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Escola De Aperfeiçoamento De Oficiais Cap Inf Fabrício ESCOLA DE APERFEIÇOAMENTO DE OFICIAIS CAP INF FABRÍCIO MAXIMIANO BARBOSA CONDOP PARA LETALIDADE DAS PEQUENAS FRAÇÕES: ESTUDO SOBRE EFICIÊNCIA DE CALIBRES E ARMAMENTOS ATUALMENTE DISPONÍVEIS Rio de Janeiro 2017 / ESCOLA DE APERFEIÇOAMENTO DE OFICIAIS CAP INF FABRÍCIO MAXIMIANO BARBOSA CONDOP PARA LETALIDADE DAS PEQUENAS FRAÇÕES: ESTUDO SOBRE EFICIÊNCIA DE CALIBRES E ARMAMENTOS ATUALMENTE DISPONÍVEIS Trabalho acadêmico apresentado à Escola de Aperfeiçoamento de Oficiais, como requisito para a especialização em Ciências Militares com ênfase em Gestão Organizacional Rio de Janeiro 2017 2 MINISTÉRIO DA DEFESA EXÉRCITO BRASILEIRO DECEx - DESMil ESCOLA DE APERFEIÇOAMENTO DE OFICIAIS (EsAO/1919) DIVISÃO DE ENSINO / SEÇÃO DE PÓS-GRADUAÇÃO FOLHA DE APROVAÇÃO Autor: Cap Inf FABRÍCIO MAXIMIANO BARBOSA Título: CONDOP, A LETALIDADE DO NOVO FUZIL IA2. Trabalho Acadêmico, apresentado à Escola de Aperfeiçoamento de Oficiais, como requisito parcial para a obtenção da especialização em Ciências Militares, com ênfase em Gestão Operacional, pós- graduação universitária lato sensu. APROVADO EM ___________/__________/___________ CONCEITO:_________ BANCA EXAMINADORA Membro Menção Atribuída __________________________________________ ANTÔNIO HERVÉ BRAGA JUNIOR- Ten Cel Cmt Curso e Presidente da Comissão ____________________________________ FILIPE MACHADO CAROLINO - Cap 1º Membro ____________________________________ THIAGO FERNANDES S FLOR - Cap 2º Membro e Orientador _________________________________________ FABRÍCIO MAXIMIANO BARBOSA – Cap Aluno C Inf RESUMO A crescente evolução tecno-industrial impôs grandes modificações nos armamentos e projetis. O conceito de que um homem ferido retira do combate mais inimigos (necessário mais quatro para carrega-lo) do que um homem morto, fez com que a letalidade do armamento fosse revista. Desta forma, buscou-se o emprego de calibres menores e menos letais. No Brasil, após cerca de quatro décadas de emprego, o fuzil FAL 7,62mm vem sendo substituído pelo fuzil Imbel IA2 5,56mm. Este trabalho pauta-se na análise das características dos dois fuzis alinhados com as Condicionantes Doutrinárias Operacionais do Exército Brasileiro, ressaltando as características que o emprego em Operações de Pacificação, Apoio a Órgãos não Governamentais e ações de Garantia da lei e da Ordem, atualmente as operações mais presentes na Força, exigem. Alinhado ainda as características que sempre foram necessárias ao fuzil, ou seja, o armamento precisa ser preciso, leve, rústico e acima de tudo, ser altamente eficaz para o fim que se destina. Assim avaliando os dois armamentos em questão busca-se certificar se o fuzil IA2 possui as características necessárias para substituir o FAL e ainda se o mesmo agrega valor no emprego atual das Forças Terrestres. 4 ABSTRACT The growing techno-industrial evolution imposed major changes in armaments and projectiles. The concept that a wounded man removes more enemies (needed four more to carry him) than a dead man has caused the lethality of the weaponry to be revised. In this way, the use of smaller and less lethal gauges was sought. In Brazil, after about four decades of employment, the FAL 7.62mm rifle has been replaced by the Imbel IA2 5.56mm rifle. This work is based on the analysis of the characteristics of the two rifles aligned with the Operational Doctrinal Conditions of the Brazilian Army, highlighting the characteristics that the use in Pacifying Operations, Support to Non-Governmental Organs and Law and Order Guarantee actions, currently operations more in force, they demand. Also aligned with the characteristics that have always been necessary to the rifle, that is, the weaponry needs to be precise, light, rustic and above all, to be highly effective for the purpose that is intended. Thus evaluating the two weapons in question seeks to certify if the IA2 rifle has the characteristics necessary to replace the FAL and still if it adds value in the current use of the Earth Forces. 5 SUMÁRIO 1. INTRODUÇÃO............................................................................................................7 2. METODOLOGIA........................................................................................................8 2.1 Calibres.......................................................................................................................8 2.1.1 Fuzis de emprego do Exército...............................................................................11 2.1.1.1 Fuzil FAL 7,62mm..............................................................................................11 2.1.1.2 Fuzil IA2..............................................................................................................13 2.3 CONDOP..................................................................................................................14 2.4 Letalidade.................................................................................................................15 2.5 Evolução dos Conflitos.............................................................................................15 2.6 Referencial metodológico e procedimentos............................................................16 3. RESULTADOS E DISCUSSÃO...............................................................................17 3.1 Velocidade Inicial do Projetil..................................................................................17 3.2 Tipos de Munição.....................................................................................................19 3.3 Alcance......................................................................................................................21 6 3.4 Peso............................................................................................................................22 4.CONCLUSÃO.............................................................................................................23 REFERÊNCIAS.............................................................................................................25 Anexo A...........................................................................................................................26 1. INTRODUÇÃO Com o término da 2ª Guerra Mundial e início da Guerra Fria, viu-se que os armamentos portáteis da Infantaria (Fuzil calibre 7,62x51mm) utilizados eram demasiadamente poderosos. Um novo conceito surgiu para o emprego das armas leves de Infantaria: um combatente inimigo morto retirava apenas um inimigo do campo de batalha, já um inimigo ferido requeria 4 outros para carregá-lo até um ponto seguro, além do efeito psicológico que a visão do sofrimento do ferido causa na moral dos seus companheiros e todo o ônus sócio econômico e logístico que seu socorro e recuperação causam. Desta forma, um calibre menor, que não matasse o inimigo, mas o ferisse, removeria 5 combatentes do campo de batalha, ao invés de apenas um. Desta forma, iniciou-se uma busca por um calibre menos letal, porém com precisão e eficiência para causar baixas ao inimigo. A mudança para o calibre 5.56x45 mm, que deveria ter remediado esta situação, acabou por gerar o oposto: um calibre cronicamente anêmico, que mesmo após extenso esforço pela indústria, ainda falha em prover letalidade à longa distância, uma vez que não foi concebido para isto. Aliados a essa busca por um calibre ideal houve o surgimento de novos materiais sintéticos e aços com liga refinada e alta performance. Novos métodos de fabricação e produção, revestimento superficial etc, tudo vinha para se juntar em novas armas, mais 7 leves, baratas, com razoável precisão a curtas e médias distâncias e com manutenção simples. Paralelo ao desenvolvimento dos materiais e características dos fuzis, ampliou- se e evolui o ambiente e tipos de operações em que a Força Terrestre esteve envolvida. Atualmente, além da preparação para emprego na defesa externa, o combatente é adestrado e tem sido empregado em ambientes urbanos, ações de Apoio a Órgãos Governamentais (AOG) e Operações de Pacificação que exigem adequação do material empregado em virtude do ambiente operacional e dos Agentes Perturbadores da Ordem Pública (APOP) Hoje existe uma gama de calibres com diversos armamentos, cada um com sua particularidade. O Exército Brasileiro possuí como armamento de dotação portátil o FAL M964 7,62 x 51mm, atualmente sendo substituído pelo IA2 5,56 x 45mm. Desta forma têm-se os questionamentos motivadores deste estudo: O Fuzil IA2 de calibre 5,56mm possuí letalidade suficiente para substituir o FAL 7,62 atendendo as condicionantes doutrinárias e operacionais da Doutrina Militar Terrestre vigente? 2. METODOLOGIA O tema de pesquisa insere-se na linha de pesquisa de Movimento e Manobra da Infantaria, pautada no Apoio de Fogo Orgânico, mais especificamente sobre o emprego do armamento individual das pequenas frações. 2.1 Calibres Antigamente, o calibre, ou seja, o diâmetro efetivo do projétil disparado por uma arma, não era muito relevante, pois geralmente os atiradores fundiam e moldavam sua própria munição. O armamento era comercializado com seu molde. Com a fabricação em série dos armamentos e suas evoluções quanto ao emprego, houveram padronizações a fim de diferenciar seu emprego. Figura 1 – Visão do cano e tamanho do calibre 8 Fonte: < https://www.wikipedia.org> Denomina-se calibre real de uma arma a medição do diâmetro da boca do cano, que caso ele seja raiado, é feita medindo-se os “cheios” das raias. O calibre do projétil é medido pelos “fundos” das raias. Cada armamento terá seu projétil de
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