DOCSLIB.ORG

Intersex Definition

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Intersex Definition WHAT IS INTERSEX? NTERSEX is congenital difference NTERSEX is not a gender nor a gender in anatomical sex. That is, physical identity. Gender is social sex role. Our Idifferences in reproductive Isex is generally male and female and our parts like the testicles, penis, vulva, social roles are generally man and woman. clitoris, ovaries and so on. Our sex is about our anatomy – however Intersex is also physical differences naturally constructed and medically in secondary sexual characteristics reinvented that might be – and our gender such as muscle mass, hair distribution, is how we act out social expectations given breast development and stature. our anatomy. Intersex individuals have Intersex can include things that are genders of all kinds including no gender. invisible to the eye such as chromosomal Gender is generally an identity issue. and hormonal differences. Those kinds of differences usually have a manifestation in NTERSEX is not an identity issue. primary or secondary sexual anatomy that Intersex is differences in anatomy. is visible either externally or internally. I Most people with intersex differences Brain differences may account for do not know they have them. Such both homosexuality and transsexualism, people have no way of identifying as but intersex isn’t brain sex alone. intersex or any reason to do so. They We are intersex because it is thought have intersex differences nonetheless. the kinds of differences in our anatomy seem to be either male and female OU might think intersex must at the same time or not quite male or female or neither male or female. have at least something to do with So we have physical differences Y identity and you would be right. that confuse medicine’s anatomical So imagine a person with one blue eye ideal of male and female. and one brown eye. Such a person might Intersex is not always immediately seek out other like people and form an apparent because in our society association. They might do this for any we do not commonly look at each number of reasons including marginalization other's genitals or internal organs. and discrimination. They might do it just to meet some one else with the same WHAT ISN’T Intersex? kinds of differences they have. They might even go so far as to make that a significant NTERSEX is not a sexual orientation. part of how they identify themselves. Although nearly all intersex have Whatever they do, if they make it a a sexual orientation, we are no part of their identity or not, if they are I marked out by society or not, if they different to other people in this. It is unknown if our intersex influences form an association or not, they have our sexual orientation and intersex resist one blue eye and one brown eye and efforts by researchers who seek to link only eye removal will change that. the two. We do this because we hold Even if they have their eyes removed the view that it is a back door way to the reasons for them having one brown find the gay gene. We hold the view that eye and one blue eye remaining will be this effort is essentially homophobic. written in their bodies, in their genes. Organisation Intersex International Australia Limited Page 1 NTERSEX is not a medical condition or Very few infants have health WHAT Is thE DIFFerence • Transsexual people generally a disorder or a disability or a pathology problems because of their intersex Between a TRANS, TRANSSexuAL have a strongly defined sense Ior a condition of any sort. Intersex is anatomical differences. or TRANSGenDer Person of gender – man or woman. differences in the same way height, weight, Intersex surgery seeks to make the child & AN Intersex Person? hair colour and so on are differences. a penetrator or penetratee with the aim • Can compete in sport up to Only a very few ways of being intersex of heterosexual intercourse as an adult. NTERSEX is not a part of and including Olympic level have links to differences that might Intersex who go on to live in what transgender because intersex is through established protocols. cause illness. cah is the most common. appear to be same sex relationships are Inot about gender. Intersex is about Strangely very few cah individuals are thought to be a failure of assignment. The anatomical differences in sex. • Many effective and extensive intersex despite it being classified by underlying paradigm of such surgery is Below are some of the differences in the organizations worldwide with some medicine as a way of being intersex. homophobic. The alarm created when experience of trans and intersex individuals. NGOs attracting government funding We know of no xy cah individuals who are an intersex child is born centres around (e.g. NSW Gender Centre). intersex. We know most xx cah individuals whether the child will grow up to be a man TrANS: are females capable of having a child, and or a woman and if they are neither then • Self-identified gender does not INtersEX: have very few anatomical differences of sex. what kind of sexual role would they play? match apparent sex at birth. • Natural variation in biological sex does In more ancient times intersex were often not match social expectations of normality. Some intersex people have very consigned to monasteries and convents • Some human rights protection. In NSW striking differences in anatomical where celibacy resolved the issue. this is limited to "recognised transgender" • No recognition in human rights or presentation but they are usually or people thought to be "transgendered" other law. No inclusion in workplace very healthy and able people. NTERSEX people want client- - 36B Anti-Discrimination Act 1977. programs like Pride in Diversity. centred medicine. Current medical HERE are lots of things Iprotocols centre around binary • Can change cardinal documents, but • If desired, can change cardinal ideals of male and female. usually requires irreversible surgeries documents in New South Wales, Victoria intersex is not. Intersex differences are very often usually involving sterilization and and Queensland on evidence of intersex If you keep it in the forefront ignored or overlooked. Where intersex applicants must not be married. status, due to error on birth certificate. Tof your mind that intersex is a physical differences are taken into account very difference then you can easily dismiss often the protocols are one size-fits-all • The right to marry someone of • Physical differences affect the those nonphysical things that some with very poorly researched outcomes. the opposite legal gender. whole of the body including brain might suppose are a part of intersex. Some examples of wrong-headed anatomy and especially sex anatomy. diagnostic paradigms are: • A full and functional WHAT DO Intersex PeoPLE WANT? reproductive system. • Apart from extremely rare circumstances, • All xx cah individuals are female. unable to reproduce because of physical ECOGNITION of intersex • All xxy individuals are male. • Physical differences limited differences in reproductive parts. differences – that the ideal of the • All ais individuals are female. to brain anatomy. sex binary is flawed, that male and R • All 5-ard individuals are male. • No right to marriage as intersex. female are not absolute terms and that • Transsexual people have an effective The right to marry someone of insistence on sex binaries stigmatizes All of those statements are untrue. medical protocol that produces a the opposite legal gender. and marginalizes those who do not fit. Consequently when an xxy individual is 98% effective outcome with long- treated they will be offered testosterone “to term studies and follow-ups. • A jumble of medical protocols NTERSEX people want equal rights at make a man of them” causing great distress with mixed outcomes that are law. We want protection in human rights and often dreadful medical consequences. • Good medication readily available poorly understood with nearly against discrimination and vilification. I through the PBS (Pharmaceutical no long-term follow up. We want laws to reflect the reality of NTERSEX people want financial Benefits Scheme) that is both our bodies so that an intersex person can assistance from governments to effective and adequate. • Only some medication have access to marriage, superannuation, establish peer support networks available through pbs. insurance and all the things available to I to help achieve our needs. • The right to choose the time of males and females. Intersex people want surgery with extensive peer support. • Very little research, and nearly equal rights without having to pretend no access to well-studied and our bodies are really male or female. • The ability to participate fully appropriate medications. and in an informed manner in their NTERSEX people want an end to surgical and hormonal options. • Insistence on inappropriate and harmful nonconsensual infant surgery. Infant medication when individuals do not genital surgery is conducted to “cure” I conform with diagnosis expectations. the infant of intersex differences. The aim of this surgery is cosmetic. Organisation Intersex Organisation Intersex Page 2 International Australia Limited International Australia Limited Page 3 • Administration of harmful drugs to pregnant women in an effort to prevent intersex births with a possible outcome of brain damage to the unborn. • Only some medication available through PBS. • Enforced surgery with little information available, without peer support and with scant knowledge in respect of outcomes. • Often surgery is conducted without consent. • Protocols for competition in sport are just being established, due to the treatment of Caster Semenya. • Weak sense of gender – man or woman. • Very few intersex organizations worldwide, with none receiving any government funding. u © Copyright oii Australia 2010 Organisation Intersex International Australia Limited Auburn nsw 2144 Australia acn: 143 506 594 Website: oiiaustralia.com Organisation Intersex Page 4 International Australia Limited.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Grade Five and Six Sexuality: Questions and Concerns
    GRADE FIVE AND SIX SEXUALITY: QUESTIONS AND CONCERNS DAVID CARNEGY B.Ed., University of Lethbridge, 1987 A One-Credit Project Submitted to the Faculty of Education of the University of Lethbridge in Partial Fulfilment of the Requirements for the Degree MASTER OF EDUCATION LETHBRIDGE, ALBERTA April, 1997 Sexuality is an integral part of the personality of everyone: man, woman, and child. It is a basic need and an aspect of being human that cannot be separated from other aspects of human life .. .It is in the energy that motivates us to find love, contact, feel warmth, and intimacy; it is expressed in the way we feel, move, touch and are touched; it is about being sensual as well as sexual. Sexuality influences thoughts, feelings, actions and interactions, and thereby our mental and physical health. Since health is a fundamental human right, so must sexual health also be a basic human right... [including] freedom from fear, shame, guilt, and false beliefs and other psychological factors. (The World Health Organization 1986) "We believe that the facts of one's life are not as important as one's perceptions of those facts." (Christensen and Thomas 1983 pg. 10) Part One Research INTRODUCTION My name is David Carnegy, I am an elementary school teacher and counsellor for Medicine Hat School District #76. One of my assignments every year is to teach the grade five and six "Human Sexuality" program. The Alberta Health Curriculum mandates what teachers should teach to grade five and six students who are 10 to 13 years old. I personally feel that the "Human Sexuality" curriculum is suitable for this age group of children and that it will hopefully help them to better understand their sexuality.
    [Show full text]
  • Unit 1 Structure and Functions of Male Reproductive Organs
    UNIT 1 STRUCTURE AND FUNCTIONS OF MALE REPRODUCTIVE ORGANS Structure 1.0 Objectives 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Meaning and Concept of Male Reproductive System 1.2.1 External Reproductive Organs 1.2.2 Internal Reproductive Organs 1.3 Maturation of Male Sex Organs 1.4 Functions of Male Reproductive Organs 1.5 Role of Teachers and Parents 1.6 Let Us Sum Up 1.7 Keywords 1.8 Answer to Check Your Progress 1.9 References 1.0 OBJECTIVES After going through this unit you will be able to: list and describe the organs of the male reproductive system; explain the functions of various male reproductive organs; describe the secondary sexual characteristics in boys; and emphasize that nocturnal emission is a normal phenomenon. 1.1 INTRODUCTION Adolescents are usually shy about asking questions related to their reproductive organs and rely on their peers and other sources which provide incomplete and unreliable information. It is therefore essential, as a responsible adult to open channels of communication and give them correct and complete information. The most important change which occurs during adolescence is related to changes in the reproductive organs. In this unit you will learn about the structure and functions of the male reproductive organs and related changes. This topic is of great concern to adolescents as they have curiosity about the changes in their bodies . This has long term impact on their self-esteem and personality development. In addition, you will undertake several activities, to reflect and understand the structure and functions of reproductive organs of male. 5 Reproductive and Sexual Changes 1.2 MEANING AND CONCEPT OF MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM One of the most important characteristics that differentiate a living organism from a non – living organism is their ability to reproduce.
    [Show full text]
  • Male Reproductive System
    MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM DR RAJARSHI ASH M.B.B.S.(CAL); D.O.(EYE) ; M.D.-PGT(2ND YEAR) DEPARTMENT OF PHYSIOLOGY CALCUTTA NATIONAL MEDICAL COLLEGE PARTS OF MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM A. Gonads – Two ovoid testes present in scrotal sac, out side the abdominal cavity B. Accessory sex organs - epididymis, vas deferens, seminal vesicles, ejaculatory ducts, prostate gland and bulbo-urethral glands C. External genitalia – penis and scrotum ANATOMY OF MALE INTERNAL GENITALIA AND ACCESSORY SEX ORGANS SEMINIFEROUS TUBULE Two principal cell types in seminiferous tubule Sertoli cell Germ cell INTERACTION BETWEEN SERTOLI CELLS AND SPERM BLOOD- TESTIS BARRIER • Blood – testis barrier protects germ cells in seminiferous tubules from harmful elements in blood. • The blood- testis barrier prevents entry of antigenic substances from the developing germ cells into circulation. • High local concentration of androgen, inositol, glutamic acid, aspartic acid can be maintained in the lumen of seminiferous tubule without difficulty. • Blood- testis barrier maintains higher osmolality of luminal content of seminiferous tubules. FUNCTIONS OF SERTOLI CELLS 1.Germ cell development 2.Phagocytosis 3.Nourishment and growth of spermatids 4.Formation of tubular fluid 5.Support spermiation 6.FSH and testosterone sensitivity 7.Endocrine functions of sertoli cells i)Inhibin ii)Activin iii)Follistatin iv)MIS v)Estrogen 8.Sertoli cell secretes ‘Androgen binding protein’(ABP) and H-Y antigen. 9.Sertoli cell contributes formation of blood testis barrier. LEYDIG CELL • Leydig cells are present near the capillaries in the interstitial space between seminiferous tubules. • They are rich in mitochondria & endoplasmic reticulum. • Leydig cells secrete testosterone,DHEA & Androstenedione. • The activity of leydig cell is different in different phases of life.
    [Show full text]
  • LECTURE V: Puberty in Males and Females
    LECTURE V: Puberty in Males and Females EDITING FILE IMPORTANT MALE SLIDES EXTRA FEMALE SLIDES LECTURER’S NOTES 1 PUBERTY IN MALES AND FEMALES Lecture Five OBJECTIVES ● Define puberty. ● Recognize the physiology of puberty related to changes in hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis. ● Describe the physical changes that occur at puberty in boys and girls. ● Recognize the influencing factors leading to puberty. ● Describe the pathophysiological conditions associated with puberty. Puberty Puberty (AKA: adolescence) is a physiological transition from childhood (juvenility) to adulthood, Accelerated somatic growth. Characteristics of puberty: ● HPG axis matures. ● The primary sexual organs mature (gonads). ● The secondary sexual characteristics develop. ● The adolescent experiences the adolescent growth spurt. ● The adolescent achieves the ability to procreate. Terms & Events GnRH Receptors Sensitivity ● Thelarche: development of breast. ● Pubarche: development of pubic and axillary hair. ● Menarche: the first menstrual period1 . ● Adrenarche: the onset of an increase in the secretion of androgens; responsible for the development of pubic/axillary hair, body odour and acne.2 ● Gonadarche: maturation of gonadal function. Figure 5-1 Increased sensitivity of the GnRH receptors to very low gonadotropins before puberty. Hormonal Changes 3 4 1 Pulsatile secretion of GnRH from the hypothalamus → Increased sensitivity of the GnRH receptors in anterior pituitary. Pulsatile secretion of LH and FSH → Appearance of large nocturnal pulses of LH, during REM sleep5. 2 3 Maturation of primary sexual characteristics (gonads) → Secretion of gonadal steroid hormones (testosterone & estradiol) Appearance of the secondary sex characteristics at puberty (pubic and axillary hair, female breast development, male 4 voice changes)6 FOOTNOTES 1. For unclear reasons, the initial menstrual periods (during the first one-to-two years of puberty) are anovulatory, however this does suggest that the ovary is being made ready for reproduction during the first one-to-two years of puberty.
    [Show full text]
  • The Male Body
    Fact Sheet The Male Body What is the male What is the epididymis? reproductive system? The epididymis is a thin highly coiled tube (duct) A man’s fertility and sexual characteristics depend that lies at the back of each testis and connects on the normal functioning of the male reproductive the seminiferous tubules in the testis to another system. A number of individual organs act single tube called the vas deferens. together to make up the male reproductive 1 system; some are visible, such as the penis and the 6 scrotum, whereas some are hidden within the body. The brain also has an important role in controlling 7 12 reproductive function. 2 8 1 11 What are the testes? 3 6 The testes (testis: singular) are a pair of egg 9 7 12 shaped glands that sit in the scrotum next to the 2 8 base of the penis on the outside of the body. In 4 10 11 adult men, each testis is normally between 15 and 3 35 mL in volume. The testes are needed for the 5 male reproductive system to function normally. 9 The testes have two related but separate roles: 4 10 • to make sperm 5 1 Bladder • to make testosterone. 2 Vas deferens The testes develop inside the abdomen in the 3 Urethra male fetus and then move down (descend) into the scrotum before or just after birth. The descent 4 Penis of the testes is important for fertility as a cooler 5 Scrotum temperature is needed to make sperm and for 16 BladderSeminal vesicle normal testicular function.
    [Show full text]
  • Reproductive System Physiology of Male Reproductive System
    Reproductive System Function: producing offspring propagation of the species in terms of evolution – the only reason all the other systems exist only major system that doesn’t work continuously only activated at puberty unlike most other organisms on planet mammals only reproduce sexually humans are dieocious separate sexed (many animals are monoecious or hermaphrodites) in 7th week of embryonic development genes are activated that trigger differentiation of gonads Physiology of Male Reproductive System Testes primary reproductive organ of male consists of seminiferous tubules interstitial cells has dual function a. hormone secretion: interstitial cells testosterone 1. development and maintenance of secondary sexual characteristics 2. stimulates protein synthesis 3. promotes growth of skeletal muscles b. spermatogenesis: seminiferous tubules formation and maturation of sperm cells Male Accessory Organs three accessory glands secrete fluids that mix with the sperm = semen seminal vesicles (paired) secrete viscous liquid rich in fructose fructose serves as energy source for sperm prostate gland (single) Human Anatomy & Physiology: Reproduction; Ziser, 2004 1 surrounds ejaculatory duct at junction with urethra secretes an alkaline liquid that constitutes major portion of semen akalinity protects sperm for acidity of male urethra and female vagina bulbourethral glands (paired) small pea shaped glands below prostate also secrete alkaline fluid male hormone (=androgens) are secreted mainly by interstital cells of testes additional testosterone is secreted by Adrenal Cortex at puberty Ant Pituitary secretes FSH & large amounts of LH (ICSH) FSH & LH cause testes to increase in size and begin sperm production LH also triggers testes to produce testosterone There are two male hormones: testosterone androstenedione main male hormone is Testosterone testosterone functions: 1.
    [Show full text]
  • Health and Wellbeing of People with Intersex Variations Information and Resource Paper
    Health and wellbeing of people with intersex variations Information and resource paper The Victorian Government acknowledges Victorian Aboriginal people as the First Peoples and Traditional Owners and Custodians of the land and water on which we rely. We acknowledge and respect that Aboriginal communities are steeped in traditions and customs built on a disciplined social and cultural order that has sustained 60,000 years of existence. We acknowledge the significant disruptions to social and cultural order and the ongoing hurt caused by colonisation. We acknowledge the ongoing leadership role of Aboriginal communities in addressing and preventing family violence and will continue to work in collaboration with First Peoples to eliminate family violence from all communities. Family Violence Support If you have experienced violence or sexual assault and require immediate or ongoing assistance, contact 1800 RESPECT (1800 737 732) to talk to a counsellor from the National Sexual Assault and Domestic Violence hotline. For confidential support and information, contact Safe Steps’ 24/7 family violence response line on 1800 015 188. If you are concerned for your safety or that of someone else, please contact the police in your state or territory, or call 000 for emergency assistance. To receive this publication in an accessible format, email the Diversity unit <[email protected]> Authorised and published by the Victorian Government, 1 Treasury Place, Melbourne. © State of Victoria, Department of Health and Human Services, March 2019 Victorian Department of Health and Human Services (2018) Health and wellbeing of people with intersex variations: information and resource paper. Initially prepared by T.
    [Show full text]
  • Intersex in 2018: Evaluating the Limitations of Informed Consent in Medical Malpractice Claims As a Vehicle for Gender Justice
    Intersex in 2018: Evaluating the Limitations of Informed Consent in Medical Malpractice Claims as a Vehicle for Gender Justice CAROLINE LOWRY* Each year, hundreds of individuals are born intersex, meaning they have genitalia that do not meet the criteria for being exclusively male or female. For decades, doctors have performed corrective genital surgeries on intersex infants in an attempt to make it easier for them to grow up as “normal” boys and girls. In recent years, however, there is a growing consensus that cosmetic genital correctional surgeries are both unnecessary and often harmful to the long-term wellbeing of intersex individuals. Given increasing recognition of negative outcomes over the past decade, critics and activists have called for a moratorium on corrective genital surgeries performed on infants. In 2017, an intersex youth named M. Crawford obtained the first legal settlement ever in the United States challenging infant correctional surgeries under the doctrine of informed consent. This Note explores the implications of this the landmark legal settlement on efforts to combat nonconsensual genital correction surgery performed on intersex children. In particular, this Note explores the strengths and weaknesses of pursuing litigation based on the informed consent claims raised in M.C.’s lawsuit. This Note also offers alternative methods to combat the practice of performing intersex correctional surgeries. * Note Editor, Colum. J.L. & Soc. Probs., 2018–2019. J.D. Candidate 2019, Columbia Law School. The author would like to thank Sylvan Fraser at InterACT Advocates for Intersex Youth and the intersex individuals and advocates that have made this Note possible. In additional, the author would like to thank Professor Elizabeth Emens for her guidance and insight and the staff of Columbia Journal of Law and Social Problems for all their insight and hard work.
    [Show full text]
  • Clinical Assessment of Sexual Maturation in Adolescents
    0021-7557/01/77-Supl.2/S135 Jornal de Pediatria - Vol. 77, Supl.2 , 2001 S135 Jornal de Pediatria Copyright © 2001 by Sociedade Brasileira de Pediatria REVIEW ARTICLE Clinical assessment of sexual maturation in adolescents Eugenio Chipkevitch* Abstract Objective: to present the methods for clinical evaluation of sexual maturation in adolescents. Methods: bibliographic review concerning the practice of pubertal staging. Results: the assessment of sexual maturation is an essential step in the comprehensive health care of adolescents, allowing for the evaluation of their developmental stage. In addition, this assessment allows establishing a correlation between different pubertal events, following up diseases, and interpreting laboratory tests appropriately. Pubertal stage is assessed by the examination of breasts and pubic hair in females, and genitals and pubic hair in males. A new photographic standard for pubertal staging and a new method for clinical measurement of testicular volume are presented. Conclusions: the assessment of sexual maturation is an important feature in the health care of adolescent patients and must be included in the clinical practice of pediatricians involved in adolescent medicine. J Pediatr (Rio J) 2001; 77 (Supl. 2): S135-S142: adolescence, puberty, sex maturation. Introduction Puberty is a period of biological maturation marked by In adolescence, chronological age is not a reliable the appearance of secondary sexual characteristics, growth parameter for biological, psychological, and social spurt, and changes in body composition. With the exception characterization of individuals. Adolescents with the same of the fetal period, there is no other stage in human age are frequently in different stages of puberty considering development in which height growth and changes in body that its onset and progression are highly variable.
    [Show full text]
  • Sexual Selection in Humans: an Evolutionary and Anthropological
    old mate, since, as Dawldns suggests, "longevity is not prima facie evidence of virility" (1989: 157). These ideas have established a common place in the study of animals in nature, but have often been misunderstood in the examination of human reproductive strategies. Evolutionary narratives about the adaptive significance of human sexuality have traditionally assumed that human female sexual traits evolved because females had to compete for mates, reinforce the pair bond, and reduce competition among males. Conversely, traditional biological theory predicts that males are more likely to compete for females (Hamilton, 1984). Traits such as nearly continuous receptivity to mate and breast prominence have typically been assigned to human females as sexual traits which reinforce the pair bond. Hamilton suggests that prominent female breasts may be the pleiotropic effect of selection for increased fat deposition, which would allow "flexibility in coping with the caloric expense of maintaining normal activities during lactation or food shortages" (1984:655). Fisher (1958) has argued that if any trait is correlated with selective advantage, selection will favour individuals of the opposite sex who most clearly discriminate the difference and most decidedly prefer the advantageous type (In Burd, 1986). While competition among the sexes in humans is clearly a feature of modern social life, an understanding of the influences which have shaped female and male sexual and reproductive traits is of particular interest. In order to create a comprehensive understanding of sexual selection in humans, an understanding of the evolution of human reproduction is essential, as well as a realization of the cultural influences which mould individual behaviour.
    [Show full text]
  • Ensuring the Rights of Children with Variations of Sex Characteristics in Denmark and Germany
    FIRST, DO NO HARM ENSURING THE RIGHTS OF CHILDREN WITH VARIATIONS OF SEX CHARACTERISTICS IN DENMARK AND GERMANY Amnesty International is a global movement of more than 7 million people who campaign for a world where human rights are enjoyed by all. Our vision is for every person to enjoy all the rights enshrined in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and other international human rights standards. We are independent of any government, political ideology, economic interest or religion and are funded mainly by our membership and public donations. © Amnesty International 2017 Except where otherwise noted, content in this document is licensed under a Creative Commons Cover illustration: INTER*SHADES by Alex Jürgen*. Alex is an intersex artist living and working in (attribution, non-commercial, no derivatives, international 4.0) licence. Austria. Alex spells their name with a * to signify that intersex is not a recognized sex, and is currently https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/legalcode involved in a court case to change their name and passport. For more information please visit the permissions page on our website: www.amnesty.org © Alex Jürgen Where material is attributed to a copyright owner other than Amnesty International this material is not subject to the Creative Commons licence. First published in 2017 by Amnesty International Ltd Peter Benenson House, 1 Easton Street London WC1X 0DW, UK Index: EUR 01/6086/2017 Original language: English amnesty.org CONTENTS 1. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 7 1.1 METHODOLOGY 7 1.2 MEDICAL PRACTICES 7 1.3 THE IMPACT ON INDIVIDUALS 9 1.4 HUMAN RIGHTS AND GENDER STEREOTYPING 10 1.5 FURTHER HUMAN RIGHTS VIOLATIONS 10 1.6 PRINCIPAL RECOMMENDATIONS 11 2.
    [Show full text]
  • Reproduction and Development 975 DO NOT EDIT--Changes Must Be Made Through “File Info” Correctionkey=A
    DO NOT EDIT--Changes must be made through “File info” CorrectionKey=A Reproduction CHAPTER 34 and Development BIg IdEa Human reproduction depends on hormone cycles, and fetal development progresses in stages. 34.1 Reproductive anatomy 34.2 Reproductive Processes 6g, 10A 34.3 Fetal development data analysis INtERPREtINg gRaPhs 2g 34.4 Birth and development Online BiOlOgy HMDScience.com ONLINE Labs ■■ QuickLab Human Sex Cells ■■ Hormones in the Human Menstrual Cycle ■■ Development of an Embryo ■■ Effects of Chemicals on Reproductive Organs ■■ Stages of Human Development ■■ Video Lab Sonography (t) ©Nestle/Petit Format/Photo Inc. Researchers, 974 Unit 9: Human Biology DO NOT EDIT--Changes must be made through “File info” CorrectionKey=A Q What protects this developing fetus? This developing fetus, only about four months old, floats in a liquid world, receiv- ing all its oxygen and nutrients from its mother’s body. The journey from a single cell to a fully developed human being is guided by genetic instructions, environ- mental influences, and the complex actions of hormones in both mother and baby. RE a d IN g T ool b O x this reading tool can help you learn the material in the following pages. UsINg LaNgUAGE YOUR tURN Recognizing Main Ideas A main idea is a sentence Find the main idea in the paragraph below. that states the main point of a paragraph. The main idea is Disease-causing pathogens are transmitted in many ways. often, but not always, one of the first few sentences of a Some pathogens can be passed by drinking contaminated paragraph. All the other sentences of the paragraph give water.
    [Show full text]