District Survey Report for Sand Ariyalur District Tamilnadu State

DISTRICT SURVEY REPORT FOR SAND ARIYALUR DISTRICT TAMILNADU STATE

(Prepared as per Gazette Notification S.O.3611 (E) dated 25.07.2018 of Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change)

2019 Content Chapter Page No.

1. Introduction. 1 2. Overview of Mining Activity in the District. 1 3. List of mining leases in the district with location, area 2 and period of validity 4. Details of production of sand or bajri or minor mineral 3-23 in last three years. 5. Details of royalty or revenue received in last three 24-44 years. 6. Process of Deposition of sediments in the rivers of the 45-70 District- Vellar, Maruthaiyar and Coleroon of Ariyalur District. 7. General Profile of the District. 71-74 8. Land Utilisation Pattern in the District: Forest, 74-86 Agricultural, Horticultural, Mining etc., 9. Physiography of the District. 86-88 10. Rainfall Month wise. 89 11. Geology and mineral wealth 90-95 a. District wise details of river or stream and other 95-112 sand sources b. District wise availability of sand sources 112 c. District wise detail of existing mining leases of sand 112 and aggregates Drainage system with description of main rivers 112 Salient features of important rivers and streams 113 Mineral Potential 114 Annual Deposition 114 Conclusion / Recommendation 114-115 DISTRICT SURVEY REPORT FOR SAND MINING, ARIYALUR 1. INTRODUCTION:

In pursuance to the Gazette Notification, Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change, the Government of India Notification No. S.O.3611 (E) dated 25.07.2018 laid procedure for preparation of District Survey Report for Mining or River Bed Mining. The main purpose of preparation of District Survey Report is to identify the mineral resources and developing the mining activities along with other relevant data of the District. 2. OVERVIEW OF MINING ACTIVITIES IN THE DISTRICT.

Minerals of Economic importance found in Ariyalur District are mainly Sand, Celestite, Limestone, Shale, Sandstone, Kankar and Phosphate nodules occur at various places in the district. Limestone of sedimentary origin has been found in Ariyalur and Sendurai Taluks. The Limestone is cement grade to plus cement grade in quality and is used in the cement plants. Fireclay is used for the manufacture of floor tiles, stoneware pipes, fire bricks and in the chemical industry. Jayamkondam in Udayarpalayam Taluk is rich in Lignite, Oil and Gas reserves. Apart from the above major minerals the common use minor minerals viz., River sand, Laterite, Roughstone, Redgravel, Brickclay, pebbles, filling earth and Kankar are also found in this District. The office of the Deputy Director, Department of Geology and Mining is functioning under the control of District Collector, Ariyalur. The Deputy Director, Geology and Mining is assisting the District Collector in the Mineral Administration works.

3.0 Sand Quarrying in TamilNadu State The Government of TamilNadu have inserted rule 38-A into the TamilNadu Minor Mineral Concession Rules, 1959 vide G.O.Ms.No.95

Industries (MMC.1) Department dated 01.10.2003 to the effect that the right to exploit sand in the State shall vest with the State Government ie., Public Works Department. Hence, the Public Works Department alone has been granted quarrying sand in TamilNadu and the Public Works Department is operating the sand quarry from 01.10.2003.

3.1 List of Quarrying Leases granted in the District with location, area and period of validity

SL.N Name of the Location o Village Area Period of Latitude Longitude SF No. (in Hect.) validity 1. Valaikurichi 11°03’44” 79°22’36” 27.02.2014 320 Part 11°03’38” 79°22’38” to 11°03’52” 79°23’05” 18.00.0 26.02.2016 11°03’46” 79°23’07” 2. Thenkachi 290 11°04’10” 79°23’53” 04.03.2016 Perumal (Part) 11°04’44” 79°24’22” 18.00.0 to Natham 20.06.2017 3. Edankanni 303(Part) 11°03’52” 79°23’05” 18.00.0 18.03.2016 11°03’44” 79°22’36” to 11°03’46” 79°23’07” 23.10.2016 11°03’38” 79°22’38” 4. Kulamanicka Old:122, 10°01’15” 79°01’15” 18.00.0 14.08.2015 m New:387 10°01’30” 79°01’30” to 13.08.2020

5. Sullank udi 311 10°56’44” 79°08’57” (Part) 10°56’45” 79°09’23” 11.02.2015 10°56’35” 79°09’23” 24.00.0 to 10°56’34” 79°08’57” 10.02.2020 6. Elakkurichi 350 10°56’39” 79°10’04” 18.02.2015 (Part) 10°56’39” 79°10’34” to 10°56’31” 79°10’34” 24.30.0 17.02.2017 10°56’30” 79°10’04” 7. Alazhiyaman 146 10°12’15” 79°12’15” 18.00.0 03.03.2016 avalan 10°12’30” 79°12’30” To 03.03.2019

4.DETAILS OF PRODUCTION OF SAND OR BAJRI OR MINOR MINERAL IN LAST THREE YEARS QUARRYWISE SAND SALE DETAILS OF ARIYALUR DISTRICT FOR THE YEAR 2015-16

Apr-15 May-15 Amou No. Date of Sl Name of Quarry / nt No. of of River Taluk Commenceme Amount (Rs. Days Days No Village (Rs. In nt In function func Lakhs) Lakhs ing tioni ) ng ARIYALUR DISTRICT - - - -

1 Valaikurichi Coleroon Udayarpalayam 30.8.2014 41.66 30 34.21 26

Thenkachi Perumal 2 Coleroon Udayarpalayam 04.3.2016 - - - - Natham

3 Edankanni Coleroon Udayarpalayam 18.3.2016 - - - -

4 Kulamanickam Coleroon Ariyalur 14.8.2015 - - - -

5 Sullangudi Coleroon Ariyalur 03.3.2016 - - - -

6 Elakkurichi Coleroon Ariyalur 03.3.2016 - - - -

7 Alazhiyamanavalan Coleroon Ariyalur 08.3.2016 - - - -

Ariyalur District Total 41.66 34.21

QUARRYWISE, SAND SALE DETAILS OF ARIYALUR DISTRICT FOR THE YEAR 2015-16

Jun-15 Jul-15 Amou Date of Sl Name of Quarry Amoun No. of nt River Taluk Commencem No / Village t (Rs. Days (Rs. No. of Days ent In function In functioning Lakhs) ing Lakhs ) ARIYALUR DISTRICT - - - -

1 Valaikurichi Coleroon Udayarpalayam 30.08.2014 57.34 30 63.85 30 Thenkachi 2 Perumal Coleroon Udayarpalayam 04.3.2016 - - - - Natham

3 Edankanni Coleroon Udayarpalayam 18.3.2016 - - - -

4 Kulamanickam Coleroon Ariyalur 14.8.2015 - - - -

5 Sullangudi Coleroon Ariyalur 03.3.2016 - - - -

6 Elakkurichi Coleroon Ariyalur 03.3.2016 - - - -

Alazhiya 7 Coleroon Ariyalur 08.3.2016 - - - - manavalan

Ariyalur District Total 57.34 63.85

QUARRY WISE SAND SALE DETAILS OF ARIYALUR DISTRICT FOR THE YEAR 2015 -16

Aug-15 Sep-15 Date of Sl Name of Quarry / No. of No. of River Taluk Commencem Amount Amount No Days Days Village (Rs. In (Rs. In ent functio function Lakhs) Lakhs) ning ing ARIYALUR DISTRICT - - - -

1 Valaikurichi Coleroon Udayarpalayam 30.08.2014 31.00 30 30.47 30

Thenkachi Perumal 2 Coleroon Udayarpalayam 04.3.2016 - - - - Natham

3 Edankanni Coleroon Udayarpalayam 18.3.2016 - - - -

4 Kulamanickam Coleroon Ariyalur 14.8.2015 17.59 17 31.40 30

5 Sullangudi Coleroon Ariyalur 03.3.2016 - - - -

6 Elakkurichi Coleroon Ariyalur 03.3.2016 - - - -

7 Alazhiyamanavalan Coleroon Ariyalur 08.3.2016 - - - -

Ariyalur District Total 48.59 61.87

QUARRY WISE SAND SALE DETAILS OF ARIYALUR DISTRICT FOR THE YEAR 2015 -16

Oct-15 Nov-15 Date of Sl Name of Quarry / Amoun No. of No. of Amount River Taluk Commencem t (Rs. Days Days No Village (Rs. In ent In function function Lakhs) Lakhs) ing ing ARIYALUR DISTRICT - - - -

1 Valaikurichi Coleroon Udayarpalayam 30.08.2014 30.02 30 5.18 5

Thenkachi Perumal 2 Coleroon Udayarpalayam 04.3.2016 - - - - Natham

3 Edankanni Coleroon Udayarpalayam 18.3.2016 - - - -

4 Kulamanickam Coleroon Ariyalur 14.8.2015 45.01 30 8.77 8

5 Sullangudi Coleroon Ariyalur 03.3.2016 - - - -

6 Elakkurichi Coleroon Ariyalur 03.3.2016 - - - -

7 Alazhiyamanavalan Coleroon Ariyalur 08.3.2016 - - - -

Ariyalur District Total 75.03 13.95

QUARRY WISE SAND SALE DETAILS OF ARIYALUR DISTRICT FOR THE YEAR 2015 -16

Dec-15 Jan-16 Date of Sl Name of Quarry / Amou No. of Amou No. of River Taluk Commence No Village nt Days nt Days ment (Rs. In functioni (Rs. In functio Lakhs) ng Lakhs) ning ARIYALUR DISTRICT - - - -

1 Valaikurichi Coleroon Udayarpalayam 30.08.2014 5.22 11 12.15 24

Thenkachi Perumal 2 Coleroon Udayarpalayam 04.3.2016 - - - - Natham

3 Edankanni Coleroon Udayarpalayam 18.3.2016 - - - -

4 Kulamanickam Coleroon Ariyalur 14.8.2015 - - - -

5 Sullangudi Coleroon Ariyalur 03.3.2016 - - - -

6 Elakkurichi Coleroon Ariyalur 03.3.2016 - - - -

7 Alazhiyamanavalan Coleroon Ariyalur 08.3.2016 - - - -

Ariyalur District Total 5.22 12.15

QUARRY WISE SAND SALE DETAILS OF ARIYALUR DISTRICT FOR THE YEAR 2015-16

Feb-16 Mar-16 Date of Sl Name of Quarry / No. of Amou River Taluk Commence Amount No Village Days nt (Rs. No. of Days (Rs. In ment functio In functioning Lakhs) ning Lakhs) ARIYALUR DISTRICT - - - -

1 Valaikurichi Coleroon Udayarpalayam 30.08.2014 12.70 25 8.70 31

Thenkachi Perumal 2 Coleroon Udayarpalayam 04.3.2016 - - 11.51 28 Natham

3 Edankanni Coleroon Udayarpalayam 18.3.2016 - - 5.17 14

4 Kulamanickam Coleroon Ariyalur 14.8.2015 - - 17.71 13

5 Sullangudi Coleroon Ariyalur 03.3.2016 - - 17.84 23

6 Elakkurichi Coleroon Ariyalur 03.3.2016 - - 17.51 23

7 Alazhiyamanavalan Coleroon Ariyalur 08.3.2016 - - 13.46 18

Ariyalur District Total 12.70 91.90

QUARRY WISE SAND SALE DETAILS OF ARIYALUR DISTRICT FOR THE YEAR 2015-16

Cumulative Total from the year 2012 - 13 to 2015-16 Date of Sl Name of Quarry / River Taluk Commence No Village Amount No. of Days ment (Rs. In Lakhs) functioning

ARIYALUR DISTRICT - -

1 Valaikurichi Coleroon Udayarpalayam 30.08.2014 332.51 302

Thenkachi Perumal 2 Coleroon Udayarpalayam 04.3.2016 11.51 28 Natham

3 Edankanni Coleroon Udayarpalayam 18.3.2016 5.17 14

4 Kulamanickam Coleroon Ariyalur 14.8.2015 120.47 98

5 Sullangudi Coleroon Ariyalur 03.3.2016 17.84 23

6 Elakkurichi Coleroon Ariyalur 03.3.2016 17.51 23

7 Alazhiyamanavalan Coleroon Ariyalur 08.3.2016 13.46 18

Ariyalur District Total 518.48

Apr-16 May-16 Name of Date of Sl No. of Quarry / River Taluk Commence Amount Amount No Days No. of Days (Rs. In (Rs. In Village ment functio functioning Lakhs) Lakhs) ning

ARIYALUR DISTRICT - - - -

Thenkachi 1 Perumal Coleroon Udayarpalayam 04.3.2016 15.25 30 13.91 22 Natham

2 Edankanni Coleroon Udayarpalayam 18.3.2016 15.60 30 13.61 22

3 Valaikurichi Coleroon Udayarpalayam 30.08.2014 2.87 30 2.22 22

4 Kulamanickam Coleroon Ariyalur 14.8.2015 48.79 24 36.69 22

5 Sullangudi Coleroon Ariyalur 03.3.2016 - - - -

Ariyalur District Total 82.50 66.43

QUARRYWISE SAND SALE DETAILS OF ARIYALUR DISTRICT FOR THE YEAR 2016-17 (ARIYALUR)

Jun-16 Jul-16 Name of Sl Date of Quarry / River Taluk Amount No. of Amount No. of No Commencement Village (Rs. In Days (Rs. In Days Lakhs) functioning Lakhs) functioning

ARIYALUR DISTRICT - - - - Thenkachi 1 Perumal Coleroon Udayarpalayam 04.3.2016 16.58 30 12.50 31 Natham

2 Edankanni Coleroon Udayarpalayam 18.3.2016 10.58 30 17.09 31

3 Valaikurichi Coleroon Udayarpalayam 30.08.2014 3.02 30 3.12 31

4 Kulamanickam Coleroon Ariyalur 14.8.2015 23.04 25 - -

5 Sullangudi Coleroon Ariyalur 03.3.2016 - - 42.18 30

Ariyalur District Total 53.23 74.89

QUARRYWISE SAND SALE DETAILS OF ARIYALUR DISTRICT FOR THE YEAR 2016-17 (ARIYALUR)

Aug-16 Sep-16 Name of Sl Date of Quarry / River Taluk Amount No. of Amount No. of No Commencement Village (Rs. In Days (Rs. In Days Lakhs) functioning Lakhs) functioning

ARIYALUR DISTRICT - - - - Thenkachi 1 Perumal Coleroon Udayarpalayam 04.3.2016 21.92 29 11.19 29 Natham

2 Edankanni Coleroon Udayarpalayam 18.3.2016 6.20 17 16.48 29

3 Valaikurichi Coleroon Udayarpalayam 30.08.2014 2.92 29 1.21 12

4 Kulamanickam Coleroon Ariyalur 14.8.2015 - - - -

5 Sullangudi Coleroon Ariyalur 03.3.2016 45.06 30 41.62 30

Ariyalur District Total 76.10 70.50

QUARRY WISE SAND SALE DETAILS OF ARIYALUR DISTRICT FOR THE YEAR 2016-17 (ARIYALUR)

Oct-16 Nov-16 Name of Date of Sl Amou No. of Quarry / River Taluk Commence Amount No nt (Rs. Days No. of Days Village ment (Rs. In In functioni functioning Lakhs) Lakhs) ng

ARIYALUR DISTRICT - - - - Thenkachi 1 Perumal Coleroon Udayarpalayam 04.3.2016 10.23 26 7.86 30 Natham

2 Edankanni Coleroon Udayarpalayam 18.3.2016 15.12 27 9.32 30

3 Valaikurichi Coleroon Udayarpalayam 30.08.2014 1.11 6 0.40 5

4 Kulamanickam Coleroon Ariyalur 14.8.2015 - - - -

5 Sullangudi Coleroon Ariyalur 03.3.2016 31.07 28 17.10 30

Ariyalur District Total 57.53 34.69

QUARRY WISE SAND SALE DETAILS OF ARIYALUR DISTRICT FOR THE YEAR 2016-17 (ARIYALUR)

Dec-16 Jan-17 Name of Sl Date of Quarry / River Taluk Amount No. of Amount No. of No Commencement Village (Rs. In Days (Rs. In Days Lakhs) functioning Lakhs) functioning

ARIYALUR DISTRICT - - - - Thenkachi 1 Perumal Coleroon Udayarpalayam 04.3.2016 8.29 27 22.33 24 Natham

2 Edankanni Coleroon Udayarpalayam 18.3.2016 5.90 20 - -

3 Valaikurichi Coleroon Udayarpalayam 30.08.2014 4.33 11 - -

4 Kulamanickam Coleroon Ariyalur 14.8.2015 - - - -

5 Sullangudi Coleroon Ariyalur 03.3.2016 19.10 29 29.32 25

Ariyalur District Total 37.62 51.65

QUARRYWISE SAND SALE DETAILS OF ARIYALUR DISTRICT FOR THE YEAR 2016-17 (ARIYALUR)

Feb-17 Mar-17 Name of Sl Date of Quarry / River Taluk Amount No. of Amount No. of No Commencement Village (Rs. In Days (Rs. In Days Lakhs) functioning Lakhs) functioning

ARIYALUR DISTRICT - - - - Thenkachi 1 Perumal Coleroon Udayarpalayam 04.3.2016 23.46 28 34.65 31 Natham

2 Edankanni Coleroon Udayarpalayam 18.3.2016 - - - -

3 Valaikurichi Coleroon Udayarpalayam 30.08.2014 - - - -

4 Kulamanickam Coleroon Ariyalur 14.8.2015 - - - -

5 Sullangudi Coleroon Ariyalur 03.3.2016 45.32 28 39.18 31

Ariyalur District Total 68.78 73.83

QUARRY WISE SAND SALE DETAILS OF ARIYALUR DISTRICT FOR THE YEAR 2016-17 (ARIYALUR)

Cumulative Total for the year 2016-17 Sl Name of Quarry Date of River Taluk No / Village Commencement Amount (Rs. No. of Days In Lakhs) functioning

ARIYALUR DISTRICT - -

Thenkachi 1 Coleroon Udayarpalayam 04.3.2016 198.17 337.00 Perumal Natham

2 Edankanni Coleroon Udayarpalayam 18.3.2016 109.90 236.00

3 Valaikurichi Coleroon Udayarpalayam 30.08.2014 21.21 176.00

4 Kulamanickam Coleroon Ariyalur 14.8.2015 108.52 71.00

5 Sullangudi Coleroon Ariyalur 03.3.2016 309.96 261.00

Ariyalur District Total 747.76

QUARRY WISE SAND SALE DETAILS OF ARIYALUR DISTRICT FOR THE YEAR 2017 -18 (ARIYALUR DISTRICT)

Apr-17 May-17

Name of Date of Sl No. of No. of Quarry / River Taluk Commence Amount Amount Days Days No (Rs. In (Rs. In Village ment function functioni Lakhs) Lakhs) ing ng

ARIYALUR DISTRICT - - - -

1 Sullangudi Coleroon Ariyalur 03.3.2016 14.19 - 0.00 -

2 Edankanni Coleroon Udayarpalayam 18.3.2016 0.00 - 0.00 -

TOTAL 14.19 - 0.00 -

QUARRY WISE SAND SALE DETAILS OF ARIYALUR DISTRICT FOR THE YEAR 2017-18 (ARIYALUR DISTRICT)

Jun-17 Jul-17

Sl Name of Date of No. of No. of N Quarry / River Taluk Commence Amount Amount Days Days (Rs. In (Rs. In o Village ment functio functioni Lakhs) Lakhs) ning ng

ARIYALUR DISTRICT - - - -

1 Sullangudi Coleroon Ariyalur 03.3.2016 0.33 - 0.49 -

2 Edankanni Coleroon Udayar palayam 18.3.2016 8.00 - 66.82 -

TOTAL 8.33 - 67.31 -

QUARRY WISE SAND SALE DETAILS OF ARIYALUR DISTRICT FOR THE YEAR 2017-18 (ARIYALUR DISTRICT)

Aug-17 Sep-17

Sl Name of Date of No. of Amou No. of N Quarry / River Taluk Commence Amount Days nt (Rs. Days (Rs. In o Village ment function In functioni Lakhs) ing Lakhs) ng

ARIYALUR DISTRICT - - - -

1 Sullangudi Coleroon Ariyalur 03.3.2016 0.27 - 0.26 -

Udayar 2 Edankanni Coleroon 18.3.2016 76.02 - 1.68 - palayam

TOTAL 76.29 - 1.94 -

QUARRY WISE SAND SALE DETAILS OF ARIYALUR DISTRICT FOR THE YEAR 2017-18 (ARIYALUR DISTRICT)

Oct-17 Nov-17

Sl Name of Date of No. of Amount Amount N Quarry / River Taluk Commencem Days No. of Days (Rs. In (Rs. In o Village ent functio functioning Lakhs) Lakhs) ning

ARIYALUR DISTRICT - - - -

1 Sullangudi Coleroon Ariyalur 03.3.2016 0.21 - 0.00 -

2 Edankanni Coleroon Udayar palayam 18.3.2016 0.00 - 0.00 -

TOTAL 0.21 - 0.00 -

QUARRY WISE SAND SALE DETAILS OF ARIYALUR DISTRICT FOR THE YEAR 2017-18 (ARIYALUR DISTRICT)

Dec-17 Jan-18

Name of Sl Date of Quarry / River Taluk Amount No. of Amount No. of No Commencement Village (Rs. In Days (Rs. In Days Lakhs) functioning Lakhs) functioning

ARIYALUR DISTRICT - - - -

1 Sullangudi Coleroon Ariyalur 03.3.2016 0.00 - 0.00 -

2 Edankanni Coleroon Udayar palayam 18.3.2016 0.00 - 0.00 -

TOTAL 0.00 - 0.00 -

QUARRY WISE SAND SALE DETAILS OF ARIYALUR DISTRICT FOR THE YEAR 2017-18 (ARIYALUR DISTRICT)

Feb-18 Mar-18

Name of Sl Date of Quarry / River Taluk Amount No. of Amount No. of No Commencement Village (Rs. In Days (Rs. In Days Lakhs) functioning Lakhs) functioning

ARIYALUR DISTRICT - - - -

1 Sullangudi Coleroon Ariyalur 03.3.2016 0.00 - 0.00 -

2 Edankanni Coleroon Udayar palayam 18.3.2016 0.00 - 0.00 -

TOTAL 0.00 - 0.00 -

QUARRY WISE SAND SALE DETAILS OF ARIYALUR DISTRICT FOR THE YEAR 2017-18 (ARIYALUR DISTRICT)

Cumulative Total for the year 2017 - 18 Name of Sl Date of Quarry / River Taluk No Commencement Amount (Rs. In No. of Days Village Lakhs) functioning

ARIYALUR DISTRICT - -

1 Sullangudi Coleroon Ariyalur 03.3.2016 15.74 -

2 Edankanni Coleroon Udayar palayam 18.3.2016 152.51 -

TOTAL 168.25 -

5. DETAILS OF ROYALTY OR REVENUE RECEIVED IN LAST THREE YEARS QUARRY WISE SAND SALE DETAILS OF ARIYALUR DISTRICT FOR THE YEAR 2015-16

Apr -15 May -15

Total Date of Total No. of No. of Sl Name of Quarry / Loads River Taluk Commence Loads In Days Days No Village In ment terms of functio functi terms of 2 units ning oning 2 units

ARIYALUR DISTRICT - - - - 30.08.201 1 Valaikurichi Coleroon Udayarpalayam 4 4960 30 4073 26 Th enkachi Perumal 2 Natham Coleroon Udayarpalayam 04.3.2016 - - - - 3 Edankanni Coleroon Udayarpalayam 18.3.2016 - - - - 4 Ku lamanickam Coleroon Ariyalur 14.8.2015 - - - - 5 Sullangudi Coleroon Ariyalur 03.3.2016 - - - - 6 El akkurichi Coleroon Ariyalur 03.3.2016 - - - - 7 Alazhiyamanavalan Coleroon Ariyalur 08.3.2016 - - - - Ar iyalur District Total 4960 4073

QUARRY WISE SAND SALE DETAILS OF ARIYALUR DISTRICT FOR THE YEAR 2015-16

Jun-15 Jul-15 Total Total Loads Loads In In Name of terms No. of terms No. of Quarry / Date of of 2 Days of 2 Days Sl No Village River Taluk Commencement units functioning units functioning ARIYALUR DISTRICT - - - -

1 Valaikurichi Coleroon Udayarpalayam 30.08.2014 6826.5 30 7601 30 Thenkachi Perumal 2 Natham Coleroon Udayarpalayam 04.3.2016 - - - -

3 Edankanni Coleroon Udayarpalayam 18.3.2016 - - - -

4 Kulamanickam Coleroon Ariyalur 14.8.2015 - - - -

5 Sullangudi Coleroon Ariyalur 03.3.2016 - - - -

6 Elakkurichi Coleroon Ariyalur 03.3.2016 - - - -

Alazhiya 7 manavalan Coleroon Ariyalur 08.3.2016 - - - - Ariyalur District Total 6826.5 7601

QUARRY WISE SAND SALE DETAILS OF ARIYALUR DISTRICT FOR THE YEAR 2015-16

Aug-15 Sep-15 Total Total Loads Loads Sl Name of Quarry / Date of No. of No. of River Taluk In In No Village Commencement Days Days terms terms functioning functioning of 2 of 2 units units ARIYALUR DISTRICT - - - - 1 Valaikurichi Coleroon Udayarpalayam 30.08.2014 3690 30 3627 30

Thenkachi Perumal 2 Natham Coleroon Udayarpalayam 04.3.2016 - - - - 3 Edankanni Coleroon Udayarpalayam 18.3.2016 - - - - 4 Kulamanickam Coleroon Ariyalur 14.8.2015 2094 17 3738 30 5 Sullangudi Coleroon Ariyalur 03.3.2016 - - - - 6 Elakkurichi Coleroon Ariyalur 03.3.2016 - - - -

7 Alazhiyamanavalan Coleroon Ariyalur 08.3.2016 - - - - Ariyalur District Total 5784 7365

QUARRY WISE SAND SALE DETAILS OF ARIYALUR DISTRICT FOR THE YEAR 2015-16

Oct-15 Nov-15 Total Total Loads Loads In In terms No. of terms No. of Sl Name of Quarry / Date of of 2 Days of 2 Days No Village River Taluk Commencement units functioning units functioning ARIYALUR DISTRICT - - - - 1 Valaikurichi Coleroon Udayarpalayam 30.08.2014 3574 30 617 5

Thenkachi Perumal

2 Natham Coleroon Udayarpalayam 04.3.2016 - - - -

3 Edankanni Coleroon Udayarpalayam 18.3.2016 - - - -

4 Kulamanickam Coleroon Ariyalur 14.8.2015 5358 30 1044 8

5 Sullangudi Coleroon Ariyalur 03.3.2016 - - - -

6 Elakkurichi Coleroon Ariyalur 03.3.2016 - - - -

7 Alazhiyamanavalan Coleroon Ariyalur 08.3.2016 - - - -

Ariyalur District Total 8932 1661

QUARRY WISE SAND SALE DETAILS OF ARIYALUR DISTRICT FOR THE YEAR 2015-16

Dec-15 Jan-16 Total Date of Sl Name of Quarry / Loads No. of Total No. of River Taluk Commence No Village In Days Loads In Days ment terms function terms of function of 2 ing 2 units ing units ARIYALUR DISTRICT - - - -

1 Valaikurichi Coleroon Udayarpalayam 30.08.2014 622.00 11 1446.00 24

Thenkachi Perumal 2 Coleroon Udayarpalayam 04.3.2016 - - - - Natham

3 Edankanni Coleroon Udayarpalayam 18.3.2016 - - - -

4 Kulamanickam Coleroon Ariyalur 14.8.2015 - - - -

5 Sullangudi Coleroon Ariyalur 03.3.2016 - - - -

6 Elakkurichi Coleroon Ariyalur 03.3.2016 - - - -

7 Alazhiyamanavalan Coleroon Ariyalur 08.3.2016 - - - -

Ariyalur District Total 622.00 1446.00

QUARRY WISE SAND SALE DETAILS OF ARIYALUR DISTRICT FOR THE YEAR 2015-16

Feb-16 Mar-16 Date of Sl Name of Quarry / Total No. of Total No. of River Taluk Commence No Village Loads In Days Loads In Days ment terms of functioni terms of functioni 2 units ng 2 units ng ARIYALUR DISTRICT - - - -

1 Valaikurichi Coleroon Udayarpalayam 30.08.2014 1512.00 25 1036.00 31

Thenkachi Perumal 2 Coleroon Udayarpalayam 04.3.2016 - - 1370.00 28 Natham

3 Edankanni Coleroon Udayarpalayam 18.3.2016 - - 616.00 14

4 Kulamanickam Coleroon Ariyalur 14.8.2015 - - 2108.00 13

5 Sullangudi Coleroon Ariyalur 03.3.2016 - - 2124.00 23

6 Elakkurichi Coleroon Ariyalur 03.3.2016 - - 2085.00 23

7 Alazhiyamanavalan Coleroon Ariyalur 08.3.2016 - - 1602.00 18

Ariyalur District Total 1512.00 10941.00

QUARRY WISE SAND SALE DETAILS OF ARIYALUR DISTRICT FOR THE YEAR 2015 -16

Cumulative Total from the year 2012 - 13 to 2015-16 Date of Sl Name of Quarry / River Taluk Commence Total Loads In No Village No. of Days ment terms of 2 functioning units

ARIYALUR DISTRICT - -

1 Valaikurichi Coleroon Udayarpalayam 30.08.2014 39584.50 302

Thenkachi Perumal 2 Coleroon Udayarpalayam 04.3.2016 1370.00 28 Natham

3 Edankanni Coleroon Udayarpalayam 18.3.2016 616.00 14

4 Kulamanickam Coleroon Ariyalur 14.8.2015 14342.00 98

5 Sullangudi Coleroon Ariyalur 03.3.2016 2124.00 23

6 Elakkurichi Coleroon Ariyalur 03.3.2016 2085.00 23

7 Alazhiyamanavalan Coleroon Ariyalur 08.3.2016 1602.00 18

Ariyalur District Total 61723.50

QUARRY WISE SAND SALE DETAILS OF ARIYALUR DISTRICT FOR THE YEAR 2016-17 (ARIYALUR)

Apr-16 May-16 Total Total Name of Sl Date of Loads Loads Quarry / River Taluk No. of No. of In In No Commencement Days Days Village terms terms functioning functioning of 2 of 2 units units ARIYALUR DISTRICT - - - - Thenkachi 1 Perumal Coleroon Udayarpalayam 04.3.2016 1815.00 30 1656.00 22 Natham

2 Edankanni Coleroon Udayarpalayam 18.3.2016 1857.00 30 1620.00 22

3 Valaikurichi Coleroon Udayarpalayam 30.08.2014 342.00 30 264.00 22

4 Kulamanickam Coleroon Ariyalur 14.8.2015 5808.00 24 4368.00 22

5 Sullangudi Coleroon Ariyalur 03.3.2016 - - - -

Ariyalur District Total 9822.00 7908.00

QUARRY WISE SAND SALE DETAILS OF ARIYALUR DISTRICT FOR THE YEAR 2016-17 (ARIYALUR)

Jun-16 Jul-16 Total Total Name of Sl Date of Loads Loads Quarry / River Taluk No. of No. of In In No Commencement Days Days Village terms terms functioning functioning of 2 of 2 units units ARIYALUR DISTRICT - - - - Thenkachi 1 Perumal Coleroon Udayarpalayam 04.3.2016 1974.00 30 1488.00 31 Natham

2 Edankanni Coleroon Udayarpalayam 18.3.2016 1260.00 30 2034.00 31

3 Valaikurichi Coleroon Udayarpalayam 30.08.2014 360.00 30 372.00 31

4 Kulamanickam Coleroon Ariyalur 14.8.2015 2743.00 25 - -

5 Sullangudi Coleroon Ariyalur 03.3.2016 - - 5022.00 30

Ariyalur District Total 6337.00 8916.00

QUARRY WISE SAND SALE DETAILS OF ARIYALUR DISTRICT FOR THE YEAR 2016-17 (ARIYALUR)

Aug-16 Sep-16 Total Total Name of Sl Date of Loads Loads Quarry / River Taluk No. of No. of In In No Commencement Days Days Village terms terms functioning functioning of 2 of 2 units units ARIYALUR DISTRICT - - - - Thenkachi 1 Perumal Coleroon Udayarpalayam 04.3.2016 2610.00 29 1332.00 29 Natham

2 Edankanni Coleroon Udayarpalayam 18.3.2016 738.00 17 1962.00 29

3 Valaikurichi Coleroon Udayarpalayam 30.08.2014 348.00 29 144.00 12

4 Kulamanickam Coleroon Ariyalur 14.8.2015 - - - -

5 Sullangudi Coleroon Ariyalur 03.3.2016 5364.00 30 4954.43 30

Ariyalur District Total 9060.00 8392.43

QUARRY WISE SAND SALE DETAILS OF ARIYALUR DISTRICT FOR THE YEAR 2016-17 (ARIYALUR)

Oct-16 Nov-16 Total Total Name of Sl Date of Loads Loads Quarry / River Taluk No. of No. of In In No Commencement Days Days Village terms terms functioning functioning of 2 of 2 units units ARIYALUR DISTRICT - - - - Thenkachi 1 Perumal Coleroon Udayarpalayam 04.3.2016 1218.00 26 936.00 30 Natham

2 Edankanni Coleroon Udayarpalayam 18.3.2016 1800.00 27 1110.00 30

3 Valaikurichi Coleroon Udayarpalayam 30.08.2014 132.00 6 48.00 5

4 Kulamanickam Coleroon Ariyalur 14.8.2015 - - - -

5 Sullangudi Coleroon Ariyalur 03.3.2016 3699.23 28 2036.25 30

Ariyalur District Total 6849.23 4130.25

QUARRY WISE SAND SALE DETAILS OF ARIYALUR DISTRICT FOR THE YEAR 2016-17 (ARIYALUR)

Dec-16 Jan-17 Total Total Name of Sl Date of Loads Loads Quarry / River Taluk No. of No. of In In No Commencement Days Days Village terms terms functioning functioning of 2 of 2 units units ARIYALUR DISTRICT - - - - Thenkachi 1 Perumal Coleroon Udayarpalayam 04.3.2016 987.00 27 2658.00 24 Natham

2 Edankanni Coleroon Udayarpalayam 18.3.2016 702.00 20 - -

3 Valaikurichi Coleroon Udayarpalayam 30.08.2014 515.00 11 - -

4 Kulamanickam Coleroon Ariyalur 14.8.2015 - - - -

5 Sullangudi Coleroon Ariyalur 03.3.2016 2274.00 29 3490.58 25

Ariyalur District Total 4478.00 6148.58

QUARRY WISE SAND SALE DETAILS OF ARIYALUR DISTRICT FOR THE YEAR 2016-17 (ARIYALUR)

Feb-17 Mar-17 Total Total Name of Sl Date of Loads Loads Quarry / River Taluk No. of No. of In In No Commencement Days Days Village terms terms functioning functioning of 2 of 2 units units ARIYALUR DISTRICT - - - - Thenkachi 1 Perumal Coleroon Udayarpalayam 04.3.2016 2793.00 28 4125.00 31 Natham

2 Edankanni Coleroon Udayarpalayam 18.3.2016 - - - -

3 Valaikurichi Coleroon Udayarpalayam 30.08.2014 - - - -

4 Kulamanickam Coleroon Ariyalur 14.8.2015 - - - -

5 Sullangudi Coleroon Ariyalur 03.3.2016 5395.28 28 4664.25 31

Ariyalur District Total 8188.28 8789.25

QUARRY WISE SAND SALE DETAILS OF ARIYALUR DISTRICT FOR THE YEAR 2016-17 (ARIYALUR)

Cumulative Total for the year 2016-17 Sl Name of Quarry Date of River Taluk Total Loads In No / Village Commencement No. of Days terms of 2 functioning units

ARIYALUR DISTRICT - -

Thenkachi 1 Coleroon Udayarpalayam 04.3.2016 23592.00 337.00 Perumal Natham

2 Edankanni Coleroon Udayarpalayam 18.3.2016 13083.00 236.00

3 Valaikurichi Coleroon Udayarpalayam 30.08.2014 2525.00 176.00

4 Kulamanickam Coleroon Ariyalur 14.8.2015 12919.00 71.00

5 Sullangudi Coleroon Ariyalur 03.3.2016 36900.00 261.00

Ariyalur District Total 89019.00

QUARRY WISE SAND SALE DETAILS OF ARIYALUR DISTRICT FOR THE YEAR 2017 -18 (ARIYALUR DISTRICT)

Apr-17 May-17

Name of Date of Total Total Sl No. of No. of Quarry / River Taluk Commence Loads In Loads No Days Days Village ment terms of In functioni functionin 2 units terms of ng g (Lorry) 2 units

ARIYALUR DISTRICT - - - -

1 Sullangudi Coleroon Ariyalur 03.3.2016 1689.00 - 0.00 -

2 Edankanni Coleroon Udayarpalayam 18.3.2016 0.00 - 0.00 -

TOTAL 1689.00 - 0.00 -

QUARRY WISE SAND SALE DETAILS OF ARIYALUR DISTRICT FOR THE YEAR 2017-18 (ARIYALUR DISTRICT)

Jun-17 Jul-17 Total Total Total Total Name of Date of Loads Loads Loads Loads Sl No. of No. of Quarry / River Taluk Commenceme In In In In No Days Days Village nt terms terms terms terms functio functio of 2 of 2 of 2 of 2 ning ning units units units units (Lorry) (Cart) (Lorry) (Cart)

ARIYALUR DISTRICT - - - -

1 Sullangudi Coleroon Ariyalur 03.3.2016 0.00 39.00 - 0.00 58.65 -

2 Edankanni Coleroon Udayar palayam 18.3.2016 952.50 0.00 - 7573.50 380.93 -

TOTAL 952.50 39.00 - 7573.50 439.58 -

QUARRY WISE SAND SALE DETAILS OF ARIYALUR DISTRICT FOR THE YEAR 2017-18 (ARIYALUR DISTRICT)

Aug-17 Sep-17 Total Total Total Total Name of Loads Loads Loads Loads Sl Date of Quarry / River Taluk In In No. of In In No. of No Commencement Village terms terms Days terms terms Days of 2 of 2 functioning of 2 of 2 functioning units units units units (Lorry) (Cart) (Lorry) (Cart)

ARIYALUR DISTRICT - - - -

1 Sullangudi Coleroon Ariyalur 03.3.2016 0.00 32.40 - 30.85 0.00 -

Udayar 2 Edankanni Coleroon 18.3.2016 8869.00 180.90 - 71.05 128.55 - palayam

TOTAL 8869.00 213.30 - 101.90 -

QUARRY WISE SAND SALE DETAILS OF ARIYALUR DISTRICT FOR THE YEAR 2017-18 (ARIYALUR DISTRICT)

Oct-17 Nov-17

Name of Date of Total Total Sl No. of Quarry / River Taluk Commencem Loads In Loads In No Days No. of Days terms of terms of 2 Village ent function functioning 2 units units ing (Lorry) (Lorry)

ARIYALUR DISTRICT - - - -

1 Sullangudi Coleroon Ariyalur 03.3.2016 24.50 - 0.00 -

2 Edankanni Coleroon Udayar palayam 18.3.2016 0.00 - 0.00 -

TOTAL 24.50 - 0.00 -

QUARRY WISE SAND SALE DETAILS OF ARIYALUR DISTRICT FOR THE YEAR 2017-18 (ARIYALUR DISTRICT)

Dec-17 Jan-18 Total Total Name of Loads Loads Sl Date of Quarry / River Taluk In No. of In No. of No Commencement Village terms Days terms Days of 2 functioning of 2 functioning units units (Lorry) (Lorry)

ARIYALUR DISTRICT - - - -

1 Sullangudi Coleroon Ariyalur 03.3.2016 0.00 - 0.00 -

2 Edankanni Coleroon Udayar palayam 18.3.2016 0.00 - 0.00 -

TOTAL 0.00 - 0.00 -

QUARRY WISE SAND SALE DETAILS OF ARIYALUR DISTRICT FOR THE YEAR 2017-18 (ARIYALUR DISTRICT)

Feb-18 Mar-18 Total Total Name of Loads Sl Date of Loads Quarry / River Taluk No. of In No. of No Commencement In Village Days terms Days terms functioning of 2 functioning of 2 units units (Lorry)

ARIYALUR DISTRICT - - - -

1 Sullangudi Coleroon Ariyalur 03.3.2016 0.00 - 0.00 -

2 Edankanni Coleroon Udayar palayam 18.3.2016 0.00 - 0.00 -

TOTAL 0.00 - 0.00 -

QUARRY WISE SAND SALE DETAILS OF ARIYALUR DISTRICT FOR THE YEAR 2017-18 (ARIYALUR DISTRICT)

Cumulative Total for the year 2017-18 Name of Sl Date of Quarry / River Taluk Total Loads In No Commencement No. of Days Village terms of 2 functioning units

ARIYALUR DISTRICT - -

1 Sullangudi Coleroon Ariyalur 03.3.2016 1874.40 -

2 Edankanni Coleroon Udayar palayam 18.3.2016 18156.43 -

TOTAL 20030.83 -

6. PROCESS OF DEPOSITION OF SEDIMENTS IN THE RIVERS OF THE DISTRICT VELLAR, MARUDAIYAR AND COLEROON OF ARIYALUR DISTRICT

6.a. Cauvery River Line diagram

6.b. Cauvery in Tamilnadu

6.c. Location Map of Important Anicuts

6.d. Delta map of Cauvery

Rainfall Pattern along Cauvery basin

6.(f). Geology along Cauvery basin Map

6.(g). Shoaling in River bed

6.(h). Reduction of River carrying capacity by shoal formation

6.(i). Siltation problems U/S of anicut

6.(j).Delta of Cauvery picture

6.(a). Flow regimes pictures

6.(b).Typical HECRAS results with cross section diagram

Monthly flow over a diagram

Sediment depth formation in Cauvery diagram

Coleroon 30/0 mile to 45/0 mile

Coleroon 45/0 mile to 67/0 mile

Coleroon 67/0 mile to 85/0 mile

Coleroon 0/0 mile to 16/5 mile

7. GENERAL PROFILE OF THE DISTRICT

Ariyalur District came into existence by the bifurcation of Perambalur District as per G.O.(Ms)No.683 Revenue (RA1(1)) Department dated 19.11.2007. It is bounded on the North by Cuddalore, South by Thanjavur, East by Cuddalore and Thanjavur and West by Per ambalur and Tiruchirapalli districts. Ariyalur has been functioning as a separate District since 23.11.2007. Ariyalur District consists of two Revenue Divisions viz., Ariyalur and Udayarpalayam, Four Taluks viz., Ariyalur, Sendurai, Udayarpalayam and Andim adam (Andimadam Taluk is formed as per G.O.(Ms) No. 167 Revenue (RA1(1)) ARIYALUR Department dated : 08 -05-2017) comprising 195 Revenue Villages. The District has six blocks viz. Ariyalur, Thirumanur, Sendurai, Jayankondam, Andimadam and T.Palur comprising of 201 V illage Panchayats. There are two Municipalities viz. Ariyalur & Jayankondam and two Town Panchayats viz. Udayarpalayam & Varadharajanpettai.

Location

Ariyalur District is located in central Tamil Nadu and is 265 k.m. away from Chennai. The District has an area of 1949 Sq.Km. Ariyalur railway station connected by southern railway which connects Chennai, Madurai, Tuticorin and Thirunelveli. Ariyalur is also well connected by roadways which also an important road junction on the Ariyalur-Chennai, Ariyalur-Thanjavur, and Ariyalur-Trichy roadways. SH143 Ariyalur-Thungapuram-Thittakudi, SH27 Ariyalur-Thanjavur and SH139 Ariyalur –Jayamkondam are the major roads via Ariyalur.

Area and Population

The initial provisional data released by census India 2011, shows that density of Ariyalur district for 2011 is 389 people per sq. km. In 2001, Ariyalur district density was at 358 people per sq. km. Ariyalur district administers 1,949 square kilometers of areas. Enumeration of key persons was also done by census officials in Ariyalur District of Tamil Nadu. In 2011, Ariyalur had population of 7,54,894 of which male and female were 374,703 and 380,191 respectively. In 2001 census, Ariyalur had a population of 695,524 of which males were 346,763 and remaining 348,761 were females. There is increase of 8.54 percent in the population compared to population as per 2001. In the previous census of India 2001, Ariyalur District recorded increase of 9.29 percent to its population compared to 1991.

Administrative set - up

Ariyalur District consists of two Revenue Divisions viz., Ariyalur and Udayarpalayam, Four Taluks viz., Ariyalur, Sendurai, Udayarpalayam and Andimadam (Andimadam Taluk is formed as per G.O.(Ms) No. 167. Revenue (RA1(1)) Department dated : 08-05-2017) comprising of 195 Revenue Villages. The District has six blocks viz. Ariyalur, Thirumanur, Sendurai,

Jayankondam, Andimadam and T.Palur comprising of 201 Village Panchayats. There are two Municipalities viz. Ariyalur & Jayankondam and two Town Panchayats viz. Udayarpalayam & Varadharajanpettai.

The River Coleroon River is only a flood carrier to Bay of Bengal. The normal annual rainfall is 1139mm. Sugarcane and paddy is the main crop grown in this district and agriculture is the main occupation for the most of the people in the district. It is also consisting of large number of cement factories of the state. The district has a medium cattle and poultry population with agriculture workers in the smaller villages like Alagiyamanavalam and Guruvadi.

The Rivers Cauvery and Coleroon start branching out to form the Cauvery delta irrigating vast tracts of land in the district. Major horticulture crops cultivated in this district are fruits crops like mango, banana, guava, aonla and jack, plantation crops like cashew, vegetables like tomato, brinjal, bhendi, onion, chillies, tapioca and watermelon, spices like turmeric, medicinal plants like Gloriosa and flowers like tube rose, jasmine, crossandra and chrysanthemum, Irrigation through system tanks channels and canals.

Loamy soil, Black soil, Alluvial soil, Sandy loam and Sandy clay are the soil types found in the district. In Thirumalappadi, Kulamanickam, block soil and alluvial soil is predominant. Red soil and black soil are predominant in the dry tracks of the district.

The forest cover of the district is 778.08Hectares which accounts for 0.40 percentage of the total forest area of the state. Cashewnut is the main forest crop besides fuel wood.

The district is well connected by road and rail. The district has medium educational institutional frame work.

Physiography:

This part of South India experiences semi-arid climatic conditions with moderate rainfall averaging about 763.7mm per year. The river Coleroon is a flood carrier in this region and irrigates 4697 acres of cultivated land which off takes from coleroon at Kuruvadi village. The seasonal streams, surplus water from the system tanks and river inlets which get activated during monsoon and irrigation periods often confluence in to the River Colerron which ultimately debauches in the bay of Bengal, which is 110 Km away from the district boundary.

The topographic elevation of the Trichy district is 100 m from Mean Sea Level (MSL).

8. LAND UTILISATION PATTERN

Agriculture continues to be the most predominant sector of this districteconomy, as 70 percent of the population is engaged in Agriculture and alliedactivities for their livelihood. The district has as an area of 1933.38 sq.km with agross cropped area of around 1.118 lakhs Ha. The Ariyalur District has aGeographical area of 1,93,338 Hectares. Of which the net area cropped is 1,11,874Hectares(64.70%). Out of which about 45136 Ha are irrigated and about 66,738 Haare rainfed. A total of 32,933 hectares (8.92%) are kept as fallow lands. The lands-putto non-agricultural purposes occupy 43,953 (11.91 %) hectares. The cultivable wastelands of 7,742 (2.10%) hectares can be brought in to agricultural uses bysuitable measures.The River Cauvery tributary irrigates about 10,389 Ha. InThirumanur, T.Palur and Jayankondam Block. a. Land Utilisation pattern - Forest Ariyalur Forest Division was formed as per G.O.No.168 Environment & Forests (FR Spl.B) Department dated 29.11.2011 with effect from

27.04.2012 by redeploying the Staff of Ayyalur Interface Forestry Division at Dindigul. The Geographical Jurisdiction of Ariyalur Forest Division extends Ariyalur Revenue District This Division is functioning under the control of Chief Conservator of Forests, Trichy Circle with the following Ranges. 1. Ariyalur Territorial Range 2. Ariyalur Social Forestry Range 3. Ariyalur TAP Range Details about TAP villages: The following TAP villages are being maintained in this Division.

SL. No Name of TAP village Name of Range

1 1998 Vangaram Ariyalur Social Forestry Range

2 2008 Kallamedu Ariyalur Range

3 2008 Narasingapuram Ariyalur Range

4 2008 Velvimangalam Ariyalur Range

Details about Reserved Forests: There are 55 Reserved Forests in this division. Out of 55 Reserved Forests, only 5 Reserved Forests are under the control of Ariyalur Territorial Range and categorized into two beats as detailed below.

Total Area in Range Beat Name of RF Ha. Remarks

Ariyalur Kuruvadi Kuruvadi Bit I to IV 49.99

Sathambadi Bit I to 121.00 XI

Thathanur Kulumur 80.94

Total Area in Range Beat Name of RF Ha. Remarks

Kulumur Extn. 113.13

Vangaram 413.00

Total 778.06

The remaining 50 Reserved Forests comprising an area of 8355.51 Hectares are leased to Tamil Nadu Forest Plantation Corporation Limited (TAFCORN) and attached with Pudukottai and Virudhachalam Regions. Ariyalur Range is the only territorial Range in this Division having jurisdiction over the entire Ariyalur Revenue District. Karaivetti Birds Sanctuary Introduction: Vettakudi irrigation tank is maintained by Water Resources Organization of PWD, which supplements water for agricultural use in its command area. This receives water from Mettur Dam through Pullambadi Canal from September onwards. This tank was declared as a Bird Sanctuary in 1999 for the conservation of avian fauna, that inhabit the water body (both native and migratory water birds from different parts of the globe). The best time to visit this sanctuary for bird watching is November-December during which bird population is greater. Location: It is situated at a distance of 20 kms from Ariyalur, between 79o 2’ 6.56” E and 79o 3’ 26.2” E longitude and 10o 58’ 12.19” N and 10o 58’ 50” N latitude, encompassing an area of 453.71.5 hectares. The sanctuary is surrounded by Kila Kavattankuruchi, Karaivetti, Kovilessanai east, Suthamalli, Sathamangalam, Venganur and Vettiyur Revenue villages. Biodiversity Inventory of Karaivetti Bird Sanctuary – Flora and Fauna:

As the sanctuary is basically an irrigation tank, there is no natural forest within the sanctuary. Acacia nilotica (Babul) plantations were raised by the Social Forestry Wing of the Forest Department from 1981 to 1988 on the western foreshores of the tank. The Acacia trees are being used for roosting and nesting by birds like Open bill stork, White Ibis, etc. There is no endangered flora within the sanctuary. It is one of the largest bird sanctuaries in the State having a congregation of 203 species of birds including 82 water birds. Upto 45 bird species have been spotted at a given instance in this sanctuary. From September to February, this sanctuary attracts more than 80 species of water birds. The migratory birds from South India visit this sanctuary as it offers an excellent fresh water feeding ground before heading north for breeding. About 50,000 to 60,000 birds are visiting this sanctuary annually. The bird species viz., Open billed stork, White Ibis, Black Ibis, Darter, Spot billed pelican, Cormorant and many other species are breeding in this sanctuary. Bar headed goose an endangered species, the highest-flying bird in the world, is the flagship species of this Sanctuary. It is reported to be flying over the Mount Everest from its breeding ground in Ladakh and Tibet. This species (also known for carrying H1N1 bird flu virus) arrive during the end of January and remain until the month of May before flying back to its native land. b. Land Utilisation pattern - Agriculture Agriculture continues to be the most predominant sector of this district economy, as 70 percent of the population is engaged in Agriculture and allied activities for their livelihood. The district has as an area of 1933.38 sq.km with a gross cropped area of around 1.118 lakhs Ha.. The department policy and objectives have been to ensure stability in agricultural production and to increase the agricultural production in a sustainable manner to meet the food requirement of growing population and also to meet the raw material needs of

agro based industries, thereby providing employment opportunities to the rural population. The Agriculture Department has taken up the challenge to achieve higher growth rate in agriculture by implementing several development schemes and propagating of relevant technologies to step up the production. National Agriculture Development Programme, Seed Village Scheme , National Mission On Oilseeds and Oilpalm , National Food Security Mission , Tamil Nadu Cotton Cultivation Mission, National Mission On Sustainable Agriculture, Soil Health Card Mission, Soil health improvement through Bio-fertiliser including Green Manuring, adoption of Integrated Nutrient Management (INM) and Integrated Pest Management (IPM) technologies are given priority through various programmes, besides crop diversification to fetch better return and value addition to agricultural produce which inturn improve the economic status of the farming community. The Ariyalur District has a Geographical area of 1,93,338 Hectares. Of which the net area cropped is 1,11,874 Hectares. Out of which about 45136 Ha are irrigated and about 66,738 Ha are rainfed. The River Cauvery tributary irrigates about 10,389 Ha. in Thirumanur, T.Palur and Jayankondam Block. The normal annual rainfall is 954 mm. Multi various crops are grown in this District and Agriculture is the main occupation for most of the people in the District. Objective: To function as an advisory to the farmers in their day to day agricultural activities, supply of quality seeds, monitoring and making available quality chemical fertilizers, bio fertilizers, bio pesticides besides making available the latest technologies from research institutions with a view to increase the food production and raw material production to cater to the growing needs of the food for the population and raw materials for the industries.

Aim:

1. To sustain the Agricultural cropping Area.

2. To increase the Production and Productivity

3. Double the production and triple the income of the farming community. Department Formation Separate District Joint Director of Agricultural office was established on 01.07.2012 onwards. as per the G.O.Ms.No.74 Agriculture Department.Dated:26.04.2012.

Topology & Agro Climatic Characteristics

Rainfall The Average annual rainfall is 954 mm. This district receives rainfall in all season. But major rainfall received in North East Monsoon only.

Agro climatic zone Tamilnadu divided into major seven major Agro climatic zone. Ariyalur district comes under Zone No : V viz., Cauvery Delta Zone (CDZ). Temperature ranges from Maximum of 38 ℃ and Minimum of 24 ℃. Soils Land of Limestone Ferruginous red loam occurs in Ariyalur district. The texture is usually loamy, the colour varying from red at the surface to yellow at the lower horizon. The soils are of medium depth with good drainage, free from accumulation of salt and calcium carbonate, pH ranging from 6.5 to 8.0 and contain low amounts of organic matter, nitrogen and phosphorus but with generally adequate amounts of potash and lime. Red loam soil is found to be prevalent in Sendurai, T.Palur, Andimadam, Jeyankondam blocks of Ariyalur District. Block soil is found in Thirumanur and Ariyalur blocks of the district.

Irrigation Sources Canal, tank, tube well and open well are the main sources of irrigation in this district. Tube wells / bore wells contribute the major area of irrigation. Canal Irrigation : This district comes under Delta District status. 41 Revenue Villages of the blocks come under Delta Area. Three canal system irrigates Paddy and sugarcane crops in Thirumanur, T.Palur and Jayankondam Blocks of the district. Pullambadi Canal: Origin of this canal is Mukkombu. This canal length is 36 Km and it connects 5 system tanks. Normally this canal opens is August first date, when the Mettur Dam reaches 90 Feet Water Level. This canal irrigates 6000 ha of land in Thirumanur Block. Nandiyaru : Origin of this canal is Nathamangudi village of Lalgudi block. This canal length is 14 Km and It’s drainage canal receive water from drains of Peruvalai and Pullambadi canal. This canal irrigates 2000 ha of land in Thirumanur Block. Ponnaru : Origin of this canal is Kuruvadi Village of Coleroon river of Thirumanur . This canal length is 36 Km and it connects 5 system tanks. This canal irrigates 1877 ha of land in T.Palur Block. Vadavar : Origin of this canal is Lower Anaicut Village of Coleroon river of T.Palur . This canal length is 36 Km. This canal irrigates 463 ha of land in Jeyankondam Block. Major Agricultural Crops. Paddy, Maize, Cotton, Ground nut and sugarcane crops are cultivated in this district. Total normal area is 76400 ha.

District Level Organization Setup

Joint Director of Agriculture is the overall monitoring, supervising and executing authority of all schemes operated under Agriculture department. He is also liaison officer of Allied Department of Agriculture. Block Level Organization Setup

In Ariyalur district, six Agricultural Extension Centre (AEC) are located at block level. Each AEC is headed by Assistant Director of Agriculture. All the schemes are implemented from block level. In Block Level, Agricultural

officer and Deputy Agricultural officer is working under Assistant Director of Agriculture. Each officer equally shares the scheme works. The Agricultural officer monitors the three Assistant Agricultural officers and The Deputy Agricultural officer monitors two Assistant Agricultural officers. The Assistant Seed Officer raises the seed farm for the seed requirement of Block in Paddy, Pulses and oilseed crops. Depot manager sells the seed and other inputs to the farmers. c. Land Utilisation pattern - Horticulture In Ariyalur District the major Horticulture crops grown are Cashew, Mango, Banana, Tapioca, Tomato, Brinjal, Bhendi, Onion, Turmeric, Chillies, In total about 35,000 ha of area covered by various Horticulture crops in this district. Doubling production and tripling income of farmers is the prime policy of our department. Encouraging cultivation of traditional cultivars in horticultural crops, adopting Hi-Tech Horticulture technologies, promoting horticulture as a profitable and viable sector by improved technologies, encouraging farm mechanization and improved Post Harvest Management etc., paves the way for achieving the policy. The strategies of Horticulture Department are to encourage the use of hybrid seeds and quality planting material in area expansion of horticulture crops, hi-tech cultivation, high density planting, promotion of cultivating high value horticulture crops in protected cultivation, use of micro irrigation, pollination support through bee keeping for enhancing the production, Integrated nutrient management, pest and disease management, farm mechanization and Improved Post Harvest Management techniques. The hybrid vegetable protray seedlings will be raised in State Horticulture Farms and distributed to farmers at subsidized cost to increase the area under vegetable cultivation. The major schemes under implementation in Ariyalur district Micro Irrigation scheme under Per Drop More Crop component of Pradhan Mantri Krishi Sinchayee Yojana (PMKSY)

Micro irrigation is an advanced water conservation and management technology that improves water use efficiency by 40-60%. Irrigation is a critical factor for increasing production and productivity of crop. Since, Tamil Nadu has only 3 percent water resources; the State is keen to use irrigation water more economically and efficiently. Besides water use efficiency, fertilizer use efficiency is also ensured by applying fertilizers through irrigation water directly in the root zones. This irrigation technology minimizes the weed growth and reduces the labour requirement. Through Micro irrigation, area under cultivation is increased with available water leads in doubling the 150 production resulted in tripling of farmer’s income. In Tamil Nadu, Government has given big thrust to Micro irrigation and it is the only State in the Country which continued its support to provide 100% subsidy to Small and Marginal farmers and 75% subsidy to other farmers. This scheme is implemented with a sharing pattern of 60:40 between Centre and State. During the year 2017-18 a sum of Rs 808 lakhs is allotted to this scheme to cover an area of 1080 ha under Horticulture crops. National Horticulture Mission The main focus of National Horticulture Mission is to encourage horticulture crops cultivation among farmers. Area expansion of high remunerative horticulture crops such as Vegetables, Fruits, Spices and Condiments, Flowers and Plantation crops is being promoted with adoption of high tech cultivation practices. National Horticulture Mission is implemented with fund sharing pattern of 60:40 between Centre and State Under this scheme assistance was given to the beneficiaries to establish area expansion of mango, protected cultivation, and Pollination support through bee keeping, mechanization of horticulture, Integrated Nutrient Management, Pack house and special intervention. This year financial outlay of Rs 199.359 lakhs is allotted to this district. National Agriculture Development Programme

National Agricultural Development Programme is a shared scheme between Centre and State with 60:40 sharing pattern. Mukkani Development Programme, Agro Eco System Analysis (AESA) based Integrated Pest Management for fruits and vegetables, Low cost onion structure are the various components covered under this scheme. During the year 2017-18, a sum of Rs.21.35 lakhs alloted to this scheme. Rainfed Area Development RAD aims at promoting Integrated Farming System (IFS) with emphasis on multi tier cropping, rotational cropping, inter-cropping, mixed-cropping practices with allied activities like horticulture, livestock, fishery, agro- forestry, apiculture, conservation/ promotion of NTFPs etc. to enable farmers not only in maximizing farm returns for sustaining livelihood, but also to mitigate impacts of drought, flood or other extreme weather events. Rainfed Area Development under National Mission for Sustainable Agriculture is implemented with a sharing pattern of 60:40 between Centre and State. In 2017-18, an outlay of Rs.83.575 lakhs alloted to this scheme.

State Horticulture Farm: Establishment of New state horticulture farm is under progress in keelapaluvur village of Thirumanur block at the cost of Rs. 200 Lakhs. The objective of State Horticulture farms is timely production and distribution of pedigree and quality planting materials of Horticulture crops to the farmers. These farms also serve as demonstration centres on the latest technology, farm mechanization, modern irrigation technologies etc., to the farmers. As a new venture, high yielding varieties/ hybrids of vegetables and flower seedlings are produced in protrays for distribution to the farmers. d.Land Utilisation pattern - Mining Ariyalur District is the evidence of past geological activity for the several million years. Ariyalur formations are due to the transgression and

regression of the sea which is indicated by fossiliferrous Limestone, Sandstone, Clay & Marl. The marine successions are mainly confirmed by Sillakudi, Kallankurichi, Ottakovil, Kallamedu & Ninniyur formations. The minerals such as Limestone, Limekankar & marl available in this district are the important raw material for manufacturing of cement in eight cement plants functioning in Ariyalur District. Fireclay is used for the manufacture of Floor tiles, stoneware pipes, firebricks and in the chemical Industry. The occurrence of Lignite, Oil and gas deposits are reported at Udaiyarpalayam & Andimadam Taluk. Apart from the above major minerals, the common use minor minerals such as ordinary gravel, Brick earth and Laterite are also available in this district. There are 73 major mineral mining leases granted for mining limestone. Eight quarry leases for fireclay and five quarry leases for gravel are granted for quarrying fireclay and gravel respectively.

Land Use Pattern Diagram

SAND MINING IN THE DISTRICT.

The Public Works Department directly operates sand mining in Coleroon River from the year 2003 in the district for the following places as per G.O.Ms No. 95 Industries (MMC-I) Department Dated 01.10.2003.

9. PHYSIOGRAPHY OF THE DISTRICT

Ariyalur is situated in central south-eastern India, almost at the geographic centre of the state of Tamil Nadu.The River Coleroon River is only a flood carrier to Bay of Bengal. By road it is 930.8 kilometres (581.75 mile) south of Hyderabad, 265 kilometres (165.63 mile) south-west of Chennai and 355.8 kilometres (222.37 mile) south-east of Bangalore. The topology of Ariyalur is almost flat, with an average elevation of 100 metres (328 ft). Hill ranges belonging to PachaimalaiHills occupy the northwestern part of the district, where the terrain is rugged.

The two major rivers draining Ariyalur are the Coleroon and its tributary the Maruthaiyar River and Vellar River, but the city is also drained by the Maruthaiyar River and Coleroon River. The land immediately surrounding the Coleroon River—which crosses Ariyalur from west to east— consists of deposits of fertile alluvial soil on which crops such as Sugarcane and paddy are cultivated. Further south, the surface is covered by good- quality black soil.

Fluvial landforms caused by the activity of Cauvery, Marudayar and Vellar river systems, include younger flood plains, older flood plains and buried pediments.

Towards the east, the basin extends into the offshore area. The Precambrian igneous and metamorphic rocks forming the Ceylon massif mark the southern boundary. The basin forms a half-graben morphology trending NE-SW. It is essentially a part of a group of Mesozoic extensional

basins formed all along the eastern continental margin of peninsular India, and herefore it has been classified as pericratonic basin (Sastri et al 1981, Biswas et al 1993). The sedimentary successions onshore exceed 5500m in thickness with stratigraphic record from Barremian (135 Ma) to Recent. The occasional occurrence of trough cross bedded sandstone sequence is channel deposits whose current strength was variable and inconsistent. The bivariate textural plots also supplemented the data on fluvial signatures. The intense weathering of the Pre-cambrian gneissic and granitic rocks in the source area lying towards west released copious supply of fine kaolinitic clays to be deposited in the swamp basins. The occurrence of illitic clays could be attributed to diagentic alteration of kaolinitic clays in alkaline milieu. Latter at the end of the Maastrichtian the basin experienced a semiarid climate with the development of calcrete layers at the top of the sequence. Perhaps a good amount of reworked sediments from older Cretaceous units was possible with the occurrence of enormous number of casts of invertebrates. Kallamedu Formation in the Ariyalur area is a distinct lithological unit which is underlain and overlain by true marine formations with enriched marine faunal materials such as Ottakoil and Niniyur (Paleocene) units. The Kallamedu sediments have suffered moderate burial diagenesis as evident from grains packing in thin sections. Few grain fracturing features are also observed.

In the district, the Ariyalur,Thirumanur, Sendurai, Jayamkondam, Andimadam and T.Palur blocks falls under recent alluvial formation. The sand produced by the tide and flow of river Coleroon. The sediments of the river Coleroon is derived from archean gneissie and charnockitic source region.The sediments posses the geochemical signature of prominently exposed source of rocks for almost of all elements.

10.Rainfall month wise

Rainfall data in mm in Ariyalur district

SL. Normal Rainfall No Month During After 2016 2017 2018 2019 the the month month

1. January 16.00 16.00 -Nill- 108.30 25.78 -Nill-

2. February 13.00 29.00 -Nill- -Nill- -Nill- -Nill-

3. March 12.00 41.00 -Nill- 18.52 4.53 -Nill-

4. April 24.00 65.00 -Nill- -Nill- 1.20 2.25

5. May 47.00 112.00 89.38 25.15 46.48 4.62

6. June 42.00 154.00 28.20 98.85 96.50 -

7. July 48.00 202.00 91.22 58.30 25.00 -

8. August 95.00 297.00 141.85 191.98 74.28 -

9. September 172.00 469.00 59.30 199.73 22.55 -

10. October 172.00 641.00 61.85 140.73 200.23 -

11. November 233.00 874.00 30.20 206.20 297.85 -

12. December 80.00 954.00 36.43 144.83 20.15 -

Total 954.00 954.00 538.43 1192.57 814.55 6.87

11. GEOLOGY AND MINERAL WEALTH.

The Cretaceous formation of the Ariyalur (Ariyalur District, Tamil Nadu) is one of the best developed sedimentary sequences in South India. The Cretaceous system of Cauvery Basin consists of shallow marine sequence with a rich faunal succession of Albian–Maastrichtian.

Geological map of Ariyalur District and Cauvery basin (Sundaram et. al 2001)

Blanford (1862) was the first to work on the stratigraphy of this formation and he divided the litho-units into three groups: Uttatur, Trichinopoly and Ariyalur. These three groups are largely disconformable and occasionally unconformable at places. The geology and the stratigraphy of this area are accounted by many workers (Rama Rao, 1956; Ramanathan, 1968; Banerji, 1972, Sastri et al, 1972; ONGC, 1977; Sundaram and Rao, 1979 & 1986; Ramasamy and Banerji, 1991; Banerji et al, 1996; Gonvindan et al, 1996). Ramasamy and Banerji (1991) have revised the stratigraphic framework of the exposed Pre-Ariyalur sequence based on detailed lithological and petrographical variations. Banerji et al., (1996) have redefined the Uttatur Group and identified within it four distinct formations comprising reefoidal bodies, sandy clay, coarse sand bar and gypsiferous siltyclay units. Madavaraju (1996) has presented a detailed geochemical and petrographical account of Ariyalur Group of sediments and Kallamedu Formation is the youngest unit of this group. Further REE distribution and its importance in establishing anoxic/oxic conditions in lime rich Kallankurichi formation was attempted by Madavaraju and Ramasamy (1999).

Ammonite Fossil in Ariyalur formation

The sedimentary rocks of Cretaceous – Palaeocene age are well developed in the Ariyalur area, which consist both clastic and carbonate facies. The diversity of fauna is very large in the vast sedimentary basin that has attracted the attention of geologists not only from India but also from foreign countries. Sastry et al., (1972) have further divided the Ariyalur

Group into four formations mainly based on lithological changes and characteristic faunal content: i) Sillakudi ii) Kallankurichi iii) Ottakoil and iv) Kallamedu Formations. This classification has been followed by various workers of varied interests. Kallamedu Formation (Late Maastrichtian) is the youngest formation of the Ariyalur Group and it exhibits large variation in lithology. The exposed area looks like a bad land topography with sparse vegetation. Excavation at favourable spots in Kallamedu Formation has yielded a number of well-preserved skeletal parts of Carnosaurs (Yadagiri and Ayyasami, 1987). The lithological association of this formation includes sandstone, siltstone, calcareous sandstone, silty shale and thin band of limestone. The sandstone and siltstone are well exposed in the nallah sections near north of Kallamedu village (Fig. 1). Govindan et al. (1996) have assigned Maastrichtian age for the continental deposits of the Kallamedu Formation. Kallamedu Formation is overlained by the Niniyur formation of early Paleocene age.

The late Cretaceous sediments are exposed in the western part of the study area and classified into Uttatur, Trichinopoly and Ariyalur formations with a maximum thickness of 900 m, 600 m and 1500 m, respectively. The Uttatur formation consists of reefoidal limestone and minor sandstone, with rich faunal assemblages. Conglomerates and quartzites are also found to occur in the Uttatur group of rocks. These rocks are exposed only in Trichirapalli area where they are overlying Gondwana and Dalmiapuram formations. The sub-surface equivalent of the Uttatur formation, is devoid of reefoidal elements. The Trichinopoly formation, unconformably overlying the Uttatur formation, comprises conglomerate, pebbly sandstone as well as gritty calcareous sandstone with bands of claystone, gypseous claystone, sandy limestone, shelly limestone and clayey limestone with abundant fauna. They are exposed in Ariyalur, Vridhachalam and Pondicherry areas. The rocks are mainly greenish grey, friable clayey sandstone, fossiliferous

argillaceous limestone and sandstone. The lower part of Ariyalur formation is highly fossiliferous while the upper is largely unfossiliferous. i) Evolution of Cauvery Basin The Cretaceous–Paleocene sections of Cauvery Basin are closely related to the rifting and drifting phases of peninsular India. The basement is characterized by structural highs and lows, these being evidenced by strong tectonic activity affecting the basin since its inception. Two major tectonic and sedimentary phases are deciphered. The first is taphrogenic rifting and associated block movements along the dominant NE-SW trend during Late Jurassic, resulting in morphotectonic humps and deep slopes. The second phase signifies coastal progradational/deltaic sedimentation through a series of marine transgression and regression in response to the oscillatory tectonic movements. During Paleocene, the basin continued to tilt towards east and deposits consequently shifted. Cauvery basin comprises of depressions separated from one another by subsurface ridges; these structural elements extend into the offshore area. The structural elements from north- south are, (1) Ariyalur Pondicherry depression, (2)Kumbakonam– Madnam-Shiyal ridge (3) Tanjore Tranquibar–Nagapattinam depression (4) Pattukottai– Mannargudi ridge (5) Ramnad–Palk Bay depression (6) Mandapam - Delft ridge. The first marine transgression occurred during the

close of Late Jurassic. The marine environments of sedimentation continued till Cretaceous although a series of minor transgressions and regressions. A major regression occurred during the close of Cretaceous. The basin underwent an easterly tilt and the depocentres shifted due east prior to marine transgression during the beginning of Paleocene.The evolution of Cauvery basin is largely controlled by dominant trends in the Precambrian crystalline basement as is evident from the similarity between the alignment of the basinal structural elements and the major trends in the adjoining peninsular shield. ii) Lithostratigraphic Classification

Blanford (1862) has classified the Cretaceous sediments of Cauvery Basin into: Uttatur plant beds, Uttatur and Trichinopoly Groups. Krishnan (1943) classified the Cretaceous sections into four stages: Uttatur (Cenomanian to Uppermost Albian), Trichinopoly (Mid-Cenomanian to MidTuronian), Ariyalur (Maastrichtian to Mid- Cenomanian) and Niniyur (Danian to Maastrichtian). Ramanathan (1968) has divided the Upper Jurassic to Cretaceous sections of Cauvery basin into three formations: Upper Gondwana (Bathonian to Neocomian), Uttatur (Barremian to Albian) and Trichinopoly (Turonian to Upper Cenomanian). Nair (1974) introduced two groups for the Cretaceous sections: Ariyalur for Maastrichtian age and Uttatur for the rest part of the Cretaceous age. Sundaram and Rao (1976) proposed three groups for Cretaceous of Cauvery Basin: Uttatur, Trichinopoly and Ariyalur. Govindan (1998) complied the outcrop and subcrop sediments are proposed the sediments classification.

(a). DISTRICT WISE DETAIL OF RIVER OR STREAM AND OTHER SAND SOURCES

1. Coleroon River

The River Coleroon formed by the northern bifurcation of the Cauvery river just west of srirangam. The Coleroon River flows in an easterly and then north easterly direction for about 95 miles (150kms) and empties into bay of Bengal. The River Coleroon acts as flood carrier for Cauvery River and carries heavy sediment flow during flood season. It is necessary to maintain the hydrogeological cross section of Coleroon to safely discharge of maximum flood i.e.,4,80,000cusecs in the chainage of Erode, Karur, Namakkal, Trichy and Ariyalur districts.

Other rivers in Ariyalur district are Maruthaiyar and Vellar River.

(i) Maruthaiyar River

The Marudaiayaru Sub basin is bounded on West by Pachaimalai Hills , south by Cauvery delta, East by Coleroon River and North by Chinnar and Anaivari Odai Sub basin. The Sub basin is located at the latitude from 10058’38”North to 11014’00”North and Longitude from 78052’00”79015’00” East to 79015’00” Eeast.

Marudaiyaru originates from eastern slope of pachaimalai hills in Perambalur Taluk and District. This river confluence with river coleroon near Sathampady village, after travelling a total distance of nearly 70.40 km in Perambalur and Ariyalur Districts. The total catchment area of Marudaiyaru is 786.30sq.km (307.15 sq.mile). This river receives its supply during both the monsoon periods, and gets heavy flood discharge in short period especially during northeast monsoon and the flood water flow empties into sea through river coleroon without giving any irrigation facilities in its basin.

MARUTHAIYAR RIVER- FLOW DIAGRAM

MARUTHAIYAR RIVER- SANNASI NALLUR VILLAGE

MARUTHAIYAR RIVER- VARANAVASI VILLAGE

(ii). Vellar River

Vellar is a river which originates in the Shevaroy Hills and runs through the districts of Salem, Perambalur and Cuddalore in the northern part of the Indian state of Tamil Nadu before draining into the Bay of Bengal near Parangipettai.The total length of the Vellar River is about 150 kilometres (93 mile). The total area of the basin is 7,520.87 square kilometres (2,903.82 sq mile). The Vellar river basin is in the northern part of Tamil Nadu State in South India. This basin is between the Ponnaiar, Paravanar and Cauvery river basins. The terrain lying in the Kalrayan hills, Attur Taluk of Salem District is drained by river upper velar, Vasis ta Nadhi known as Upper Vellar joined with to form the Vellar in the Perambalur Taluk of Permabalur District.The river Vellar has six named tributaries. They are Anaimaduvu, Swethanadhi, Kallar, Chinnar, Manimukthanadhi, and Gomukhi.

A portion of Dharmapuri, Salem, Namakkal, Perambalur, Trichy, Villupuram and Cuddalore districts fall within the Vellar river basin. Manimukthanadhi, which is the major tributary, also originates from Kalrayan hills in Villupuram district, traverses about 111 kilometres (69 mile) and joins Vellar near Srimushnam in Chidambararm taluk of Cuddalore District. Upper Vellar drains the water from the southern slopes of the Kalrayan hills on the northern boundary of Attur Taluk of Salem district. It originates at an elevation of 1,266 metres (4,154 ft) above mean sea level. At its starting point, it is known as Anaimaduvu River and flows southwards for 23 kilometres (14 mile) and then south-east.

One reservoir constructed across Anaimaduvu River is called Anaimaduvu reservoir. Just 3 kilometres (1.9 mile) below this point another tributary known as Thumbal River, formed by two drainages viz., Karyakoil river and Ammapalayam river flowing southwards from Kottaipatti pass on

the Kalrayan hills, joins on the left flank. Another stream called Periyar originating in Jalluthu Reserve forest just 8 kilometres (5 mile) east of Salem taluk joins this stream. As Periyar River approaches Salem - Attur road it bends eastwards and receives on the south, the Singipuram River. Vasistanadi then flows towards southeast for about 26 kilometres (16 mile) along with boundary between Attur and Perambalur Taluk of Perambalur district on the one side and Vridhachalam taluk of Cuddalore district on the other.Near Peraiyur in the Perambalur taluk, it is joined by Swetanadhi 4 kilometres (2.5 mile) to the west of the Chennai–Trichy National Highway near Tholudur in Cuddalore district. In the reach between the confluence points of Singipuram and Swetanadhi with Vasistanadhi, the tributaries Kallar and Saval Odai join the main river: on the left flank and Chittar, Koraiyar, Manjani Odai and Ellar Odai on the flank join the Vasistanadhi. The drainage area up to the confluence with the Swetanadhi is 1,772 square kilometres (684 sq mile). An area of 10,572 hectares (26,120 acres) is irrigated through 70 tanks and 79 anicuts.

VELLAR RIVER- SANNASI NALLUR VILLAGE

100

VELLAR RIVER – THALAVAI NORTH VILLAGE

The River Vellar has been flooded in the parts of Cuddalore due to the heavy rainfall in Tamil Nadu in the November and December months of 2015. Prior to 2015, it flooded two to three times over the past 10 years.

101

VELLAR RIVER- FLOW DIAGRAM

Climatic Characteristics: Humidity and Wind of Ariyalur District

Ariyalur has a tropical climate. The summers are much rainer than the winters in Ariyalur. This climate is considered to be Aw according to

102

the Koppen-Heiger climate classification. The average temperature in Ariyalur district is 29.60c.The average rainfall is1139mm.

Climograph of Ariyalur District

Temperature graph Ariyalur

The image part with relationship ID rId101 was not found in the file.

103

Ariyalur Climate Table / Historical weather Data

January February March April May June July August September October November December Avg. Temperature (°C) 24.4 25.7 27.7 30.4 33.1 32.5 31 30.4 29.8 28.1 25.8 24.7

Min. Temperature (°C) 19.5 20.2 22.4 25.7 27.9 27.3 26.3 25.7 25.2 24.1 22.3 20.6

Max. Temperature (°C) 29.4 31.2 33 35.2 38.4 37.8 35.7 35.1 34.4 32.2 29.4 28.9

Avg. Temperature (°F) 75.9 78.3 81.9 86.7 91.6 90.5 87.8 86.7 85.6 82.6 78.4 76.5

Min. Temperature (°F) 67.1 68.4 72.3 78.3 82.2 81.1 79.3 78.3 77.4 75.4 72.1 69.1

Max. Temperature (°F) 84.9 88.2 91.4 95.4 101.1 100.0 96.3 95.2 93.9 90.0 84.9 84.0

Precipitation / Rainfall 19 4 2 13 51 52 95 132 112 229 313 (mm)

104

Humidity

Ariyalur has a moderately dry climate, with humidity slightly above normal. The town experiences mild winters and humid summers. The monsoon rain between mid- October and extending until yearly or mid- January. The Ariyalur experiences some seasonal variation in the perceived humidity.

Humidity Graph

Wind:-

105

The windier part of the year lasts for 3.2 months, from May 26 to September 02 with average wind speed of more than 9.1 miles / hour. The windiest day of the year is June 30 th , with an average hourly wind speed of 12.4 miles / hour.

The calmer time of year lasts for 8.7 months, from September 2 to May 26 th . The calmest day of the year in October 21 st with an average hourly wind speed of 5.8 miles / hour.

Average wind speed diagram

106

The predominant average hourly wind direction in Ariyalur varies through out the year. The wind is most often from the west for 5.4 months, from May 8 to October 19 th , with a peak percentage of 96 % on July 6 th . The wind is most often from the east for 3.3 weeks from October 19 th to November 11 th and for 3.7 months, from December 17 th to April 8 th , with a peak percentage of 43% on November 9 th .

The wind is most often from the North for 1.2 months, from November 11 th to December 17 th , with a peak percentage of 52 % on December 6 th .

Wind direction diagram

107

Methodology And Guiding Principles

The trace of each and every river/ stream was covered and studied on the following principles of Geology/River bed mining: The general geology of the area;

The presence of any major geological structure;

Origin of river;

Pattern of primary / secondary/ tertiary streams;

Total catchments;

General profile of river/streams;

Meandering Pattern;

Bank stability;

Total potential of river bed in reference to minor mineral;

General slope of the river / stream;

Morphogenetic regions.

In Addition to above, presence of the following objects were also studied:- The presence of any WSS Schemes

Bridges

Agriculture fields

Bank protection works

Plantation etc.

108

Following are the important guiding principles considered while recommending the river / stream bed or part of the river / stream bed for collection for minor minerals:-

• The production of aggregate area is a function of the availability of natural resources, the size of population, the economy of the area and various developmental and infrastructural works being undertaken in the area like road construction, hydro-electric projects etc. Further, being a low- value, high-volume mineral commodity, the prices are dramatically affected by transportation distances. If the distance increases, the transportation cost may increase much more than the cost of the aggregates. • A stable river is able to consistently transport the flow of sediments produced by watershed such that its dimension (width and depth) pattern and vertical profile are maintained without aggrading ( building up) or degrading ( scouring down) • The amount of boulders, cobbles, pebbles and sand deposited in riverbed equals to the amount delivered to the river from watershed and from bank erosion minus amount transported downstream each year. • It is compulsive nature for river to meander in their belts and therefore they will have to be provided with adequate corridor for meandering without hindrance. Any attempt to diminish the width of this corridor (floodway) and curb their freedom to meander would prove counterproductive. • Erosion and deposition is law of nature. The river/stream has to complete its geomorphological cycle from youth, mature to old age.

• River capturing is unavoidable.

• Erosion in upstream and deposition in downstream.

• Tendency of the river / stream toward grade.

• Fundamentally, the lowest point of any stream is fixed by Sea Level.

109

• The ratio between the width of meander belt and width of the stream decreases as the width of the stream increases.

• Formation, Bank erosion and Replenishment of any specific riverbed depends Primarily upon:

The Geology of the area;

River Profile;

Nature of source;

Rainfall in catchments;

Morphogenetic region;

Catchments geomorphology;

Efficiency of River / Stream ( i.e erosive power);

The competency of the river / Stream ( i.e transport heaviest stone);

The capacity of the River/Stream ( i.e volume of transportation);

Hydraulic radius of the River / Stream (ratio between cross sectional area and length of wetted perimeter)

Secondarily upon: Geological structures;

Porosity of formation;

Run off in the catchments;

Forest cover;

In addition to the above following man made factors are also involved.

Type of agriculture;

110

Encroachment on flood plain leaving least space for meandering;

Any barrier on river / stream bed i.e banks , dams and bridge foundations etc;

Throwing of debris into the river/stream course;

Drying up of river courses due to construction of dams, thereby reducing the efficiency and capacity of the river / stream. The total potential of the river / stream bed is calculated up to the depth of one meter and in the workable span. Total potential or annual replenishment is not necessarily mineable. Mine ability depends upon the availability of approachable roads, distance from the general conditions of policy viz distances from WSS Schemes, bridges etc and overall on the market demand etc. Thus keeping these factors into consideration 60% of the total potential has been taken for the purpose of exploitation of minor minerals.

Method For calculation of Reserves:

For the calculation of total reserves of minor minerals available in the river bed, length, average width and depth of the river bed for which the exploitation is to be carried out / allowed under rule / prevailing instructions of the Govt. was taken into consideration. The volume thus obtained is multiplied with the bulk density which has been assumed as 1.65 for all types of minor minerals.

Thus reserves up to particular datum line i.e one meter below the surface have been calculated.

Total reserves of minor minerals ( M.T.)= Length x Width x Height i.e Depth x Density.

For the annual replenishment of minor mineral reserves, the average annual mean depth up to which the replenishment of minor mineral

111

takes place annually, has been taken into consideration which depends upon the annual rainfall factor and geology of the catchments area. b. District wise availability of sand sources

1.Availability of sand in coleroon river length of area recommended for mineral concession 60.80 Km (Full Stretch) is 1564 million metric tonne.

2.1.Availability of sand in MarudaiyarRiver length of 70.40 Km has no mineral potential to the full stretched of the River.

3.Availability of sand in VellarRiver length of area recommended for mineral concession 150.00 Km (Full Stretch) is 148.5 million metric tonne. c. District wise detail of existing mining leases of sand and aggregates.

1. Alathiyur Cart Road sandQuarry in Vellar River in SF No.80 part to

aextent of 3.65.0 Hectares of Latitude 11°22’10.77” to 11°22’20.51” and

Longitude 79°14’18.30” to 79°14’29.86”.

2. Thirumanur sand Quarry in Coleroon River in SF No.158 part to aextent

of 16.00.0 Hectares of Latitude 10°55’42.39” , 10°55’49.73”, 10°55’38.98”,

10°55’31.64” and Longitude , 79°06’42.63”,79°06’50.06, 79°06’39.18”.

DRAINAGE SYSTEM WITH DESCRIPTION OF MAIN RIVERS

S.NO Name of the Area drained % Area River drained in (Sq. km) the District

1. COLEROON 1200 60 %

112

SALIENT FEATURES OF IMPORTANT RIVERS AND STREAMS

S.NO Name of the Total Place of Altitude at River or Length in Origin Origin Stream the District (in Km) (m)

Upper anicut 72.65m (Flood 1. COLEROON 60.80 (Mukkombu) Carrier for River Cauvery)

Eastern slope of pachaimalai hills 2. MARUTHAIYAR 70.40 in Perambalur 890.00m Taluk and District

Shevaroy Hills 3. VELLAR 150.00 of Salem 1266.00m District

SL River or Portion of Length of Average Area Mineable .N stream the river or area width of recommen Mineral o stream recommen area ded for Potential recommend ded for recommend mineral (in ed for mineral ed for concession Million mineral concession mineral (in square Metric concession (in Km) concession) meter) Tonne) (60% of (in m) total mineral potential )

1. COLEROON Full stretch. 60.80 1300 79.04x10 6 1564

MARUTHAI 2. No mineral Potential. YAR

Full stretch. 3. VELLAR 150.00 250 37.5x10 6 148.5

113

Mineral Potential

Boul der in Bajari in Million Sand in Total Mineable Million Metric Metric Tonne Million Metric Mineral Potential in Tonne Tonne Million Metric Tonne

------1564 MMT 1564 MMT

Annual Deposition

Bouler (MT) Bajari (MT) Sand in Total Mineable Mineral Million Metric Potential in Million Tonne Metric Tonne

------44 MMT 44 MMT

SL River or stream Portion of Length of Average Area Mineable .N the river area width of recommend Mineral o or stream recommen area ed for Potential recommen ded for recommend mineral (in Million ded for mineral ed for concession Metric mineral concession mineral (in square Tonne) concession (in Km) concession) meter) (60% of (in m) total mineral potential)

1. COLEROON Full stretch. 60.80 1300 79.04x10 6 1564

2. MARUTHAIYAR No mineral Potential. 3. VELLAR Full stretch. 150.00 250 37.5x10 6 148.5

CONCLUSION/RECOMMENDATION :

The mining will generate direct and indirect employment during mining operations. In general, there will be no adverse effect on human health as no blasting or handling of toxic material involved in sand mining. All the

114

Scanned by CamScanner