DOCSLIB.ORG

Commodity Fetishism, ‘Tradition’

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Commodity Fetishism, ‘Tradition’ BOSTON UNIVERSITY METROPOLITAN COLLEGE Thesis FROM FRUITCAKE TO FOAM: COMMODITY FETISHISM, ‘TRADITION’, AND THE EVOLUTION OF THE WEDDING CAKE By LUCY R. VALENA B.A., Hampshire College, 2007 Submitted in partial fulfillment of the Requirements for the degree of Master of Liberal Arts in Gastronomy 2015 1 2 Acknowledgements I am thoroughly indebted to my first reader, Ben Siegel, for his patience and help as I found my way through this process. This was very difficult for me, and I really would have been lost without him. Thank you also to my second reader, Karen Metheny, for the detailed edits and thorough proofread. My experience in the Gastronomy program was life-changing, and I feel very fortunate to have had the opportunity to complete it. Thank you to my former staff at Voltage Coffee & Art for covering my shifts when needed. Thank you to my parents Dale and Edso for their support in all of my wild adventures, including this one. Most of all, thank you to my husband John for so many delicious late night dinners of roasted vegetables and sparkling wine, and for patiently listening to many tangents about royal icing, etc. 3 Introduction Food is complicated. While food studies scholars have argued for decades about the proper approach with which to ‘read’ food, one thing that everyone in the discipline can agree on is this: the preparation of food is more than a survival mechanism, and when we consume food, we are consuming far more than mere calories and other nutrients. As a social ‘language’, food is often discussed as a site for identity creation and performance of status. However, the research done within the field of food studies tends to focus on everyday activities. Local foodways, food attitudes, and cooking practices are general components of daily life in any given society. The similarities and differences of how these practices manifest provide a useful ‘lens’ for understanding different groups of people, whether the focus is across cultures or class lines. This rigorous examination of daily activities was first called for by feminist scholars in the 1970’s, as the study of homelife and ‘interior’ female space serves to legitimize work traditionally done by women.1 These studies strive to level the fields of history and other social sciences which generally focus on the ‘exterior’, male-dominated spaces of war and industry. In the movement towards the everyday and away from the epic, a gap in understanding has emerged within the field of food studies. While the foods we prepare and consume on a daily basis have been examined through many different angles, not 1 A survey of these studies can be found in Felski, Rita. “The Invention of Everyday Life.” Doing Time: ​ Feminist Theory and Postmodern Culture. New York: New York University Press. 2000. 77-98 4 enough questions are asked about the foods that definitively fall outside of this category. The wedding cake, a food that for all intents and purposes one is expected to purchase only once in a lifetime, is an excellent example of such a foodstuff. A dream-like object that “speaks of the liminality of the wedding day itself—a transitory 2 state between two more prosaic realities,” the wedding cake serves as the centerpiece for a day that is absolutely unlike all other days in the life of an individual. The modern wedding, defined by an emphasis on luxury and romance, represents a separate space from ordinary life. As a ceremonial food inextricably tied to liminal space, wedding cake is worthy of serious inquiry. It is worth considering because it is not “a norm that ineluctably and directly guides everyday activities but rather is an image illuminating a 3 culture’s self-consciousness of the threat posed to its integrity.” Mary Douglas famously remarked that a “competent young anthropologist” visiting from Mars would be confused when attending a contemporary wedding, and would have a hard time deciding “whether the central focus of the ceremony was the 4 marriage or the cake.” Originating in Britain in the seventeenth century, wedding cake continues to be a very important part of Western culture. Given the extreme changes seen by the world in the past four hundred years, it is worth asking why. How has the wedding cake maintained cultural relevance for such a long time? This study will examine the wedding cake as an evolving food object that has maintained its cultural functionality through changes in its appearance. After reviewing 2 Humble, Nicola. Cake: A Global History. London: Reaktion, 2010. 83 ​ ​ 3 Taussig, Michael. The Devil and Commodity Fetishism in South America. Chapel Hill: UNC Press, ​ 1980. 4 Douglas, Mary. “Food as an Art Form.” In In the Active Voice, 105-113. London: Routledge, 1982. 105 ​ ​ ​ 5 the available literature, I will illuminate the functions of wedding cake that have remained consistent through time. To showcase these forces at work, I will then locate how these functions have been expressed within three distinct periods of change in wedding cake history. Following that, I will offer the phenomenon of the fake wedding cake industry, as well as the reaction to that industry in mainstream media, as ‘proof’ of the relevance of wedding cake in contemporary America. The methodologies used in this study include the unpacking of primary literature such as recipes, periodicals, and relevant online resources. To make sense of the fake cake trade, interviews were conducted. Literary analysis of a mainstream television show was also employed in order to showcase contemporary attitudes towards wedding cake. Literature Review and Theoretical Framework Studies of the wedding trade have been numerous. Within the modern wedding, the gradual effects of commercialization over the past two centuries have been examined, 5 6 and established as a site for status performance. In addition, particular aspects of 7 8 weddings, such as wedding photography, and wedding advertisements, have been highlighted as zones that often perpetuate the idea of a wedding as a sacred ritual. 5 Otnes, Cele and Pleck, Elizabeth. Cinderella Dreams: The Allure of the Lavish Wedding. Berkeley: ​ ​ University of California Press, 2003; Penner, Barbara. “A Vision of Love and Luxury: The Commercialization of Nineteenth Century American Weddings.” Winterthur Portfolio. Vol.39, No. 1, 1-20. ​ ​ 6 Dunak, Karen. As Long as We Both Shall Love: The White Wedding in Postwar America. New York: New ​ ​ ​ York University Press. 2013 7 Bezner, Lili. “’Divine Detritus:’ An Analysis of American Wedding Photography.” Studies in Popular ​ ​ Culture 18, No. 2 (1996): 19-33. ​ 8 Otnes, Cele and Scott, Linda. “Something Old, Something New: Exploring the Interaction Between ​ Ritual and Advertising”. Journal of Advertising. Vol. 25, No. 1 (Spring, 1996), pp. 33-50 ​ ​ 6 9 Various cakes have been studied as evolving foodstuffs and as sites for the 10 performance of tradition. The function of the wedding cake in particular has been 11 studied within the context of royal spectacle in Victorian England, and as a symbolic 12 object in Japanese weddings. These studies focus on highly specific moments in time and place, and do not attempt to draw conclusions about the persistence of this tradition over time. The question of how the wedding cake has remained relevant has been taken on by two different scholars, both of whom present theories that ultimately fall short. Douglas’ structuralist interpretation positions wedding cake as an elevated version of 13 common daily food —an argument that is inherently problematic, given the otherworldly quality of weddings. I argue that the wedding cake is an object that “cannot 14 be fitted like a cog wheel into a structural-functional ‘place’ in society.” Rather, it should be studied as a cultural ‘text’ that is expressive in nature. This expressive quality has been written off by Charsley, who attributes the 15 survival of the wedding cake to a phenomenon he terms ‘marooning’. His theory suggests that the meaningful quality that wedding cakes seem to have is a modern 9 Leach, Helen and Raelene Inglis. “The Archeology of Christmas Cakes” Food and Foodways. June 2010; ​ ​ 10 Gaudet, Marcia. “Ribbons Pulls in Wedding Cakes: Tracing a New Orleans Tradition”. Folklore. Vol. ​ ​ 117, No. 1 (2006); Henisch, Bridget. Cakes and Characters: an English Christmas Tradition. London: ​ ​ Prospect Books. 1984 11 Allen, Emily. “Culinary Exhibition: Victorian Wedding Cakes and Royal Spectacle”. Victorian Studies. ​ Vol. 45, No. 3 (2003) 12 Edwards, Walter. “Something Borrowed: Wedding Cakes as Symbols in Modern Japan”. American ​ Ethnologist. Vol. 9, No. 1 (2006) ​ 13 Douglas, Mary. “Food as an Art Form.“ In In the Active Voice, 105-113. London: Routledge. 1982. ​ ​ ​ 113 14 Taussig, Michael.The Devil and Commodity Fetishism in South America. Chapel Hill: UNC Press.1980. ​ ​ ​ 96 15 Charsley, Simon. Wedding Cakes and Cultural History. London: Routledge. 1992. 133 ​ ​ 7 construction resulting from the loss of historic context over time. While this argument is compelling, it does little to explain the actual survival of the cake, and fails to identify the forces at work that have allowed it to remain culturally relevant. Here ‘culture’ is understood to mean a “set of control mechanisms—plans, 16 recipes, rules, instructions […] for the governing of behavior.” Within contemporary American culture the wedding cake holds a unique position of both sentimentality and prestige, and ultimately possesses a ‘mystical quality’ of good luck while also serving as a site for status performance. Part of the importance of wedding cakes can be explained by Marx’s theory of commodity fetishism.17 In a capitalist society, the work that goes into producing objects is hidden from us, and is embedded in the product in the form of ‘congealed labor’, which we read as ‘intrinsic value’. Marx argues that commodity fetishism can be related to the same reasoning that allows for religious thought.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Mom's English Fruitcake This Recipe Comes from Nicholas Lodge's Mother, and He Writes, "This Is the Holiday Fruitcake That I Grew up With
    Mom's English Fruitcake This recipe comes from Nicholas Lodge's Mother, and he writes, "This is the holiday fruitcake that I grew up with. I have very fond memories of making these traditional cakes with my Mother and Grandmother as well. I hope you start a holiday tradition as well with these cakes. I do have a warning for you, this recipe makes two generous five-pound cakes. Get out your largest mixing bowl and have fun!" 4 cups all-purpose flour, divided 1 cup whole milk 1 pound dates, chopped 3/4 cup light corn syrup 1 pound candied citron, optional 2 teaspoons baking soda 1 pound pecans, chopped 2 teaspoons ground nutmeg 1 pound figs, coarsely chopped 2 teaspoons ground allspice 1 (15 oz.) box raisins 1 teaspoon baking powder 1 (10 oz.) box currants 1 cup brandy 1 cup butter, softened plus additional brandy for soaking 2 cups white granulated sugar 12 large eggs Grease and flour 2 (10 inch) tube pans, then line with parchment paper and grease and flour the parchment paper as well and set aside. Combine 1/2 cup flour, and the next 6 ingredients in a large bowl. Toss lightly to coat and set aside. Beat butter at medium speed with an electric mixer until creamy. Slowly add the sugar. Add the eggs, one at a time, beating well until blended after each addition. Add milk and corn syrup and mix well. Combine the remaining 3½ cups flour, baking soda and next 4 ingredients. Add to the butter mixture alternately with the 1 cup of brandy, beginning and ending with the dry mixture.
    [Show full text]
  • Everyone's Favorite Fruitcake Recipe Bundle
    WELCOME TO YOUR EVERYONE'S FAVORITE FRUITCAKE RECIPE BUNDLE Included: Bundt Quartet Pan, Fruitcake Fruit Blend, Candied Orange Peel, Candied Lemon Peel, Mini Diced Crystallized Ginger, Vietnamese Cinnamon (1.5 oz.), Allspice, Nutmeg, Boiled Cider, and Ginger Syrup. HANDS-ON TIME: 30 mins. | BAKING TIME: 70 mins. to 75 mins. | TOTAL TIME: 2 hrs. 50 mins. | YIELD: 6 mini Bundt cakes INGREDIENTS INSTRUCTIONS FRUIT 1 To prepare the fruit: Combine fruit with liquid of choice in a nonreactive bowl; cover and let rest overnight. Alternatively, microwave everything for 1 minute (or until it's very about 4 cups (567g) Fruitcake Fruit hot), cover, and let rest 1 hour. Blend 2 ⅔ cups (227g) Candied Orange and/or 2 Preheat the oven to 300°F. Candied Lemon Peel 3 To make the batter: Beat together the butter and sugar in a large (6-quart) mixing bowl. heaping 1 cup (170g) candied red Beat in salt, spices, and baking powder, then eggs one at a time, scraping bowl after each cherries; optional addition. 1/3 cup (64g) Mini Diced Crystallized 4 Add flour and boiled cider to the batter, beating gently to combine. Stir in the juice or Ginger water, then the fruit with any collected liquid, and optional nuts. Scrape the bottom and ¾ cup (170g) rum, brandy, apple juice, sides of the bowl and stir until well combined. or cranberry juice 5 Scoop the batter into the lightly greased wells of a Bundt Quartet Pan, filling them to BATTER within 1/4" of the top; if you have a scale, you'll add between 400g and 465g of batter to each well (the highest amount if you've added cherries and nuts, lower if you've omitted 1 cup (227g) soft unsalted butter them, and in between if you've only added one or the other).
    [Show full text]
  • The British Isles
    The British Isles Historic Society Heritage, History, Traditions & Customs OUR BRITISH ISLES HERITAGE houses the countries of England, Scotland and Wales within its shores. The British Isles The British Isles is the name of a group of islands situated off the north western corner of mainland Europe. It is made up of Great Britain, Ireland, The Isle of Man, The Isles of Sicily, The Channel Islands (including Guernsey, Jersey, Sark Dear Readers: and Alderney), as well as over 6,000 other smaller I know some of the articles in this Issue may islands. England just like Wales (Capital - Cardiff) and seem like common sense and I am researching facts Scotland (Capital - Edinburgh), North Ireland (Capital known by everyone already. But this newsletter has - Belfast) England is commonly referred to as a a wider distribution than just Ex-Pats. country, but it is not a sovereign state. It is the largest country within the United Kingdom both by Many believe Britain or Great Britain to be all landmass and population, has taken a role in the the islands in the British Isles. When we held the two creation of the UK, and its capital London is also the Heritage Festivals we could not call it a British capital of the UK. Festival because it included, England, Scotland, Ireland, Wales, Cornwall and the Isle of Man. The Republic of Ireland (EIRE) Republic of What is the Difference between Britain and the Ireland is part of the British Isles, its people are not United Kingdom? British, they are distinctly Irish. It’s capital is Dublin.
    [Show full text]
  • BBC Voices Recordings: Nottingham [Meadows]
    BBC VOICES RECORDINGS http://sounds.bl.uk Title: Nottingham Shelfmark: C1190/26/05 Recording date: 17.11.2004 Speakers: Amelia, b. 1963; Nottingham; female (father b. St Kitts; mother b. St Kitts) Lauren, b. 1989; Nottingham; female; school student Rosalind, b. 1964; Nottingham; female (father b. St Kitts; mother b. St Kitts) Valerie, b. 1965; Nottingham; female (father b. St Kitts; mother b. St Kitts) Amelia, Rosalind and Valerie are sisters whose parents came to the UK from St Kitts in the 1950s; Lauren is their niece. ELICITED LEXIS ○ see English Dialect Dictionary (1898-1905) ▲see Dictionary of Jamaican English (1980) ● see Dictionary of Caribbean English Usage (1996) ♠ see Dictionary of the English/Creole of Trinidad & Tobago (2009) ▼ see Ey Up Mi Duck! Dialect of Derbyshire and the East Midlands (2000) ∆ see New Partridge Dictionary of Slang and Unconventional English (2006) ◊ see Green’s Dictionary of Slang (2010) ♦ see Urban Dictionary (online) ⌂ no previous source (with this sense) identified pleased (not discussed) tired (not discussed) unwell sick; “me na feel too good”1 (used by mother/older black speakers) hot (not discussed) cold (not discussed) annoyed (not discussed) throw (not discussed) 1 See Dictionary of Caribbean English Usage (1996, p.407) for use of ‘no/na’ as negative marker in Caribbean English and for spelling of markedly dialectal/Creole pronunciations, e.g. the (<de>), there (<deh>). http://sounds.bl.uk Page 1 of 27 BBC Voices Recordings play truant skive; nick off∆; skank◊; wag, wag off school, wag off (suggested
    [Show full text]
  • Tabla Composición De Alimentos REIMPRESIÓN
    INSTITUTO DE NUTRICIÓN DE CENTRO AMÉRICA Y PANAMÁ (INCAP) ORGANIZACIÓN PANAMERICANA DE LA SALUD (OPS) INCAP INCAP http://www.incap.int Segunda Edición © Copyright 2006 Guatemala, Centroamérica Tercera reimpresión Febrero 2012 INSTITUTO DE NUTRICIÓN DE CENTRO AMÉRICA Y PANAMÁ (INCAP) ORGANIZACIÓN PANAMERICANA DE LA SALUD (OPS) INCAP Tercera reimpresión, 2012 ME/085.3 2007 INCAP. Tabla de Composición de Alimentos de Centroamérica./INCAP/ Menchú, MT (ed); Méndez, H. (ed). Guatemala: INCAP/OPS, 2007. 2ª. Edición. viii - 128 pp. I.S.B.N. 99922-880-2-7 1. ANÁLISIS DE LOS ALIMENTOS 2. ALIMENTOS 3. VALOR NUTRITIVO Responsables de la producción de esta edición: Revisión y actualización técnica Licda. María Teresa Menchú Lic. Humberto Méndez, INCAP Coordinación de la edición y publicación Licda. Norma Alfaro, INCAP Segunda Edición Segunda reimpresión, 2009. Tercera reimpresión, 2012. Impresión: Serviprensa, S.A. PBX: 2245 8888 Tabla de Composición de Alimentos de Centroamérica Contenido Presentación................................................................................................................... v Introducción ..................................................................................................................vii Parte I. Documentación A. Antecedentes .............................................................................................................3 B. Metodología aplicada .................................................................................................. 4 C. Presentación de la Tabla de Composición
    [Show full text]
  • Eating Guide for a Low-Oxalate Diet
    Eating Guide for a Low-Oxalate Diet This chart from the American Dietetic Association spotlights foods that are either low or moderate in oxalates. If you have calcium stones, it is important to decrease you sodium intake, as well. FOODS LOW IN SODIUM OR OXALATE FOODS RECOMMENDED Drinks Coffee, fruit and vegetable juice (from the recommended list), fruit punch Fruits Apples, apricots (fresh or canned), avocado, bananas, cherries (sweet), cranberries, grapefruit, red or green grapes, lemon and lime juice, melons, nectarines, papayas, peaches, pears, pineapples, oranges, strawberries (fresh), tangerines Vegetables Artichokes, asparagus, bamboo shoots, broccoli, Brussels sprouts, cabbage, cauliflower, chayote squash, chicory, corn, cucumbers, endive, kale, lettuce, lima beans, mushrooms, onions, peas, peppers, potatoes, radishes, rutabagas, zucchini Breads, Cereals, Grains Egg noodles, rye bread, cooked and dry cereals without nuts or bran, crackers with unsalted tops, white or wild rice Meat, Meat Replacements, Fish, Poultry Meat, fish, poultry, eggs, egg whites, egg replacements Soup Homemade soup (using the recommended veggies and meat), low-sodium bouillon, low-sodium canned Desserts Cookies, cakes, ice cream, pudding without chocolate or nuts, candy without chocolate or nuts Fats and Oils Butter, margarine, cream, oil, salad dressing, mayonnaise Other Foods Unsalted potato chips or pretzels, herbs (garlic, garlic powder, onion powder), lemon juice, salt free seasoning blends, vinegar OTHER FOODS LOW IN OXALATE FOODS RECOMMENDED Drinks Beer, cola, wine, buttermilk, lemonade or limeade (without added vitamin C), milk Meat, Meat Replacements, Fish, Poultry Lunch meat, ham, bacon, hot dogs, bratwurst, sausage, chicken nuggets, cheddar cheese, canned fish and shellfish Soup Tomato soup, cheese soup Other Foods Coconuts, lemon or lime juices, sugar or sweeteners, jellies or jams (from the recommended list) (continued on next page) agnesian.com Eating Guide for a Low-Oxalate Diet, cont.
    [Show full text]
  • Of 4 07/12/2015
    ALLERGEN INFORMATION FOR WATERFIELDS PRODUCTS - allergens present are marked with a NETHERTON All Waterfields products may contain any of the following allergens (with the exception of molluscs) as they are handled at the bakery. CEREALS Code Category Description NUTS CONTAINING GLUTEN EGG FISH MILK SOYA LUPIN CELERY SESAME (not on site) PEANUTS MOLLUSCS MUSTARD SULPHITES CRUSTACEANS 34 Bread Crown Cob wheat 3 Bread Devon Split Large wheat 33 Bread Devon Split Small wheat 85 Bread Farl wheat, oats 32 Bread Farmhouse wheat 20 Bread Harvester Large wheat, barley, rye 84 Bread Harvester Small wheat, barley, rye 86 Bread Hovis wheat 2 Bread London Loaf wheat 107 Bread Low G.I. Bread Large wheat, oats, rye 48 Bread Low G.I. Bread Sliced wheat, oats, rye 42 Bread Low G.I. Bread Small wheat, oats, rye 14 Bread Malted Flake Bloomer wheat, oats, rye 71 Bread Milk Roll wheat 88 Bread Multigrain wheat, barley, rye 41 Bread Rural wheat 16 Bread White Bloomer wheat 1 Bread White Tin Large wheat 31 Bread White Tin Small wheat 53 Bread Wholemeal wheat 782 Buffet Buffet Chocolate Surprise 774 Buffet Buffet Choux Bun wheat almonds 773 Buffet Buffet Cream Crisp wheat 778 Buffet Buffet Cream Meringue Nest almonds 786 Buffet Buffet Cream Scone wheat 775 Buffet Buffet Éclair wheat 777 Buffet Buffet Millefeuille wheat 776 Buffet Buffet Vanilla Slice wheat 500 Cream Apple Turnover wheat 467 Cream Caramel Doughnut wheat 501 Cream Cream Crisp wheat 481 Cream Cream Doughnut
    [Show full text]
  • Jgonzalez 30639027 Job 8
    CHAPTER 9 Working with Styles Lesson Overview In this introduction to working with InDesign styles, you’ll learn how to do the following: ◊ Create and apply paragraph styles. ◊ Create and apply character styles. ◊ Nest Character styles inside paragraph styles. ◊ Create and apply object styles. ◊ Create and apply table styles. ◊ Globally update paragraph, character, object, cell and table styles. Globally update paragraph, character, object, cell and table styles. (this is duplicated on purposed!) ◊ Import and apply styles from other InDesign documents. ◊ Create styles groups. Macaroon wypas icing donut tootsie roll chupa chups gummies. Brownie halvah chupa chups chocolate cake marzipan. Topping macaroon dessert cheesecake dragée icing. Fruitcake lollipop danish bear claw tootsie roll candy canes croissant. Topping jujubes danish marzipan. Brownie danish toffee soufflé. Tiramisu powder li- quorice cheesecake applicake macaroon wypas tart. Chocolate cake pie applicake. Lemon drops donut cotton candy lemon drops. Cheesecake ice cream dragée sugar plum cheesecake lemon drops. Jelly-o fruitcake oat cake biscuit. Dragée pud- ding jelly-o cookie powder chocolate bar faworki chocolate bar. Macaroon oat cake sweet roll lemon drops. Pie cheesecake faworki ice cream jelly. Cheesecake cupcake danish cotton candy topping bonbon. Candy jelly topping pudding marshmallow sweet roll donut jelly topping. Cheesecake pastry faworki carrot cake icing icing marzipan. Topping wafer jelly beans croissant ice cream fruitcake lollipop. Dragée lemon drops oat cake brownie. Biscuit croissant marzipan. Sesame snaps cheesecake faworki marzipan jujubes croissant gingerbread marshmal- low candy. Caramels jelly-o chocolate. Croissant carrot cake cheesecake danish caramels jelly-o. Chocolate halvah gingerbread. Candy sesame snaps toffee toffee wafer sesame snaps danish.
    [Show full text]
  • Pikestaff 26
    Pikestaff 26 Plain Language Commission newsletter no. 26, April 2009 Plain Language Commission news New articles on clear writing and speaking Our research director, Martin Cutts, is writing a series of 3 articles for The Ombudsman, the newsletter of the British and Irish Ombudsman Association (BIOA). In the first – now on the Articles page of our website (www.clearest.co.uk/files/LongSentencesMeanHardLabour.pdf) – Martin offers tips on writing clearer letters, in particular keeping sentences short. Though the articles relate to Ombudsman work, they’re relevant to many kinds of public writing. In another article published on the website of the Improvement and Development Agency (IDeA), our associate Sarah Carr looks at the art of plain speaking and asks: ‘You may be used to writing in plain English, but can you speak plainly too? If not, you risk confusing or boring your listeners.’ Read the full article, which draws on examples from the Romans to modern politicians – including Barack Obama – not to mention Jack Sparrow, star of Pirates of the Caribbean, on our website or at http://www.idea.gov.uk /idk/core/page.do?pageId=9534169. Plain-language wizards to confabulate in Oz Australia’s Plain English Foundation is hosting the seventh 2-yearly conference of the Plain Language Association InterNational (PLAIN) from 15–17 October 2009. Aimed at government, industry and plain-language practitioners from Australia and around the world, the conference will focus on how plain language is improving services and saving money in government, industry, the law, medicine, engineering and finance. The conference title – Raising the Standard – reflects the ongoing work of the International Plain Language Working Group, which is looking at plain- language standards, the development of a plain-language institute, and accreditation and training for plain-language practitioners.
    [Show full text]
  • Editor's Comment
    July 2010 www.warrington-worldwide.co.uk 1 2 www.warrington-worldwide.co.uk July 2010 Editor Gary Skentelbery Production Paul Walker Editor’s Comment Advertising IS Warrington town centre the place to build a new £6 million James Balme ‘world class’ youth centre during these tough economic times? Tony Record Members of the borough council's No doubt their parents - particularly Freephone executive board think so - and believe those who live in the outer areas of the whole character of the town centre 0800 955 5247 the concept to be "exciting". borough - would have similar sufQciently to make it a suitable place Editorial Fifty four per cent of young people concerns. for our young people up to 10pm. 01925 623631 consulted say their ideal youth We are all in favour of Warrington We also mustn’t forget that provision would be located in the having a world-class youth facility but Email Warrington already has an excellent town centre and 76 per cent say they we would have thought the town youth facility based at the info@warrington- would use a town centre youth centre, with its unfortunate reputation, worldwide.co.uk provision if one existed. was the last place it should be internationally renowed Peace Centre, Many businesses and voluntary located. which is already home to Warrington Websites Youth club and the Warrington www.culchethlife.com groups are also enthusiastic and want It will be two or three years before to be involved - apparently even to the Foundation4Peace charity, as well as www.frodshamlife.co.uk the "Youth Zone" is likely to be built.
    [Show full text]
  • The Art of Cookery, Made Plain and Easy : Which Far Exceeds Any Thing
    A 4 * R T O F o O K E R % Made P L A I N and EASY} Which fey exceeds any Thing of the Kind ever yet Publifhed* HI «. ■ s. CONTAINING, I Of Roafling, Boiling, bfc* XIII. To Pot and Make Hams, &c. II. Of Made-Diihes. XIV. Of Pickling. III. Read this Chaptef^and you will find how XV. Of Making Cakes, &c. Exptnftve a French Cook’s Sauce is. XVI. Of Chcefecakes, Creams, Jellies, Whip IV. To make a Number of pretty little Diflies Jit., Syllabubs, &c. for Suppei, or Side Difh, and little Corner- XVII. Of Made Wines, Bfewing, French Bread, Dilyes Jo r a great Table j and the reft you have Muffins, ISc. p in 'tfleChapteJ V Lent. XVIII. Jarring Cherries, and Preferves, &c. -f V. To dreft Fifh. XIX. To Makie Anchovies, Vermicella, Ketchup, VI. Of Soops and Broths-* Vinegar, and to keep Artichokes, French- VII. Of Puddings. Beans, &c. ' — » VIII. Of Pies. XX. Of Diftilling. IX. For a Faft-Dinner, a Number of good Diflies, XXI. How to Market, and the Seafons of the which you may make ufe for a Table at any Year for Butcher’s Meat, Poultry, Fifh, Herbs, other Time. Roots, &c. and Fruit. X- Directions for the Sick, XXII. A certain Cure for the Bite of a Mad Dog,. XI. For Captains of Ships. By Dr. Mead. XII. Of Hog’s Puddings, Saufages, &c. -a 4=4. LONDON: k Printed for- the Author ; and fb?d at Mrs. /Ijhburn's, a China-Shop, the Corner of Fleet-Ditch.
    [Show full text]
  • PDF Download Sunny Days and Moon Cakes Ebook, Epub
    SUNNY DAYS AND MOON CAKES PDF, EPUB, EBOOK Sarah Webb | 192 pages | 12 Oct 2015 | Walker Books Ltd | 9781406348361 | English | London, United Kingdom Sunny Days and Moon Cakes PDF Book I don't think the market is looking at environmental concerns. Ask Amy Green. The high prices commanded by the most prestigious mooncakes have crept even higher in the last year as food prices in China rose across the board. Other Editions. Small Gifts. Sure everyone has their own battle but just because someone is being all silent about it doesn't make it less hard. About 10 days from now, Lu will start to get calls from his regular customers, clamoring for him to collect mooncake boxes along with their newspapers, cardboard and other usual items. This review has been hidden because it contains spoilers. Pondering over taking a relaxing workcation? From coronasura Corona Demon to the migrant mother to lockdown, these are Kick off October with mooncakes, lanterns, and skygazing. And yes, be kind to all! I would read it again as it was a half- decent book, but I wouldn't as there are better books to read and where's the fun in reading something twice?! Average rating 4. Want to Read saving…. But what was a mooncake, I wondered? Writing for Children - Tips. Dec 07, Sally Flint rated it it was ok Shelves: childeren-s-literature. Melissa rated it really liked it Aug 16, Nowadays, the mooncake has become the Christmas fruitcake of China, passed around and regifted ad infinitum. Grace rated it it was amazing Jul 13, Three years after my first Qingming, only seven villagers made the journey up the mountain to the cemetery.
    [Show full text]