Morphometric Analysis of Morna River Catchment Using Geographic Information System

Agricultural Engineering Today

Morphometric Analysis of Morna River Catchment using Geographic Information System

A. P. Bowlekar (LM-11577) 1*, H. B. Sawant2, S. B. Nandgude3 and D. M. Mahale4 1,2B. Tech. Scholar, 3Professor (CAS), 4Professor and Head Department of Soil and Water Conservation Engineering, College of Agricultural Engineering and Technology, Dr. Balasaheb Sawant Konkan Krishi Vidyapeeth, Dapoli – 415 712, Dist: Ratnagiri (MH), India *Corresponding author email address: [email protected] Date of submission: 11.10.2018 Date of acceptance: 14.12.2018

ABSTRACT In this study, GIS and a high-resolution Digital Elevation Model (DEM) have been utilized for estimation of morphological parameters of Morna river catchment. This was developed using the Visual Basic for Application (VBA) language based on the Arc objects technology developed by the Environmental System Research Institute (ESRI). Several morphometric parameters have been computed and analyzed viz.; linear aspects such as stream order, stream number, stream length, mean stream length, stream length ratio; areal aspects such as drainage density, stream frequency, drainage texture, elongation ratio, circularity ratio, form factor, constant of channel maintenance; relief aspects such as relief, relief ratio, relative relief, ruggedness number and length of overland flow. Impacts of morphometric parameters on flash flood characteristics have been also investigated. The presence of the maximum number of the first order segments shows that the basin is subjected to erosion and also that some areas of the basin are characterized by variations in lithology and topography. The form factor is 0.25 and circulatory ratio is 0.43 which suggests elongated type of catchment. Elongation ratio is 0.54 which indicates that watershed has high relief and steep slope. The estimated catchment characteristics may be useful to stimulate hydrological responses of the catchment. Key words: Morphometry, Morna catchment, GIS.

INTRODUCTION water conservation measure. A catchment is an area drained by streams. It is Morphometry is defined as the measurement of a basin shaped area of land, bounded by natural external shape and dimensions of landforms. features such as hills or mountains from which Morphometric analysis of a watershed is an surface and sub-surface water flows into streams, important aspect in watershed management. rivers and wetlands. Water flows into, and collects Detailed morphometric analysis of a watershed in, the lowest areas in the landscape. The system is helpful in understanding the influence of of streams which transport water, sediment and fluvial morphometry. Morphometric analysis of other material from a catchment is called a drainage any watershed provides an account about the network. Its management requires physiographic topography of the area, geological condition information such as watershed slope, configuration and runoff potential. Morphometric analysis is of the channel network, location of drainage divide, the measurement of 3 dimensional geometry of channel length and geomorphological parameters landform and has traditionally been applied to viz. relative relief, shape factor, circularity ratio, watershed, drainages, hill slopes, and other group bifurcation ratio and drainage density for watershed of terrain features (Barber, 2005). The morphometric prioritization and implementation of the soil and characteristics of a watershed represent its attributes 54 Vol. 43(1), 2019 and can be helpful in synthesizing its hydrological GIS provides functionality to capture, store, query, behavior (Pandey et al, 2004). analyze, display and output geographic information. GIS can relate unrelated information by using location Choudhari et al. (2014) analyzed the nature and as the key index variable. Locations or extents in the structure of Kharlikani watershed by applying Earth may be recorded as dates/times of occurrence, various morphometric techniques. They used GIS and x, y, and z coordinates representing, longitude, model to create the basin model map which drives latitude and elevation respectively. watershed network from the topographic information and calculate their relevant characteristics. The Linear, relief and aerial morphometric parameters value of drainage density is 0.0059 m/m2 which are evaluated for development and planning of shows extremely low drainage density nature of watershed. Linear parameters analyzed include watershed. Values of relief ratio and ruggedness stream order (u), stream length (Lu), mean stream number found to be 0.051 and 0.327, respectively. length ( ) and bifurcation ratio (Rb). Relief parameter Drainage network of the basin shows dendritic analyzed includes Basin Relief (H) and Ruggedness 𝑢𝑢 pattern which indicates the homogeneity in the rock number𝐿𝐿 (HD). Relief aspect of watersheds plays an structure. The study revealed that the watershed is important role for computing surface and subsurface elongated in nature and has low drainage density. water flow, permeability, landform development,

It has less structural disturbances and drainage Drainage density (Dd), stream frequency (Fs), pattern has been distorted. Form factor (Rf), circulatory ratio (Rc) and Constant Channel Maintenance (C) which helps for drainage Rout et al. (2015) evaluated morphometric development of a watershed. parameters of Puincha micro watershed using remote sensing and GIS to access the geo- Kuldeep and Upasana (2011) carried out the hydrological characteristics. The drainage networks morphometric analysis of Yamuna Basin using of Puincha were delineated using IRS-1D-LISS- ASTER (DEM) data and GIS. The study reveals that III-FCC data merged satellite data on 1:50,000 remotely sensed data (ASTER-DEM) and GIS based scale. Survey of India (SOI) topo sheets were used approach in evaluation of drainage morphometric as reference with limited field work. Evaluation parameters and their influence on landforms, soils of morphometric parameters in respect of linear, and eroded land characteristics at river basin level aerial and relief aspects of the micro watershed is more appropriate than the conventional methods. were calculated using various techniques. Drainage density was found to be 0.067 km-1 which indicates Yasmin et al. (2013) carried out morphometric extremely low drainage density nature of the micro analysis of Milli watershed in Raichur district using watershed. The bifurcation ratio was found to be GIS. It was observed that the drainage pattern of 1.85 which shows that the watershed has less the study area was dendritic with stream order IV structural disturbance and the drainage pattern is and lower streams order dominated in the Milli distorted. watershed. The bifurcation ratio reflecting geological and tectonic characteristics of the watershed was Traditionally the morphometric parameters are estimated at 4.27 which indicate that the watershed obtained from the topographic maps or field has suffered less structural disturbance and the surveys. These parameters are fundamental source drainage pattern has not been distorted by structural for the drainage analysis due to their availability, disturbance. The drainage density of watershed is simplicity and cheapness. However, channel 3.39 km/sq.km indicating the closeness of spacing networks extraction and catchment delineation of channels, thus providing a quantitative measure from topographic maps not only require more time of the average length of stream channel for the but also are in non-digital form. Thus this data is whole watershed. Waikar and Nilawar (2014) carried digitized in order to incorporate with remote sensing out morphometric analysis of Penganga River in and Geographical Information System (GIS) data. Parbhani district using GIS. It is observed that GIS Geographic Information System (GIS) is powerful and Remote sensing techniques have proved to be tool for computerized mapping and spatial analysis. accurate and efficient tool in drainage delineation.

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This study would help the local people to utilize the resources for sustainable development of the basin area. Morna river catchment lies in Satara district of Maharashtra state. This area is facing various problems associated with land and water resources management. As per the All India Soil and Land Use Survey Organization, this watershed is considered under very high priority category. Present watershed contains very less quantity of soil and water conservation structures. As per the strategy under Western Ghats Development Project; it is being proposed for giving treatment and it is suggested that whole watershed should be treated with soil and water conservation measures. In addition, area under irrigation is very less because of the less quantity of water harvesting structures and most of (Figure not to scale) the agriculture is rainfed. Therefore, there is need to Fig. 1: Location map of study area increase the water harvesting potential of this region. In the present study an attempt has been made to Catchment delineation: Catchment delineation study the Morphometric Analysis of the Morna River plays an important role in the management of Catchment in Satara district of Maharashtra using streams, rivers and wetlands. Arc-GIS 9.3 was Geographic Information System. used for the purpose of catchment delineation using Survey of India topo sheets (1:50,000 scale). Topo MATERIALS AND METHODS sheets provide information related to the location, drainage network and contours. The topo sheets Study Area numbered 47 G/15, 47 G/11 and 47 G/16 were used Morna is tributary of Koyna River, which is one of the for the purpose of catchment delineation. major tributaries of river Krishna in Maharashtra. As Geometry of drainage basin and its stream channel shown in Fig. 1, this catchment lies in Satara district system required the following measurements of Maharashtra state in western India, between 17º (Singh, 1992): 24’ N to 17º 50’ N latitude and 73º 46’ E to 74º 0’ E longitudes. The total area of watershed is 13,285.13 1. Linear aspect of drainage network ha. In this watershed, area under agriculture is about 2. Areal aspect of drainage basin 4946.23 ha. Majority of area is covered under II, 3. Relief aspect of channel network and III, IV, VI and VII land capability classes. Length of contributing ground slopes Morna river is 24.25 km. (Bansod and Dandekar, 2018). The average minimum and maximum Table 1 gives different morphometric parameters temperatures are 7.50C to 38.50C, respectively and and their formulae to compute. May is hottest month. The average annual rainfall RESULTS AND DISCUSSION is 2012 mm. The soil is laterite having dark reddish to yellowish red color. The textural class is clay-to- Morphological Characteristics clay loam and has pH value between 4 to 5.8. The The Morna river catchment was of fern shape with catchment area under this project is 55.94 sq. km. well-developed drainage network up to 5th stream Cropping pattern of the watershed is dominated by order in the total area 13262.12 ha. Tables 2, 3 and cereals. paddy and millets which are major Kharif 4 give the linear aspects, areal aspects and relief crops. aspects of the drainage network, respectively.

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Table 1: Morphometric parameters and their computational formulae

Morphometric Symbol Formula Particulars Reference Parameters Linear aspect of drainage network Stream order u Hierarchical Rank u = stream order Strahler,1964

Stream number Nu - Nu = Number of stream of order u Strahler,1964

Rb = bifurcation ratio N N = number of streams of order u Bifurcation ratio R R  u u Schumn,1956 b b N = number of streams of order N  u+1 u 1 u+1 n = mean length of channel of Mean stream L u order u Horton, 1945 length L i1 u Lu  L = total length of stream segments N u u of order u

Stream length ratio Lu R R  = mean length of stream Horton, 1945 L L Lu1 of next lower order Areal aspects of drainage networks A  u A = basin area Horton, 1945 R f 2 u Form factor Rf L b Lb = basin length L R  u Circulatory ratio Rc L AC = area of circle Miller,1953 Lu1

DC D = diameter of circle R  c Elongation ratio Rl l Schumn,1956 L bm Lbm = maximum basin length L L = Total length of all stream  Drainage density Dd Dd segments Horton, 1945 A A = watershed area Constant 1 C  of channel C Dd = drainage density Horton, 1945 maintenance Dd N N = Total number of streams of all Drainage texture T T  order Horton, 1945 P P = Basin perimeter Relief aspects of drainage networks

Relief H H= relief Schumn,1956 H R n  Schumn,1956 Relief ratio Rn L h Lh = horizontal distance

H H = basin relief Schumn,1956 Relative relief R R hp  x 100 hp P P = perimeter of basin Ruggedness HD  H x D H = basin relief Schumn,1956 HD d number Dd = drainage density

Length of overland Schumn,1956 L Lg D = drainage density flow g ͳ d ൌ ʹ 57 Agricultural Engineering Today

Table 2: Linear aspects of the drainage network

Stream Number of streams Total length of streams Mean stream Stream length

order, u Nu in km, Lu length km, Ratio, RL Lu 1 296 256.41 0.95 - 2 79 63.84 0.81 0.24 3 18 22.42 1.25 0.35 4 4 5.77 1.64 0.26 5 1 24.26 24.26 4.19 Mean Bifurcation ratio, R b Bifurcation Ratio st nd rd th 1 order/ 2 order/ 3 order/ 4 order/ 2ndorder 3rdorder 4thorder 5thorder 4.16 3.74 4.39 4.5 4

Table 3: Areal aspects of the drainage network Table 4: Relief aspects of the drainage network

Morphometric Symbol S. No. Symbol Values Sr. No. Parameter Values parameter 1. Slope (%) - 0-25 1 Area ( sq. km) A 132.62 2. Relief (km) H 0.51 2 Perimeter ( km ) P 62.51 3. Relief ratio R 0.03 Maximum basin length n 3 Lbm 22.82 ( km) 4. Relative relief Rhp 0.81

4 Form factor RF 0.25 5. Ruggedness number HD 1.41

5 Circularity ratio RC 0.43 6. Length of overland Lg 0.18 2 6 Elongation ratio RL 0.54 flow(km /km) Drainage density ( km/ 7 D 2.81 km2) d 8 Drainage texture ( /km) T 5.71 Constant of channel 9 C 0.36 maintenance (km2/km)

Linear Aspects of Drainage Networks Fig. 2 gives the boundary map and Fig. 3 gives the drainage map of the Morna river catchment. Stream order: In the present study, ranking of streams has been carried out based on the method proposed by Strahler (1964). It is observed from Table 2 that the maximum frequency is in case of first order streams. It is also noticed that there is a decrease in stream frequency as the stream order Fig. 2: Boundary map of Morna river catchment increases as shown in Fig. 3. Stream number: From Table 2 and Fig. 3, it is respectively. It is clearly observed that, the numbers observed that the number of streams of 1st, 2nd, of the stream segments are decreasing as the 3rd, 4th and 5th order are 296, 79, 18, 4 and 1, stream order is increasing.

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Stream length ratio: As shown in Table 2, the stream length ratio for 1st order and 2nd order stream is found to be 0.24, for 2nd and 3rd order 0.35, for 3rd and 4th order 0.26 and for 4th and 5th order 4.19. The variations in stream length ratio in the study area were due to variations in slope and topography.

Areal Aspects of Drainage Networks Form factor: The form factor value is 0.25 as shown in Table 3. The lower value of form factor represented elongated shape of watershed. The elongated basin with low form factor indicates that the basin has flatter peak for longer duration. The flood flowing in such elongated basins are easier to Fig. 3: Drainage map of Morna river catchment manage than of the circular basin. Circulatory ratio: As shown in Table 3, the The values of stream length of Stream length: circulatory ratio is 0.43. When circulatory ratio is different stream orders are shown in Table 2. between 0.4-0.5, it indicates that it is elongated in Stream lengths of streams of 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th and 5th shape (Miller 1953). Thus, in the present case value order are 256.41, 63.84, 22.42, 5.77 and 24.26 km, of circulatory ratio indicates that basin is elongated respectively. For this catchment the total length of in shape as seen in Fig. 2. They are characterised stream segments is maximum in first order streams by the high to moderate relief and the drainage and decreases as the stream order increases. This system were structurally controlled. It also indicates brings out assumption that the basin is subjected that basin has low runoff. to erosion and also that some areas of the basin are characterized by variation in lithology and Elongation ratio: The elongation ratio of the study topography (Singh and Singh, 1997; Vittala et al., area is 0.54 as shown in Table 3. This indicates that 2004 and Chopra et al., 2005). catchment is in elongated shape as seen in Fig. 2 (Strahler, 1964). Bifurcation ratio: As shown in Table 2, bifurcation ratio of watershed varied from 3.74 to 4.5. Mean Drainage density: From Table 3, it is observed bifurcation ratio is 4.16. The R values of study 2 b that the drainage density is 2.81 km/km . The high area indicate that there is a uniform increase in drainage density is due to the regions of weak or R values from the first order streams to the b impermeable surface materials, sparse vegetation, fourth order streams. But a decrease in the Rb and mountainous relief. Also high drainage density values is noticeable from the forth to fifth order leads to fine drainage texture (Strahler, 1964). streams. These differences are depending upon the geological and lithological development of the Constant of channel maintenance: The constant drainage basin (Strahler, 1964). The R values in of channel maintenance for the study area is b the study area range from 3.74 to 4.5 indicating that 0.36 km2/km as shown in Table 3. It indicates that the basin is largely controlled by structure (Strahler, magnitude of surface area of watershed needs to 1952). sustain unit length of stream segment. Mean stream length: From Table 2, it is observed Drainage texture: The drainage density and that the mean stream length for 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th and drainage frequency have been collectively defined 5th order stream are 0.95, 0.81, 1.25, 1.64 and as drainage texture. As shown in Table 3, the 24.26 km, respectively. The total length of stream drainage texture of the catchment is 5.71 km-1. decreases with increase in order of stream. This Drainage texture shows the relative spacing of the may be due to the geomorphologic, lithological and drainage line. As the drainage texture is less than structural control and contrast. 8, it shows fine drainage texture (Strahler, 1964).

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Relief aspects of drainage network: Fig. 4 gives CONCLUSIONS the slope map of Morna river catchment. From Table An experiment was carried out of Morphometric 4 it is observed that the slope of the study area Analysis of Morna River Catchment using ranges between 0-25% as seen in Fig. 4. The total Geographic Information System. From the study, it relief of the catchment is 0.51 km. This indicates is concluded that there is decrease in the number moderate relief and steep slope in the study area. of stream segments as the stream order increases. The relief ratio is found to be 0.03. This value of The variations in stream length ratio in the study area relief ratio indicates the presence of hilly region in are due to variations in slope and topography. The the catchment. The relative relief for the study area bifurcation ratio in the study area ranges from 3.74 is 0.81 which is considered low. to 4.5 indicating that the basin is largely controlled The ruggedness number represents that if drainage by structure. The lower value of form factor 0.25, density is increased; keeping relief as constant, the circulatory ratio 0.43 and elongation ratio 0.54 average horizontal distance from drainage divide represents elongated shape of watershed which to the adjacent channel is reduced. On the other indicates that the basin has flatter peak for longer 2 hand if relief is increased by keeping drainage duration. The high drainage density of 2.81 km/km is density constant, the elevation difference between due to the regions of weak or impermeable surface the drainage divide and adjacent channel goes on materials, sparse vegetation, and mountainous increasing. In the present study, ruggedness number relief. The constant of channel maintenance is 0.36 2 is found to be 1.41. The length of overland flow of km /km which indicates magnitude of surface area the study area is 0.18 km2/km. The low value of of watershed needs to sustain unit length of stream length of overland flow in the study area indicates segment. The drainage texture of the catchment is low surface runoff. 5.71 /km which shows fine drainage texture. The slope of the study area ranges between 0-25% with the total relief of 0.51 km. This indicates moderate relief and steep slope in the study area. The relief ratio of 0.03 and relative relief 0.81 indicates the presence of hilly region in the catchment. The ruggedness number is found to be 1.41 and the low length of overland flow 0.18 km2/km indicates low surface runoff.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT Authors are thankful to College of Agricultural Engineering and Technology, Dr. Balasaheb Sawant Konkan Krishi Vidyapeeth, Dapoli

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