Masarykova Univerzita Filozofická Fakulta Ústav České Literatury A

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Masarykova Univerzita Filozofická Fakulta Ústav České Literatury A Masarykova univerzita Filozofická fakulta Ústav české literatury a knihovnictví Literatura a mezikulturní komunikace Bc. Jana Balharová Pokus o žánrové vymezení mythic fiction a mythpunku Magisterská diplomová práce Vedoucí práce: Mgr. Miroslav Kotásek, Ph.D. 2016 Prohlašuji, že jsem diplomovou práci vypracovala samostatně s využitím uvedených pramenů a literatury. …………………………………………….. Podpis autora práce Tímto bych ráda poděkovala vedoucímu práce Mgr. Miroslavu Kotáskovi, Ph.D., za cenné rady, trpělivost a odpovědný přístup k vedení mé diplomové práce. Obsah Úvod ...................................................................................................................................... 5 1. Mýtus ................................................................................................................................. 7 1.1 Archetyp a monomýtus ................................................................................................ 9 1.2 Mýtus a člověk, mýtus a společnost .......................................................................... 13 1.3 Mýtus a literatura ....................................................................................................... 15 1.4 Pohádka ...................................................................................................................... 17 1.4.1 Pohádka a folklór ................................................................................................ 17 1.4.2 Pohádka jako pokleslý mýtus .............................................................................. 19 2. Pojetí žánru ...................................................................................................................... 21 3. Mythic fiction .................................................................................................................. 22 3.1 Pojem mythic fiction .................................................................................................. 22 3.2 Charakteristika mythic fiction.................................................................................... 26 3.3 Charles de Lint ........................................................................................................... 28 3.3.1 Newfordské povídky ........................................................................................... 34 4. Mythpunk ........................................................................................................................ 39 4.1 Pojem mythpunk ........................................................................................................ 39 4.2 Charakteristika mythpunku ........................................................................................ 40 4.3. Punk v literatuře ........................................................................................................ 43 4.3.1 Punk v mythpunku .............................................................................................. 45 4.4. Dva způsoby adaptace folklóru ................................................................................. 46 4.4.1 Duplikace ............................................................................................................ 46 4.4.1.1 Moderní pohádkové retellingy ..................................................................... 47 4.4.2 Revize .................................................................................................................. 48 4.5 Catherynne M. Valente .............................................................................................. 49 4.5.1 O dívce, která obeplula Čarozem v lodi vlastní výroby ...................................... 52 4.6 Intermedialita mythpunku .......................................................................................... 59 4.6.1 Společenstvo vlků ............................................................................................... 61 5. Speculative fiction ........................................................................................................... 64 Závěr .................................................................................................................................... 68 Bibliografie .......................................................................................................................... 72 Obrazová příloha ................................................................................................................. 78 Úvod Tématem této práce je pokus o vymezení literárních žánrů „mythic fiction“ a „mythpunk“, kterým nebyla doposud věnována výraznější odborná pozornost. Naším cílem je především pokusit se nastínit okolnosti vzniku těchto žánrů, předložit jejich žánrovou charakteristiku a pokusit se začlenit oba žánry do širšího literárního kontextu. Aby bylo možné obě kategorie blíže zkoumat, je nejprve nutné zaměřit se na některé dílčí pojmy, bez jejichž znalosti a způsobu pojetí bychom se v následujících kapitolách neobešli. Jedná se o pojmy jako mýtus, pohádka či folklór (a v návaznosti na to také archetyp, monomýtus a další). Pohádku se přitom pokoušíme vymezit nikoli odděleně, ale primárně v návaznosti na mýtus. Speciální pozornost v první kapitole věnujeme také vztahu mýtu, pohádky a folklóru k modernímu člověku, společnosti a literatuře. Snažíme se upozornit na skutečnost, že i v dnešní době je mýtus stále živý a přítomný nejen jako inspirační zdroj v umění, ale také jako součást kolektivní paměti lidstva. Poznatky z této kapitoly nám umožňují zamyslet se mimo jiné nad tím, proč literatura typu mythic fiction a mythpunku vzniká a v čem tkví její význam pro čtenáře. Těžiště práce představují kapitoly věnující se žánrové charakteristice a původu těchto pojmů. Jelikož jsou oba žánry úzce spjaty se svými zakladateli (kteří se jimi v prvé řadě pokoušeli pojmenovat vlastní tvorbu, a až druhotně tvorbu určité generace autorů), věnujeme těmto osobnostem samostatné kapitoly. V těch předkládáme krátký rozbor jejich stylu a literárních technik a také analýzy vybraných textů, na kterých se snažíme doložit konkrétní znaky. V případě mythic fiction věnujeme pozornost kanadskému autorovi Charlesi de Lintovi a dvěma jeho povídkám, v případě mythpunku americké autorce Catherynne M. Valente a jejímu kratšímu románu. Zároveň se snažíme postihnout souvislosti a rozdíly mezi samotnou mythic fiction a mythpunkem, protože ačkoli se jedná o žánry navazující (mythpunk je vnímán převážně jako subžánr mythic fiction), způsob, jakým oba žánry pracují s mytickými a pohádkovými prameny se v mnoha směrech liší. Jak mythic fiction, tak mythpunk jsou žánry projevující se výrazně intermediálně. Část práce proto věnujeme projevům obou žánrů v jiných médiích (ale také v jiných literárních formách jako je například komiks). I v tomto případě jsme se rozhodli zpracovat krátkou analýzu, tentokrát filmového díla The Company of Wolves (Společenstvo vlků) režírovaného Neilem Jordanem. 5 V kapitolách věnujících se charakteristice obou žánrů vycházíme převážně z internetových zdrojů (ať už se jedná o osobní stránky autorů nebo články a studie publikované v zahraničních internetových magazínech) a dále pak z vlastní čtenářské zkušenosti, jelikož v odborné a populárně-naučné literatuře na zkoumané pojmy narazíme jen sporadicky. Primární literatuře se věnujeme převážně v originále (s výjimkou analyzovaného románu Catherynne M. Valente), z toho důvodu uvádíme názvy děl primárně v původním jazyce a případný překlad, pokud vznikl, doplňujeme do závorky. Jelikož se jedná o žánry s neostře vymezenými hranicemi, snažíme v průběhu celé práce nabízet různé pohledy na jejich začlenění do žánrového systému a na vztahy k souvisejícím žánrům, přičemž vycházíme především z toho, jak tuto problematiku vnímají sami autoři, kteří v těchto žánrech vědomě publikují. Abychom navrhli alespoň jednu možnost, kam oba žánry zařadit, věnujeme v závěru práce jednu kapitolu také pojmu „speculative fiction“. V této kapitole vysvětlujeme, proč pokládáme tuto kategorii za funkční a proč se domníváme, že do této oblasti námi zkoumané žánry spadají. Smyslem této práce by tedy mělo být jak vysvětlení původu obou pojmů a jejich žánrová charakteristika, tak pokus o zasazení těchto žánrů do širšího literárního kontextu a okrajově také zamyšlení na tím, co může literatura podobného zaměření přinášet potenciálnímu čtenáři. Všechny zjištěné poznatky jsou shrnuty v závěru práce. 6 1. Mýtus Myth must be kept alive. The people who can keep it alive are the artists of one kind or another. The function of the artist is the mythologization of the environment and the world. Joseph Campbell: The Power of Myth Abychom se mohli podrobněji zabývat žánry „mythic fiction“ a „mythpunk“, je nezbytné nejprve se zastavit u toho, jak jsou chápány pojmy mýtus, mytologie, folklór a pohádka. Lexikon teorie literatury a kultury definuje mýtus (řecky mýthos neboli vyprávění) jako „ústně tradovaná vyprávění, která slouží před-vědeckým vysvětlením a popisům přirozeného světa a odehrávají se většinou na pozadí kosmického nebo nadpřirozeného rámce, k němuž se vztahují“ (Nünning 2006, s. 534). Encyklopedie literárních žánrů tentýž pojem chápe jako „symbolické vyprávění vyjadřující víru v plnost a celistvost nadčasového řádu“ (Mocná a Peterka 2004, s. 400). Jedná se tedy o určitých druh vyprávění, která se nejprve šířila ústně a později byla písemně fixována. Pomocí těchto vyprávění si lidé od pradávna vysvětlovali nevysvětlitelné a nejasné skutečnosti. Nejběžnější typologie mýtů je proto založena na tom, jaké skutečnosti
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