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Why It Matters Now Understanding the changes that and National Politics took place in Texas politics in 1 the past can help you understand current and future political trends After World War II in the state. TERMS & NAMES OBJECTIVES MAIN IDEA conservative, liberal, Taft- 1. Trace the development of the two-party Texas politics changed after World Hartley Act, closed shop, system in Texas during the second half War II as sharp divisions developed desegregation, Brown v. of the twentieth century. in the Democratic Party. Issues such Board of Education, tide- 2. Analyze the impact of the Korean and as civil rights, labor unions, and oil lands controversy, Lyndon Vietnam Wars on Texas. profits would split the Democrats Johnson, Great Society, 3. Analyze the leadership qualities of into two wings. Voting Rights Act of 1964 elected leaders of Texas and Texans who have been president of the United States.

H. W. “Herb” Odell joined the Marine Corps in 1946, when he was only 14, and served for two years. In 1950 the Korean War broke out. Like many Americans, Odell answered the call to serve his country again. We were outnumbered 10 to one. . . . We were losing a lot of men from frostbite. After losing wounded and dead by enemy fire it really got miserable. We were on alert 24-hours a day. No fires were allowed. Sleep? Well, you’d sleep when you could. . . . I was wounded, shot in the thigh, and suffering from frostbite to my hands and feet. . . . Maybe I was meant to go through what I went through so that I could relate to other veterans and their needs. H. W. “Herb” Odell Odell worked with veterans’ organizations for 45 years, eventually becoming chair of the Texas Veterans Commission. In this section you will read about the changing political climate in which Odell and other Texans found themselves after World War II.

A Changing Political Climate At the end of World War II, the political climate in Texas was Franklin D. Roosevelt campaign button changing. Since Reconstruction, Texans had almost always voted for Democratic candidates in presidential and state elections. In the 1940s, conservative in favor of however, a group of conservative Texas Democrats split off from the preserving established traditions; Party, calling themselves the “Texas Regulars.” opposed to major change The Texas Regulars opposed the New Deal reforms of President liberal in favor of progress and Franklin D. Roosevelt, claiming he was too liberal. They were also reform unhappy with the U.S. Supreme Court’s 1944 ruling that African Americans had the right to vote in all primaries. This right was especially important in states like Texas, where the Democratic primary winner usually won the election.

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Roosevelt’s new vice-president in 1945 was the little-known Harry S. Truman. Just 82 days into the term, on April 12, 1945, Roosevelt died, and Truman became president. Truman proved to be a challenge for Texas conservatives. He supported Roosevelt’s New Deal and was very interested in civil rights. He also fought the Taft-Hartley Act, which limited the power of labor unions. It outlawed closed shops, or businesses that hired only union work- ers. Although Truman vetoed the act, it passed.

Desegregation Public school desegregation came as another challenge for Texas conservatives. In 1950 Heman Marion Sweatt, an African American from , was denied admission to the University of Texas School of Law. The state offered Sweatt instead a “sepa- rate but equal” education at a new law school set up in a basement at Texas Southern University. The U.S. Supreme Court ruled that this violated Sweatt’s constitutional rights. Just four years later, in Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas, the Supreme Court declared ▲ Ronnie Dugger, editor of the campus that school segregation violated the Constitution. “Separate educational newspaper, supported Heman Sweatt (right) in his efforts to become the facilities are inherently unequal,” wrote Chief Justice Earl Warren. first African American student at the Going against the court’s decision, however, Texas governor Allan University of Texas at Austin law school. ● What do you think it was like Shivers blocked the desegregation of Texas schools. In 1956 he sent Texas for Sweatt on his first day of class? Rangers to schools in Mansfield, a suburb of Fort Worth, to keep African American students out. The issue would continue to divide Texans for more than a decade before Texas schools were desegregated. closed shop a business that employs only members of a labor union The Korean War desegregation allowing students In 1950 the Korean War broke out. U.S. forces entered the war on of all racial and ethnic back- the side of the South Koreans, who were fighting communist North grounds to attend the same schools Korea. After only five years of peace, Texans again left their homes and families to fight. Many Texas military bases reopened. More than 1,700 Korean War memorial at the Texas capitol Texans lost their lives. Many Texans fought bravely, including Medal of Honor recipients Benito Martinez of Fort Hancock, Joseph C. Rodriguez of El Paso, George H. O’Brien, Jr., of Midland, and James L. Stone of Arlington. In 1999 a monument was dedicated to the Korean War heroes of Texas on the grounds of the state capitol.

Dwight D. Eisenhower In 1952 General Dwight D. Eisenhower, who had been born in Texas but raised in Kansas, was the Republican candidate for president. He was a World War II hero and popular in Texas because of his position on the tidelands issue. The Texas tidelands, located off the Gulf Coast, were believed to hold rich oil deposits. Eisenhower supported Texans’ claim that their state should be able to claim profits made by oil wells in the tidelands. Democratic presidential candidate Adlai Stevenson believed the federal government should have this money. 519 521 11/18/02 10:56 AM Page 520

▲ In the decades after World War II, many Texas politicians were active in national as well as state politics. ● Which party did most of these candidates belong to?

HUMAN-ENVIRONMENT RELATIONSHIPS By the 1950s new technol- ogy made it easier to drill oil As a result, in 1952 the Texas Democratic Party divided into two wings. wells under water. This made Governor Shivers and Texas attorney general organized a the tidelands’ large oil de- group they called “Democrats for Eisenhower.” Judge Ralph Yarborough posits very valuable. Texas and other coastal states wanted of Houston headed the liberal wing, who protested the Democrats’ support these resources for them- of a Republican. Eisenhower won the 1952 election, but in 1957 selves, but the United States Yarborough won a seat in the U.S. Senate. government said it owned them. ● Why do you think Texas based its claim on Kennedy and Johnson Spanish law? In 1960 Senator Lyndon Baines Johnson challenged John F. Kennedy for the Democratic presidential nomination. Kennedy won the nomina- tion and asked Johnson to run as his vice-president. Johnson drew the support of Democrats in Texas and other Southern states, helping Kennedy win by a narrow margin.

Just three years later, on November 22, 1963, President Kennedy was ▲ President Johnson was known for assassinated while riding in an open car in . Suddenly, Johnson using the force of his six-foot pres- was president. He was then elected to a new term in 1964. ence to persuade fellow politicians. ● How did Johnson’s personal manner contrast with his political ideals? Johnson’s Great Society During this term LBJ, as he was known, introduced programs to create what he called the Great Society. These programs aimed to reduce poverty, advance education, and provide civil rights for all. To help achieve his Great Society, President Johnson pushed for passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1964. This act made segregation illegal.

TEXAS VOICES Let me make one principle of this administration abundantly clear: All of these increased opportunities—in employment, in education, in housing, and in every field—must be open to Americans of every color. As far as the writ of Federal law will run, we must abolish not some, but all racial discrimination. For this is not merely an economic issue, or a social, political, or international issue. It is a moral issue, and it must be met by the passage this session of the bill now pending in the House. Lyndon B. Johnson, State of the Union Address, 1964 521 11/18/02 10:56 AM Page 521

Congress also passed the Voting Rights Act of 1965. This bill allowed all U.S. citizens, regardless of race, to vote. It abolished the poll tax, which had kept many African and Mexican Americans from voting. Johnson also set up programs to provide medical care for the elderly Roy Benavidez and the poor. He set aside federal funds for improving education. Johnson One of many brave Texans saw to it that NASA’s Manned Space Center was built near Houston. He who served in Vietnam, Roy also peacefully settled a boundary dispute over the boundary Benavidez was born in between Texas and Mexico. Some criticized Johnson, however, Cuero. He served in Image not Korea and in Vietnam, for making the government too large and powerful. available for where in 1966 he use on CD- stepped on a land ROM. Please mine. His doctors said The Vietnam War he would never walk During Johnson’s presidency the United States became refer to the again, but he did and involved in another war in Southeast Asia, the Vietnam War. image in the went on to train and Although President Kennedy had sent soldiers to fight in textbook. qualify for the Special Forces—the Green Vietnam, Johnson increased U.S. involvement there. By 1968 Berets. On May 2, thousands of soldiers were dying or returning wounded. 1968, Benavidez volunteered Conservatives pushed for greater use of military force. Liberals wanted to to jump from a helicopter withdraw entirely. Antiwar protests broke out across the nation, and divi- behind enemy lines. He was sions became bitter between liberals and conservatives. Johnson was shot, stabbed, and hit in the dogged by protesters wherever he went. In March 1968 President Johnson leg, thigh, back, arm, and head but continued carrying announced he would not seek reelection. wounded men to safety. He In 1972 Republican President Richard Nixon finally withdrew the last saved the lives of eight men. U.S. forces from Vietnam. By that time over 3,400 Texans had given their For his heroism he was awarded lives. Many more returned with psychological scars, which were often the medal of honor. ● What do deepened by the conflict at home over U.S. involvement in the war. In you think motivated Benavidez recent years, Texans across the state have celebrated the bravery of their to keep going? soldiers in Vietnam with memorial statues.

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Terms & Names Organizing Information What can you conclude Interact with History Identify: Use a Venn diagram like the about Democrats in Texas after World War II? Review your response to • conservative one shown to categorize the Interact with History in your • liberal Texas politicians and political Critical Thinking Texas Notebook. Think •Taft-Hartley Act groups you read about in this about your own political • closed shop section as liberal, conserva- 1. What was the main reason for the division in the beliefs and ideas. Are they • desegregation tive, or moderate (between more liberal or more con- • Brown v. Board of liberal and conservative). Democratic Party and the rise of the Republican servative? Which political Education LIBERAL CONSERVATIVE party currently represents •Lyndon Johnson Party in Texas after World War II? your views best? Explain. 2. Describe the opposing viewpoints of Texas liberals and conservatives on the issues of organized labor and school desegregation. Go to www.celebratingtexas.com ACTIVITY to research the Activity topic. The assassination of President John F. Kennedy in Dallas was a cause for grief for all Americans. History Interview Texans who remember the assassination. Discuss how this event affected Texas and Texans.

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