Festivals Serenissima Music and Arts from the Venetian Republic February 3–21, 2017 La Serenissima: Music and Arts from the Venetian Republic is sponsored by Chubb. The Italian Ministry of Cultural Heritage and Activities and Tourism has granted La Serenissima: Music and Arts from the Venetian Republic its offi cial support (“Patrocinio”) in recognition of Carnegie Hall’s celebration of Italy’s extraordinarily rich cultural legacy. Carnegie Hall gratefully acknowledges the support of the Ministry of Heritage and Culture and Tourism in Rome; the Embassy of Italy in Washington, DC; and the Consulate General of Italy in New York. Proud Season Sponsor Offi cial Airline Preferred Card Exclusive Timepiece 02-03Venice Savall.indd Festival Pages.indd 1 1 1/24/171/9/17 12:31 3:03 PM Serenissima Committee of Honor Rinaldo Alessandrini Andrea Marcon Italian Conductor, Keyboardist, and Music Director, Venice Baroque Orchestra Director, Concerto Italiano The Honorable John R. Phillips Paolo Baratta Ambassador of the United States President, La Biennale di Venezia to the Italian Republic and the Republic of San Marino Gabriella Belli Director, Venice’s Civic Museums Joseph Plumeri Foundation Vice Chairman, First Data Board of Directors; Philanthropist Giancarla Berti Advisory Director, Carnegie Hall Nicolò Foscari Widmann Rezzonico Board of Trustees Director, Credit Suisse Private Banking Franca Coin Toto Bergamo Rossi President, Venice International Director, Fondazione Venetian Foundation; Heritage Onlus President, Friends of Venice, Inc. Andrea Favaretto Rubelli Alberto Cribiore Co-CEO, Rubelli; President, Donghia Vice Chairman, Citi Institutional Clients Group at Citigroup, Inc. Jordi Savall Early Music Instrumentalist Claudio Del Vecchio and Conductor CEO, Brooks Brothers Pierpaolo Seguso Francesco Genuardi Designer and Creative Director, Seguso Consul General of Italy in New York Carlo Traglio Frederick Ilchman Benefactor of Venetian Heritage Chair, Art of Europe, Museum of Fine Arts, through Vhernier Boston; Chairman, Save Venice Inc. His Excellency Armando Varricchio Olivier Lexa Ambassador of Italy to the United States Founder and Artistic Director, Venetian Centre for Baroque Music; Stage Director 02-03 Savall.indd 2 1/24/17 3:03 PM presents Friday, February 3, 2017 at 7:30 PM Isaac Stern Auditorium / Ronald O. Perelman Stage Jordi Savall Orthodox-Byzantine Vocal Ensemble La Capella Reial de Catalunya Hespèrion XXI Le Concert des Nations The Millenarian Venice: Gateway to the East 700–1797: A Crossroads Between the Orient and Europe This evening’s program will be performed with one intermission. The Trustees of Carnegie Hall gratefully acknowledge the generosity of Linda and Earle S. Altman in support of the 2016–2017 season. 02-03 Savall.indd 3 1/24/17 3:03 PM Yurdal Tokcan (Turkey), Oud Dimitri Psonis (Greece), Santur and Morisca Hakan Güngör (Turkey), Kanun Haïg Sarikouyoumdjian (Armenia), Duduk and Belul Orthodox-Byzantine Vocal Ensemble (Greece) Panagiotis Neochoritis, Director Charalampos Neochoritis | Dimos Papatzalakis Chrysostomos Nektarios Vletsis Rafail Zoumis | Georgios Kounadatis La Capella Reial de Catalunya Hanna Bayodi-Hirt, Soprano | Viva Biancaluna Biffi, Mezzo-Soprano David Sagastume, Countertenor | Lluís Vilamajó, Tenor Furio Zanasi, Baritone | Daniele Carnovich, Bass Hespèrion XXI Pierre Hamon, Flutes and Cornamuse Jean-Pierre Canihac, Cornett and Shofar Béatrice Delpierre, Shawm, Flutes, and Oboe Daniel Lassalle, Sackbut and Añafil Quim Guerra, Dulcian and Bassoon Jordi Savall, Treble Viol and Lyra Viva Biancaluna Biffi, Vielle and Tenor Viol Imke David, Tenor Viol Lorenz Duftschmid, Bass Viol Andrew Lawrence-King, Psaltery, Medieval Harp, and Arpa Doppia Xavier Díaz-Latorre, Medieval Lute, Theorbo, and Guitar Le Concert des Nations Alessandro Pique, Oboe and Flutes Manfredo Kraemer, Violin I Guadalupe del Moral, Violin II Balázs Máté, Cello Xavier Puertas, Rotta, Violone, and Contrabass Guido Morini, Harpsichord and Organ David Mayoral, Percussion, Timpani, and Bells Jordi Savall, Director 02-03 Savall.indd 4 1/24/17 3:03 PM The Millenarian Venice: Gateway to the East 700–1797: A Crossroads Between the Orient and Europe PART ONE: 770–1515 ca. 700 The Birth of Venice. From the end of the century, the Byzantines, who occupy Northern Italy, contribute to the creation of this new city on the lagoon; the inhabitants of the region migrate to the lagoon under threat from the Lombards. The future Republic of Venice, La Serenissima, is ruled by Byzantium through the Exarchate of Ravenna until 751, when the fall of the Exarchate led to self-rule by the Doge (an elected Duke). Venice remained nonetheless a province of Byzantium. ANONYMOUS Calling of the Bells and Fanfare 828 The Building of St. Mark’s Church. The presumed relics of St. Mark of Alexandria are transferred to Venice to be housed in the new church. The church is later restored in 976 after a fire, and then rebuilt entirely around 1063 in the basilica form it takes today. ST. JOHN OF DAMASCUS (ca. 675–749) Alleluia 1054 The Great East–West Schism. Edicts of excommunication, or anathemas, are exchanged between Rome and Constantinople. 1082 Byzantine Emperor Basil II grants trading privileges to the Republic of Venice, thus giving it access to the East. BYZANTINE SECULAR BALLAD Erotokritos 02-03 Savall.indd 5 1/24/17 3:03 PM 1096 The First Crusade. The Venetian fleet transports crusaders to the East. 1099 The Siege of Jerusalem. Jerusalem is taken by European crusaders. Venice secures a number of trading posts throughout the kingdom of Jerusalem, gaining commercial opportunities. MARCABRU (fl. ca. 1129–1150) Pax in nomine Domini! 1121–1130 La Serenissima. War breaks out in the Mediterranean against the Venetians. A victory of the Most Serene Republic of Venice establishes colonies in Palestine. From the 12th century to the first third of the 13th century, there is a continuous Venetian presence in North Africa. TRADITIONAL Dance of the Soul, from the North African Berber Ritual 1202–1204 Sack of Constantinople. The Venetians assemble and equip fleets from throughout Christian Europe for the Fourth Crusade. To celebrate, the four bronze horses are placed on the façade of St. Mark’s. ANONYMOUS Ton Dhespotin, from the Sunday Service of Orthros 1245 Trade treaties between Venice and Armenia are reaffirmed. TRADITIONAL Armenian Song and Dance 02-03 Savall.indd 6 1/24/17 3:03 PM 1270 Expansion Through Trade. A Venetian outpost at Ra’s al Makhbaz (Libya), lying at the crossroads of Africa’s caravan routes, is founded. 1295 Marco Polo returns to Venice after an absence of 25 years. CONDUCTUS O totius Asie gloria 1348 The Plague. Originating in the Crimea, the Black Death ravages Europe and claims the lives of three quarters of the population of Venice. KALOPHONIC IRMOI Pasan tin elpida mou 1404 The Republic of Venice expands onto the terra firma. It becomes a key station for pilgrims and merchants en route to the Holy Land. ITALIAN SECULAR Chiave, chiave 1438–1439 Working Toward Unity. Worried about Ottoman advances on the Byzantine Empire, the Pope meets with Byzantine ambassadors to attempt to heal the Great Schism between the Latin and Greek churches. Greek Orthodox and Western Roman believers join in the same prayer to celebrate the liturgy at the cathedral Hagia Sophia in Constantinople. ANONYMOUS Adoramus te, from the Mass Proper KALOPHONIC IRMOI Tin dheisin mou 02-03 Savall.indd 7 1/24/17 3:03 PM 1452 Siege of Constantinople. Sultan Mehmed II cuts off Constantinople from neighboring cities. OTTOMAN MARCH Nikriz 1453 Constantinople falls to the army of Mehmed II. He makes it the new capital of the Ottoman Empire. In a three-day looting period after the fall, many inhabitants of the city are massacred. 1454 Maintaining centuries-long relationships with Constantinople, Venice brokers trade treaties with Mehmed II. GUILLAUME DUFAY (1397–1474) O tres piteulx / Omnes amici eius (Lament of the Holy Mother Church of Constantinople) 1515 Battle of Marignan. After a day of battle between the French Kingdom and the Swiss Confederacy, Venetian forces arrive and join the French, turning the tide of the conflict and securing a decisive Franco-Venetian victory. CLÉMENT JANEQUIN (ca. 1485–1558) Escoutez tous gentilz (La bataille de Marignan; La guerre) INTERMISSION 02-03 Savall.indd 8 1/24/17 3:03 PM PART TWO: 1526–1797 1526 The First Synagogue in the Venetian Ghetto. The Ashkenazi community begins construction on the Schola Tedesca (now part of the Great German Synagogue). SALOMONE ROSSI (ca. 1570–1630) Al naharot bavel, from Hashirim asher lish’lomo 1527 Adrian Willaert is appointed maestro di cappella of St. Mark’s. Rome is sacked by the troops of France’s King Charles V. ADRIAN WILLAERT (ca. 1490–1562) Vecchie letrose, non valete niente 1536 Construction of the San Giorgio dei Greci—the first dedicated Greek Orthodox Church in Venice since the fall of Constantinople—began with permission from the Doge. It was completed in the 1570s. JOANNES KLADAS (fl ca. 1400) Yefvsasthe kai idhete, from the Holy Eucharist 1573 Lutheran scholars correspond with Ecumenical Patriarch Jeremias II, presenting him with a translation of Martin Luther’s Augsburg Confession, allowing the Orthodox Church to respond to the Reformation. AMBROSIUS LOBWASSER (1515–1585) Ficht wieder meine Anfechter (Psalm 35), from Der Psalter … in deutsche reyme (arr. Claude Goudimel) 02-03 Savall.indd 9 1/24/17 3:03 PM 1603 Ambassadors of Shah Abbas I the Great of Persia travel to Venice to seal an agreement to fight against Ottoman rule. PERSIAN DANCE Laïla Djân 1613 Claudio Monteverdi becomes maestro di cappella at St. Mark’s. 1624 The first staging of Il combattimento di Tancredi e Clorinda by Claudio Monteverdi premieres in Venice at the home of Girolamo Mocenigo. It is later published in Monteverdi’s Eighth Book of Madrigals in 1638. CLAUDIO MONTEVERDI (1567–1643) Il combattimento di Tancredi e Clorinda 1725 The Age of Enlightenment. Vivaldi dedicates his first composition to his longtime patron Louis XV of France in celebration of his marriage to Marie Leszczyńska of Poland.