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Morphometric Analysis of Morna River Catchment Using Geographic Information System

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Morphometric Analysis of Morna River Catchment Using Geographic Information System Agricultural Engineering Today Morphometric Analysis of Morna River Catchment using Geographic Information System A. P. Bowlekar (LM-11577) 1*, H. B. Sawant2, S. B. Nandgude3 and D. M. Mahale4 1,2B. Tech. Scholar, 3Professor (CAS), 4Professor and Head Department of Soil and Water Conservation Engineering, College of Agricultural Engineering and Technology, Dr. Balasaheb Sawant Konkan Krishi Vidyapeeth, Dapoli – 415 712, Dist: Ratnagiri (MH), India *Corresponding author email address: [email protected] Date of submission: 11.10.2018 Date of acceptance: 14.12.2018 ABSTRACT In this study, GIS and a high-resolution Digital Elevation Model (DEM) have been utilized for estimation of morphological parameters of Morna river catchment. This was developed using the Visual Basic for Application (VBA) language based on the Arc objects technology developed by the Environmental System Research Institute (ESRI). Several morphometric parameters have been computed and analyzed viz.; linear aspects such as stream order, stream number, stream length, mean stream length, stream length ratio; areal aspects such as drainage density, stream frequency, drainage texture, elongation ratio, circularity ratio, form factor, constant of channel maintenance; relief aspects such as relief, relief ratio, relative relief, ruggedness number and length of overland flow. Impacts of morphometric parameters on flash flood characteristics have been also investigated. The presence of the maximum number of the first order segments shows that the basin is subjected to erosion and also that some areas of the basin are characterized by variations in lithology and topography. The form factor is 0.25 and circulatory ratio is 0.43 which suggests elongated type of catchment. Elongation ratio is 0.54 which indicates that watershed has high relief and steep slope. The estimated catchment characteristics may be useful to stimulate hydrological responses of the catchment. Key words: Morphometry, Morna catchment, GIS. INTRODUCTION water conservation measure. A catchment is an area drained by streams. It is Morphometry is defined as the measurement of a basin shaped area of land, bounded by natural external shape and dimensions of landforms. features such as hills or mountains from which Morphometric analysis of a watershed is an surface and sub-surface water flows into streams, important aspect in watershed management. rivers and wetlands. Water flows into, and collects Detailed morphometric analysis of a watershed in, the lowest areas in the landscape. The system is helpful in understanding the influence of of streams which transport water, sediment and fluvial morphometry. Morphometric analysis of other material from a catchment is called a drainage any watershed provides an account about the network. Its management requires physiographic topography of the area, geological condition information such as watershed slope, configuration and runoff potential. Morphometric analysis is of the channel network, location of drainage divide, the measurement of 3 dimensional geometry of channel length and geomorphological parameters landform and has traditionally been applied to viz. relative relief, shape factor, circularity ratio, watershed, drainages, hill slopes, and other group bifurcation ratio and drainage density for watershed of terrain features (Barber, 2005). The morphometric prioritization and implementation of the soil and characteristics of a watershed represent its attributes 54 Vol. 43(1), 2019 and can be helpful in synthesizing its hydrological GIS provides functionality to capture, store, query, behavior (Pandey et al, 2004). analyze, display and output geographic information. GIS can relate unrelated information by using location Choudhari et al. (2014) analyzed the nature and as the key index variable. Locations or extents in the structure of Kharlikani watershed by applying Earth may be recorded as dates/times of occurrence, various morphometric techniques. They used GIS and x, y, and z coordinates representing, longitude, model to create the basin model map which drives latitude and elevation respectively. watershed network from the topographic information and calculate their relevant characteristics. The Linear, relief and aerial morphometric parameters value of drainage density is 0.0059 m/m2 which are evaluated for development and planning of shows extremely low drainage density nature of watershed. Linear parameters analyzed include watershed. Values of relief ratio and ruggedness stream order (u), stream length (Lu), mean stream number found to be 0.051 and 0.327, respectively. length ( ) and bifurcation ratio (Rb). Relief parameter Drainage network of the basin shows dendritic analyzed includes Basin Relief (H) and Ruggedness pattern which indicates the homogeneity in the rock number (HD). Relief aspect of watersheds plays an structure. The study revealed that the watershed is important role for computing surface and subsurface elongated in nature and has low drainage density. water flow, permeability, landform development, It has less structural disturbances and drainage Drainage density (Dd), stream frequency (Fs), pattern has been distorted. Form factor (Rf), circulatory ratio (Rc) and Constant Channel Maintenance (C) which helps for drainage Rout et al. (2015) evaluated morphometric development of a watershed. parameters of Puincha micro watershed using remote sensing and GIS to access the geo- Kuldeep and Upasana (2011) carried out the hydrological characteristics. The drainage networks morphometric analysis of Yamuna Basin using of Puincha were delineated using IRS-1D-LISS- ASTER (DEM) data and GIS. The study reveals that III-FCC data merged satellite data on 1:50,000 remotely sensed data (ASTER-DEM) and GIS based scale. Survey of India (SOI) topo sheets were used approach in evaluation of drainage morphometric as reference with limited field work. Evaluation parameters and their influence on landforms, soils of morphometric parameters in respect of linear, and eroded land characteristics at river basin level aerial and relief aspects of the micro watershed is more appropriate than the conventional methods. were calculated using various techniques. Drainage density was found to be 0.067 km-1 which indicates Yasmin et al. (2013) carried out morphometric extremely low drainage density nature of the micro analysis of Milli watershed in Raichur district using watershed. The bifurcation ratio was found to be GIS. It was observed that the drainage pattern of 1.85 which shows that the watershed has less the study area was dendritic with stream order IV structural disturbance and the drainage pattern is and lower streams order dominated in the Milli distorted. watershed. The bifurcation ratio reflecting geological and tectonic characteristics of the watershed was Traditionally the morphometric parameters are estimated at 4.27 which indicate that the watershed obtained from the topographic maps or field has suffered less structural disturbance and the surveys. These parameters are fundamental source drainage pattern has not been distorted by structural for the drainage analysis due to their availability, disturbance. The drainage density of watershed is simplicity and cheapness. However, channel 3.39 km/sq.km indicating the closeness of spacing networks extraction and catchment delineation of channels, thus providing a quantitative measure from topographic maps not only require more time of the average length of stream channel for the but also are in non-digital form. Thus this data is whole watershed. Waikar and Nilawar (2014) carried digitized in order to incorporate with remote sensing out morphometric analysis of Penganga River in and Geographical Information System (GIS) data. Parbhani district using GIS. It is observed that GIS Geographic Information System (GIS) is powerful and Remote sensing techniques have proved to be tool for computerized mapping and spatial analysis. accurate and efficient tool in drainage delineation. 55 Agricultural Engineering Today This study would help the local people to utilize the resources for sustainable development of the basin area. Morna river catchment lies in Satara district of Maharashtra state. This area is facing various problems associated with land and water resources management. As per the All India Soil and Land Use Survey Organization, this watershed is considered under very high priority category. Present watershed contains very less quantity of soil and water conservation structures. As per the strategy under Western Ghats Development Project; it is being proposed for giving treatment and it is suggested that whole watershed should be treated with soil and water conservation measures. In addition, area under irrigation is very less because of the less quantity of water harvesting structures and most of (Figure not to scale) the agriculture is rainfed. Therefore, there is need to Fig. 1: Location map of study area increase the water harvesting potential of this region. In the present study an attempt has been made to Catchment delineation: Catchment delineation study the Morphometric Analysis of the Morna River plays an important role in the management of Catchment in Satara district of Maharashtra using streams, rivers and wetlands. Arc-GIS 9.3 was Geographic Information System. used for the purpose of catchment delineation using Survey of India topo sheets (1:50,000 scale). Topo MATERIALS AND METHODS sheets provide information related to the location, drainage network and contours. The topo
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