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The Sustainable Built Environment CONTENTS THE SUSTAINABLE BUILT ENVIRONMENT The Sustainable Built Environment - Volume 1 No. of Pages: 490 ISBN: 978-1-84826-060-3 (eBook) ISBN: 978-1-84826-510-3 (Print Volume) The Sustainable Built Environment - Volume 2 No. of Pages: 472 ISBN: 978-1-84826-061-0 (eBook) ISBN: 978-1-84826-511-0 (Print Volume) For more information of e-book and Print Volume(s) order, please click here Or contact : [email protected] ©Encyclopedia of Life Support Systems (EOLSS) SUSTAINABLE BUILT ENVIRONMENT CONTENTS VOLUME I The Sustainable Built Environment 1 Jong-Jin Kim, College of Architecture and Urban Planning, University of Michigan, USA 1. Introduction 1.1. Environmental impacts of building 1.1.1. Shortage of building materials 1.1.2. Noise, vibration, dust, and traffic disruptions 1.1.3. Food wastes 1.1.4. Water pollution 1.1.5. Disruption of natural scenery 1.1.6. Disappearing green spaces in urban areas 1.2. Environmental impact of economic development 1.3. Building and the environment 2. Sustainable built environments 2.1. Economy of resources 2.1.1. Building materials 2.1.2. Energy 2.1.3. Water 2.1.4. Consumer goods 2.1.5. On-site natural resources 2.2. Life-cycle design 2.2.1. Three Phases of building materials 2.2.1.1. Pre-Building Phase 2.2.1.2. Building Phase 2.2.1.3. Post - Building Phase 2.3. Humane design 2.3.1. Human well-being 2.3.2. Coexistence with fellow living organisms 3. Attributes of environmental sustainability 3.1. Pollution prevention measures in manufacturing 3.2. Waste reduction measures in manufacturing 3.3. Recycled content 3.4. Embodied energy reduction 3.5. Use of natural materials 3.6. Reduction of construction waste 3.5. Use of natural materials 3.4. Embodied energy reduction 3.3. Recycled content 3.2. Waste reduction measures in manufacturing 3.1. Pollution prevention measures in manufacturing 3.7. Local materials 3.8. Energy efficiency 3.9. Water efficiency 3.10. Use of non-toxic materials 3.11. Renewable energy systems 3.12. Durability 3.13. Reuse 3.14. Recycling 3.15. Biodegradibility 4. Technological innovation and built environments 4.1. Electronic technology in buildings 4.2. Functional shift of built environments ©Encyclopedia of Life Support Systems (EOLSS) i SUSTAINABLE BUILT ENVIRONMENT 4.3. Human interaction 5. Information technology and built environments 5.1. Office automation 5.2. Telecommunications 5.3. Building systems 5.4. Building decentralization 5.5. Design intelligence 5.5.1. Team design approach 5.5.2. Bio-climatic built environments 6. Future directions Urban Design 36 A .Inam, Taubman College of Architecture and Urban Planning, University of Michigan, USA 1. Introduction 2. Meaningful Urban Design 3. Teleological 4. Catalytic 5. Relevant 6. Future Directions in Urban Design Sustainable Community Development and Urban Design 55 A . Loukaitou-Sideris, Department of Urban Planning, University of California—Los Angeles, USA 1. Introduction 2. Search for Sustainablility in the Inner City 3. The Byzantine-Latino Quarter: Integrating Urban Design and Community Development 3.1. The Context and History of the Neighborhood 3.2. The Process of Collaboration: Towards a Sustainable Plan of Action 3.3. Reclaiming Small Urban Spaces 3.3.1. Cleaning the streets as an exercise in community development 3.3.2. Eliminating negative landmarks 3.3.3. Trashcan containers as canvas for public art 3.3.4. Decorating building facades 3.3.5. Greening the neighborhood 3.3.6. Forging an identity: Linking the past with the future 4. The Problems of Forging Sustainable Development in the Inner City 5. Conclusion: Rethinking Sustainable Urban Design Urban Infrastructure and Morphosis 72 S. D. Luoni, School of Architecture, University of Florida, USA 1. Introduction 2. Material Flows 3. Mobilization Versus Civilization: The Stresses of Movement 4. Building Recombinant Ecologies 4.1. The Shared Street Concept 4.2. Hydric Parks and the Management of Water 4.2.1. Stormwater Treatment 4.2.2. Wastewater Treatment 4.3. Ecologies as Urban Fabrics: Solving for Pattern 4.3.1. Site as Generator of Energy 5. Conclusion: New Theaters of Public Life ©Encyclopedia of Life Support Systems (EOLSS) ii SUSTAINABLE BUILT ENVIRONMENT Urban Renewal 94 U. Greinacher, College of Design, Architecture, Art, and Planning, University of Cincinnati, USA 1. Introduction 2. Background 3. Montereys Transformation from a Derelict Industrial Landscape into a Prime Tourist Attraction 3.1. Lessons Learnt 4. The Making of Savannahs Historic Downtown 4.1. Lessons Learnt 5. New York: Manhattans Chinatown 5.1. Lessons Learnt 6. Conclusion Zoning and Regulatory Policies 114 A . Garvin, Professor, Yale University, and Commissioner, New York City Planning Commission, USA 1. Introduction 2. Private Land Use Regulation 3. The Police Power 4. Land Use Regulation Strategies 5. Comprehensive Zoning 6. New York City Zoning Resolutions of 1916 and 1961 7. Land Use 8. Density 9. Bulk 10. Building Placement 11. Open Space 12. Variances 13. Village of Euclid, Ohio v. Ambler Realty Co. 14. Incentive Zoning 15. Exactions 16. Special Districts 17. Growth Management 18. Smart Growth and Sustainable Development 19. Environmental Review 20. The National Environmental Policy Act of 1969 21. Land Use Regulation as a Planning Strategy Emerging Issues in Building Design 137 Raymond J. Cole, School of Architecture, University of British Columbia, Canada 1. Introduction 1.1. Changing Context 1.2. Sustainability 2. Environmental Context 2.1. Green and Sustainable Buildings 2.2. Climate Change 2.3. Clean Energy 2.4. Material Resources 2.4.1. Materials Production 2.4.2. Materials Use 3. Technological Context 3.1. Direct Technologies 3.2. Indirect Technological Advance 3.2.1. Demobilization 3.2.2. Dematerialization ©Encyclopedia of Life Support Systems (EOLSS) iii SUSTAINABLE BUILT ENVIRONMENT 4. Social and Cultural Context 4.1. World-Views 4.2. Space-Time 4.3. Automated and User Control 5. Conclusions Environmentally Friendly Building Materials 162 David Rousseau, Archemy Consulting Ltd., Vancouver, B.C, Canada 1. Introduction 2. The global role of building materials 2.1. Global scale of resource use 2.2. Demand created by global urbanization 3. Material environmental life-cycle: resource extraction; manufacturing; transportation; use 3.1. Extraction 3.2. Manufacturing 3.3. Transportation 3.4. Installation and use 3.5. Reuse/recycling or disposal 4. Material Assessment Methods 5. Other economic factors 6. Material economic life cycle 6.1. Building materials and local economies 7. Broad categories of materials 7.1. Low Tech-to-High Tech 7.2. Labor Content 8. Specific types of materials 8.1. Wood products and other plant fiber 8.2. Minerals 8.3. Metals 8.4. Petrochemicals 9. Summary global trends 10. Healthy Materials Resource Conscious Building Design Methods 186 C. J. Kibert, Rinker School of Building Construction, University of Florida, USA 1. Introduction 2. Resource-Efficiency and Sustainable Construction 2.1. Resource-Efficiency as a Key Concept of Sustainable Construction 2.2. Resource-Efficiency Economics 3. Ecology as the Basis for Resource Efficient Design 3.1. Ecological Concepts 3.2. Industrial Ecology as a Starting Point 3.3. Rules of the Production-Consumption System 3.4. The Golden Rules of Eco-Design 3.5. Construction Ecology 4. Resource-Efficient Strategies for Building Design 4.1. Materials Selection 4.2. Energy Strategies 4.3. Water, Wastewater, Stormwater 4.4. Land Use 4.5. Landscape as a Resource 5. Case Study 5.1. Design and Construction 5.2. Use and Refurbishment ©Encyclopedia of Life Support Systems (EOLSS) iv SUSTAINABLE BUILT ENVIRONMENT 5.3. Demolition/End Use 6. Conclusions Intelligent Buildings 209 Show-Ling Wen, Department of Architecture and Urban Design, Chinese Culture University, Taipei, Taiwan Chiang-Pi Hsiao, Architecture and Building Research Institute (ABRI), Taipei, Taiwan Ching-Tzu Chen, College of Environmental Design, Chinese Culture University, Taipei, Taiwan 1. Introduction 2. Development of Intelligent Buildings 2.1. Background 2.2. Emergence of Intelligent Buildings 3. Current Developments of Intelligent Building 3.1. What are Intelligent Buildings? 3.2. Current Developments in Intelligent Building 4. Design of Intelligent Buildings 5. Future Developments of Intelligent Buildings Homes for People with Multiple Chemical Sensitivities 226 J. Wasley, Department of Architecture, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, USA 1. Introduction 2. Defining Multiple Chemical Sensitivity (MCS) 3. A History of Indoor Air Quality Problems 4. Indoor Air Pollutants 5. The Design of Dwellings for people with MCS 5.1. Introduction 5.2. Programming: Determining Individual Standards 5.3. Health and Climate 5.4. Site Selection 5.5. Site Design 5.6. Architectural Plan 5.7. Exterior Envelope Assemblies 5.8. Materials and Finishes 5.9. Ventilation 5.10. Combustion Safety 5.11. Construction Practices 6. Case Study: Barrhaven Community Housing for the Environmentally Hypersensitive 7. Current Trends and Issues for the Future 7.1. Introduction 7.2. Current Trends 7.3. Work Remaining 7.4. MCS, Health and the Future of Green Building Environmental Standards 260 Robert Lowe, Professor of Energy and Sustainability in the Built Environment, Leeds Metropolitan University, UK 1. Introduction 2. Theoretical approaches to setting environmental standards 3. Environmental standards from classical times to 1970 4. Acid Rain - the development of the first international environmental standards to regulate trans- boundary pollution 5. Development of global environmental standards - ozone depletion and CFCs ©Encyclopedia of Life Support Systems (EOLSS) v SUSTAINABLE BUILT ENVIRONMENT 6. Climate Change 7. Conclusions Environment, Energy and Health in Housing Design 278 L. Morawska, International Laboratory for Air Quality and Health, School of Physical and Chemical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia M. Jamriska, International Laboratory for Air Quality and Health, School of Physical and Chemical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia 1. Introduction 2. A system: human, house and the environment 2.1. Housing and its impact on human health and well-being 2.2.
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