants and it did prompt improvements in inhibitory control, but this did not generalise to a distinct inhibitory control task in the laboratory and there were no reductions in alcohol consumption beyond a non-specific effect that was also seen in a control group. The first study has been written up for publication and we hope to submit before the end of May 2017; the second will be incorporated into the PhD thesis of Mrunal Bandawar (estimated submission July 2017) and may be submitted for publication alongside other pilot studies that investigated related topics.

6. Laboratory work testing theoretical predictions about the influence of learned behavioural responses, automatic cognitive processes and disinhibition on alcohol intake.

Project lead: Matt Field, University of Liverpool

Update April 2017: a. Liverpool: UKCTAS-funded PhD student Lisa Di Lemma demonstrated that brief sessions of ‘inhibition training’ and ‘cue avoidance’ training completed in the laboratory prompted robust reductions in alcohol consumption (study 1), increased engagement of brain electrophysiological markers of inhibitory control during exposure to alcohol cues (study 2), but no robust devaluation of alcohol cues (study 3). She is currently finalising her thesis and is due to submit before July 2017. Study 1 is currently under review (following favourable reviews of the original submission) and studies 2 and 3 are being written-up for publication. Another PhD student (Mrunal Bandawar) also demonstrated increased engagement of brain electrophysiological markers of inhibitory control after inhibitory control training that were comparable to those seen after a brief mindfulness intervention, and these pilot findings will be incorporated into his PhD thesis and may be submitted for publication alongside other pilot findings. b. Liverpool: UKCTAS-funded PhD student Jay Duckworth has been investigating sign-tracking and goal-tracking processes in problem drinkers. He has demonstrated a robust sign-tracking effect that is (unexpectedly) unrelated to individual differences in alcohol consumption but is potentiated by acute alcohol challenge. These findings will be incorporated into his PhD thesis (due for submission before end of September 2017) and are being written-up for publication. c. Liverpool: Finally, as part of an MRC-funded project grant we have investigated if exposure to alcohol-related cues or laboratory stressors prompt transient impairments in inhibitory control, and if these (hypothesised) impairments are associated with subsequent alcohol consumption in the laboratory. In the first study, recently published (McGrath et al., 2016, Psychopharmacology) we demonstrated that a laboratory stressor led to increased alcohol consumption (relative to a control manipulation), but this was not accompanied by or mediated by a change in inhibitory control. Findings from the second study were supportive of our hypotheses: relative to exposure to neutral cues, exposure to alcohol-related cues led to impaired inhibitory control, increased alcohol craving, and increased alcohol consumption. Critically, the effects of alcohol cue exposure on subsequent alcohol consumption were partially mediated by the impairment in inhibitory control. These data are currently under review. Andy Jones was awarded an ESRC ‘Future Leaders’ research grant (2017-2018) to build on these findings by exploring the role of ‘proactive’ inhibitory control in problem drinking.

7. Laboratory work investigating the psychological mechanisms that underlie loss of control over drinking after a priming dose.

Project lead: Paul Christiansen

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Update April 2017: a. Liverpool: We demonstrated that an alcohol placebo administered in a ‘bar lab’ could impair inhibitory control, and increase craving and voluntary alcohol consumption, in the complete absence of pharmacological effects of alcohol (Christiansen et al., 2016, Psychology of Addictive Behaviours; 2017, Psychopharmacology). In another study, we demonstrated that, relative to a placebo, acute alcohol led to impaired inhibitory control and increased intake of unhealthy food, and the effect of alcohol on food intake was mediated by the magnitude of the impairment in inhibitory control (Christiansen et al., 2016, Health Psychology). We are currently conducting additional laboratory work to build on these findings, and we hope to be able to develop a psychological model of the psychological processes that underlie the pharmacological and psychological effects of alcohol intoxication on the motivation to drink alcohol, and other motivated behaviours such as food intake.

8. Laboratory work exploring social influences on alcohol intake and interventions to mitigate these influences.

Project-lead:-Eric-Robinson

Update April 2017: a. Liverpool: We demonstrated that social mimicry effects on alcohol consumption (in which people are more likely to drink alcohol to excess if they are interacting with someone who is drinking heavily) are not limited to strangers, as they are also seen in dyads who know each other well (Dallas et al., 2014, Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research). However, among strangers, mimicry effects are driven by ‘ingratiation motives’: people will drink more alcohol when interacting with a heavy drinking stranger because they believe that this will make the other person like them more. We submitted several funding applications to build on these findings (and extend them to other motivated behaviour, including eating behaviour) but unfortunately none were successful. However, we are currently hosting Dr Allecia Reid- McCarthy from Colby College (Maine, USA) who won a prestigious Fulbright Scholarship to visit Liverpool for one year (July 2017-July 2017) to work with Matt Field and Eric Robinson on a project that aims to test a psychological intervention (‘self-affirmation’) that may reduce susceptibility to social mimicry effects (and thereby identify an intervention that may reduce binge drinking in social situations).

9. Testing brief psychological and choice architecture interventions in young problem drinkers.

Project lead: Abi Rose

Liverpool: We completed a study in which we compared the effects of a brief intervention with an appropriate control for the reduction of alcohol consumption in young adults. Both interventions led to a reduction in drinking compared to pre-treatment, but there was no difference between the brief intervention and the comparison treatment. This will be written up and submitted for publication before the middle of 2015. This was published in PloS One (Clarke et al., 2015).

Update April 2017: a. Liverpool: We conducted a laboratory study to investigate the effects of different types of information on drinking glasses (alcohol units, calories, food equivalent, exercise equivalent) on alcohol consumption in the laboratory, and this was complemented by a focus group study that investigated perceptions of this glassware in alcohol consumers. The focus groups suggested that participants believed that they would reduce their alcohol consumption if glassware highlighted the exercise or food equivalents of the alcohol that was contained in the

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glass, but the laboratory study demonstrated no differential effects of different glassware on actual alcohol consumption. These findings are currently being written-up for publication. b. Liverpool: We conducted an initial laboratory study to investigate the influence of serving size on alcohol consumption: we found that participants consumed significantly less alcohol overall if the default serving size was reduced. We are currently conducting an extension and replication in a field setting (during a ‘pub quiz’) and we intend to publish the findings from these two studies together before preparing a bid for external funding. c. Liverpool were awarded PhD funding from Public Health England to develop and evaluate a brief intervention to reduce alcohol consumption in people who are claiming unemployment benefits. The project started in November 2016 and preliminary work is underway. d. Liverpool: Matt Field is preparing an application to the NIHR Public Health scheme to investigate the short-term and long-term effects of a brief (one month) period of abstinence versus a reduction in drinking to within UK government guidelines, in heavy drinkers recruited from the local community, on short-term and long-term outcomes including alcohol consumption, alcohol-related physiological markers (e.g. liver function), change in core psychological processes, and mood and wellbeing. This project will involve colleagues across UKCTAS as well as colleagues in Medicine at Liverpool and other institutions. e. Bristol: David Troy, a PhD student funded through the NIHR SPHR, has conducted a series of studies investigating the effects of glass characteristics on drinking behaviour, including glass shape, volume markings, and nucleation. This has provided some evidence that glass marking may slow drinking rate (Troy et al., 2017). The project has included collaborations with a local brewer to explore the feasibility of conducting field trials to investigate the efficacy of choice architecture interventions designed to reduce rate of alcohol consumption (Troy et al., 2015). A number of other studies are currently being written up for publication. f. Bristol: A laboratory based study of 264 social alcohol consumers, run by Olivia Maynard, investigated the impact of unit and calorie information on drinking behaviour using an ad libitum taste test task. Data collection has recently been completed and the results indicate no differences in the volume of beer consumed based on unit or calorie information. Qualitative feedback from participants indicated that they ‘drink to get drunk’ and that labelling of this kind is unlikely to have the effect of reducing consumption among this population. A manuscript is being prepared for submission to Alcohol and Alcoholism.

University of Nottingham (Leonardi-Bee, Lewis, Fleming):

10. Using 1958, 1970 and Millennium cohorts, and THIN data, to explore trajectories of smoking and alcohol behaviour, and other conduct problems.

Project lead: Sarah Lewis

Trajectories of alcohol in 1958 cohort have been mapped by Adrian Byrne (Institute of Mental Health, University of Nottingham). A PhD proposal is being prepared to extend this work.

Update August 2015: The studentship application to study trajectories of alcohol behaviour was unsuccessful. Risk factors for persistence of smoking from adolescence to adulthood in the 1970 British Birth Cohort was studied in a Masters student dissertation showing important effects of maternal smoking on persistence of smoking to age 34. This work has not yet been published, and will be extended to look at trajectories through a wider range of ages.

The potential of THIN for epidemiological studies of alcohol consumption was studied by Manjula Nugawela as part of a PhD in Nottingham. This work found that alcohol consumption remains very inadequately recorded in GP records.

11. Using linked THIN and other datasets of maternal and child records to explore impacts of maternal active and passive smoking on maternal and child birth and other health outcomes.

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Project lead: Coleman, Lewis

Data from the Smoking Nicotine and Pregnancy (SNAP) trial have been used for exploring the effects of NRT on developmental outcomes.

Update August 2015: Subsequent effects of NRT on the children of mothers who are treated during pregnancy ae unknown because no trials have investigated the effect of gestational NRT use beyond birth. We used data from the SNAP trial to assess whether NRT use in pregnancy might cause harm to infants, through comparing the effects of NRT and placebo on infant development 2 years after delivery. The findings are published in the Lancet Respiratory Medicine journal.

Using data from the SNAP trial, we have investigated influences on shorter and longer term cessation among pregnant women using nicotine replacement therapy (NRT). The findings have been published in the NTR journal.

We have also used the SNAP trial data to assessed the role of the ratio of trans-3’-hydroxycotinine to cotinine on cessation in pregnant women, through investigating the relationships between the rate of nicotine metabolism, maternal characteristics and smoking cessation.

Funding was sought from the HTA to follow-up the SNAP cohort with educational and cognitive ability outcomes at age 6/7 but this was unsuccessful.

THIN was used for a PhD thesis to assess the prevalence of smoking recording, pharmacological smoking cessation aid use, and the impacts of smoking on outcomes. This yielded 4 publications (Pediatrics, British Journal of General Practice, Plos one, Journal of Public Health) assessing the completeness of smoking recording, the prevalence of smoking in pregnancy, and the largest studies of the prevalence of NRT use in different groups of women and by trimester, and the safety of NRT in relation to specific anatomical congenital anomaly groups. The risk of c-section delivery, low birthweight, preterm delivery and stillbirth were also assessed in the thesis in relation to both smoking and NRT use. In general NRT conferred similar risks to smoking and did not reduce risks – this may be due to selection of heavier smokers taking NRT.

Currently we are using CPRD-HES to assess the impact of maternal smoking on children’s health care use up to the age of 5, both primary and secondary as part of an economic analysis and description of resource use burden.

12. Using large databases, and systematic review and meta-analysis, to explore health impacts of maternal active and passive smoking in pregnancy

Project lead: Jo Leonardi-Bee

A website termed ‘SmokeHaz’ has been recently developed by researchers in Nottingham to present the results of reviews of the effects of smoking and passive smoking on health, in a user-friendly format - http://www.europeanlung.org/en/projects-and-research/projects/smokehaz/home

Update April 2017: The SmokeHaz project is now complete. As mentioned in Cross Cutting Theme 2, a PhD project examining the evidence of harms of alcohol (AlcoHaz) using systematic reviews and meta-analyses is in its second year. Currently we have investigated the effect of alcohol on the risk of sleep apnoea, pneumonia, tuberculosis, acute respiratory distress syndrome, asthma, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Results from these systematic reviews will be used as content for a tailored webpage, hosted within the UKCTAS website.

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A Masters student from the University of Manchester has completed a systematic review of the effect of smoking on the development and progression of interstitial lung disease as their dissertation project.

13. Explore the prevalence and determinants of the foetal alcohol syndrome

Project lead: Kate Fleming and Laila Tata

Spectrum Disorders (FASD) Trust and leading clinical specialists with a view to setting up a large epidemiological study. In addition, a potential study analysing THIN/Clinical Practice Research Datalink is due to start in 2014/15. A grant being led by Salford University is due to be submitted to NIHR RfPB within the next 3-6 months to set up a feasibility study to inform a wider prevalence study with co- applicants Fleming and Tata. Additional monies from local government and other agencies coordinated through the Rebalancing Foundation led by local MP Graham Allen are also being promised for the costs of interventions.

Update April 2017: The NIHR RfPB was unsuccessful but we have been approached to be part of a wider NIHR programme grant on FASD and the prevalence work will hopefully be a workstream. Review paper published:

Mukherjee R et al. Archives of Disease in Childhood 2016 Nov doi: 10.1136/archdischild-2016-310822

14. Assessing the epidemiology of alcohol abuse, including mortality and morbidity in harmful or hazardous drinkers, and health service usage in these groups.

Project lead: Kate Fleming and Laila Tata

Update April 2017: Manuscript of systematic review of mortality in alcohol use disorders is in preparation. Manuscript of first database study submitted as paper for KBS. Contact Tim Card at Nottingham for further details.

15. Prevalence of alcohol psychosis.

Project lead: Kate Fleming

Update April 2017: Manuscript of paper looking at healthcare utilisation of patients with alcoholic psychosis is in preparation. 2 papers on healthcare use in alcoholic cirrhosis published: Otete HE et al. Liver International 2016 36:538-546 Otete HE et al. Addiction. 2015,110 :1932-1940

University of Stirling (Bauld):

16. Using survey and routine health datasets to improve our understanding of key drivers of smoking and harmful use of alcohol.

Project lead: Anne Marie Mackintosh

UPDATE: The MRC NPRI funded Alcohol Policy In Scotland and England - APISE study completed its funding period on Sept 30th 2015 and a final report is due in November 2015, This complex study has a number of different components, but focuses on alcohol consumption and its relationship with the

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place and time of purchase, type of product and characteristics of drinkers. The study also has a qualitative component focusing on drinker’s perceptions of existing alcohol guidelines. An article was recently published in the journal Addiction focusing on this element and illustrating that the current drinking guidelines are not well understood or used by adults. This work has already informed the CMO’s drinking guidelines group which is due to report (and provide new guidelines) in early 2016. A publication outlining the view of new mothers on drinking guidelines for pregnant women is in preparation, along with articles from the wider study.

On smoking, the NIHR ELONS study was completed earlier in 2016 and two articles from this work have already been published - one focusing on secondary analysis of routine data and the second on the study’s prospective cohort element which focused on the role of deprivation in influencing uptake and outcomes for smokers accessing NHS stop smoking services. It found that the services in England supported over 35,000 adults to stop smoking in the longer term in 2012-2013. (Lovatt M et al. The Lancet, 384, S17. (conference abstract); Lovatt M et al. Addiction. 2015 Dec;110(12):1912-9. doi: 10.1111/add.13072; Hiscock R et al. Addictive Behaviours 38(11): 2787–2796. doi: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2013.07.010).

17. Develop new approaches (e.g. social network analysis) to understand determinants of experimentation, uptake and behaviour change in disadvantaged groups.

Project lead: Fiona Dobbie

UPDATE: The ASSIST Scotland process evaluation started in 2014 and the final report was published in February 2017. A linked part-time PhD commenced in May 2014 looking at wider message diffusion via the social networks of peer supporters. This is due for completion in 2018. Funding was secured from CRUK’s Cancer Prevention Initiative in 2014 to develop a social network intervention to support pregnant women to stop smoking. Findings from this study were reported in December 2015. A peer reviewed article is currently in preparation. Further funding was sought from CRUK in 2016 for an intervention refinement and pilot study. This was unsuccessful, but the funding application will be revised with a view to resubmission in 2017/2018.

University College London (Michie, West, Brown, Garnett):

18. Using survey and routine health datasets (e.g. Smoking Toolkit and Alcohol Toolkit Studies – STS/ATS) to improve understanding of key drivers of smoking and harmful use of alcohol.

Project lead: Robert West

The Alcohol Toolkit Study (ATS) was established in 2014 with NIHR SPHR funding and involved monthly household surveys of representative samples of the adult population in England. The survey collected detailed information across 36 consecutive months from over 60,000 people on alcohol consumption and harm (AUDIT), which was contextualised by data on a range of alcohol-related behaviour and sociodemographic characteristics. The project was a collaborative effort between four SPHR members (UCL, University of Bristol, University of Sheffield and University of Newcastle) involving 26 contributors from the SPHR collaboration, PHE, Department of Health and other collaborating institutions.

Update April 2017: The project has produced a range of successful outcomes including eight articles in peer-review journals and a prize-winning Lancet abstract (1-9). Key findings include that less than 10% of those who drink excessively and visit their GP in England report having received advice on their alcohol consumption whereas for smokers it is ~50% (2); January is associated with increased attempts to cut down alcohol intake but there is little evidence that these attempts translate into reduced consumption (7); different socioeconomic status measures influence how the Alcohol Harm Paradox is observed, with the paradox

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appearing concentrated in men and younger people (4); and that the publication of revised lower risk drinking guidelines can improve drinkers’ knowledge of these guidelines within all sociodemographic groups (6). The articles have been influential: for example, one paper was among the top-10 most-read articles in the British Journal of General Practice in 2016 (2). Five more papers are under review and in preparation, and findings have also been disseminated at numerous conference presentations and symposia.

The most expensive feature of the survey - the Alcohol Use Disorder Identification Test (AUDIT) - has received funding for a further five years from CRUK (~£600,000). To understand the population context of alcohol use, we have submitted a funding proposal to NIHR SPHR for an additional 18-months of investment to continue the collection and analysis of all the other indicators (e.g., attempts, motivation and triggers to cut down, receipt of brief intervention, use of aids etc.). The investment would ensure the time-series remained uninterrupted while the investigators sought additional funding to provide context for the other four years of AUDIT collection and ensure the continuation of the study.

Beard E et al. BMC Public Health. 2015;15(1):230. Brown J et al. British Journal of General Practice. 2016; 66(642):e1-e9. Beard E et al. The Lancet. 2015. Beard E et al. PLoS One. 2016 Sep 28;11(9):e0160666. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0160666 Beard E et al. BMC Public Health. 2016;16:1237. Holmes J et al. BMJ Open. 2016;6(12). de Vocht F, Brown J, Beard E, Angus C, Brennan A, Michie S, et al. Temporal patterns of alcohol consumption and attempts to reduce alcohol intake in England. BMC Public Health. 2016;16(1):917. Brown J et al. BMC Public Health. 2016;16(1):535. Beard E et al. BMJ Open. 2017 Mar 1;7(3):e014210. doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2016-014210

19. Developing smartphone ‘apps’ to help problem drinkers to improve inhibitory control and reduce their drinking.

Project lead: Jamie Brown

Researchers developed a theory-based smartphone application for alcohol reduction. Reviews of evidence of behaviour change techniques and engagement strategies, the availability of alcohol-related apps, and perceptions of alcohol use, have been undertaken.

Update April 2017: These reviews identified promising modular content that could be delivered by an app: self-monitoring and feedback; action planning; normative feedback; cognitive bias re-training; and identity change. A protocol reported plans for a factorial randomised controlled trial to assess the comparative potential of these five intervention modules to reduce excessive alcohol consumption. The trial was completed in 2016 and has now been submitted for publication. Individual modules were not more effective when in their enhanced, compared to their minimal, condition. Normative feedback combined with Cognitive Bias Re-training, and Self-monitoring and Feedback combined with Action Planning resulted in significant reductions in alcohol-related outcomes when both modules were enhanced. The Self- monitoring and Feedback module was rated significantly more highly positively by users when it was enhanced. In addition to the protocol, we have published papers detailing some of our preparatory work:

Crane, D et al. Journal of Medical Internet Research, 2015, 17(5), e118. http://doi.org/10.2196/jmir.4060 Crane, D et al. Frontiers in Digital Health. 2016; http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/1542184/ Garnett, C et al. JMIR mHealth and uHealth, 2015; 3(2). Garnett, C et al. Translational Behavioral Medicine. 2017. DOI:10.1007/s13142-017-0477-1. Garnett, C et al. BMC Public Health, 2016, 16(1), 536. doi:10.1186/s12889-016-3140-8

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Submitted: Crane D, Garnett C, Brown J, West R, & Michie S. (submitted). Identifying the effectiveness of intervention components in a smartphone app to reduce excessive alcohol consumption: a factorial randomised control trial. Developing internet interventions to boost inhibitory control and retrain automatic cognitive processes in drinkers and smokers (lab studies and proof of concept trials).

Project lead: Robert West

Update April 2017:

a. Liverpool, a recently-completed RCT of an internet-delivered ‘inhibition training’ intervention demonstrated a robust reduction in alcohol consumption after four weeks of receiving the intervention, but this reduction was seen in all participants (including a control group), therefore it likely represents a non-specific effect (e.g. attributable to motivation to change and self-monitoring of drinking). Andy Jones will build on these findings as part of his ESRC Future Leaders research grant. In the MRC project, we believe that the intervention failed because it did not yield robust changes in automatic associations between alcohol cues and inhibition of behaviour. We have submitted two grant applications to the MRC to develop and evaluate modified versions of this intervention, but both have been rejected. This is a rapidly developing field so we will ‘wait and see’ what other findings emerge from other research groups before considering another funding application. b. Funding to develop a web-based app containing the same intervention strategies as described above, has been provisionally secured.

20. Systematic review on the effectiveness of and engagement with digital interventions for hazardous and harmful alcohol consumption.

Project lead: within UCL Michie, Eileen Kaner led the review

Update April 2017: The review concluded that ‘there is evidence that digital interventions lower alcohol consumption, at least over the course of 12 months, with an average reduction of about 3 (UK) standard drinks per week compared to control participants. Weaker evidence from fewer studies suggests there is little difference in impact on alcohol consumption between digital interventions and face-to-face interventions. The BCTs of ’Behaviour substitution’ and ’Credible source’ are associated with the effectiveness of digital interventions to reduce alcohol consumption and warrant further investigation in an experimental context. The reporting of theory use is very limited and often unclear when present. Over half of the interventions made no reference to any theories. Limited reporting of theory use was unrelated to the heterogeneity in intervention effectiveness.’ We have revised and resubmitted the review to the Cochrane Library and expect it will be published in the near future. We have also written up and plan to publish the secondary analyses included in this review relating to BCT and theory content. These are under review:

Crane D, Garnett C, Brown J, Kaner E, Beyer F, Muirhead CR, Hickman M, Beard E, Redmore J, de Vocht F, Michie S. (submitted) Behaviour change techniques used in digital behaviour change interventions to reduce excessive alcohol consumption: A meta-regression.

Garnett C, Crane D, Brown J, Kaner E, Beyer F, Muirhead CR, Hickman M, Beard E, Redmore J, de Vocht F, Michie S. (submitted). Reported theory use by digital interventions for alcohol reduction and association with intervention effectiveness: a meta-regression of a Cochrane Systematic Review

Workstream 2: Population strategies for behaviour change

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The aim of WS2 is to improve population-level policies and interventions that are effective in reducing harm from tobacco and alcohol use in the population.

WS2 leads: Sally Casswell (Massey), Petra Meier (Sheffield), John Britton (Nottingham)

Early career researcher leads: Duncan Gillespie (UKCTAS fellow, Sheffield)

Other UKCTAS investigators: Amanda Amos (Edinburgh), Sarah Lewis (Nottingham), Anna Gilmore, Chris Griffin (Bath), Gerard Hastings (Stirling), Ann McNeill (KCL), Alan Brennan (Sheffield), Marcus Munafo (Bristol), Robert West (UCL)

Overview

University of Sheffield (Meier, Brennan, Gillespie, Angus, Holmes, Buykx) with input from the University of Stirling

1. Model-based assessments of alcohol pricing policies. Modelling the impact of alcohol taxation, tax passthrough, minimum unit pricing on alcohol consumption, spending, health, health-service costs and crime and work absenteeism. This work is funded through multiple grants and consultancies.

Project leads: Angus, Brennan, Meier, Holmes, Buykx.

We have extended our modelling to a range of different taxation policies, including duty escalators, volumetric and floor pricing. We have contrasted the impact of taxation policies to minimum unit pricing in reports to Public Health England and provided nationally-tailored estimates of the impact of minimum unit pricing for several of the UK’s devolved administrations, the Irish government and to inform the legal case relating to implementation of the policy in Scotland. (Angus et al. 'Model-based appraisal of minimum unit pricing for alcohol in the Republic of Ireland: An adaptation of the Sheffield Alcohol Policy Model version 3, Sheffield: ScHARR, University of Sheffield).

Update April 2017: We have published a report which forecasts trends in alcohol consumption and alcohol related health for CRUK, to support exploration of how different pricing policies might impact on these trends and employment within the alcohol industry. (http://www.cancerresearchuk.org/sites/default/files/alcohol_and_cancer_trends_report_cruk.pdf)

2. Development of model-based assessments of tobacco policies. We aim to extend the Sheffield Alcohol Policy Model to assess the potential health, economic and societal outcomes of tobacco policy.

Project leads: Gillespie, Brennan.

We held a workshop on “Tobacco and alcohol policy modelling – developing a common framework” that was presented at the UKCRC Change and Exchange conference in 2016 and attended by tobacco and alcohol policy experts from across the UK. The aim was to discuss how a range of policy options for tobacco and alcohol might act through common mechanisms. We also discussed how policies targeted to tobacco might affect alcohol use, and vice versa. (in collaboration with Hatchard, University of Bath).

We have obtained a seed grant from the White Rose collaboration of Sheffield, York and Leeds Universities, to support the development of our tobacco and alcohol modelling. We will begin with an investigation of how the distribution of tobacco and alcohol consumption across society explains the

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current inequalities in tobacco and alcohol attributable harms. (in collaboration with Qi Wu, University of York).

Update April 2017: We conducted exploratory analyses of the clustering of drinking and smoking behaviour using the Health Survey for England. We described drinking and smoking by levels of consumption and product preferences e.g beer vs. wine, and handrolled vs. manufactured cigarettes. We further investigated socioeconomic trends in cluster membership.

Our joint tobacco and alcohol policy model links changes in consumption between years to changes in the relative risk of different diseases carried by the individuals in our HSE sample. We consider 63 diseases that are attributable to tobacco and/or alcohol. We estimate each individual’s relative risk of disease at baseline using published epidemiological evidence and update this risk following changes to consumption. We then use the change in risk to adjust the disease-specific rates of hospital admission (estimated from the Hospital Episode Statistics) and death (from Office for National Statistics death and population counts) for each socio-demographic group proportionally upwards or downwards, this was presented at the Kettil Bruun Society conference in 2015.

We were recently awarded a Department of Health Policy Research Programme grant (PI Langley, Nottingham) where we will use our tobacco model to evaluate the health economic impacts of the last decade of tobacco control policies. We are further adapting the model for a trial-based evaluation of the long-term health economic impacts of e-cigarettes in preventing relapse to smoking (PI Hajek, QMUL). We are also developing bids for funding to support specific aspects of model development including a comprehensive appraisal of tax interventions across tobacco and alcohol (with Gilmore and Hatchard, Bath), and the potential future health economic impacts of different scenarios of e-cigarette use (with Bogdanovica, Nottingham).

3. Access/availability – study alcohol retail outlets and proximity to schools, use of proxy/illegal purchase and model effects of licensing on consumption and uptake.

Project leads: Brennan, Maheswaran, Angus.

Update April 2017: We have analysed alcohol outlet data from 2003-2013 to look at how availability in Great Britain is linked to deprivation, how availability through different types of outlet has changed over the decade and how these changes are different by local level of deprivation. This work, for England, has recently been published as Angus et al 2017. International Journal of Environmental Research in Public Health, 14(4), 404.

Local authority adaptation of the Sheffield alcohol policy model (SAPM-LA): We have calculated summary measures of alcohol availability at the local authority level for England and have incorporated these into preliminary work looking at the relationship between alcohol licensing policies, alcohol availability and harm (published as de Vocht F et al, doi: 10.1136/jech-2016-207753). We are also using these measures in pilot versions of SAPM-LA.

4. Exploring drinking cultures, attitudes to alcohol policies and an assessment of drinking guidelines using the APISE survey, focus groups and our input into CMO drinking guidelines review.

Project leads: Holmes, Meier, Buykx, Bauld, Mackintosh

Update April 2017: Progress continues to have been on several fronts: We have been awarded an NIHR grant (The effectiveness of promotional campaigns associated with revised UK drinking guidelines: A prospective evaluation; Holmes PI, 2015 – 2018, £605,358) to evaluate the impact of promotion of the new drinking guidelines. Published papers from this and other projects

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have examined qualitatively how male and female drinkers in England and Scotland interpret drinking guidelines and quantitatively any short-term changes in awareness and knowledge of the guidelines following their implementation. (Lovatt, M et al. Addiction 2015, DOI: 10.1111/add.13072).

We have modelled the impact of drinking guidelines for the Department of Health to support the CMO’s review using the Sheffield Alcohol Policy Model and delivered the final report to the guideline development group (Holmes et al 2016, https://www.shef.ac.uk/polopoly_fs/1.538671!/file/Drinking_Guidelines_Final_Report_Published.pdf ).

The final report has been submitted to Alcohol Research UK on a project that develops a new classification of the types of drinking occasion in the UK, and a paper has been published on this topic (Ally A et al. Addiction 2016, 111 (9), pp.1568-79; doi: 10.1111/add.13397). A further paper setting out theoretical principles for developing this area of research is under review. Internal funding from the NIHR School of Public Health Research (SPHR) budget was used to purchase a large 16-year market research dataset on drinking occasions, with the view to explore change in drinking culture and SPHR money is also available to start pilot work and to fund a PhD student in this area. We recently submitted a substantial bid for research in this area to ESRC.

Investigations on attitudes to alcohol policies (via APISE/IAC) produced a mixed methods paper published in Social Science and Medicine (Li et al. Social Science & Medicine 2017, DOI: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2017.01.037).

We had an undergraduate student complete an eight week Sheffield Undergraduate Research Experience (SURE) project funded by the Wellcome Trust. This project looked at UK newspaper reporting of low to moderate level drinking during pregnancy. We presented findings at the Global Alcohol Policy Alliance conference and UK Society for Behavioural for Medicine conference as a poster and summarised findings in a briefing to the CMO drinking guidelines consultation.

A final report was submitted to CRUK in January 2016 for a project investigating public knowledge of the link between alcohol and health harms and public attitudes towards alcohol policy. This work received considerable media attention. Other project outputs include a published paper reporting on factors associated with awareness of the link between alcohol consumption and cancer (Buykx P et al. BMC Public Health 2016, 16(1):1194 doi 10.1186/s12889-016-3855-6) , a paper under review regarding knowledge and use of drinking guidelines, and a published abstract for the 2016 Lancet Public Health conference (Buykx et al. Lancet 2016, Volume 388, Suppl 2, Page S31) regarding support for alcohol policy (with a full paper in preparation).

A CRUK sandpit project with Niamh Fitzgerald, Steph Scott, Lisa Scholin and Nathan Critchlow examined framing of alcohol policy, problems and solutions. The final report has been accepted by the funder, with plans to present work at KBS 2017 ahead of submission for peer review publication.

5. Model-based assessment of the identification of harmful drinkers and giving them brief advice on cutting down in a primary care setting.

Project lead: Colin Angus.

We were commissioned by Public Health England to update the most recent version of the Sheffield Alcohol Policy Model to allow the appraisal of programmes of Identification and Brief Advice (IBA) in primary care.

Update April 2017: This work compared the delivery costs, economic and health impacts and impact on health inequalities of a range of alternative IBA delivery strategies such as at next registration with a new GP or as part of the NHS Health Checks

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(https://www.sheffield.ac.uk/polopoly_fs/1.661445!/file/Final_mup_iba_report.pdf). We have been awarded a research grant by Alcohol Research UK to extend this work with a more detailed treatment of the effect of IBA programmes on health inequalities. Initial results from this project were presented at the INEBRIA conference and several papers are currently in preparation.

6. Alcohol treatment capacity.

Project lead: Brennan, Buykx, Pryce.

We were funded by the Department of Health to construct an evidence-based model for estimating requirements for specialist alcohol treatment capacity in England - Specialist Treatment for Alcohol Model (STreAM). This project aimed to assist in planning and commissioning of treatment by estimating prevalence of alcohol dependence locally and nationally, identifying current rates of treatment access and developing a model which will allow local authorities to model the likely impact of altering current levels of service provision in terms of future AD prevalence, treatment capacity, costs, and mortality. The model was developed and pilot tested with key stakeholders in PHE and Local Authorities.

Update April 2017: The model, model documentation and report were approved by the Department of Health in early 2017 (https://www.shef.ac.uk/polopoly_fs/1.693424!/file/STreAMReportFinalOct2016.pdf). There are five papers in preparation arising from the project, one of which is currently under peer review.

The work on this project led directly to the commissioning of a separate piece of work by Public Health England to update the local authority and national prevalence estimates for alcohol dependence using more recent psychiatric morbidity survey data and an important extension to the original work, the estimation of the number of children living with alcohol dependent adults (https://www.shef.ac.uk/polopoly_fs/1.693546!/file/Estimates_of_Alcohol_Dependence_in_England _based_on_APMS_2014.pdf)

This work is also currently being prepared for peer review publication.

We have recently commenced work on an Alcohol Research UK funded project to examine local processes in commissioning alcohol treatment. This work was inspired by our wish to better understand the continuing geographic disparities in access to alcohol treatment revealed by the STreAM project, particularly how local authorities and service providers are tackling the responsibility of service provision in a time of widespread financial constraint. The grant is titled ‘Changes to the alcohol treatment commissioning landscape: a qualitative study of stakeholder perspectives’.

University of Nottingham (Barker, Britton, Bogdanovica, Cranwell, Fleming, Langley, Lewis, Huang, Murray, Opazo-Breton, Ratschen)

7. Price – track point of sale and online prices of tobacco brands and alcohol products. Exploring impacts of affordability changes to alcohol.

Project leads: Yue Huang (UKCTAS data manager, Nottingham) and Ilze Bogdanovica (Cancer Research-UK Career Development Fellow, Nottingham)

We have developed software to track online UK supermarket prices of tobacco and alcohol products in real time.

Update April 2017: The tobacco data are being used by Dr Bogdanovica in her CR-UK Fellowship to monitor price and branding changes by tobacco companies in relation to the introduction of standardised tobacco

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packaging, and a range of EU Tobacco Products Directive policies implemented from May 2017; and to explore the effects of these measures on smoking prevalence and e-cigarette use.

8. Identifying indirect marketing of tobacco and alcohol products, e.g. TV/film imagery including assessing tobacco and alcohol imagery/branding in YouTube videos, legal loopholes and pack design (with Bath, Stirling, KCL).

Project leads: Jo Cranwell (UKCTAS Fellow Nottingham to Oct 2016; now Bath University), Murray, Barker (UKCTAS Fellow), Britton

We completed and published an analysis of tobacco and alcohol branding in top 40 YouTube pop videos, and estimated the population exposure of adults and young people to this content; and have completed similar analyses of tobacco and alcohol content in video games, women’s magazines, popular films to 2014 (papers in publication) and are analysing data on TV content from 2015.

Update April 2017: We have completed an analysis documenting the extent and reach of Carlsberg alcohol promotion through alibi marketing, which circumvented the French Loi Evin, during the 2016 European Football Championship finals (paper submitted). We are midway through a ‘Smoking in Movies’ cinema study, which measures the short-terms effect (e.g. changes in susceptibility to smoke) of showing an anti- smoking advert to young people in UK cinemas prior to them watching a film with smoking in it. We are nearing completion of this study. We are also currently completing data collection on alcohol content in popular monthly and weekly magazines.

Rachael Murray and Alex Barker are currently preparing a project grant to investigate tobacco and alcohol advertising through a range of media, including televised Formula One championship races, reality TV shows and ‘online original’ programming; comparing those which are regulated by OFCOM (for example Amazon Prime) and those which fall outside OFCOM regulation (for example Netflix), and Facebook. We also intend to extend these analyses to also include high fat, salt and sugar (HFSS) foods.

9. Extend mass media research to include alcohol, both for health promotion and alcohol industry marketing campaigns.

Project leads: Jo Cranwell, Rachael Murray

Update April 2017: (See above).

10. Examining the impact of social media and other forms of alcohol marketing on young people (Nottingham) and use of innovative methods to track online transactions (Also see University of Bath below).

Project lead: Jo Cranwell

Over the past year we have worked with ASH and YouGov to survey adults and adolescents to measure their exposure to online alcohol and tobacco imagery, and papers describing the findings (in quantitative terms of impressions seen) are submitted for publication.

Update April 2017: Jo Cranwell is working with European Centre for Monitoring Alcohol Marketing to develop a EU multicentre project focussed specifically on comparing alcohol advertising on social media, violations of alcohol advertising, and adolescent exposure to it. This is in the early-mid stages of development.

11. Document breaches in tobacco advertising legislation.

Project lead: John Britton

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We carried out some preliminary work attempting to track potential payment routes for tobacco imagery in the media, working through intermediary companies, but without success.

12. Extend research on illicit tobacco to illicit alcohol; explore criminal justice and sentencing approaches to illicit supply and develop and test interventions to alter risk perceptions and target illicit mature markets (with KCL).

Project leads: Lisa Huddlestone and Elena Ratschen (now York University)

Attempts to access sentencing data have been unsuccessful, and data are exempt from the Freedom of Information Act. We are therefore unable to pursue this work.

13. Assessing the effects of tobacco control mass media campaigns, through MRC and NIHR grants and associated publications (with Bath, KCL, Stirling).

Project lead: Sarah Lewis and Tessa Langley

MRC NPRI grant undertaken 2012-2014. There have been several papers published by the teams in Nottingham, Bath and KCL. Three papers were published in Addiction in 2014, two in Tobacco Control, and one each in Preventive Medicine and BMC Public Health.

Update April 2017: An application to the NIHR PHR programme, led by Stirling and involving Nottingham and UCL, to explore the use of mass media in public health messages was successful and is now close to completion. The grant is expected to generate at least three peer-reviewed publications. TL is a co-applicant on a further grant led by the University of Stirling to evaluate the impact of tobacco control mass media campaigns in Scotland. A paper was published in Addiction in 2017.

14. Attitudes among school-age students on tobacco use and availability. Assessing supermarket point of sale including attitudes towards plain packaging in this age group, and provision of evidence to the Chantler Inquiry into proposed plain packaging legislation.

Project lead: Ilze Bogdanovica

Annual surveys of susceptibility to and experimentation with smoking in Nottingham schoolchildren carried out 2011-13. Data from 2011, and longitudinal analyses of 2011-12 published. Evidence submitted to the Chantler review in Jan 2014.

Update April 2017: 2011-13 data now published

15. Examining brief interventions in liver cirrhosis, of which alcohol is a major contributing factor.

Project lead: Kate Fleming (now Liverpool John Moores University)

This work has been completed and published in Addiction.

16. Build on NIHR-funded work in Nottingham schools to assess point of sale, plain packaging effects in young people.

Project lead: Ilze Bogdanovica, Tessa Langley

Update April 2017: Nottingham schools surveys carried out annually between 2011 and 2013 included questions on pack designs; data have not been published as standardised packaging legislation is now

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in place. The impact of point of sale display bans will be further explored in a project recently awarded by the Department of Health Policy Research Programme, which will provide a comprehensive evaluation of a wide range of population-level tobacco control policies and legislation implemented up to 2015. Exploring the effects of plain packaging in young people is part of a current CR UK Career Development fellowship (awarded to Ilze Bogdanovica) investigating the effects of implementation of plain packaging legislation and the European Tobacco Products Directive.

University of Bath (Gilmore, Griffin, Hatchard)

17. Alcohol marketing in young people. Awarded Alcohol Research UK funded grant entitled ‘Alcohol marketing to young people via social media: Implications for the Advertising Standards Code of Practice: January 2015-August 2016’.

A 3 year PhD studentship that began September 2014, will also explore this topic.

Project lead: Chris Griffin

Alcohol Research UK project commenced 1st January 2015, PI: Chris Griffin (PI); CIs: Jeff Gavin (Bath) and Isabelle Szmigin (Birmingham Business School); RA: Jemma Lennox (Bath).

Bath University funded PhD studentship awarded to Paul Weate ‘Young people’s alcohol consumption: the role of social media and new technologies’ (commenced 1st October 2014).

Conferences and meetings: Griffin, C. (2015). Alcohol marketing to young people via social media: Whose behaviour needs to change? Paper presented at ESRC Seminar series on Behaviour Change, seminar on Alcohol and smoking behaviours, The Royal Society, London, 27 March 2015

Abstract ‘Mapping range of social media alcohol marketing’ submitted to the Global Alcohol Policy Alliance Conference, Edinburgh, October 2015

King’s College London (McNeill, Hitchman) and University of Bath (Gilmore)

18. Assessing the impact of tax increases on socio-economic inequalities in smoking (KCL and Bath)

Project lead: Ann McNeill

An NIHR PHR grant has been awarded for this work which is now underway with first paper published. (see update in workstream 5/6)

19. Assessing ways of reducing illicit tobacco supply and demand (KCL, Bath)

Project lead: Anna Gilmore

UPDATE: A fourth meeting of the multidisciplinary national group (the Tackling Illicit Tobacco for Better Health Partnership) to identify priorities for research, practice and policy was held in December 2015. Chaired by McNeill (KCL). The new NIHR PHR grant (McNeill/Gilmore) is assessing trends in illicit tobacco use in the UK and a paper is in preparation. The meeting with Crimestoppers went ahead but Crimestoppers continue to collaborate with the tobacco industry on illicit tobacco issues. A proposal for continued funding of the Tackling Illicit Tobacco Partnership was submitted to the CRUK TAG group with Fresh NE, with input from McNeill (KCL).

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King’s College London and Massey University (McNeill, Casswell, Drummond)

20. Continue collaboration with International Tobacco Control project (ITC) to study health warnings and message framing of risk perceptions and assess new graphic warnings and extend to alcohol by use of the International Alcohol Control (IAC) Project (with Stirling, Sheffield)

Project lead: Ann McNeill

This work is continuing.

ITC Tobacco Policy survey: We published two papers on triggers for quitting (one on trends and socioeconomic factors on policy triggers from ITC Europe countries, Hummel et al, 2015; the other on triggers in China (Im et al, 2015). A further paper is in preparation on the impact of e-cigarettes when used in quit attempts across the ITC-4 countries. ITC data are also being analysed to assess the impact of pricing strategies on quitting behaviour.

Update April 2017: Several further papers were published using the Wave 10 data including: 1. Yong H-H et al. Nicotine & Tobacco Research 2017 Mar 4. doi: 10.1093/ntr/ntx056. [Epub] 2. Heckman BW et al. Am J Prev Med 2017 Mar 20. pii: S0749-3797(17)30102-2. doi: 10.1016/j.amepre.2017.01.038. [Epub ahead of print] 3. Hitchman SC et al. Addiction 2017. Mar 13. doi: 10.1111/add.13794. [Epub ahead of print] 4. Nagelhout GE SC et al. Tobacco Control 2016 May;25(3):325-32. doi: 10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2014-051971. 5. Li L et al. Health Education Research 2015 Feb;30(1):67-80. doi: 10.1093/her/cyu074. 6. Hitchman SC et al. Drug Alcohol Dependence 2014 Oct 1;143:158-66. doi: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2014.07.019.

In addition two new grants were secured to continue the ITC work: (1) Cummings KM et al. Evaluating how tobacco control policies are shaping the nicotine delivery market. National Institutes of Health 2016-2021. US $ 18,984,845 (McNeill and Hitchman Co-Investigators) 16.04.16-31.03.21; (2) Vardavas C et al. EUREST-PLUS- European Regulatory Science on Tobacco. Policy implementation to reduce lung diseases, European Commission. EURO 2.3m (McNeill and Hitchman Co-Investigators) 01.01.15- 31.12.18

Papers from the first waves of data collection from these two projects are being prepared for publication.

21. International Alcohol Control (IAC) study.

Project lead: Sally Casswell

The initial five countries participating in the IAC study in 2011 have been joined by a further eight countries making a total of 13: six high income and seven middle income countries. The project is coordinated from Massey University and since 2013 six working meetings of IAC researchers have been held, including a data analysis workshop, to prepare for international comparisons, held in Auckland in 2016; a working meeting held in South Africa that involved five African countries that had used the Alcohol Environmental Protocol (an IAC research instrument) to collect local data in 2015 and a meeting in Hanoi, Viet Nam in 2014 to work with the IAC researchers there on preparation of IAC data and analysis. Funding has been received from the International Development Research Council (IDRC) of

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Canada (which also funded participation in IAC of four middle income countries) to enable open access publication of a Special Issue of the Drug and Alcohol Review to showcase the IAC cross country analysis.

Four papers have been published from the New Zealand arm of the IAC study on the following topics: pricing data, hours of purchase and prediction of heavier drinking (Casswell et al., Alcoholism Clinical and Experimental Research 2014, 38(5), 1425-1431; policy relevant behaviours, socioeconomic status and alcohol consumption (Casswell et al., Alcoholism Clinical and Experimental Research 2016, 40(2), 385-392.; price and heavier drinking by young people (Wall et al., Drug and Alcohol Review 2017. doi: 10.1111/dar.12495 ; and drinker types, harm and policy (Wall & Casswell, Alcoholism Clinical and Experimental Research 2017, doi: 10.1111/dar.12495. Another paper on friends as a source of alcohol for underage youth in New Zealand is under review.

New Zealand IAC researchers have collaborated with IAC study members in Thailand, Vietnam, Australia, South Africa, Mongolia, St Kitts and Nevis, England and Scotland on other papers. A recent paper on the alcohol industry’s reliance on harmful use of alcohol in middle and higher income countries received wide media coverage in New Zealand (Casswell et al. Drug and Alcohol Review 2016, doi: 10.1111/dar.12460. Two other papers on heavier drinking in high and middle income markets and the Alcohol Environment Protocol (AEP) tool have been submitted for publication – with one at the revision stage. The paper on the AEP tool is being considered for a special IAC issue of Drug and Alcohol Review, funded by International Drug Research Centre (IDRC), Canada which will showcase cross country analysis of the IAC data.

22. Access/availability of tobacco from retail outlets

Project lead: Ann McNeill

This project is now complete and the report published.

Update April 2017: A paper has been published on this work in addition to the report: Hitchman SC et al. AIMS Public Health 2016; 3:110-115. DOI: 10.3934/publichealth.2016.1.110. This paper was highlighted by Nottingham University in the new National Retail Research Knowledge Exchange Centre as of relevance to retailers. ASH developed this work with the involvement of Hitchman and published a report: http://ash.org.uk/information-and-resources/reports-submissions/reports/counter-arguments-how- important-is-tobacco-to-small-retailers/

A new grant is being developed to take this work forward.

University of Edinburgh (Amos)

23. Conducting research into ways of curtailing youth (< 18 years) access to tobacco.

Project-lead:-Amos

Update April 2017: A study involving four community youth projects in Lothian, which ran from 2014-15, explored whether youth agencies using a social action approach can develop community based interventions to address youth social sources of tobacco and the impact of these. The findings were presented in a plenary session of the 2016 UKNSCC and have informed a local media campaign on this issue. A journal article is in preparation.

24. Access to tobacco from retail outlets (with Stirling)

Project lead: Amos, Stead, Eadie

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Update April 2017: The 6 year NIHR-funded longitudinal DISPLAY study which is assessing attitudes and behavioural responses to the ban on tobacco point of sale displays and advertising has completed its fifth and final wave of data collection in 4 localities in Scotland. Seven journal papers on the first four waves of data collection have been published, two are under review and several more are in preparation. A proposal has been submitted to NIHR to extend the study for two years to assess the impact of plain packaging and TPD measures, as well as continuing to explore the effect of e-cigarettes on smoking trajectories. (PI is Haw at Stirling. The UKCTAS co-Is are Amos (Edinburgh) and Stead/Eadie (Stirling))

25. Impact of mass media campaigns.

Project lead: Amos

Update April 2017: A ‘before and after’ qualitative study of the effect of the Scottish Government’s 2014 second-hand smoke in the home social marketing campaign on socioeconomically disadvantaged parents of young children has been completed and a journal article has published (Amos and Rowa-Dewar, Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 2016, 13, 901).

26. Evaluation of smoking prevention interventions (Edinburgh and Stirling)

Project lead: Amos & Bauld

Update April 2017: A study undertaking a process evaluation of the pilot of the peer-led schools smoking prevention programme ASSIST in three areas of Scotland started in August 2014. (PI: Linda Bauld, co-I Amos). This was completed in January 2017 and a final report published by the Scottish government. ASSIST is a programme originally developed in Wales and England and evaluated in a large randomised controlled trial which showed it to be effective. ASSIST continues to be delivered in England and Wales but had not been offered previously in Scotland. The Scottish study found that ASSIST could be adapted for implementation in Scotland and was acceptable and feasible to deliver. However, questions about its continued effectiveness were raised as few examples of trained peer supporters having conversations with other pupils about smoking were identified, perhaps in part because smoking rates in 13 and 14 year olds are now so low (2-3%) that the issue may not be as relevant as it was when the original trial was conducted 14 years ago. The full report can be found here: http://www.gov.scot/Publications/2017/03/4556/0

A three year project SILNE-R funded by EC Horizon 2020 involving 8 countries started in October 2015 (PI: Anton Kunst, Amsterdam; co-I Amos). The project is using realist evaluation, involving in-depth comparisons of seven European countries, to explore how strategies and programmes to prevent youth smoking could enhance their effectiveness by taking into account the opportunities, barriers and resources present at local levels. The Edinburgh team are leading the qualitative research work package and have two papers under review on theoretical approaches and a systematic review of European qualitative research on youth smoking.

University of Stirling (Hastings, Bauld, Fitzgerald)

27. Exploring how public health actors have sought to influence the implementation of the public health objective in alcohol licensing in Scotland including assessing and addressing overprovision.

Project Lead: Niamh Fitzgerald

Update April 2017: Qualitative interview study complete; paper co-authored by James Nicholls, Alcohol Research UK, presented at Society for the Study of Addiction 2014 conference and at public seminar at LSHTM. New

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NIHR PHR funded study ‘EXILENS’ evaluating licensing in Scotland and England will begin in May 2017 with Sheffield and a number of other Universities (PI: Niamh Fitzgerald)

28. NEW PROJECT: Exploring the Impact of alcohol licensing in England and Scotland ‘ExILEnS’

Project lead: Niamh Fitzgerald.

Funded by NIHR from April 2017 to March 2020, this study will examine whether and how local public health engagement in alcohol licensing, operates through the local licensing regime to affect alcohol- related harms. Four workpackages will focus on (1) Exploring and measuring the intensity of public health activity, licensing activity and confounding activity; (2) Examining the effects of such activity on health and crime outcomes; (3) Modelling effects on inequalities and wider impact; (4) Delivering impact on policy and practice.

Co-Is: Colin Angus (Sheffield); Niamh Shortt (Edinburgh); Matt Egan (LSHTM); Frank de Vocht (Bristol); Linda Bauld (Stirling); James Nicholls (Alcohol Research UK) and Tim Nichols (practitioner).

29. NEW PROJECT: Under the Limit: Understanding the direct and indirect impact of lowering Scotland’s drink-drive limit.

Project Lead: Niamh Fitzgerald

Funded by the Chief Scientist Office in Scotland and running from March 2017 to May 2018, this study will explore changes in drinking perceptions, behaviours (including driving), contexts and practices following the reduction in the drink-drive limit in Scotland, including whether, how and why initial effects were sustained (or not), and implications for overall consumption levels. Focus groups with the public and interviews with police, community safety and licensees will be used.

Co-Is: Carol Emslie (Glasgow Caledonian University); Jim Lewsey (Glasgow University).

Workstream 3: Individual strategies for behaviour change

WS3 leads: Paul Aveyard (Oxford), Tim Coleman (Nottingham)

Early career researcher leads: Niamh Fitzgerald (Stirling)

Other UKCTAS investigators: Linda Bauld, Gerard Hastings (Stirling), John Britton, Sarah Lewis (Nottingham), Matt Field, Ian Gilmore (Liverpool), Peter Hajek (QMUL), Ann McNeill, Colin Drummond (KCL), Robert West (UCL), Marcus Munafo (Bristol)

Overview

This workstream explores interventions to promote smoking cessation and reduce excessive alcohol consumption, aiming to improve design and delivery of smoking cessation and alcohol reduction interventions for use in health service and wider contexts.

An overview of research areas;

University of Oxford (Aveyard, Lindson-Hawley, Begh, Hartmann-Boyce)

1. Develop work on nicotine preloading.

Project lead: Paul Aveyard

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We are running a very large clinical trial which aims to put an end to the uncertainty about whether using nicotine prior to quitting is effective or not. Trials seem to vary in whether or not such treatment is effective.

Update April 2017: We have completed recruitment of 1792 participants and have written up and analysed the data and submitted a report to the HTA. We are in the process of writing this up for a journal.

We were invited by the HTA to submit a proposal for ‘son or daughter of Preloading Trial’, and we have submitted an expression of interest. This was bounced around for a while inside the HTA before being rejected. The plan is to submit a report to the Lancet with the trial results.

2. Attentional bias retraining.

Project lead: Rachna Begh

This trial showed no effect of attentional bias retraining. Further analyses show that measures of attentional bias are unrelated to addiction severity, withdrawal or craving, or abstinence. However, attention to smoking cues assessed in the field is associated with craving. Trial findings have been published (Begh R, et al: Drug alcohol depend 2015, 149:158-165).

Update April 2017: A further paper has been published Begh R, et al. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors 2016 30:868-875 doi: 10.1037/adb0000231.

3. Gradual cessation.

Project lead: Paul Aveyard.

Update April 2017: The Rapid Reduction Trial was published (Annals of Internal Medicine 2016 164:585-592. doi:10.7326/M14-2805) and was one of the top 50 most talked about scientific papers of 2016 according to its altmetric score. This shows strong evidence that quitting abruptly is more effective than quitting by reduction. A further paper was published showing that smoking reduction while on medication may not predict cessation very strongly, or at least does so only if people are trying to reduce. (Lindson-Hawley N et al. Addiction 2016 111:1275-82. doi: 10.1111/add.13330)

4. Effectiveness of GPs promoting use of e-cigarettes in smokers

Project lead: Rachna Begh, Paul Aveyard.

5. Raising the topic of smoking cessation in general practice: a conversation analysis of GP consultations on smoking.

Lead: Rachna Begh.

Update April 2017:

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This project uses real consultation recordings to examine how smoking is raised as a topic and how GPs make brief interventions. It uses insights from conversation analysis to understand what makes for effective and ineffective interventions and will result in developing a new approach to delivering brief interventions that fit naturalistically into medical consultations.

University of Nottingham (Coleman, Cooper, Lewis, Leonardi-Bee, Britton, Ratschen, Szatkowski)

6. Development of SMS text, tailored self-interventions for smoking cessation in pregnancy, in collaboration with Cambridge.

Project lead: Tim Coleman (Nottingham)

The MiQuit SMS text message intervention delivers self-help smoking cessation support to help pregnant smokers to quit.

Update April 2017: We have completed a successful pilot trial of 407 pregnant smokers which recruited in far less time than envisaged and has recently been published (Naughton F et al. Addiction 2017; doi: 10.1111/add.13802).

Consequently we have had secured co-funding from CRUK (from a new project grant) and NIHR (via a no-cost extension to an existing programme grant) for a third RCT testing this intervention. The plan is to combine data from this RCT with our two earlier ones to definitively show whether or not MiQuit is effective when used in the NHS.

We have evaluated the acceptability of MiQuit when offered to pregnant smokers in different way and have shown that pregnant smokers will activate the programme after reading a leaflet placed in antenatal care records (Naughton F et al. BMJ Open 2015; Vol 5, Issue 10; doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2015- 008871) or after seeing advertisements on the internet.

7. Developing tobacco dependence support for children accessing mental health services: a CAMHS project

Funded by CCG (2012-2014)

Lead: Elena Ratschen (Nottingham)

An audit of smoking-related recording in patient notes, a staff survey on attitudes and knowledge related to smoking cessation in CAMHS, qualitative interviews with CAMHS patients, and a parent/carer survey were undertaken. The staff survey was published in a peer-reviewed journal; other results have informed the development of an NIHR grant application.

Update April 2017: The findings of the audit have informed Tier 4 commissioning guidance for CAMHS. A further mixed- methods paper is in preparation for submission to a peer-reviewed journal. The NIHR HS&DR grant application was unsuccessful, but other avenues to obtain future funding are being considered.

8. Addressing smoking among the elderly in primary care: an exploration

Funded by NIH Capability Funding via Nottingham CCG (2014-15)

Lead: Elena Ratschen (Nottingham)

A staff survey and qualitative interviews with elderly smokers were undertaken.

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Update April 2017: The survey findings have been published in a peer reviewed journal. The qualitative findings were presented at conference and the abstract published in a peer-reviewed journal. Based on the exploratory findings, it was decided not to pursue larger grant applications in this area at the moment.

9. Exploring the role of smoking and opportunities for smoking cessation support among looked after children living in residential care homes: PhD studentship (UKCTAS)

Lead: Lisa Huddlestone (Ratschen & Britton)

A case note review; qualitative interviews with home managers and care staff, and a systematic review were undertaken. Interviews with looked after children and the development/testing of an intervention are underway.

Update April 2017: A narrative review, case note evaluation, survey of residential carers, interviews with home managers and residential carers, and a consultation with health and social care stakeholders were undertaken. A mixed-methods paper (survey and interviews) was published in a peer-reviewed journal. Components of an intervention to address tobacco use in children’s residential care homes were developed. Funding opportunities for future work to refine and pilot the intervention are being explored. Two further papers are being prepared for publication.

10. Implementation of NICE guidance on adult mental health inpatient wards

Project lead: Elena Ratschen (Nottingham)

We have funding from Cancer Research UK to carry out development work measuring the costs of supporting smoking on acute mental health wards, and then piloting smoke-free policy. The audit and baseline measurements are in the process of being conducted, and we will shortly move on to developing the intervention and conducting focus groups. Based on this research, the Trusts has taken steps to fully adopt the new NICE guidance from April 2016. See also WS 4.

Update April 2017: The results of the evaluation of costs study were published in a peer-reviewed journal. Evaluation of the implementation of PH48 has been undertaken and a mixed-methods paper has been submitted for publication in a peer-reviewed journal. The final report has been submitted to CRUK, and future work resulting from our exploratory findings is in development with a number of collaborators.

See also WS 4 CLAHRC work

11. Developing school-based interventions to reduce smoking uptake in teenagers

Project lead: Lisa Szatkowski (with KCL, Stirling, York and Birmingham)

This is a NIHR Public Health Research programme funded study (2013-2015). Operation Smoke Storm (OSS) is a resource in which young people assume the role of secret agents working undercover in the tobacco industry. The novel educational package aims to increase awareness of tobacco industry practices and prevent uptake of smoking among school-aged children.

OSS was delivered by teachers to Year 7 pupils across two secondary schools in Nottinghamshire in the Autumn term of 2013. Evaluation of the resource consisted of pupil completion of pre and post questionnaires, 8 focus groups with pupils (n=80) and interviews with teachers (n=22) to assess the acceptability and feasibility of OSS and inform amendments and further developments to the resource. In Autumn 2014, a revised version of OSS (including a take-home booklet for families and a booster session) was delivered to the new cohort of Year 7 students in one school who were also provided with

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a booklet to take home which included activities to be completed with parents/caregivers. Removal of PSHE in the second school rendered it unfeasible to deliver the refined resource to Year 7 students. A one off booster session was also delivered to students in Year 8 in both schools.

Further questionnaires, focus groups with students and interviews with teachers and parents were completed to evaluate the resource and each respective component. Evaluation of the resource consisted of questionnaires for Year 8, 10 focus groups (n= 100), interviews with teachers (n=16) and paired student/parent interviews (n=9) to evaluate the take-home booklet.

Update April 2017: Quantitative and qualitative analyses have been completed to assess the effectiveness and acceptability of OSS v2 and the booster session. One manuscript has been published and report for NIHR has also been published. Final manuscript is currently under review.

12. Pilot work on service provision in alternative settings (e.g. supermarkets and business parks) to improve service reach to smokers.

Project lead: Manpreet Bains (Nottingham)

Application submitted Oct 2013 looking to explore the effectiveness of a high street quit shop. Initial application unsuccessful and subsequent discussions with tobacco service leads in the East Midlands have highlighted a high street shop based service would be difficult to sustain in the longer term. We are exploring a potential student project with Nottingham City New Leaf to conduct interviews with smokers to find out why they are not accessing services, with a view to identify how the service can adapt to reach this group.

13. Investigating use of NRT and adherence in pregnancy; nicotine metabolism and views on use of NRT with the aim of developing a definitive trial investigating higher dose NRT.

Project lead: Tim Coleman (Nottingham)

We decided that the best way to progress this work would be to apply for a NIHR Programme for Applied Research; we obtained funding from Nottingham City Clinical Commissioning Group to help prepare for this and in particular to strengthen our PPI input.

Update April 2017: This developmental work was completed and has been instrumental in securing a new £2.5 million NIHR Programme for Applied Research focussed on improving pregnant women’s adherence to nicotine replacement therapy which will start in July 2017.

14. Enhancing behavioural support Enhancing NHS behavioural smoking cessation support for pregnant women

Project lead: Tim Coleman (Nottingham)

Funded as part of the E Midlands CLAHRC, this study will develop, evidence-based behaviour change techniques (BCTs) to be applied within NHS behavioural support sessions for pregnant smokers and integrate these into mandatory training for NHS staff and hence, into routine clinical care.

Update April 2017: We have completed exhaustive reviews identifying behaviour change techniques which have been used in successful behaviour change interventions for pregnant women and have conducted and expert group to identify the key barriers against and facilitators for smoking cessation in pregnancy. A Delphi survey of smoking cessation advisors is soon to start and interviews with pregnant smokers are underway.

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QMUL (Hajek, McRobbie) with colleagues in Australia, KCL, Stirling and Sheffield

15. Helping people cope with temptations to smoke to reduce relapse: A factorial randomised controlled trial

Project lead: Hayden McRobbie

Update April 2017: NIHR HTA funding obtained for this collaborative project with colleagues in Australia, KCL, Stirling and Sheffield. The trial is likely to start in September 2017

16. A randomised controlled trial to examine the efficacy of e-cigarettes compared with nicotine replacement therapy, when used within the UK stop smoking service.

Project lead: Hajek, McRobbie

Update April 2017: This NIHR funded study has completed recruitment and it is now collecting follow-up data.

17. The role of de-nicotinised cigarettes in smoking cessation treatment.

Project lead: McRobbie, Przulj,

Update April 2017: The study was completed and the results were published.

18. Efficacy of varenicline dose tailoring.

Project lead: Hajek, McRobbie

Update April 2017: The study was completed and the results were published.

19. Acrolein delivery from electronic cigarettes/ Nicotine delivery from different electronic cigarettes

Project lead: McRobbie, Hajek

Update April 2017: The study was completed and the results were published.

20. Randomised controlled trial of efficacy of electronic cigarettes as an addition to standard treatment (UK and Czech Republic)

Project lead: Hajek, McRobbie

Update April 2017: Data are being analysed

21. Cytisine for smoking cessation (NZ collaboration)

Project lead: McRobbie

Update April 2017: The study was completed and the results were published.

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22. E-cigarettes for smoking cessation in pregnancy.

Project lead: Peter Hajek

Update April 2017: This NIHR funded study is currently undergoing R&D reviews and is expected to start in July 2017

University of Stirling (Bauld, Hastings, Stead, Fitzgerald)

23. Assessing ways of improving uptake and efficacy of stop smoking services

Project lead: Linda Bauld

The NIHR funded ELONS study (Evaluating Longer Term Outcomes for NHS stop smoking services) was completed in November 2014.

24. Exploring strategies to reduce the proportion of pregnant women who smoke.

Project lead: Linda Bauld

Update April 2017: The Scotland Chief Scientist Office Funded Phase II CPIT (Cessation in Pregnancy Incentives Trial) completed in 2014 and the main results were published in the BMJ in 2015. Funding has now been secured from CRUK the Chief Scientists Office and two funders in Northern Ireland for a subsequent multi-centre trial of financial incentives for smoking cessation in pregnancy which will begin in July 2017.

The NIHR funded ‘barriers and facilitators to smoking cessation in pregnancy’ study (systematic reviews and qualitative research) was completed in 2015 and the full report will be published in the NIHR journal, Health Technology Assessment, in May 2017.

25. Feasibility and utility of blood screening approaches to assess and monitor alcohol consumption in a population of pregnant women.

Project lead: Niamh Fitzgerald (Stirling)

Update April 2017: Project is part-funded and has received ethical approval. PI is Prof. David Tappin, Glasgow. Sampling expected to run from May 2017. Currently exploring funding options for analysis of the samples once collected.

26. Developing and studying alcohol brief intervention approaches in informal youth settings.

Project lead: Martine Stead (Stirling)

Study was completed in February 2014. PI was Martine Stead. Findings were presented at INEBRIA conference in 2014.

Update April 2017: Journal paper in press April 2017 at BMC Public Health.

27. Reviewing and analysing practitioner training in alcohol brief interventions as described and delivered in randomised controlled trials.

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Project lead: Niamh Fitzgerald (Stirling)

Funding obtained for scoping study from Alcohol Research UK. Study focuses on systematically describing the training delivered to frontline health practitioners in published trials of alcohol brief interventions. Study started January 2015.

Update April 2017: ARUK report submitted. Journal paper in preparation. Linda Bauld, Kathryn Angus are Co-Is.

28. Remuneration for Alcohol Brief Interventions in Primary Care.

Project Lead: Niamh Fitzgerald (Stirling)

Update April 2017: This project explored the different models of payment for primary care-delivered alcohol brief interventions in local areas in Scotland over the past 7 years. An initial exploratory study, it considered the availability of data to analyse the importance of different levels of remuneration in driving implementation and the views of key stakeholders. Funded by Scottish Health Action on Alcohol Problems. Final report submitted April 2017. Abstract submitted to INEBRIA 2017. Journal paper in progress.

29. Nalmefene (Selincro) for Treatment of Mild-Moderate Alcohol Dependence.

Project Lead: Niamh Fitzgerald (Stirling)

Two strand project: A systematic critical review of efficacy data on nalmefene that led to the licensing of the drug and its recommendation by NICE. Media analysis of reporting on nalmefene at the time of the drug’s launch in the UK.

Update April 2017: Paper published in Addiction on critical review, received media attention and response from NICE and the European Medicines Agency. Paper in preparation on the media analysis.

King’s College London (McNeill, Brose, Robson)

30. Assess strategies for improving the reach and effectiveness of smoking cessation support for smokers with mental illness.

Project lead: There are several projects in this strand which are led by McNeill and Robson, and then Brose.

Brose was successful in being awarded a three year CRUK fellowship to examine the relationship between smoking, mental health and smoking cessation using a variety of different datasets and primary research.

Update April 2017: First paper from fellowship has been published:

Stepankova et al. of Behavioral Medicine. 016 Dec 29. doi: 10.1007/s12160-016-9869-6. A further paper is under review.

Brose was awarded the Fred Yates Prize 2016. Internationally awarded by the Society for the Study of Addiction to an early or mid-career researcher who has made a significant and specific contribution to

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the addictions field and has demonstrated enthusiasm and leadership potential. Brose also won the BMJ Tobacco Control reviewer of the year accolade.

The evaluation of the South London and Maudsley Mental Health Trust (SLaM) comprehensive smoke- free policy is ongoing. Work on the psychosis theme of the NIHR CLAHRC South London project is ongoing with papers are being prepared. The KCL and SLaM team is supporting other trusts going smoke free. A new PHE led academic network for smoking and mental health is being set up and SLaM/KCL is co-hosting a conference on these issues in October 2015. A network meta-analysis on pharmacological treatments is under review.

Update April 2017: Several papers published including the following meta-analysis (1):

Roberts E et al. Addiction 2015 Nov 23. doi: 10.1111/add.13236. Robson D et al. Nicotine & Tobacco Research, 2016;18:1794-7.doi:10.1093/ntr/ntw103. Epub2016.

A third paper on the impact of smoke-free policies on violence has been accepted by Lancet Psychiatry and due to be published early in June (following purdah). A qualitative analysis of violent incidents in relation to smoking is being prepared for publication. A systematic review of studies assessing violence and smoke-free papers will shortly be submitted for publication.

31. Evaluation of a new treatment pathway for smokers with psychosis

Project lead: Ann McNeill/Debbie Robson

In SLaM a new mandatory electronic recording system for smoking has been set up with electronic referrals to support services. This is being evaluated as part of the NIHR CLAHRC South London project. New systems were put in place to ensure front line staff were trained and able to provide NRT within 30 minutes of admission.

Update April 2017: A paper is being prepared for publication

32. Development and evaluation of systematic training programme for mental health staff

Project lead: Debbie Robson

Following implementation and evaluation of the training programme, a new RCT of training is being developed.

Update April 2017: This research was postponed until 2017 in light of the development of the papers above.

33. Development and evaluation of treatment pathways for substance misusers.

Project lead: Ann McNeill/Debbie Robson/Leonie Brose

The systematic review has now been published (Thurgood et al, NTR 2015). The PhD student studying incentives in relation to smoking cessation treatment in substance misusers is ongoing. The qualitative study of smoking among substance misuse staff is being presented at the Lisbon Addictions Conference in September 2015 and a paper being prepared.

Update April 2017:

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The systematic review paper was awarded Nicotine & Tobacco Research: Gary Swan Prize for Article of the Year. The qualitative research is still being prepared as further interviews were added. A spin off of this work is that a new PhD studentship was awarded at KCL between the Nursing faculty (Dr Maria Duaso) and McNeill on developing a cannabis and smoking intervention following a Masters’ project on qualitative research with smokers with substance misuse issues, which is currently being written up for publication.

34. Developing treatment for users of chewing tobacco (with QMUL and Nottingham)

Project lead: Ann McNeill, Catherine Pritchard, Hayden McRobbie and Ray Croucher

A grant proposal has got through the outline stage.

Update April 2017: The full grant application was rejected but is currently being reconfigured into a larger CRUK Catalyst grant application led by Kamran Siddiqi (York) supported by a number of other investigators including McNeill, Croucher, Bauld.

University of Liverpool (Field, Rose)

35. Develop brief interventions for problem drinking, based on successful approaches in smoking cessation, which require minimal training.

Project lead: Matt Field

Update April 2017: In Liverpool, a recently-completed RCT of an internet-delivered ‘inhibition training’ intervention demonstrated a robust reduction in alcohol consumption after four weeks of receiving the intervention, but this reduction was seen in all participants (including a control group), therefore it likely represents a non-specific effect (e.g. attributable to motivation to change and self-monitoring of drinking). Andy Jones will build on these findings as part of his ESRC Future Leaders research grant. In the MRC project, we believe that the intervention failed because it did not yield robust changes in automatic associations between alcohol cues and inhibition of behaviour. We have submitted two grant applications to the MRC to develop and evaluate modified versions of this intervention, but both have been rejected. This is a rapidly developing field so we will ‘wait and see’ what other findings emerge from other research groups before considering another funding application.

UCL (West, Brown)

36. Understanding low efficacy of NRT use in quit attempts where no other support is sought

Project lead: West, Brown

The Smoker Toolkit Study (STS), an ongoing longitudinal survey, is being used to assess this and similar questions. Data collection is ongoing.

Update April 2017: The team have now published several relevant papers on this topic:

1. Kotz, D et al. Mayo Clin Proc 2014, 89 (10), 1360-1367. doi:10.1016/j.mayocp.2014.07.004 2. Brown, J et al. Addiction 2014, 109 (9), 1531-1540. doi:10.1111/add.12623 3. Kotz, D et al. JAMA Internal Medicine 2016, 176 (6), 863-864. doi:10.1001/jamainternmed.2016.1559 4. Beard, E et al. Addict Behav, 2015; 40, 33-38. doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2014.08.008

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5. Shahab, L et al. PLoS One. 2014; doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0113045

37. Test the effect of providing purchasers with info based on PRIME theory to reduce low efficacy of self- purchased NRT.

Project lead: West

Update April 2017: The team in collaboration with Tobias Raupach received funding to develop and conduct a trial of a relevant intervention (Raupach, T., Brown, J. Increasing medication adherence in smoking cessation: a randomised-controlled trial of a smartphone application. Pfizer Global Research Award for Nicotine Dependence $163,195.00). The work was led by Aleksandra Herbec (PhD student within UTARG) but unfortunately, the feasibility and piloting work indicated that the intervention and trial were not feasible. Relevant development and qualitative papers are being written up.

38. Continue work with the National Centre for Smoking Cessation and Training on impact of upgrading clinical smoking cessation support, based on PRIME theory and COM-B.

Project lead: West, Brown

Update April 2017: As collaborators, the UCL team have been involved with the publications of relevant papers on this topic:

1. Herold, R et al. Nicotine Tob Res. 2016, 18(12), 2209-2215. doi:10.1093/ntr/ntw191 2. Brose, L. et al. Behav Res Ther, 2015; 71, 34-39. doi:10.1016/j.brat.2015.05.013 3. Brose, L. et al. Prev Med, 2014; 69, 1-4. doi:10.1016/j.ypmed.2014.08.021 4. Brose, L. et al. Transl Behav Med, 2014; 4(2), 220-225. doi:10.1007/s13142-014- 0261-4

39. Development of interventions to integrate smoking cessation treatment into the treatment of people with depression and anxiety.

Project lead: Gemma Taylor (Bristol)

Workstream 4: Reducing harm

WS4 leads: Peter Hajek (QM), Ann McNeill (KCL)

Early career researcher leads: Anna Phillips (QM), Sara Hitchman (KCL)

Other UKCTAS investigators: Amanda Amos (Edinburgh), Paul Aveyard (Oxford), Linda Bauld (Stirling), John Britton (Nottingham), Anna Gilmore, Chris Griffin (Bath), Marcus Munafo (Bristol), Robert West (UCL)

Overview

This workstream investigates how strategies can be applied to reduce harm from tobacco or alcohol use in users who do not want to or cannot abstain from nicotine or alcohol.

QMUL (Hajek, McRobbie)

Update April 2017:

1. Acceptability of alternative nicotine devices as alternatives to smoking.

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Project lead: Hajek, McRobbie

We assessed reactions of smokers to the first trial of an e-cigarette (EC) and after 4 weeks of use, together with nicotine uptake from the device. This has now been published:

Hajek P et al. Nicotine and Tobacco Research Research 2015; 17:175-179

2. Nicotine intake from different types of e-cigarettes compared to nicotine intake from conventional cigarettes.

Project lead: Hajek, McRobbie

We collected blood samples in dual users of e-cigarettes and conventional cigarettes when using one of eight types of e-cigarettes or their own conventional cigarette after overnight abstinence. This has now been published:

Hajek P et al. Psychopharmacology 2017. DOI 10.1007/s00213-016-4512-6

An earlier study where we examined nicotine delivery from EC was published:

Goniewicz M et al. Addiction, 2014; 109, 500-507

3. Determinants of user reactions to different types of e-cigarettes.

Project lead: Hajek, McRobbie

In an extended sample of participants in the study above, including both dual users and exclusive vapers, we collected a range of subjective ratings of eight different EC devices and are assessing how these relate to nicotine intake from each device and to overall device ratings. The study is completed and currently being written up. Study protocol has been published on-line.

4. Efficacy of e-cigarettes compared to nicotine replacements as a method of smoking cessation.

Project lead: Hajek, McRobbie

This large NIHR RCT has completed recruitment and entered the follow-up stage. https://njl- admin.nihr.ac.uk/document/download/2007208

5. Effects of e-cigarettes when added to standard stop-smoking treatment.

Project lead: Hajek

We completed two projects addressing this question. One was a cohort study in which EC were added to standard treatment within routine stop-smoking service. The results were published.

Hajek P et al. J Addict Res Ther. 2015; 6: 244. doi:10.4172/2155-6105.1000244

The other one is an international RCT that has recently completed the follow-ups. The results are being analysed.

6. Reviews of the literature on e-cigarettes .

Project lead: McRobbie, McNeill, Hajek

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We reviewed recent studies suggesting that e-cigarettes may pose risks previously not recognised for PHE and the review has now been published.

McNeill A et al. E-cigarettes: an evidence update. PHE 2015 (see below)

Comprehensive reviews of literature on EC safety and effects, published in 2014 and Update published in 2017.

Hajek P et al. Addiction, 2017; doi:10.1111/add.12659

Cochrane review of efficacy of EC in smoking cessation, published in 2014 and updated in 2016.

McRobbie H et al. Cochrane Reviews, 2014; Issue 12.

Hartmann-Boyce J et al. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2016, Issue 9. Art. No.: CD010216.

7. Natural history of dual users who smoke and vape, and determine the level of interest in this group in obtaining stop-smoking treatment.

Project lead: Hajek, Bauld, McRobbie

We are conducting two studies on this. One of them funded by Pfizer follows up a sample of 200 dual users and provides varenicline to those wishing to stop smoking altogether. It collects cotinine and anabasine samples to determine proportions of nicotine participants are obtaining from smoking and vaping, and changes in this over time. The study completed recruitment and entered the follow-up stage.

The other CRUK funded study is at the approvals stage and will follow-up a sample of 400 dual users, hopefully for a number of years, depending on future funding.

8. Effects of e-cigarettes in smokers unable to quit.

Project lead: Hajek, McRobbie

This CRUK funded RCT will assess changes in smoking and toxin intake in smokers trying to switch to vaping or use NRT. The study has started recruitment.

9. Safety and efficacy of e-cigarettes as a stop-smoking intervention in pregnant smokers.

Project lead: Hajek, Coleman, Bauld

This large NIHR funded RCT that will compare EC and NRT is undergoing institutional reviews.

10. Toxin intake from e-cigarettes in vapers and dual users compared to smokers

Project lead: Hajek, McRobbie

Levels of acrolein and other potential toxins were assessed before and after smokers switched completely or partially to vaping. The study was funded by MHRA and has now been published.

McRobbie H et al. Cancer Prevention Research 2015; Sep;8 (9):873-8. doi: 10.1158/1940- 6207.CAPR-15-0058.

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11. Effects of switching to vaping on respiratory infections.

We assisted with an online survey of vapers to determine effect of vaping on respiratory infections. The study has been published.

Miler J, Mayer B, Hajek P. Journal of Addiction Research and Therapy; 2016, 7:4 DOI: 10.4172/2155-6105.1000290

University of Oxford (Aveyard/Farley/Begh)

Update April 2017:

12. Understanding the nature and drivers of dual use of electronic and tobacco cigarettes.

Project lead: Farley, Aveyard

This CRUK–funded study aims to examine the thoughts and feelings of dual users of cigarettes and e- cigarettes. We aim to understand what made people adopt this behaviour and what they are trying to achieve by it, such as circumventing smoke-free rules or attempting to stop smoking.

13. Perceptions of GPs and nurses on the role of e-cigarettes for harm reduction and smoking cessation in general practice.

Project lead: Begh

This CRUK-funded project is preparatory to a randomised trial in which nurses and doctors will make brief opportunistic interventions to motivate switching to e-cigarettes in people who go on smoking despite smoking-related illness.

King’s College London (McNeill/Hitchman/Brose/Robson)

14. Assess utility of techniques e.g. use of e-cigarettes to promote harm reduction in groups with high levels of nicotine dependence and disadvantage, such as those with severe mental illness and substance misuse.

Project lead: Rocio Perez-Iglesia/Ann McNeill/Debbie Robson

Update April 2017: The pilot is now complete and being written up for publication.

We continue to evaluate the SLaM smoke-free trust policy which allows some types of e-cigarettes. In April 2017 the policy was expanded to include all types of e-cigarettes.

15. Assess impact of regulatory approaches and e-cigarettes on harm reduction behaviours for smokers, using different survey data: ITC, internet-cohort, ASH Smokefree surveys (adult and youth) and with UCL, smoker toolkit data.

Update April 2017: The following papers were published from a CRUK data analysis grant:

1. Yong H-H et al. Nicotine & Tobacco Research; 2017 Mar 4. doi: 10.1093/ntr/ntx056. 2. Brose LS et al. EJPH 2017 Feb 4. doi: 10.1093/eurpub/ckw268. 3. Simonavicius E et al.? Drug Alcohol Dependence 2017;173:139-143. doi: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2017.01.002.

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4. Brose LS et al. Tob Control 2016 Jun 16. pii: tobaccocontrol-2016-052987. doi: 10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2016-052987. 5. Eastwood B et al. Public Health 2015 Aug 17. pii: S0033-3506(15)00269-3. doi: 10.1016/j.puhe.2015.07.009. 6. Bauld L et al. Nicotine & Tobacco Research, 2015 Aug 6. pii: ntv132. 7. Brose LS et al. Addiction, 110: doi: 10.1111/add.12917. 8. Hitchman SC et al. Nicotine & Tobacco Research: doi: 10.1093/ntr/ntv078.

16. Assess risk perceptions of nicotine using ITC data and impact on harm reduction and quitting behaviours.

Project lead: Leonie Brose

Update April 2017:

Brose LS et al. Drug and Alcohol Dependence. 2015 Dec 1;157:106-11. doi: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2015.10.014.

17. New study: Qualitative study of adult smokers and recent ex-smokers who have used or are using e cigarettes.

Project lead: Sara Hitchman

Update April 2017:

Wadsworth E et al. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2016 Jun 30;13(7). pii: E661. doi: 10.3390/ijerph13070661.

18. New study: Heart disease risk perceptions among smokers using data from UK and AU, in collaboration with AU colleagues, plus Elton-Marshall from Canadian Centre for Addictions and Mental Health.

Project lead: Sara Hitchman.

Update April 2017: A student is beginning work on this project.

19. Standardised packaging of tobacco.

Project lead: McNeill/Hitchman

Update April 2017: The Cochrane review of standardised packaging was published in April 2017: McNeill A et al. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2017, Issue 4 . Art. No.: CD011244. DOI:10.1002/14651858.CD011244.

Hitchman with Moodie (Stirling) and McNeill are working on the grant by CRUK/BHF to develop a new survey to monitor and evaluate the impact of standardised packaging and other tobacco control measures introduced with the baseline survey completed in 2016.

20. New study: CRUK has awarded KCL a grant for secondary analysis of e-cigarette usage and impact using the internet survey, ASH surveys, UCL toolkit and the ITC survey.

Project lead: McNeill

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Update April 2017: This project is now complete and the papers listed under 14 and 15 above.

21. New study: PHE commissioned the KCL group to write a report on e-cigarette use, due end April 2015.

Project lead: McNeill

A comprehensive review of e-cigarettes was written for Public Health England and published in August. 2015

McNeill A, Brose L.S., Calder R, Hitchman S.C., Hajek P, McRobbie H (2015). E-cigarettes: and evidence update, Public Health England. This report received widespread coverage and resulted in a consensus statement among UK health professionals and public bodies on e- cigarettes.

22. New study: KCL has been awarded a grant by DH/PHRC to assess smoking norms and use this as a basis for measuring any impact of e-cigarette use on normalisation of smoking.

Project lead: McNeill

We recruited a new researcher, Katherine East who has begun work on this project, and is carrying out a systematic review of relevant papers.

Update April 2017: This work is now complete and was published in February 2017:

Katherine East successfully won a UKCTAS PhD studentship and is now enhancing this work and writing it up for publication.

University of Nottingham (Lewis, Langley, Britton, Ratschen)

23. Use the Nottingham Tobacco Control Database and Smoking Toolkit Study to monitor the impact of harm reduction policies when implemented.

Project lead: Lewis, Bogdanovica, Langley,

Monitoring of electronic cigarette use, using data from Smoking Toolkit Study, is being carried out by Prof West’s group at UCL (see below). Electronic primary care data, available in Nottingham through the Health Improvement Network (THIN), allows tracking of smoking prevalence, smoking cessation medication prescriptions and other smoking related outcomes from GP data. We have continued to extract monthly data from THIN and other data sources to update prevalence figures and numbers of smokers (ie NTCD figures effectively), overall and in different SES groups with the intention of enabling time series analysis to look at impacts of policies. This will show, to some extent, the impact of e-cig use on primary care recorded smoking prevalence estimates - though it is limited by not having data on e-cigarette use. This could be used for interrupted time series analyses of impacts of any policy introduction.

Update April 2017: Dr Ilze Bogdanovica has been awarded a Cancer Research-UK fellowship enabling her to use Nielsen and Kantar panel sales and panel data, in conjunction with other routine and bespoke datasets, to track

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the effect of impending standardised packing measures on cigarette prices, market segmentation and electronic cigarette use in the UK.

24. Work with industrial partners developing inhalable forms of nicotine

Project lead: Britton, Ratschen

Protocols to test pharmacokinetics of novel nicotine devices were developed with two industrial partners but were not progressed. We will not be pursuing this work.

25. Assessing ‘smoke-free homes’ as a way of reducing the proportion of the population exposed to tobacco smoke.

Project lead: Ratschen

Update April 2017: We have completed a feasibility study developing an intervention to promote smoke-free homes for children whose mothers smoke and are unable or unwilling to quit. This intervention has now been tested and proven effective in a randomised controlled trial (currently in press with Tobacco Control).

26. Exploring use of social media in tobacco and alcohol harm reduction initiatives with young people

Project lead: Not assigned

Work not commenced.

27. Apply experience of family smoking interventions to reduce harm to children from alcohol consumption.

Project lead: Not assigned

Work not commenced.

28. Attitudes to electronic cigarettes: A qualitative study of women who are pregnant or have recently given birth.

Project lead: Michael Ussher (St George’s); Michael is an UKCTAS affiliate and this project involves Sarah Lewis, Linda Bauld and Tim Coleman

Update April 2017: Funded by CRUK, this collaborative effort led by Prof Ussher has been run from Nottingham, with data collection and qualitative interviews being conducted locally. The study has provided valuable insights into the attitudes of pregnant smokers to using e cigarettes, and will be used to inform future intervention development (manuscript submitted for publication). A further CRUK TAG application, led by Sue Cooper in Nottingham and involving the same research team, has been awarded to conduct a quantitative longitudinal survey of pregnant smokers’ attitudes to and use of e-cigarettes, with recruitment from sites across the UK. This study is intended to identify barriers and facilitators to using ECs in pregnancy.

University of Bristol (Munafo)

29. For alcohol, we will develop our work on the impact and acceptability of reducing alcohol content and serving sizes, and changing the design of drinking glasses, consumption environment and other factors influencing drinking patterns.

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Project lead: Munafò, Collaborator: Theresa Marteau (non-UKCTAS)

Update April 2017:

SPHR funded PhD student, David Troy started in March 2014. David has conducted a series of studies investigating the effects of glass characteristics on drinking behaviour, including glass shape, volume markings, and nucleation. This has provided some evidence that glass marking may slow drinking rate (Troy et al, 2016). The project has included collaborations with a local brewer to explore the feasibility of conducting field trials using choice architecture interventions to reduce rate of alcohol consumption (Troy, Maynard, Hickman, Attwood & Munafo, 2015). A series of studies on the effect of glass nucleation on the drinking experience have also been conducted. The first (n = 112) investigated the effect of nucleation on the experience of drinking lager and the results showed that nucleated lagers had greater visual appeal than non-nucleated lagers, but that nucleation did not affect overall likeability (including enjoyment, taste, refreshment and likelihood to buy). A second study (n = 160) investigated the impact of nucleation on drinking rate. The results of these studies are being written up for publication.

Angela Attwood and Olivia Maynard have been leading a programme of research investigating the impact of alcohol labelling (unit, calorie and health warning) information on attitudes and behaviour, supported by grants from the MRC Public Health Intervention Development (MRC PHIND) Scheme (MR/N027450) awarded to Angela Attwood and an Alcohol Research UK Small Grant (SG 15/15 222) awarded to Olivia Maynard. A large online survey (n = 450) of social alcohol consumers, and stakeholder interviews with health professionals, academic experts, representatives from policy and licensing teams and the alcohol industry found support for accurate information on alcohol labels. There was also a demonstrable need for improvement in current public knowledge on both the content (calories and units) and harms related to alcohol. A manuscript describing these findings is currently in preparation. A laboratory study on 264 social alcohol consumers investigated the impact of unit and calorie information on drinking behaviour using an ad libitum taste test task. Results indicate no differences in the volume of beer consumed based on unit or calorie information. Qualitative feedback from participants indicated that they ‘drink to get drunk’ and that labelling of this kind is unlikely to have the effect of reducing consumption among this population. A manuscript is being prepared for submission to Alcohol and Alcoholism. Further online surveys and an eye-tracking experiment are examining better methods of presenting calorie, unit and health warning information to consumers to investigate whether this can improve responses to this information.

Publications arising from this work include:

Troy, D. M et al European Journal of Public Health, 2016. ckw142, and Troy, D. M et al Pilot and Feasibility Studies, 2015: 1(1), 1-8.

University of Stirling (Bauld)

30. Long term outcomes among people using NHS Stop Smoking Services (SSS), to define the hazards of long-term nicotine use.

Project lead: Linda Bauld

This is an add-on to the NIHR funded ELONS study led by Linda Bauld. The longer term nicotine use element is being conducted by Dr Lion Shahab at UCL.

Update April 2017:

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Papers Published: 1. Dobbie, F., Hiscock, R., Leonardi-Bee, J., Murray, S., Shahab, L., Aveyard, P., et al. (2015). Evaluating Long-term Outcomes of NHS Stop Smoking Services (ELONS): a prospective cohort study. Health Technology Assessment, 19, 95 2. Shahab, L., Dobbie, F., Hiscock, R., McNeill, A., Bauld, L. (in press). Prevalence and impact of long-term use of nicotine replacement therapy in UK Stop-Smoking Services: findings from the ELONS study. Nicotine and Tobacco Research. Submitted: 3. Mortimer, E., Bauld, L., McGowan, J.A., McNeill, A., Tyndale, R.F., Shahab, L. (submitted). Characterising the nicotine metabolite ratio and its association with treatment choice: A cross sectional analysis of Stop Smoking Services in England. In prep: 4. L., Bauld, L., McNeill, A., Tyndale, R.F. Association of nicotine metabolite ratio with treatment outcomes in Stop Smoking Services in England.

University of Bath (Gilmore, Griffin)

31. Monitoring tobacco industry activities in relation to harm reduction.

Project lead: Silvy Peeters

The University of Bath's research on harm reduction has focused on monitoring transnational tobacco companies' entry into snus and nicotine containing products (most recently e-cigarettes), and the benefits that promoting harm reduction as a tobacco control policy presents to the tobacco industry, including reputational rehabilitation and access to policy makers at national and international level.

University College London (West, Brown, Michie)

Update April 2017:

32. Monitoring quitting and harm reduction behaviours, including e-cigarette usage using Smokers’ Toolkit data.

Project lead: Brown, West

Researchers have used the Smokers Toolkit Study to assess prevalence of e-cigarette usage and association with quit behaviour, producing several publications.

Workstream 5: Policy and ethics; & Workstream 6: Tobacco and alcohol industries

WS5/6 leads: Richard Ashcroft (QM), Anna Gilmore (University of Bath), Jeff Collin (University of Edinburgh)

Early career researcher leads: Jenny Hatchard (Bath), Heide Weishaar (Edinburgh), Karen-Evans Reeves (Bath)

Other UKCTAS investigators: Gerard Hastings (Stirling), John Britton (Nottingham), Tessa Langley (Nottingham), Sally Casswell (Massey), Ann McNeill (KCL), Rosemary Hiscock, Chris Griffin, David Miller, Gemma Lennox (Bath), Robert West (UCL), Petra Meier (Sheffield)

Overview

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Workstreams 5 and 6 examine the political, social and ethical barriers to more effective tobacco and alcohol policy and how these can be overcome. They also assess how multinational tobacco and alcohol industries influence consumers and policy.

The following areas were identified in our proposal as ongoing or future work:

Queen Mary University of London (Ashcroft)

Update April 2017: 1. Developing normative ethical theory to examine tobacco and alcohol issues. 2. Exploring the civil liberties debate around alcohol and tobacco consumption. 3. Examining the role of fairness in evaluating individual interventions, differential social risk and cultural practices. 4. Examining the ethics of cost-benefit analyses of trade-offs between health and other policy objectives by central and local government. 5. Exploring the ethics, barriers, and cost-effectiveness of voluntary and legislative interventions.

Project lead: Richard Ashcroft

Due to sickness and sabbatical and being unable to recruit to the PhD studentship this work has not commenced. (The PhD studentship was offered to other universities in a competitive bid and KCl East was awarded it).

University of Bath (Gilmore, Miller, Griffin, Hatchard, Evans-Reeves)/ University of Edinburgh (Collin, Weishaar)

1. Using social network analysis to examine relationships between policymakers and officials, the commercial sector, and civil society organisations.

Project lead: Jeff Collin

Update April 2017: Several journal articles have now been published reporting the findings of a study which used social network analysis (SNA) to explore the policy network of organisational interest representatives and their engagement and collaboration during the development of European smoke-free policies. One recent publication presenting some findings has been published in the International Journal of Social Research Methodology (see publications in Appendix).

At Bath, two team members are now trained in SNA and a database is compiled that will be used to undertake SNA of those influencing debates in tobacco policy. A CRUK Tobacco Advisory Group grant – Voices in Fiscal Cancer Prevention (Hatchard) – was awarded in 2016 to use SNA investigate the overlap between organisations lobbying on tobacco, alcohol and sugar taxation. A global social network analysis of lobbying on illicit tobacco is also planned as part of a university of Bath-funded PhD (Allen Gallagher).

Drawing on social network analysis, we are undertaking an examination of the extent of institutional links across leading tobacco, alcohol and ultra-processed food companies. This analyses how interlocking directorates across multiple organisations provide key strategies links across corporate sectors, with policy elites and with health and development agencies. Preliminary results have been reported at the Global Alcohol Policy Conference and at the European Conference on Tobacco or Health and presented to the Scottish Parliament’s cross party group on the future of Scotland’s health and to the WHO Global Coordination Mechanism for NCDs.

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2. Exploring how tobacco and alcohol companies have understood and used marketing and product development to exploit socio-economic inequalities, thereby undermining effective health policy (cf. Griffin, Bath)

Project lead: Jeff Collin

Update April 2017: We have undertaken an innovative analysis of the role of unhealthy commodity industries in driving health inequalities across national and international levels, bringing a focus on the potential contribution of regulatory strategies to broader approaches to address health inequalities (Hill & Collin, Ch 13 in: Smith K, Bambra C, Hill S (eds). Health Inequalities: Critical Perspectives, 2016). We are also currently completing an analysis of strategic similarities across tobacco, alcohol and ultra-processed food companies in seeking to shape policy approaches based on corporate submissions to public consultations.

An ongoing related project supported by CRUK will build on this work by examining how tobacco companies and other stakeholders have sought to shape understandings of the potential contributions of e-cigarettes to addressing health inequalities (Hill et al. E-cigarettes, harm reduction and inequalities: a review of evidence and stakeholder claims Cancer Research UK. October 2016-April 2018).

Alcohol Research UK funded grant entitled ‘Alcohol marketing to young people via social media: Implications for the Advertising Standards Code of Practice: January 2015-August 2016’ was awarded to Bath (Griffin) and work on this is underway via this grant and linked PhD studentship that began September 2014 (see WS 2).

The NIHR project detailed further under 12 below and in the inequalities progress report provides new evidence of the tobacco industry’s use of price based marketing and small pack sizes etc with clear relevance to inequalities.

3. Comparing tobacco and alcohol companies’ efforts to shape consumer behaviour, influence socio- cultural and policy environments, and manage conflicts of interest

Project lead: Not assigned

A three year ESRC funded seminar series on ‘Tobacco and Alcohol: Policy challenges for public and global health’ started in December 2013.

Update April 2017: This seminar series has been strikingly successful in securing high levels of participation from academics, policymakers and civil society. Its exploration of synergies and differences across tobacco control and alcohol policy provided a very distinctive space in which to develop discussions that were of clear value to participants from across these sectors, discussions which are now being taken forward in multiple fora. The ideas and approaches discussed are actively shaping discussions around future policy priorities, including via approaches to identifying and managing conflict of interest and possibilities for an increased focus on supply-side approaches to reducing harm attributable to alcohol and tobacco. The reach of the work has expanded as it progressed with substantial engagement with international organisations (including the World Health Organisation and its Pan-American Health Organisation) and by increasing engagement with related spheres (notably nutrition research and policy). Key knowledge exchange activities arising from this series have included participation in the WHO Global Co-ordination Mechanisms for NCDs policy dialogue on engagement with non-state actors, contributions to the development of the Scottish Parliament’s new Cross Party group on the future of Scotland’s health (which brings together previously disparate groups on tobacco, alcohol and obesity) and supporting WHO and civil society colleagues in the Caribbean in the development of policies to manage conflict of interest.

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Staff in Bath have undertaken two systematic reviews of alcohol and tobacco industry efforts to influence marketing policy and used these to compare the two industries showing striking similarities (cf. #16). The reviews are Savell et al 2015. doi: 10.1111/add.13048 and Savell et al 2014. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0087389

Building on the TCRG's innovative work to establish a European database and classification system of lobbying organisations active on tobacco policy, our research, funded by CRUK, is now being extended to examine networks of organisations actively lobbying across public health taxation policies for tobacco, alcohol and sugar in the UK (cf. #6 Hatchard’s CRUK grant).

4. Using the concept of policy coherence to compare health-oriented domestic policies and the overseas promotion of UK industries, including corporate social responsibility.

Project lead: Richard Ashcroft

Update April 2017: We have used the lens of policy coherence to explore the contrasting policies of UK governments with respect to the global expansion of the alcohol and tobacco industries (Collin et al. BMJ 2014; 348:g3648). The promotion of policy coherence has itself become central to the broader global health and development agendas, reflected in its inclusion within the Sustainable Development Goals (Goal 17.14) and we have explored the implications of this for the development of global approaches to the reduction of alcohol related harms (Collin & Casswell. Lancet 2016; Vol 387, Issue 10038, 2582 – 2583). We have contributed to international debates around public health approaches in countries with state tobacco monopolies, using policy coherence to explore competing strategies for managing conflicts of interest (Hogg et al. Tobacco Control 2016;25:367-372).

Bath has undertaken extensive research into the tobacco industry’s corporate social responsibility showing that tobacco companies use philanthropy politically Fooks et al 2011. PLoS Med 8(8): e1001076; Fooks et al 2013. PLoS ONE 8(11): e80864; Fooks et al 2013. J Bus Ethics 112: 283). The work provides a basis for analysing the political effects of charitable giving in other industry sectors which have an impact on public health such as alcohol and food (Fooks & Gilmore 2013. PLoS ONE 8(11): e80864).

5. Examining tensions between implementation guidelines for FCTC Article 5.3 to nullify tobacco industry interference in health policy, with that of tobacco harm reduction

Project lead: Jeff Collin

Update April 2017: Two articles by Weishaar, Amos and Collin under consideration by journals include describing actor constellations in EU smoke-free policy, and the role of the tobacco industry in the EU smoke-free debates.

A plenary talk entitled “Tackling the tobacco industry at EU level. Strategic lessons learned from smoke- free”, was made by Weishaar at the European Conference on Tobacco or Health in Istanbul, March 2014.

Our contributions to the RCP report include the first substantive analysis of how tobacco companies have sought to respond to the challenges and opportunities emerging from the rise of e-cigarettes. The relevant report is ‘Nicotine without smoke: Tobacco harm reduction’. London: RCP, 2016. Chapter 9: E- cigarettes, harm reduction and the tobacco industry).

6. Comparing corporate responses to 5.3 (tobacco) and policy-industry collaboration opportunities within states and in international organisations (alcohol)

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Project lead: Anna Gilmore

Update April 2017: On tobacco, the Bath team have undertaken a body of research examining tobacco company responses to standardised packaging of tobacco despite 5.3 – the following articles published in 2014-16 in Tobacco Control, BMJ Open, PLOS Medicine.

1. Ulucanlar S et al. PLoS Med. 2014;11(3):e1001629; 2. Hatchard J et al. BMJ open. 2014;4:e003757; 3. Rowell A et al. Tobacco Control. 2014. doi: 10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2013-051397. 4. Evans-Reeves, KA et al. Tobacco Control, 2014 http://tobaccocontrol.bmj.com/content/early/2014/12/10/tobaccocontrol-2014-051930 5. Hatchard, JL et al. Standardised tobacco packaging: a health policy case study of corporate conflict expansion and adaptation. BMJ Open 6(10). 2016. http://bmjopen.bmj.com/content/6/10/e012634

In this series of papers, TCRG researchers (Evans-Reeves, Hatchard, Gilmore, Fooks, Rowell) have demonstrated the low quality of tobacco industry evidence against plain packaging, revealed their use of third parties as a means of expanding the policy conflict in the UK and examined how the industry uses the media to promote misleading data about the illicit tobacco trade. The research was heavily cited in the 2016 High Court case through which tobacco companies hoped, but failed, to overturn the policy. The latest phase of research has involved analysis of Twitter data on plain packs and the TCRG is now using retail data, surveys of pack design and commercial literature to evaluate the impact of standardised packaging on the tobacco industry in the UK 2014-18. Funders include CRUK and NIHR.

Research on the tobacco industry’s attempts to prevent standardised packaging led by researchers at the University of Bath identified how the tobacco industry produced and widely disseminated highly misleading and poor quality evidence claimed to demonstrate that standardised tobacco packaging would not work, and would increase cigarette smuggling. This industry tactic was initially successful when, in July 2013, the UK government decided against introducing standardised packaging, arguing that there was inadequate evidence to support the move. The government then asked Sir Cyril Chantler, a leading paediatrician, to assess the evidence in 2014 and Bath, Stirling, KCL and Nottingham researchers provided oral evidence to his team. His report identified our review as ‘the most comprehensive evidence to date’ and prominently featured the research on the tobacco industry’s misleading arguments (http://www.kcl.ac.uk/health/10035-TSO-2901853-Chantler-Review- ACCESSIBLE.PDF). The latter was also used in the Government’s legal defence against the tobacco industry’s challenge to the legislation, and was heavily cited in the resulting 2016 High Court ruling by Justice Green (Royal High Courts of Justice. Tobacco Companies vs. UK Department of Health London, UK. 2016).

Subsequent research has confirmed how the tobacco industry used third party organisations financially linked to them to produce research, promote their arguments and lobby government as a means of expanding and extending the policy conflict in the UK111. (Hatchard, JL et al. BMJ Open 6(10). 2016. http://bmjopen.bmj.com/content/6/10/e012634). We are currently examining social media responses to plain packaging debates, industry use of the media to promote misleading data about the illicit tobacco trade and evaluating the impact of standardised packaging on the tobacco industry in the UK. Bath researchers (Hiscock, Evans-Reeves, Gilmore) are now funded by CRUK to contribute to evaluation of implementation of the policy.

One of our papers on standardised packaging (senior author Anna Gilmore, Bath: Ulucanlar S et al. PLOS Medicine. 2014;11(3):e1001629.) was selected by PLoS Medicine as one of its eight ‘most interesting and influential articles’ of the last ten years, (http://blogs.plos.org/speakingofmedicine/2014/10/13/happy-birthday-plos-medicine/) and has

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prompted similar work by Australian researchers studying British American Tobacco’s (BAT) submission to New Zealand’s Tobacco Plain Packaging Amendment Bill14.

Bath have also used two systematic reviews to produce a taxonomy of tobacco industry political activity covering company discourses and activities used to oppose policy change. published in PLOS Medicine, (Ulucanlar, S, Fooks, GJ, Gilmore, AB (2016) The Policy Dystopia Model: An Interpretive Analysis of Tobacco Industry Political Activity, PLOS Medicine, doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1002125) this was disseminated at the European Conference on Tobacco or Health in 2017 (cf. #16). And along with the systematic reviews detailed above has prompted similar work in other jurisdictions. (see below).

1. Gilmore A, et al. Addiction 2013;108(7):1317-26. doi: 10.1111/add.12159. Epub 2013 Apr 16. 2. Gilmore A, et al. Tob Control 2014 May; 23(0): e15–e16. doi: 10.1136/tobaccocontrol- 2013-051048. 3. Gilmore A et al.. Journal of Public Health 2015 Mar;37(1):78-88. http://jpubhealth.oxfordjournals.org/content/early/2014/08/11/pubmed.fdu048.full.pd f

University of Bath (Gilmore, Lubbers, Evans-Reeves, Rowell, Hiscock, Hatchard, Peeters, Jackson)

7. Examining the importance of pricing and taxation for reducing consumption and enhancing tobacco and alcohol industry profits (work on tax/price with Kings College London - KCL)

Project lead: Anna Gilmore

Update April 2017: In a series of projects funded by NIHR and CRUK, the University of Bath Tobacco Control Research Group (Hiscock, Gilmore, Branston) and KCL (McNeill, Partos, Hitchman) have worked directly and with others including Public Health England, NHS Health Scotland and Nielsen to improve the usability of commercial tobacco retail data.

This builds on previous research which has directly informed UKCTAS and ASH budget submissions and informed UK Government consultations (eg. on the Minimum Tobacco Excise Tax) and policy change. UKCTAS work on tobacco industry pricing led from the University of Bath, showed how the tobacco industry was using its pricing strategy to undermine the intended public health impacts of tobacco tax policy by absorbing taxes on its cheapest products. These publications are:

1. Gilmore A et al. Addiction 2013;108(7):1317-26. doi: 10.1111/add.12159. Epub 2013 Apr 16. 2. Gilmore A, Reed H. Tob Control 2014 May; 23(0): e15–e16. doi: 10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2013-051048. 3. Gilmore A et al. Journal of Public Health 2015 Mar;37(1):78-88. http://jpubhealth.oxfordjournals.org/content/early/2014/08/11/pubmed.fdu 048.full.pdf

This has informed a number of policy changes most notably the decision to implement a minimum excise tax. It identified that many of the problems could be addressed, inter alia, through a minimum excise tax which the government has now committed to implement In 2014 the Treasury held a public consultation on a minimum excise tax, the consultation documents citing and reproducing our work (www.gov.uk/government/consultations/minimum-excise-tax). The 2016 Budget then announced the introduction of a MET via the 2017 Finance Bill. (www.gov.uk/government/publications/minimum- excise-tax/minimum-excise-tax)

This work is now being updated via a new NIHR grant (KCL and Bath) on tobacco industry pricing, tax and inequalities, on which work began in January 2015. ITC data have been analysed and presented at

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conferences with a paper now accepted for publication in NTR (Partos, Hitchman, Hiscock, Branston, Gilmore, McNeill. Availability and use of cheap tobacco in the UK 2002 - 2014: Findings from the International Tobacco Control Project, NTR, in press) and further ones being drafted. This examines all forms of cheap tobacco including illicit (see also WS2). Analysis of retail data has also been presented at an international conference and a paper is near completion. Analysis of Toolkit data is underway. A full update is presented in Cross Cutting theme 1 Progress Report.

Following a successful pilot study examining interactions between tobacco and alcohol policy (Sheffield Gillespie, Bath Hatchard) funded by the Institute for Alcohol Studies and UKCTAS in 2016 (UKCRC Public Health Centres of Excellence conference). Sheffield (Gillespie, Brennan) and Bath (Gilmore, Hatchard, Hiscock) were successful in obtaining outline approval for a mixed methods NIHR grant to synthesise evidence on tobacco and alcohol taxation to examine options for policy coordination across the sectors. A full application is now under review by NIHR (submitted April 2017) (cf. WS 2 Population Strategies #2).

8. Examining tobacco industry involvement in illicit supply and social marketing interventions to reduce illicit demand.

Project lead: Anna Gilmore

Update April 2017: Bath’s Lancet paper explored the way the tobacco industry is increasingly manipulating the problem of tobacco smuggling for policy gain in ways that seriously threaten progress in tobacco control and presented evidence on the industry’s historical and more recent involvement in the illicit trade (Gilmore A et al. The Lancet, 2015; 385(9972), p1029-1043. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140- 6736(15)60312-9).

Another paper in Tobacco Control has critically examined the EU’s agreements with the major tobacco companies to address the illicit tobacco trade. (Joossens L et al. Tobacco Control 2016 May;25(3):254- 60).

The research (Gilmore with international partners) has shown that the EU's agreement with Philip Morris on illicit tobacco benefitted only the industry. The research was fed into debates within the European Commission, which ultimately decided not to renew the agreement. This work has featured prominently in a WHO FCTC publication (WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control. Combating the illicit trade in tobacco products from a European perspective. WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control, 2014) underpinned written and oral evidence provided by Professor Anna Gilmore to UK and European inquiries into the illicit tobacco trade and was cited in a third and presented at an Inter-Ministerial Meeting on tobacco tax at Wilton Park. Among other things, it has been instrumental in raising awareness that the tobacco industry’s involvement in this illegal trade has probably contributed to the decision not to extend the agreement with PMI. The publications relating to this are:

All Party Parliamentary Group on Smoking and Health. Inquiry into the illicit trade in tobacco products. 2013. http://www.ash.org.uk/APPGillicit2013 (Accessed 26 February 2015)

European Parliament. Directorate-General for Internal Policies Policy Department D Budgetary Affairs.Workshop Cigarette Smuggling Proceedings. Brussels: European Parliament, January 2014. http://www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/etudes/workshop/join/2014/490681/IPOL- JOIN_AT(2014)490681_EN.pdf. (Accessed 1 October 2014)

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European Parliament closed meeting Assessment of the EU Tobacco Agreements in the context of the global and EU instruments to fight illicit trade in tobacco – Roundtable. Brussels 27 January 2016.

House of Commons Home Affairs Committee. Tobacco Smuggling. First Report of Sessions 2014-15. London: House of Commons, 14 June 2014. http://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm201415/cmselect/cmhaff/767/76702.htm. (Accessed 3 March 2015)

UK-focused research (Evans-Reeves, Rowell, Hatchard, Gilmore) has examined the tobacco industry’s misrepresentation of the level of illicit trade in the media and their use of this as a rationale for forestalling policy change ( Rowell A, et al. Tobacco Control. 2014. doi: 10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2013- 051397; Evans-Reeves, KA et al The Lancet 2016; 388:S6).

Karen Evans-Reeves won a prize at the Lancet-sponsored UK Public Health Science Conference in 2016.

Allen Gallagher (University of Bath PhD studentship, 2016) is undertaking research into tobacco industry’s use of the global illicit tobacco trade, beginning with a systematic review of analyses of tobacco industry reports on illicit.

9. Exploring the changing structure of UK-based tobacco and alcohol companies and their increasing dependence on emerging markets.

Project lead: Anna Gilmore

Update April 2017:

As part of our ongoing tobacco industry monitoring work (i.e. examining tobacco company investor presentations, tobacco industry analyst briefings and market research reports) we are laying the foundations of this work and continue to provide updated information on industry acquisitions in lower risk productions on our website: http://tobaccotactics.org/index.php/E-cigarettes

The importance of emerging markets to the TTCs is explored in this Lancet paper (Gilmore A et al. The Lancet 2015; 385(9972), p1029-1043, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(15)60312-9)

We have also been exploring the global expansion of UK-based alcohol companies, including analyses of how this has been facilitated by trade agreements, foreign direct investment and support from governments (Collin et al 2014. BMJ 348:g3648). We have also undertaken a preliminary analysis of the significance for global health of the merger between SAB Miller and AB InBev, the world’s two leading brewers, the rationale for which is predicated on expansion across developing countries (Collin et al 2015. BMJ 351: h6087).

Industry marketing is examined in this paper Bulletin of WHO which documents the significantly higher rate of marketing in emerging markets (Gilmore, AB, Savell, E, 2015, Bulletin of the World Health Organization, http://www.who.int/bulletin/volumes/93/12/15-155846/en/).

10. Developing the website: www.TobaccoTactics.org

Project lead: Anna Gilmore

Update April 2017: Now in its 5th year, TobaccoTactics.org is the Bath TCRG's innovative knowledge exchange website, where tobacco industry monitoring & research findings are shared. The website has been instrumental in sharing knowledge on specific policy issues, such as illicit tobacco, standardised packaging and industry harm reduction, and its work encompasses the UK, the EU, parts of Africa and global issues.

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Bath researchers are now working with collaborators from around the world to develop similar tools and foster much needed industry monitoring skills in other countries where tobacco companies seek to influence policy. The TCRG is working particularly with FCTC Tobacco Industry Observatories.

Tobacco Tactics has been highly praised and widely used by diverse audiences including civil servants, politicians, NGOs and journalists. Some politicians have described how they use it routinely to determine whether those lobbying them are tobacco industry front groups and highlighted the important role the website played in informing debates over the EU Tobacco Products Directive and the Uganda Tobacco Control Bill. Pilot tobacco industry monitoring research in Africa led to policy impacts, particularly in Uganda where TCRG work on tobacco industry arguments helped enable a tobacco control bill to be passed. The work also contributed to a ground breaking Panorama documentary on the tobacco industry in Africa and an Al Jazeera documentary.

The website established and run by researchers at the University of Bath (Gilmore, Rowell, Evans- Reeves) continues to be regularly updated. The resource presents the latest findings on research into the tobacco industry, its tactics and the techniques companies use to stall tobacco control measures. As well as keeping up to date on industry activity in relation to policy development in the UK and Europe, the team has expanded its industry monitoring work and Tobacco Tactics outputs to the African continent through funding from the Gates Foundation (via NVF – 2015-16). Further funding for the work has been obtained from CRUK (Gilmore PI, Rowell, Evans-Reeves).

The group is currently proposing to further extend the international work of the Tobacco Tactics wiki. The Framework Convention on Tobacco Control Secretariat identified our model of tobacco industry research and dissemination as an example of good practice, and has initiated a project to establish similar university based ‘Tobacco Industry Observatories’ elsewhere (WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control. Establishment of tobacco industry monitoring centres. WHO FCTC Secretariat: 2015). To date, these have been established in Brazil, Sri Lanka and South Africa with others planned for Thailand, Lebanon and Russia. We have played a supportive role and were commissioned to provide training for new Observatory staff.

The Tobacco Tactics team at Bath (Evans-Reeves, Rowell, Gilmore) successfully delivered a pilot CPD course in 2017 for international tobacco control professionals setting up FCTC Tobacco Industry Observatories and/or interested in developing tobacco industry monitoring in their country/region. Funded by the FCTC Secretariat, the course was attended by participants from Sri Lanka, Thailand, Brazil, South Africa and the Lebanon. Tobacco Tactics have also welcomed Dr Manuja Perera, on secondment from the Postgraduate Institute of Medicine at the University of Colombo, Sri Lanka as part of her post-doctoral training in MD Community Medicine. While in the UK, Dr Perera is learning about tobacco industry monitoring and tobacco control research to help support the launch of the Sri Lankan FCTC Tobacco Industry Observatory and 'Combating Tobacco' website, which will be closely based on TobaccoTactics.org.

11. Extending our taxonomy of tobacco company strategies of influencing policy to that of the alcohol industry

Project lead: Anna Gilmore

Update April 2017: Papers (Bath authors Savell, Gilmore and Fooks) on alcohol and tobacco industry attempts to influence marketing regulations were published in Bulletin on the WHO, Addiction and PLOS One :

1. Gilmore, AB, Savell, E. Bulletin of the World Health Organization, 2015; http://opus.bath.ac.uk/46668/ 2. Savell, E et al. Addiction 2015, online first, http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/add.13048/full

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3. Savell, E et al. How does the tobacco industry attempt to influence marketing regulations? A systematic review. PLOS One 2014, http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0087389.

The Bath team also worked with researchers in Australia and New Zealand who adopted the work to examine food industry strategies: http://www.deakin.edu.au/research/stories/2015/07/15/new- framework-to-hold-food-industry-to-account

We have expanded and refined the work, further developing the tobacco industry taxonomy by bringing together systematic reviews on tobacco industry interference on marketing and tax policy. Funded by G4West, this research (Ulucanlar, Gilmore, Fooks) has developed a qualitative taxonomy of tobacco industry interference in policy making that governments in different countries could use to identify and pre-empt industry interference in policy. The paper was published by PLOS Medicine al. e in 2016 (Ulucanlar, S et al (2016) PLOS Medicine, 2016; doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1002125) and disseminated at the European Conference on Tobacco or Health (Gilmore, AB et al. An evidence-based taxonomy of tobacco industry political activity, European Conference on Tobacco or Health 2017). TCRG (Gilmore, Hatchard) are currently working with the EU Smokefree Partnership to adapt the taxonomy for use as an advocacy tool and participated in a workshop on this at the European Conference on Tobacco and Health (Hatchard, J, 2017, How can we use a taxonomy of industry political activity? EU Smokefree Partnership workshop, European Conference on Tobacco or Health, Porto).

In addition, as we seek to widen this research agenda, we have been successful in obtaining funding for a 1+3 South West Doctoral Training Centre (ESRC) funded studentship, which has been taken up by Tess Legg. Tess is investigating evidence-based policy making in public health and is co-supervised by the University of Bristol.

King’s College London (McNeill, Hitchman)

12. Exploiting natural experiments (e.g. car smoking policies, standardised packaging, point of sale phase 2), using the ITC Project and other survey data.

Project lead: Ann McNeill/Sara Hitchman (KCL)

Update April 2017: Through the ITC project, a number of papers (cf. WS 2 Population Strategies #2).

13. New Study: Adult Tobacco Policy Survey (building on ITC etc)

Project lead: Sara Hitchman (KCL)

See WS 2 Population Strategies #2.

University of Nottingham (Lewis, Langley)

14. Extending the Nottingham Tobacco Control Database to include alcohol data (see Cross-Cutting Theme 2: methodology and large dataset use)

Project lead: Tessa Langley, Sarah Lewis and Lisa Szatkowski

Update April 2017: Manjula Nagawela has been undertaking a PhD (part UoN scholarship funded/part UKCTAS funded, supervised by Tessa Langley, Sarah Lewis and Lisa Szatkowski, to study the validity and reliability of UK alcohol data from different sources and to use it to evaluate alcohol control policy. This work demonstrated inadequacies in recording of alcohol in primary data and highlighted the strengths and

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limitations with the existing survey data. This project has also used time series of survey data to evaluate UK alcohol policy (licensing hours).

University College London (West, Brown)

15. Extending the Smoking Toolkit Study to track alcohol consumption responses to policy interventions.

Project lead: Robert West

The Alcohol Toolkit Study started in March 2014 (see Workstream 1 and Cross-cutting theme 2).

Massey University (Casswell)

16. Using data from the International Alcohol Control Policy Study to measure the impacts of key national level alcohol control policies, with regard to availability, pricing, supply and marketing.

Project lead: Sally Casswell

A number of countries, including New Zealand, England, Scotland and Australia have collected two rounds of data collection and are beginning analysis. A number of newly participating countries including Vietnam, Peru, South Africa and St Kitts and Nevis have collected or are in process of collection a first round of data collection. Two articles have been published in Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research (see publications in Appendix). Submitted papers include. (Casswell, S et al. Addiction 2014; Wall, M et al. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research).

University of Stirling (Hastings, MacKintosh) & University of Sheffield (Meier, Holmes)

17. Using natural experiments (e.g. Min. pricing, New Responsibility Deal) to explore alternative approaches to industry engagement, building on the APISE study’s audit of alcohol regulation and drinker responses

Project lead: Meier, Holmes

This project is documented in workstream 2.

All (in general, across UKCTAS)

18. Continue to work closely with the RCP, Alcohol Health Alliance, Action on Smoking and Health and other advocacy and professional groups, and also with policy-makers, to build consensus, identify priorities and shape policies to reduce smoking and alcohol misuse, including:

Applying deliberative democracy methods to assess impact of risk, ethics and economic awareness on acceptability of new initiatives.

Identifying new policy priorities and generate route maps for change.

Update April 2017: We continue to work closely with these and other organisations to advance tobacco and alcohol policy and practice.

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Cross-cutting theme 1: Health inequalities

CCT1 leads: Amanda Amos (Edinburgh), Linda Bauld (Stirling)

Early career researcher leads: Rosemary Hiscock (Bath)

Other UKCTAS investigators: Sally Casswell (Massey), Ann McNeill (KCL)

A focus on health inequalities is built into all the workstreams, whether they be socio-economic, gender, ethnicity or in relation to specific health outcomes such as mental health.

Some UKCTAS projects featuring inequalities

1. Improving effectiveness of NHS Stop Smoking Services (SSS) in reaching and treating disadvantaged smokers and reducing inequalities in vulnerable and marginal groups

Project lead: Andrea Venn/Linda Bauld

Researchers in Nottingham and KCL, led by Andrea Venn have undertaken a NIHR funded study of a mobile SSS in disadvantaged areas of the City, as part of a NIHR Programme Grant. Published Addiction 2014.

In Stirling, the NIHR funded ELONS study (Evaluating Longer Term Outcomes for NHS stop smoking services) was completed in 2014. It had a particular focus on smokers from lower income groups. Disadvantaged smokers were less likely to have remained quit at both short term and longer term follow up.

Update April 2017: An article focusing on these aspects has been published in Biomed Research International and the full report from the study in Health Technology Assessment.

2. Use of systematic reviews to explore evidence of the equity impact of different tobacco control and alcohol interventions.

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Project lead: Amanda Amos (Edinburgh)

In Edinburgh, three systematic reviews were completed and published in 2014 on the equity impact of population-level interventions and policies to reduce smoking in youth and adults, and European individual-level smoking cessation interventions to reduce smoking in adults. Dissemination of the findings has involved presentations at international (e.g. WCOTH, SRNT) and national (e.g. ASH Wales, ASH Scotland, Scottish Smoking Cessation) conferences, as well as presentations to policymakers and stakeholders (e.g. Scottish Parliament Cross-Party Group on Tobacco or Health, Scottish Ministerial Working Group on Tobacco Control).

Update April 2017: A new CRUK funded project started in 2017, with Sarah Hill and Caroline Smith, will undertake a systematic review of socioeconomic inequalities in experiences of smoking cessation interventions in the UK.

3. Evaluation of interventions to reduce smoking uptake.

Project leads: Amanda Amos (Edinburgh); Martine Stead and Douglas Eadie (Stirling).

Update April 2017:

The 6 year NIHR funded DISPLAY project (PI HAW Stirling) evaluating the impact of the point of sale legislation on young people is comparing the impact in two affluent localities compared to two disadvantaged localities. The study has been expanded to include e-cigarette use and exposure to e- cigarette products and marketing. The project ends in 2018 and a proposal for a three year extension to continue the longitudinal follow-up of pupils has been submitted to NIHR.

The three year project SILNE-R funded by EU Horizon 2020 will started in October 2015 co-I Amos). It involves a comparative realist evaluation of programmes and strategies to prevent youth smoking in seven European cities and will include equity analyses from socio-economic and gender perspectives. Two papers from the Edinburgh team are currently under review.

4. Reducing exposure to second-hand smoke in the home in disadvantaged groups.

Project lead: Amanda Amos (Edinburgh)

Update April 2017:

The three year ‘First Steps to Smokefree Homes’ project ended in 2017. It assessed the efficacy of community-based health workers offering personal home air-quality feedback to disadvantaged first time mothers to reduce secondhand smoke (SHS) levels in their home. The trial found no significant difference in reductions in SHS in the homes of mothers who received personalised air-quality feedback and advice, compared to those who received only verbal advice. Qualitative interviews revealed that although the competence and motivation of mothers to reduce SHS exposure was increased, social and physical barriers made it difficult to take action. Two papers as currently in preparation.

5. Conducting a systematic review of reviews, of reporting gender effects in population-level alcohol interventions. Developing a conceptual framework for assessing differential impact by gender of such interventions.

Project leads: Niamh Fitzgerald, Katharine Angus, Linda Bauld (Stirling)

Study commissioned by Glasgow Centre for Population Health (GPCH). Niamh Fitzgerald is PI. Initial review of reviews was completed in October 2014. This project has recently been completed and a

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final report submitted to the funder, followed by an article. Support from the same funder for a second study focusing on developing a conceptual framework has recently been secured and is underway

6. Examining if financial incentives produce higher quit rates among smokers in lower income groups.

Project lead: David Tappin/Linda Bauld

Update April 2017: The CSO Funded Phase II CPIT (Cessation in Pregnancy Incentives Trial) completed in 2014 and the main results paper published in the BMJ in 2015, followed by the health economic analysis results in Addiction in 2016 and a paper on birthweight outcomes is in press. Funding for a Phase III multicentre trial full proposal has now been secured from Cancer Research UK, the CSO and two funders in Northern Ireland. This trial will begin in the first two centres in September 2017 and we anticipate that a third centre will be added in 2018 if further funding is secured.

7. Model-based assessment of the identification of harmful drinkers and giving them brief advice on cutting down in a primary care setting.

Project lead: Angus (Sheffield).

Update April 2017: As mentioned in WS2, We were commissioned by Public Health England to update the most recent version of the Sheffield Alcohol Policy Model to allow the appraisal of programmes of Identification and Brief Advice (IBA) in primary care. This work compared the delivery costs, economic and health impacts and impact on health inequalities of a range of alternative IBA delivery strategies such as at next registration with a new GP or as part of the NHS Health Checks (Angus C. Gillespie D, Ally A, Brennan A. (2015) Modelling the impact of Minimum Unit Price and Identification and Brief Advice policies using the Sheffield Alcohol Policy Model Version 3 ScHARR, University of Sheffield). We have been awarded a research grant by Alcohol Research UK to extend this work with a more detailed treatment of the effect of IBA programmes on health inequalities. Initial results from this project were presented at the INEBRIA conference and several papers are currently in preparation.

8. Understanding the impact of tobacco tax increases and tobacco industry (TI) pricing on smoking behaviours and inequalities.

Project lead: Ann McNeill (KCL)

Update April 2017: A paper entitled "Availability and use of cheap tobacco in the UK 2002 - 2014: Findings from the International Tobacco Control Project" has been accepted for publication in Nicotine and Tobacco Research (Partos et al, NTR, in press). A proposal for a second paper using the ITC data and looking at tobacco affordability in the UK is currently in the second stage of a review process for publication in a special economics supplement issue of the Tobacco Control due to be published early next year. Data analysis is largely complete for two further papers using the ITC data and examining firstly the correlates of cheap tobacco use among the UK population and predictors of down-trading from more expensive to cheaper products, and secondly the changes over time in the amount of tobacco that smokers of loose tobacco put into each cigarette. The first draft of a manuscript using data from the Smoking Toolkit Study examining how purchasing from duty-free and illicit sources impacts smokers' expenditure on tobacco has been completed.

9. Sociodemographic differences in e-cigarette use and efficacy observed by Stop Smoking Service (SSS) practitioners in England.

Project lead: Rosemary Hiscock (Bath)

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Update April 2017: UKCTAS researchers and colleagues working in policy roles have been undertaking surveys of SSS practitioners’ attitudes and knowledge of e-cigarettes in England. In the September 2016 survey practitioners were asked questions about whether they had observed gender, age and socioeconomic differences in e-cigarettes approach, use and efficacy among their clients. Analysis is underway via a CRUK funded grant.

10. Sociodemographic differences in perception of stick design and pack inserts among young people

Project lead: Crawford Moodie (Stirling)

Update April 2017: In addition to health warning labels on cigarette packs it might also be possible to draw attention to the health consequences of smoking and benefits of quitting by (a) designing cigarette sticks so they look unattractive or carry a health warning message or (b) insert cards containing health warnings or information about help to quit. Salience of written messages may vary by level of education. An online survey of young people elicited responses to various designs of sticks and pack inserts. Responses were analysed by sociodemographic groupings. Findings are being written up.

11. Can electronic cigarettes help disadvantaged smokers who struggle to quit?

Project lead: Peter Hajek (QMUL)

Update April 2017: CRUK grant awarded, the study will start in 2017.

12. Effectiveness of GPs promoting use of e-cigarettes in smokers

Project lead: Rachna Begh, Paul Aveyard (Oxford)

Update April 2017: After several unsuccessful applications, we have succeeding in getting this trial funded by two separate funders and have combined the funding to double the trial size to produce a phase 2 trial. This includes a highly prestigious NIHR post-doctoral fellowship for Begh. This trial tests an opportunistic brief intervention made by GPs to promote switching to e-cigarettes in people who continue smoking despite smoking-related illness. The population of people who go on smoking despite smoking-related illness or with severe mental health problems includes many living in disadvantages and we will examine the relative effectiveness of the intervention by socio-economic status.

Cross-cutting theme 2: Methodological innovation and large dataset use

CCT leads: Sarah Lewis (Nottingham), Jo Leonardi-Bee (Nottingham)

Early career researcher lead: Lisa Szatkowski (Nottingham)

Other UKCTAS investigators: Robert West (UCL), Marcus Munafo (Bristol), Ann McNeill (KCL), John Britton (Nottingham), Anna Gilmore (Bath), Sally Casswell (Massey)

A large amount of UKCTAS research uses existing datasets and routine data, as well as our own and collaborative surveys (International Tobacco Control Project, Smokers Toolkit Study (STS), ALSPAC, Nottingham School Surveys, WHO Harm to Others survey, GENACIS PURE and EPOCH datasets to monitor UK smoking and alcohol behaviour, to investigate their predicators and consequences, and to assess policy impacts both nationally and internationally. Other work includes:

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1. Use systematic reviews and meta-analyses to summarise the evidence of the harms of smoking and alcohol related behaviours. E.g. UKCTAS has prepared the SmokeHaz website (http://www.europeanlung.org/en/projects-and-research/projects/smokehaz/home), in partnership with the European Respiratory Society, an online repository for relevant meta-analyses of studies of tobacco harms to provide easy access for policy and lay audiences (Nottingham)

Project lead: Jo Leonardi-Bee

SmokeHaz project complete.

Update April 2017: PhD project examining the evidence of harms of alcohol (AlcoHaz) using systematic reviews and meta- analyses is in its second year. Currently we have investigated the effect of alcohol on the risk of sleep apnoea, pneumonia, tuberculosis, acute respiratory distress syndrome, asthma, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Results from these systematic reviews will be used as content for a tailored webpage, hosted within the UKCTAS website.

2. Identify, validate and where possible build a database of key monthly indicators of alcohol-related behaviour and outcomes from existing datasets, to enable analysis of the impact of alcohol policy on time trends, and expand our NTCD website to incorporate alcohol trends.

Project lead: Sarah Lewis/Tessa Langley

Update April 2017: A PhD student in Nottingham has explored the adequacy of alcohol data in national surveys and the THIN primary care dataset; this work highlighted a number of limitations with the existing alcohol related data in both THIN and the national surveys (publication in Alcohol and Alcoholism and letter in British Journal of General Practice, also used to reply to the Health Survey for England Consultation document in 2013). Data from the Health Survey for England was then used to monitor the impact of alcohol policy including licensing restrictions and the responsibility deal (manuscript in preparation).

In Nottingham, we are also continuing to extract and update our database of estimates of monthly smoking prevalence and other smoking related behaviour to provide up-to-date and relevant key population level indicators of smoking behaviour, and numbers of smokers by different demographics, from THIN and national survey data. These will be used for further monitoring of impact of implementation of tobacco control policy. A recently funded two year project (funded by the Department of Health Policy Research Programme) will evaluate the impact of English tobacco control policy using these and other secondary data. The project is being led by the University of Nottingham in collaboration with the Universities of Sheffield and York and will provide a comprehensive evaluation of a wide range of policies and legislation implemented up to 2015 including smoke-free legislation, minimum age of 18 for purchase of tobacco, vending machine ban, and point-of-sale display bans. As part of this project, we will prepare secondary data for inclusion in an interactive web resource for monitoring trends in key indicators of smoking behaviour and relevant health outcomes for England overall, and use statistical analysis of these key indicators to evaluate the short and medium term impact of the above interventions in England, both overall and in disadvantaged groups.

3. Characteristics of alcohol related admissions in adolescents.

Project lead: Beth Orton and Laila Tata (University of Nottingham)

Update April 2017: This work commenced as a Master’s dissertation topic at Nottingham in 2015. Further work examined the contribution of alcohol to adolescent poisonings showing that this has increased in girls over the last two decades (Tyrrell EG et al. Inj Prev. 2016 Dec;22(6):400-406. Doi: doi: 10.1136/injuryprev-2015- 041901).

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4. Apply econometric methods including interrupted time series analysis, ARIMA and vector autoregression modelling, and first differencing models to assess the impact of tobacco and alcohol policies (Nottingham/Bath/KCL: mass media; Nottingham: alcohol policies)

Project lead: Sarah Lewis / Tessa Langley

These and other time series methods have been used to study impact of tobacco control mass-media campaigns, and will be used to study the impact of recent tobacco control policies as part of the PRP study (see section 2). They are also being used for studying impact of alcohol policy.

5. To apply latent trajectory class analysis to primary care and cohort data to describe trajectories of smoking and alcohol use and investigate their predictors and consequences (Nottingham: an analyses of individual trajectories of alcohol use and relationships with outcomes; Bristol: in utero smoke exposure and longitudinal smoking behaviour)

Project lead: Tessa Langley

Trajectories of alcohol in 1958 cohort have been mapped by Adrian Byrne (Institute of Mental Health, University of Nottingham). (Munafo has published in 2014 on maternal smoking in pregnancy and initiation of smoking in young people using ALSPAC.)

6. Use of a birth cohort of >500,000 mothers and babies in THIN to explore smoking and NRT use in pregnant women and the impacts of maternal/paternal smoking in pregnancy and the postnatal period on acute and chronic child health, including birth and congenital outcomes, childhood diabetes and cancer, injuries and mental health (Nottingham).

Project lead: Laila Tata, University of Nottingham

Nottingham has built a longitudinal pregnancy dataset from General Practice data of all women in the UK of childbearing age that have recorded pregnancy outcome(s), which is linked to detailed demographic, medical and therapy information. This has been used to date to assess recording of smoking and advice on smoking in pregnancy, and to ascertain smoking prevalence figures in pregnancy, as part of a NIHR Programme grant, led by Tim Coleman. This study has also looked at NRT use in pregnancy.

7. Data mining approaches to explore patterns in delivery of interventions in primary care

Project lead: Yue Huang, University of Nottingham

Yue Huang in Nottingham has extended previous work in data mining to find out who gets prescribed smoking cessation medication, specifically varenicline.

8. Our collaborative ITC Project of 20 countries will be used to continue to study the impact of within and between-country policy changes on smoking behaviour (Nottingham/KCL)

Project lead: Ann McNeil

Update April 2017: Please see WS3 for update on this work

9. To extend our work on systematic review and meta-analysis, including individual participant level meta- analysis, to explore the effectiveness of interventions in relation to socioeconomic status, pregnancy, mental health and nicotine dependence.

Project lead: Jo Leonardi-Bee

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We are performing a series of systematic reviews and meta-analyses to provide contemporary estimates of the effect of alcohol consumption on severe respiratory disease. The results from these reviews will be used to populate a purposefully designed authoritative website which will summarise the adverse health effects of alcohol consumption and communicate these risks effectively to the public and health professionals.

Update April 2017: A PhD studentship which commenced in October 2016 is enabling us to conduct research into the use of individual patient data meta-analysis for exploring whether the effectiveness of nicotine replacement therapy within pregnancy vary by socioeconomic status nicotine dependence, and other important factors. We have also used Trial Sequential Analysis to determine whether there is sufficient evidence to conclusively assess whether nicotine replacement therapy is effective within pregnancy.

10. Impact of within and between country changes in alcohol policy using our new International Alcohol Control study (Massey).

Project lead: Sally Casswell

Update April 2017: Cross country analysis is underway and a number of papers are submitted for publication. Three countries in Africa have utilised the Alcohol Environment Protocol (one of the IAC tools) and two more countries (Turkey and Canada) have joined the IAC study and carried out pilot work.

11. The Alcohol Toolkit Study (ATS) now supplements the Smokers Toolkit Study, to allow assessments of associations between alcohol and tobacco use and corresponding time trends (UCL).

Project lead: Robert West/Jamie Brown

Update April 2017: The Alcohol Toolkit Study (ATS) was established in 2014 with NIHR SPHR funding and involved monthly household surveys of representative samples of the adult population in England. The survey collected detailed information across 36 consecutive months from over 60,000 people on alcohol consumption and harm (AUDIT), which was contextualised by data on a range of alcohol-related behaviour and sociodemographic characteristics. The project was a collaborative effort between four SPHR members (UCL, University of Bristol, University of Sheffield and University of Newcastle) involving 26 contributors from the SPHR collaboration, PHE, Department of Health and other collaborating institutions.

The project has produced a range of successful outcomes including eight articles in peer-review journals and a prize-winning Lancet abstract. These papers include:

1. Beard E et al. BMC Public Health. 2015;15(1):230. 2. Beard E et al. Public Health. 2016;16:1237. 3. Brown J et al. BMC Public Health. 2016;16(1):535. 4. Beard E et al. BMJ Open. 2017.

Key findings include that less than 10% of those who drink excessively and visit their GP in England report having received advice on their alcohol consumption whereas for smokers it is ~50% (Brown J et al. British Journal of General Practice. 2016;66(642):e1-e9); January is associated with increased attempts to cut down alcohol intake but there is little evidence that these attempts translate into reduced consumption (de Vocht F et al. BMC Public Health. 2016;16(1):917.); different socioeconomic

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status measures influence how the Alcohol Harm Paradox is observed, with the paradox appearing concentrated in men and younger people (Beard E et al. PLOS ONE. 2016;11(9):e0160666); and that the publication of revised lower risk drinking guidelines can improve drinkers’ knowledge of these guidelines within all sociodemographic groups (Holmes J et al. BMJ Open. 2016;6(12). The articles have been influential: for example, one paper was among the top-10 most-read articles in the British Journal of General Practice in 2016 (Brown J et al. British Journal of General Practice. 2016;66(642):e1-e9.). Five more papers are under review and in preparation, and findings have also been disseminated at numerous conference presentations and symposia.

Cross-cutting theme 3: Economics and health economics

CCT3 leads: Steve Parrott (York), Alan Brennan (Sheffield)

Early career researcher leads: Qi Wu (York), Duncan Gillespie (Sheffield)

Cost-effectiveness data is a vital when allocating budgets and deciding how to allocate health care resources. It is also often necessary to examine the cost of smoking and drinking to users, and the cost of interventions to reduce consumption and related harm from tobacco and alcohol, as it is important that the cost-effectiveness of measures are assessed. Research groups in the Universities of York (for tobacco) and Sheffield (for alcohol) specialise in this area.

Wu and Gillespie ran a session at the September 2016 UKCTAS early career researchers meeting in Bristol on ‘why and how you might build a model to assess your intervention’. The aim was to engage early career researchers from across UKCTAS in the economics cross-cutting theme. Parrott ran a question and answer session as part of the workshops at UEA in July 2016, helping early career researchers to develop their knowledge of cost-effectiveness and economic evaluation.

We have integrated economic assessments into the following workstreams:

WS2. Population strategies for behaviour change

Research at Sheffield has used the Sheffield Alcohol Policy Model (SAPM) to estimate the cost-effectiveness of alcohol policies including the introduction of minimum unit pricing to reduce the population impact of below cost selling.

We have assessed the impact of population-level policy change on:

 Alcohol consumption for different population subgroups.  The incidence of alcohol-related harms including health conditions, crime, unemployment and sickness absence.  Monetary costs to the health services or police, and personal costs through changes to quality of life due to alcohol-related diseases or being a victim of crime.

We have adapted the English SAPM for the governments of Scotland, Wales, Northern Ireland and Ireland. As part of model development, we have added the functionality to model different types of tax policy, including incorporating evidence on differential tax ‘pass-through’ by retailers on different types of beverage when duty rates are changed.

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We have developed a model to investigate the health and health economic effects of interventions targeted at either alcohol or tobacco.

Update April 2017:

Research at Sheffield has developed modelling methods to add long term health and economic assessments to the following projects:

Project leads: Angus, Brennan, Meier, Holmes, Buykx.

We have extended our modelling to a range of different taxation policies, including duty escalators, volumetric and floor pricing. We have contrasted the impact of taxation policies to minimum unit pricing in reports to Public Health England and provided nationally-tailored estimates of the impact of minimum unit pricing for several of the UK’s devolved administrations, the Irish government and to inform the legal case relating to implementation of the policy in Scotland ( Angus, C et al (2015) 'Model- based appraisal of minimum unit pricing for alcohol in the Republic of Ireland: An adaptation of the Sheffield Alcohol Policy Model version 3', Sheffield: ScHARR, University of Sheffield).

We have published a report which forecasts trends in alcohol consumption and alcohol related health for CRUK, to support exploration of how different pricing policies might impact on these trends and employment within the alcohol industry (Angus C et al. 'Alcohol and cancer trends: Intervention scenarios', Sheffield and London 2016: University of Sheffield and Cancer Research UK).

We have recently commenced work on an NIHR-funded project to appraise the potential effect of the introduction of Minimum Unit Pricing at local authority level, with a focus on areas interested in pursuing this policy option under the Sustainable Communities Act (Brennan A et al. Appraising the effect of local Minimum Unit Pricing implementation under the Safe Communities Act on alcohol consumption and health in the North West of England, NIHR, £287,115).

2. Development of model-based assessments of tobacco policies. We aim to extend the Sheffield Alcohol Policy Model to assess the potential health, economic and societal outcomes of tobacco policy.

Project leads: Gillespie, Brennan.

We are also developing bids for funding to support specific aspects of model development including a comprehensive appraisal of tax interventions across tobacco and alcohol (with Gilmore and Hatchard, Bath), and the potential future health economic impacts of different scenarios of e-cigarette use (with Bogdanovica, Nottingham).

3. Model-based assessment of the identification of harmful drinkers and giving them brief advice on cutting down in a primary care setting.

Project lead: Angus.

We were commissioned by Public Health England to update the most recent version of the Sheffield Alcohol Policy Model to allow the appraisal of programmes of Identification and Brief Advice (IBA) in

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primary care. This work compared the delivery costs, economic and health impacts and impact on health inequalities of a range of alternative IBA delivery strategies such as at next registration with a new GP or as part of the NHS Health Checks (Angus C et al. Modelling the impact of Minimum Unit Price and Identification and Brief Advice policies using the Sheffield Alcohol Policy Model Version 3, 2015. ScHARR, University of Sheffield).

4. The Cost of Alcohol to Primary Care in England.

Project lead: Gillespie.

We have been awarded a research grant by Alcohol Research UK to estimate the costs that alcohol use imposes on the NHS through Primary Care (PC) in England. We will examine in detail the consultations and prescriptions that could be avoided by reductions in alcohol consumption. This will include examining general practitioner contacts and prescribing for 43 different diseases that are either fully or partly caused by alcohol. The results will show how alcohol has a long-term impact on PC budgets.

5. Alcohol treatment capacity

Project lead: Brennan, Buykx, Pryce.

The model, model documentation and report were approved by the Department of Health in early 2017 (see https://www.shef.ac.uk/polopoly_fs/1.693424!/file/STreAMReportFinalOct2016.pdf). There are five papers in preparation arising from the project, one of which is currently under peer review.

The work on this project led directly to the commissioning of a separate piece of work by Public Health England to update the local authority and national prevalence estimates for alcohol dependence using more recent psychiatric morbidity survey data and, in an important extension to the original work, the estimation of the number of children living with alcohol dependent adults (see https://www.shef.ac.uk/polopoly_fs/1.693546!/file/Estimates_of_Alcohol_Dependence_in_England_ based_on_APMS_2014.pdf).

This work is also currently being prepared for peer review publication.

WS3. Individual strategies for behaviour change

UPDATE: Research at York and Sheffield has evaluated economically a range of individual-level interventions.

1. Within-trial cost effectiveness assessment

Project lead: Steve Parrott, University of York

The research team assessed within-trial cost-effectiveness assessment for different smoking cessation interventions on the following trials:

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 A randomised controlled non-inferiority trial to examine the efficacy of an e-cigarette compared with standard pharmacotherapy, when used within the UK Stop Smoking Service (York)  Nicotine patch preloading for smoking cessation: a randomized controlled trial (York)

2. Cost-effectiveness assessment over a lifetime time horizon

Project lead: Alan Brennan, University of Sheffield

This has been examined in the following projects:

 The Optimising Delivery of Healthcare Interventions (ODHIN) study of different ways of increasing uptake of brief interventions within the context of healthcare services across different countries (Sheffield & York). The final report has now been submitted to the European Union and a paper on the cost-effectiveness results has been submitted for peer- review.  U@UNI trial. Cost-effectiveness of an online intervention for incoming university students – influencing multi-behaviours including alcohol, smoking, diet and exercise (Sheffield). The paper is now published (Thomas et al. Journal of Public Health and Epidemiology 8, no. 10 (2016): 191-203).  A PhD project, submitted in 2014, developed an economic model that incorporated an individual’s simultaneous use of tobacco and alcohol, providing a framework to assess tobacco and alcohol interventions jointly (Sheffield). We are building on this work as part of our development of a joint model to assess the health economics outcomes of interventions on tobacco and alcohol use.  We have prepared a report, commissioned by Public Health England, that investigates the cost effectiveness of identification and brief advice (IBA) to reduce harmful drinking in the English population. We are quantifying the differences in cost effectiveness among several scenarios of IBA delivery, including as part of the NHS health checks programme. Public Health England have used this report to develop their policy recommendations to government and the NHS.

3. Targeted interventions.

Project lead: Steve Parrott, University of York

Because the decline in smoking prevalence has slowed down since 2007, we need to take new action to drive smoking rates down further. One approach is to look into different subgroups of smokers, to analyse their smoking habits, especially for people from disadvantaged groups, for example, smokers from lower socio-economic groups, smokers with mental health problems, as well as young people. Research at York has evaluated different approaches to promote smoking cessation in specific subgroups of the population, and provided evidence to determine the intervention that offers best value for money for different groups. The current focus of this research is on SMI and smoking which has been identified as an area where research is needed due to the extremely high prevalence of smoking in this population and significant health care costs associated with treatment.

Update April 2017: Within this workstream, Wu is currently constructing a cost effectiveness model of smoking cessation interventions in the SMI population, which will help commissioners identify the options that offer the best value for money in assisting this high risk population.

4. Mental illness.

Project lead: Dr Simon Gilbody, University of York

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 SCIMITAR trial. Developed a bespoke smoking cessation service targeted to meet the needs of those with severe mental illness and explored the clinical and cost effectiveness of this approach in a randomised controlled trial. The results of the pilot trial for SCIMITAR have been published and the full trial is now recruiting participants.  Estimated avoidable economic costs of the health effects of smoking among people with mental disorders in the UK based on the cost-of-illness approach. The avoidable economic costs include direct healthcare costs, indirect morbidity costs and indirect mortality costs due to smoking-related diseases. One paper has been published on this (Wu et al., 2014 Economic cost of smoking in people with mental disorders in the UK).  A systematic review was conducted to look at cost-effectiveness of smoking cessation and reduction interventions in people with severe mental illness. The relationship between smoking behaviour change and intensity of individual-level interventions are studied using meta-regression and mixed treatment comparisons. One paper has been submitted to The British Journal of Psychiatry.  Based on the results of the systematic review, we are developing a dynamic decision analytical model to determine the lifetime effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of the selected smoking cessation interventions for smokers with mental health problems. The data inputs for the model are being derived at present.

5. Pregnancy.

Project lead: Steve Parrott, University of York

Work has been done on trials examining the cost-effectiveness of smoking cessation in pregnancy in collaboration with the University of Nottingham (York).

Matthew Jones in Nottingham has recently completed a PhD where he describes an economic model for smoking cessation in pregnancy, including a fully-dynamic version written in Excel. Using decision tree structure to represent the impacts of within-pregnancy, smoking-related morbidity on infants and mothers, the post-pregnancy situation is statistically modelled by a series of ‘Markov chains’ which are particular to infants and mothers. The model improves on previous ones by directly-linking maternal and infant morbidities occurring ‘within-pregnancy’ and also maternal smoking in pregnancy and afterwards, with infant morbidity experienced until age 16.

It also permits the impacts of maternal lifetime (i.e. post pregnancy) smoking behaviour to be modelled and, consequently, users will be able to value smoking cessation in pregnancy in generic quality of life units, enabling comparison with other health care interventions. It is planned to publish his model on the web with a user guide.

6. Young people.

Project lead: Steve Parrott, University of York

Ongoing work aims to use a cost-of-illness approach to estimate the lifetime costs of smoking in young people following the approach taken in the mental health population (York).

7. International.

Project lead: Steve Parrott, University of York

Update April 2017: Parrott is involved in a number of projects in Asia aiming at reducing the rates of smoking and the impacts of passive smoking. In collaboration with Kamran Siddiqi (University of York) we are undertaking an RCT to assess the effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of strategies to reduce smoking in patients with TB in Bangladesh and Pakistan (TB and Tobacco trial). We are also looking at cessation

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strategies in South Africa (PROLIFE trial). The IMPRESS study in collaboration with Atif Rahman at the University of Liverpool is a pilot trial which is assessing the feasibility for a full RCT in Asia to reduce the impacts of passive smoking in households which include pregnant women.

Cross-cutting theme 4: Teaching, training, capacity development and public engagement

CCT4 leads: Ann McNeill (KCL), Linda Bauld (Stirling)

Early career researcher leads: Rachael Murray (Nottingham), Niamh Fitzgerald (Stirling), Sadie Boniface (KCL), Allison Ford (Stirling), Fiona Dobbie (Stirling)

Research groups: All the partner universities are involved in teaching on the CPDs or academic modules.

Masters modules:

The two Masters tobacco modules: Epidemiology of Tobacco Use (February) and Tobacco Control Interventions have been reshaped as one 10 credit module (Tobacco Control Interventions) module since 2016.They are open to MPH students and all UKCTAS students and staff and we still plan to pilot sharing these modules with other MPH courses. In 2017, this course was attended by 10 University of Nottingham Masters in Public Health students and eight staff/PhD students from UKCTAS. Feedback from all attendees was overwhelmingly positive, with some Masters in Public Health students identifying the module as one of the reasons they chose to study at the University of Nottingham.

A blended learning 30 credit module “Alcohol Problems, Policy and Practice” was developed and approved at King’s College London as part of its Masters in Addiction Sciences. The course consists of 3 online units followed by an intensive teaching week run in early February supported by KCL and UKCTAS staff. It is available as an optional module within the MSc as well as a standalone accredited or unaccredited module for external participants. The course ran for the first time in 2016 and was repeated in 2017. The attendance was approximately 12 in total each year including 4-5 MSc students. Feedback was again overwhelmingly positive, with one attendee commenting: ‘I just wanted to say a massive thank you for organising such a wonderful course - I thoroughly enjoyed this week. I found it incredibly informative and thought-provoking and ever so pleased I attended!’ The intention is to run this annually.

Continuing Professional Development modules

A new alcohol Masters module (Alcohol Policy in Practice) is now into its fourth year (Edinburgh, Sheffield, Stirling, Stirling in 2017) and has attracted participants from across the UK (policymakers, practitioners and UKCTAS researchers) as well as international policymakers (e.g. Iceland, Thailand, New Zealand, Ireland, Jersey) with approximately 30 participants each year. The 2017 module will run at Stirling from 18th to 21st September in conjunction with the UKCTAS International Advisory Board which enables us to feature Prof. Mike Daube as one of the contributors.

A four-day 10 credit tobacco Masters module runs annually. Originally called Tobacco Control in Practice it was adapted in 2015 to include developments in tobacco harm reduction and electronic-cigarettes. Since 2015 the adapted Tobacco CPD (Nicotine and Tobacco: Current issues, Policy and Practice) has been held at the Stirling University (11-14 May 2015; 9-12 May 2016). The next module will run 30th May to 2nd June 2017 in Stirling.

The courses are paid for by participants (usually professionals and policy makers and other stakeholders in the field), and they can be taken with or without the credits. UKCTAS researchers usually attend for free. The intention is to run both these CPD courses annually. More details can be found at http://ukctas.net/educationandtraining.html

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Public Engagement

The UKCTAS Alcohol Discussion Group

This meets at 2-3 times per year at Stirling. The group is made up of 20-30 members of the public recruited largely through Facebook and word of mouth. Membership is open to anyone with an interest and is not restricted to current drinkers. Each meeting features a discussion about an alcohol research topic (so far history; marketing, gender, drinking guidelines and public health) led by a UKCTAS researcher or colleague. This discussion is followed by an update on current research at Stirling and across UKCTAS and consultation on upcoming bids. Two members of the group have just been recruited to sit as public advisors on new studies at Stirling funded by NIHR and the Chief Scientist Office.

UKCTAS Smokers’ Panel

The UKCTAS smokers’ panel of current smokers and recent quitters was established in Bath in 2008 and met twice a year until 2014, when the concept of the panel moved to Nottingham and was set up successfully there by two members of UKCTAS (Langley and Bains from Nottingham). It is now held at a venue in Nottingham, meeting 2-3 times per year. The forum provides the opportunity for panel members to comment on the Centre’s work, become involved in studies as advisory group members or co-investigators, and to assist with dissemination of research findings.

Recent panel meetings have included ways to increase physical activity in inactive smokers (HoptoStop study), a presentation on findings from a study that explored e-cigarette shops in the Midlands along with the experiences of e-cig users, and news about the hospital to home trial, an ongoing NIHR funded study which evaluates an intervention to prevent relapse to smoking following hospital discharge. Other topics covered have included tobacco taxation and research into varenicline (Champix) as a smoking cessation aid.

Other commitments

 In 2016 the University of Stirling began collaborating with the International Union on Tuberculosis and Lung Cancer to develop an international module on tobacco control in a distance learning format. This received University approval early in 2017. Proceeding with year one is dependent on some funding from the Union for scholarship places which may now not be forthcoming but at the time of writing this has yet to be confirmed. Continuing to work with professional groups, e.g. the RCP and RCN, to ensure appropriate undergraduate/postgraduate training in alcohol/tobacco behaviour change.  Helping to establish smoking champions across secondary care. UKCTAS academics provide training and mentoring to mental health and acute trusts who are implementing smoke free policies and treatment pathways. Debbie Robson (KCL) and Mary Yates (South London & Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust) run monthly sessions for representatives from Trusts across the UK on implementing a smoke-free policy and nicotine dependence pathway in mental health trusts  Working with bodies such as the National Centre for Smoking Cessation & Training to ensure that research translates into practitioner training. We continue to work closely with the NCSCT on updates to their training and new modules.  Continuing to support the national roll-out of Alcohol Brief Intervention Training in Scotland.  Niamh Fitzgerald (Stirling) has recently developed a training programme on alcohol brief interventions for the World Health Organization – European Regional Office, funded by the European Commission, which was piloted in Moscow in December 2016. Further pilots are underway in Uzbekistan and elsewhere and an adaptation of the materials is being prepared for trauma services in Russia working with patients involved in alcohol-related traffic accidents.  Continuing to support public health registrars and specialist trainees through Masters modules and short-term secondments where appropriate. A public health consultant trainee will come to Stirling in August 2017 for a research placement focusing on alcohol research with Niamh Fitzgerald.

Postgraduate studentships in UKCTAS are summarised in appendix 4.

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Appendix 4 – Studentships and fellows

UKCTAS-funded studentships

Name Department, Duration Supervisor Title University Lisa Di Psychology, 2014 -2017 Professor Matt Field Overcoming disinhibition and retraining Lemma University of automatic approach tendencies in heavy Liverpool drinkers and tobacco smokers Inge Psychology, 2013 -2016 Professor Matt Field Cognitive processing of alcohol Kersbergen University of advertising and warning labels on Liverpool alcohol and tobacco projects Daisy Tobacco 2014 -2017 Professor Peter Psychological determinants of successful Thompson- Dependence Hajek behaviour change in smokers and the Lake Research Unit, obese. Queen Mary University of London Katherine Addictions 2016-2019 Professor Ann Measuring the impact of e-cigarette use East Department, McNeill on normalisation of smoking. Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London Claire Health Behaviour 2014-2017 Professor Susan Developing and evaluating a smartphone Garnett Research Unit, Michie application to reduce excessive alcohol University College consumption London

Institutionally funded studentships

Name Department, Duration Supervisor Title University Paul Weate Department for 2014-2017 Professor Christine Young people’s alcohol consumption: Health, University Griffin The role of social media and new of Bath technologies Jay Department of 2014-2017 Professor Matt Field Goal-tracking and sign-tracking Duckworth Psychology, processes in addiction in humans University of Liverpool Martine School of 2014-2017 Professor Amanda A qualitative study exploring the impact Miller Population Health Amos of the ban on point of sale tobacco Sciences, displays and advertising in 16-18 year University of olds Edinburgh Thomas Addictions 2014-2017 Professor Ann Randomised trial to test Contingency Ainscough Department, McNeill Management to support smoking cessation amongst persistent opiate-

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King’s College addicts in treatment, investigating initial London effect and factors influencing persistence or breakdown. Leah Jayes Division of 2014-2017 Professor John Smoke-free policy in English prisons Epidemiology & Britton, Dr Elena Public Health, Ratschen, Dr Rachael University of Murray Nottingham Kapka Nilan Division of 2014-2017 Dr Rachael Murray, International tobacco control policy: Epidemiology & Professor Ann Implementation of the WHO FCTC Public Health, McNeill (KCL) Article 14 and the Article 14 guidelines University of Nottingham Lisa Division of 2014-2017 Dr Elena Ratschen, Smoking and looked after children: Huddlestone Epidemiology & Dr Rachael Murray, Developing and evaluating a complex Public Health, intervention to address tobacco use University of within residential homes for looked after Nottingham children and young people in Leicestershire Kareem Division of 2014-2018 Dr Tim Card, Dr The epidemiology of the mortality of Abdul- Epidemiology & Matthew Grainge recognised alcohol misusers: a Rahman Public Health, retrospective cohort study of a linked University of CPRD population, and systematic review. Nottingham Amy Fuller Division of 2015-2018 Dr Lisa Szatkowski Exploring patterns and perceptions of (nee Taylor) Epidemiology & student drinking in the transition to and Public Health, start of university. University of Nottingham Elina Simou Division of 2015-2018 Professor Jo AlcoholHaz: A mixed method approach to Epidemiology & Leonardi-Bee, assessing the hazardous effects of Public Health, Professor John alcohol on the risk of cancer University of Britton Nottingham

Post-doctoral research fellows/lectureships

Name Department, University Funding Duration (1 FTE unless stated) (* on behalf of UKCTAS) Ilze Division of Epidemiology & Public UKCTAS 2013-2016 (from 2016 Ilze has been Bogdanovica Health, University of Nottingham funded on a CRUK Fellowship)

Abby Hunter Division of Epidemiology & Public UKCTAS 2017 - 2018 Health, University of Nottingham Jo Cranwell Division of Epidemiology & Public *University of 2013-2016 (academic post at University Health, University of Nottingham Nottingham of Bath since 2016) Alexander Division of Epidemiology & Public *University of 2016-2018 Barker Health, University of Nottingham Nottingham Olivia Department of Experimental UKCTAS 2013-2017 Maynard Psychology, University of Bristol Jenny Department for Health, University UKCTAS 2013-2017 Hatchard of Bath Duncan School of Health and Related UKCTAS 2014-2017 Gillespie Research, University of Sheffield

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Progress Report 2013 -2017

Alison Ford Institute for Social Marketing, *University of Stirling 2013-2016 University of Stirling Niamh Institute for Social Marketing, UKCTAS 2014-2017 Fitzgerald University of Stirling Evgeniya School of Population Health UKCTAS 2015-2017 Plotnikova Sciences, University of Edinburgh Leonie Brose Addictions Department, King’s UKCTAS and 2014-2018 College London CRUK/BUPA fellowship awarded 2015 Renee Railton The SHORE and Whakari Research UKCTAS 2014-2017 Centre, Massey University, New Zealand Rachna Begh Nuffield Department of Primary UKCTAS 2014-2016 (from 2016 funded on a NIHR Care Health Sciences, University Post-doctoral Fellowship) of Oxford Qi Wu Department of Health Sciences, UKCTAS 2014-2017 University of York (0.7 FTE)

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