Challenges and Techniques for Presurgical Brain Mapping with Functional MRI
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Challenges and techniques for presurgical brain mapping with functional MRI The Harvard community has made this article openly available. Please share how this access benefits you. Your story matters Citation Silva, Michael A., Alfred P. See, Walid I. Essayed, Alexandra J. Golby, and Yanmei Tie. 2017. “Challenges and techniques for presurgical brain mapping with functional MRI.” NeuroImage : Clinical 17 (1): 794-803. doi:10.1016/j.nicl.2017.12.008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/ j.nicl.2017.12.008. Published Version doi:10.1016/j.nicl.2017.12.008 Citable link http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:34651769 Terms of Use This article was downloaded from Harvard University’s DASH repository, and is made available under the terms and conditions applicable to Other Posted Material, as set forth at http:// nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:dash.current.terms-of- use#LAA NeuroImage: Clinical 17 (2018) 794–803 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect NeuroImage: Clinical journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/ynicl Challenges and techniques for presurgical brain mapping with functional T MRI ⁎ Michael A. Silvaa,b, Alfred P. Seea,b, Walid I. Essayeda,b, Alexandra J. Golbya,b,c, Yanmei Tiea,b, a Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA b Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA c Department of Radiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA ABSTRACT Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) is increasingly used for preoperative counseling and planning, and intraoperative guidance for tumor resection in the eloquent cortex. Although there have been improvements in image resolution and artifact correction, there are still limitations of this modality. In this review, we discuss clinical fMRI's applications, limitations and potential solutions. These limitations depend on the following parameters: foundations of fMRI, physiologic effects of the disease, distinctions between clinical and research fMRI, and the design of the fMRI study. We also compare fMRI to other brain mapping modalities which should be considered as alternatives or adjuncts when appropriate, and discuss intraoperative use and validation of fMRI. These concepts direct the clinical application of fMRI in neurosurgical patients. 1. Introduction Ogawa et al., 1990). Currently, fMRI is the most commonly used non- invasive neuroimaging modality for surgical planning, and has proven Precise preoperative assessment of the individual functional effective in guiding epilepsy and tumor surgery (Petrella et al., 2006; anatomy surrounding a brain lesion is crucial for safe and effective Bartsch et al., 2006; Bookheimer, 2007; Genetti et al., 2013; Hirsch neurosurgery. The operative feasibility, surgical approach, and risk of et al., 2000; Rosen and Savoy, 2012; Sunaert, 2006; Orringer et al., postoperative functional deficits are essential considerations when 2012; Pillai, 2010). Conventional task-based fMRI uses BOLD signal planning neurosurgical interventions. As each patient's brain anatomy changes during performance of a particular task vs. a baseline or resting is unique, and the functional anatomy may present pathology-induced condition to indirectly measure the neuronal activity induced by the atypical organization or reorganization, brain mapping is not general- task. This effect relies on the coupling of neuronal activity to regional izable and must be done in a patient-specific manner (Bates et al., 2003; increases in cerebral blood flow, and is thought to represent synaptic Duffau, 2005). Currently, intraoperative electrocortical stimulation activity (Logothetis et al., 2001). During task performance, increased (ECS) (Ojemann, 1993) and intracarotid amobarbital test (Wada test) local perfusion via capillary vasodilation exceeds the metabolic de- (Wada and Rasmussen, 1960) remain the clinical gold-standards for mands of the activated brain region, resulting in an increased ratio of mapping brain functions and determination of dominant hemisphere oxyhemoglobin to deoxyhemoglobin and an increased T2* signal that respectively. However, these techniques are invasive, highly de- can be detected by MR scanners (Ogawa et al., 1990; Fox and Raichle, manding, and unavailable preoperatively with limited information. 1986). Compared with the clinical gold-standard brain mapping tech- Numerous non-invasive neuroimaging modalities have been developed niques, fMRI has the advantages of non-invasiveness, presurgical for preoperative functional brain mapping, such as functional magnetic availability, and capability of mapping the whole brain rather than only resonance imaging (fMRI), positron emission tomography (PET), mag- those areas exposed by craniotomy. fMRI may also be relatively easily netoencephalography (MEG), and transcranial magnetic stimulation adopted in many medical centers since the basic infrastructure, high (TMS), each of which has unique strengths and weaknesses when used field MRI, is already in place at most neurosurgical centers (Rigolo for surgical planning (Tharin and Golby, 2007). et al., 2011). Additionally, there is a large body of data and experience In this review, we focus on blood oxygen level-dependent (BOLD) with fMRI in neuroscience, cognitive science and psychology, which fMRI which was first introduced in the early 1990’s(Kwong et al., 1992; provides a framework to facilitate interpretation of fMRI results in the ⁎ Corresponding author at: Harvard Medical School, Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, 60 Fenwood Road, Building for Transformative Medicine 8016G, Boston, MA 02115, USA. E-mail address: [email protected] (Y. Tie). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nicl.2017.12.008 Received 20 September 2017; Received in revised form 10 November 2017; Accepted 5 December 2017 Available online 06 December 2017 2213-1582/ © 2017 Published by Elsevier Inc. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/BY-NC-ND/4.0/). M.A. Silva et al. NeuroImage: Clinical 17 (2018) 794–803 clinical setting. cases marked neuroplasticity, which make interpretation of pre- There are practical barriers to fMRI for its application in surgical operative fMRI difficult in the context of classical functional neuroa- planning. fMRI relies on a sufficient signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) to allow natomy (Alkadhi et al., 2000; Thickbroom et al., 2004). Moreover, detection of BOLD signal increase during task performance vs. baseline perilesional edema and mass effect can cause decreased or absent BOLD conditions, which can be as small as 1–5% (Parrish et al., 2000). Thus, signal in functionally intact tissue yielding misleading results (Krings even minor alterations in neurovascular coupling, task execution, or et al., 2002). In addition, hemosiderin deposition from prior hemor- inappropriate data processing can degrade the quality and usefulness of rhage can produce susceptibility artifacts that can distort adjacent the fMRI results. Patient comorbidities can limit the quality and BOLD signal (Thickbroom et al., 2004; Lehericy et al., 2002). Artifacts quantity of data collected, and the BOLD signal can be altered by factors may be particularly prominent in patients undergoing re-operation exogenous to the function performed. Numerous factors including task because of effects of hemosiderin deposition, reconstructive materials, design and selection, data acquisition and analysis can also introduce or gliotic scarring. Fig. 2 shows BOLD anomalies associated with scar- errors including both false positives and false negatives. Logistically, ring along the previous craniotomy edges. Paramagnetic surgical ob- fMRI brain mapping for surgical planning is inherently limited by cer- jects from previous surgeries such as plates and clips can introduce an tain practical constraints of the clinical setting, namely time and additional source of susceptibility artifact, potentially obscuring nearby scanner availability. This review aims to provide a structured approach functional cortex. In such cases, review of the baseline anatomic ima- to understand these challenges and the potential solutions for over- ging and the raw BOLD images can demonstrate these potential artifacts coming them. Here we outline the many factors that impact BOLD when interpreting the fMRI results. signal and thus affect the interpretation of fMRI findings, with parti- Neurosurgical patients with brain tumors or arteriovenous mal- cular attention given to distinguishing universal from unique barriers, formations (AVM) can have altered hemodynamics leading to neuro- and modifiable from non-modifiable barriers. Intraoperative use and vascular uncoupling (NVU) that undermines the fundamental premise validation of the fMRI results are also discussed in this review. of BOLD fMRI in detection of neuronal activations (Lehericy et al., 2002; Ulmer et al., 2003; Hou et al., 2006; Holodny et al., 2000). 2. fMRI physics considerations Tumor-induced neovascularization in the hypoxic perilesional regions can cause an increased capacity for vascular demand, resulting in a non- The limitations related to fMRI physics will occur with every pa- linear response and a ceiling effect on the BOLD signal (Hou et al., tient's testing and are important to recognize when interpreting fMRI 2006). The chronic demand-perfusion mismatch can lead to vasomotor results. One factor that can decrease SNR is signal loss from suscept- paralysis, loss of local cerebrovascular autoregulation, and subsequent ibility artifacts. In contrast to the dynamic microscopic susceptibility