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National Technical University of Athens School of Naval Architecture & Marine Engineering Laboratory for Marine Transport National Technical University of Athens School of Naval Architecture & Marine Engineering Laboratory for Marine Transport “Exploring Fuel Cell Potential for Marine Power Plants Economic Feasibility Study for a Ro/Pax Vessel” Diploma Thesis by Evangelos V. Timoleon Supervisor Dimitrios V. Lyridis Greece, Athens, September 2019 Assoc. Professor N.T.U.A. “ Dedicated to all who sacrifice anything to keep their dreams alive.” Ευχαριστίες Η παρούσα διπλωματική εργασία, διεξήχθη με σκοπό την ολοκλήρωση των προπτυχιακών μου σπουδών ως φοιτητής του τμήματος Ναυπηγών Μηχανολόγων Μηχανικών του Εθνικού Μετσόβιου Πολυτεχνείου. Αποτελεί προϊόν εκτεταμένης προσπάθειας και ενδελεχούς συνεργασίας. Για το λόγο αυτό θα ήθελα να ευχαριστήσω τον επιβλέποντα καθηγητή μου, Δημήτριο Λυρίδη, καθώς και τον υποψήφιο διδάκτωρ, Χρήστο Παπαλεωνίδα, για την εποπτεία της εν λόγω διπλωματικής εργασίας. Σε αυτό το περιπετειώδες ταξίδι, συνοδοιπόροι μου υπήρξαν πάντοτε ο ομότιμος καθηγητής Χρίστος Αθ. Φραγκόπουλος και ο αναπληρωτής καθηγητής Ιωάννης Μ. Προυσαλίδης που με τις καίριες συμβουλές και την αμέριστη συμπαράστασή τους συνεισφέρανε τα μέγιστα για την αποπεράτωση του εν λόγω εγχειρήματος. Η αλληλεγγύη τους αποτέλεσε τόσο ένα γνωσιακό όσο και συναισθηματικό ορυχείο μέσα από το οποίο αντλούσα συνεχώς τις απαραίτητες γνώσεις και δύναμη ώστε να συνεχίσω με σθεναρότητα το έργο μου. Επιπρόσθετα, θα ήθελα να ευχαριστήσω τον Κο Γεώργιο Δημόπουλο, Principal Specialist του DNV GL Πειραιά, για τη συμβουλευτική του δράση. Για τους παραπάνω λόγους, κατέχουν πλέον ξεχωριστή θέση στην καρδιά μου. Πέραν όμως από την εκπαιδευτική κοινότητα του Ε.Μ.Π., αποτελεί κυρίαρχο μέλημά μου να εκφράσω τη βαθιά ευγνωμοσύνη μου στην οικογένειά μου, στους αγαπημένους μου γονείς και τη δίδυμη αδερφή μου, χωρίς την αγάπη και συνεχή υποστήριξη των οποίων τίποτα από τα ακόλουθα δε θα μπορούσε να είχε επιτευχθεί με την ίδια αρτιότητα. Επιπρόσθετα, θα ήθελα με όλη μου την καρδιά να ευχαριστήσω την εταιρεία που με στήριξε σε όλα τα φοιτητικά μου χρόνια, την Attica Group και ιδιαίτερα τον πρόεδρό της Κο Κυριάκο Μάγειρα και τον Σύμβουλο Διοίκησης Νέων Κατασκευών και Ανάπτυξης Κο Κωστή Σταμπουλέλη. Τα μέλη της υπήρξαν πάντοτε στυλοβάτες της προσπάθειάς μου. Η υποστήριξή τους , οι συμβουλές τους, η τεχνογνωσία τους είναι λίγα μόνο από τα στοιχεία τα οποία προσέφεραν απλόχερα με αγάπη και χαμόγελο προς το πρόσωπό μου καθόλη τη διάρκεια της φοίτησής μου. Η συνεισφορά της υπήρξε ένα Θείο δώρο προς εμένα και κάθε ένα από τα μέλη της κατέχει ένα ξεχωριστό μέρος στην καρδιά μου. Ευάγγελος Β. Τιμολέων, Αθήνα, Σεπτέμβριος 2019 I Acknowledgements The present thesis was conducted for the purpose of the completion of my undergraduate studies as a student in the field of Naval Architecture and Marine Engineering at the National Technical University of Athens. As a result of continuous effort, and thorough cooperation, for this reason I would like to thank my supervisor professor Mr. Dimitris Liridis as well as the doctoral candidate Christos Papaleonidas for their supervision of this diploma thesis. On this ongoing journey, my companions have always been the emeritus professor Christos Fragopoulos and the associate professor Ioannis Prousalidis with whom without their invaluable guidance and continuous support I would not have accomplished such a feat. Their support was not only the acquisition of boundless knowledge but sentimental value in order to complete this venture. Furthermore, gratitude should also be given to the Principal Specialist of DNV GL Piraeus, Mr. George Dimopoulos for his advisory contribution. Beyond the educational faculty of the N.T.U.A. , my overriding concern is to express my deepest indebtedness to my beloved parents and my twin sister to whom I acknowledge their ceaseless love and support for which my goal would not have been realized with such thoroughness. In addition, my warmest gratitude to the company, Attica Group, which has been the backbone of my university progress,especially to the Executive Chairman Mr.Kyriakos D. Magiras and to the New Buildings & Development Advisor Mr. Kostis Stamboulelis, for offering me generously their technical knowledge, compassion and undivided attention. Their support has been a godsend for me and will forever hold a special place in my heart. Evangelos V. Timoleon, Athens, September 2019 II Σύνοψη Μελέτης Θεμέλιος στόχος της παρούσας διπλωματικής εργασίας αποτελεί η διείσδυση στον κόσμο των κυψελών καυσίμου και του υδρογόνου και η έρευνα της οικονομικής τους δυναμικής στον τομέα των θαλασσίων μεταφορών. Αρχικά, στο 1ο κεφάλαιο , παρουσιάζεται μια επισκόπηση των περιβαλλοντικών ζητημάτων που αφορούν τον ναυτιλιακό τομέα. Συγκεκριμένα, επιδεικνύεται πως οι συνεχώς αυξανόμενες ανάγκες για μεταφορά προϊόντων χάραξαν μια ρυπογόνα εξέλιξη στον τομέα των θαλασσίων μεταφορών με πρωτοφανή νούμερα τόσο σε εκπομπές ρύπων όσο και σε αερίων του θερμοκηπίου. Αυτή η δυσμενής για το περιβάλλον και την ανθρώπινη ζωή πρακτική, οδήγησε τη ναυτιλία σε ηθικά διλήμματα και περιβαλλοντικά αδιέξοδα. Αποτελεί ακριβώς εκείνη την ανάγκη η οποία επιτάσσει την θεμελίωση μιας περιβαλλοντικά φιλικής πολιτικής στον τομέα των μεταφορών, μιας ανάγκης που επρόκειτο να αναζωπυρώσει ιδέες, όπως η έννοια της βιώσιμης ανάπτυξης, οι οποίες προτείνουν την ανάδυση στον τεχνολογικό ορίζοντα νέων – φιλικών προς το περιβάλλον – τεχνολογιών για την παραγωγή ηλεκτρικής ενέργειας ή και για την πρόωση των πλοίων. Tεχνολογιών οι οποίες δύναται να φέρουν μια πραγματική επανάσταση στον τρόπο με τον οποίο ο κόσμος εξελίσσεται και προοδεύει. Έχοντας κατανοήσει της κοινωνικές επιταγές αλλά και τις νομοθετικές προσταγές για την ανάπτυξη μιας περιβαλλοντικά φιλικής πολιτικής στον τομέα των μεταφορών , το 2ο κεφάλαιο παρουσιάζει τις βασικές αρχές των κυψελών καυσίμου; μιας τεχνολογίας με δυνατότητες για απόδοση που ξεπερνούν το κατώφλι της αρχής του Carnot και με μηδαμινούς ρύπους. Αρχικά, επιχειρείται μια σύντομη ιστορική αναδρομή στον κόσμο των κυψελών καυσίμου ενώ παράλληλα αναφέρονται κάποια βασικά στοιχεία της βιομηχανίας του. Ακολούθως, παρουσιάζονται συνοπτικά οι βασικές αρχές οι οποίες διέπουν τη λειτουργία τους, ενώ ταυτοποιούνται οι κύριοι τύποι αυτής της καινοτόμας τεχνολογίας. III Στη συνέχεια, στο 3ο κεφάλαιο επιβιβαζόμαστε στα κυριότερα πλοία - εκπροσώπους της τεχνολογίας των κυψελών καυσίμου και του υδρογόνου στο παγκόσμιο ναυτιλιακό στερέωμα. Πραγματοποιώντας μια σύντομη περιδιάβαση, αναγνωρίζεται το επίπεδο ωριμότητας της τεχνολογίας, οι δυνατότητες ορθής και ασφαλούς εφαρμοσιμότητάς της σε εμπορικά πλοία, εντοπίζεται η ενεργειακή και οικονομική της αποδοτικότητα ενώ αναδύονται τα συνολικά της ευεργετήματα – πλεονεκτήματα αλλά και οι αδυναμίες -μελανά σημεία. Ωστόσο, καμία τεχνολογία δεν μπορεί να εφαρμοστεί στην πράξη εάν δεν διασφαλίζεται η ομαλή της λειτουργία από κατάλληλο νομοθετικό πλαίσιο. Για το λόγο αυτό, στο 4ο κεφάλαιο παρουσιάζεται μια συλλογή στοιχείων – μια βιβλιοθήκη με οδηγίες από συνομοσπονδίες Νηογνωμόνων και νομοθετήματα από παγκόσμιους φορείς (Διεθνής Ναυτιλιακός Οργανισμός & Διεθνής Οργανισμός Τυποποίησης) – με στόχο την διαπίστωση της εφαρμοσιμότητας της συνέργειας των κυψελών καυσίμου τροφοδοτούμενων με υδρογόνο. Μέσω από αυτήν την περιπλάνηση, εντοπίζονται νομοθετικά κενά και προτείνονται λύσεις για την γεφύρωση των νομικών χασμάτων σε παγκόσμιο επίπεδο. Ακολούθως, στο 5ο κεφάλαιο πραγματοποιούμε ένα καινούργιο γνωσιακό ταξίδι με προορισμό τον κόσμο του υδρογόνου. Για το λόγο αυτό, μεταβαίνουμε σε όλα τα μήκη και τα πλάτη της Γης ώστε να αναγνωρίσουμε έργα-σταθμούς στην ανάπτυξη της οικονομίας του υδρογόνου; μιας οικονομίας που για πολλούς επιστημονικούς αναλυτές αποτελεί, σε χρονικό ορίζοντα 30 ετών, τη χρυσή τομή για την επίτευξη μιας βιώσιμής ανάπτυξης και την απανθράκωση του τομέα των μεταφορών. Στον πλου αυτόν, πληροφορούμαστε για τις μεθόδους παραγωγής υδρογόνου, τους δυνατούς τρόπους αποθήκευσης και συντήρησής του στα πλοία ενώ μέσω της παρουσίασης συνοπτικών τεχνικοοικονομικών αλλά και περιβαλλοντικών επιχειρημάτων απορρίπτονται οι περισσότερο αδύναμες ενώ προκρίνονται οι ισχυρότερες εναλλακτικές. Παράλληλα, για την σφαιρική και πολύπλευρη τριβή του αναγνώστη με το αντικείμενο, εντοπίζονται τα κυριότερα θέματα ασφαλείας που προκύπτουν από τη λειτουργία με καύσιμο υδρογόνου, ενώ προτείνονται λύσεις μέσω της προσομοιώσής τους με εφάμιλλα που έχουν ήδη καταπιαστεί ερευνητικά: όπως αυτά που αφορούν τον δεξαμενισμό και ανεφοδιασμό πλοίων με υγροποιημένο φυσικό αέριο (LNG). Κλείνοντας αυτό το κεφάλαιο, για να ολοκληρώσουμε το γνωσιακό μας πλαίσιο, εισχωρούμε στον κόσμο της οικονομίας των κυψελών καυσίμου; μιας οικονομίας η οποία έχει όλα τα χαρακτηριστικά της οικονομίας κλίμακας. Μέσω καταλόγων κατασκευαστών ενημερωνόμαστε για τις IV τρέχουσες τάσεις της αγοράς των κυψελών καυσίμου, εντοπίζουμε τρέχοντα και μελλοντικά χαρακτηριστικά τους γνωρίσματα και καταλήγουμε στους κυριότερους εκπροσώπους της (Κυψέλη Καυσίμου Πολυμερισμένης Μεμβράνης – PEMFC, Τηγμένων Ανθρακικών Αλάτων – MCFC και Σταθεροποιημένων Οξειδίων – SOFC). Έχοντας στο γνωσιακό μας οπλοστάσιο όλη την απαραίτητη γνώση, είμαστε πλέον έτοιμοι για την κατασκευή του ερευνητικού μας έργου - μιας μελέτης σκοπιμότητας προσανατολισμένη στην οικονομική και περιβαλλοντική αξιολόγηση τεχνολογιών κυψελών καυσίμου εφαρμοσμένα σε ένα πλοίο-αντιπρόσωπο της ελληνικής ακτοπλοΐας. Ως πρώτος σταθμός αυτής της ανάλυσης, ορίζεται η ηλεκτρική ενεργειακή μελέτη ενός πλοίου αναφοράς; του Blue Star Paros. Έτσι, στο 6ο κεφάλαιο, αφού καθορίζεται ένα προφίλ λειτουργίας του πλοίου - για ένα δεδομένο κυκλικό ταξίδι
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