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Reciprocal Relationships of Afghanistan Music and Central Asian Countries International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) ISSN: 2319-7064 ResearchGate Impact Factor (2018): 0.28 | SJIF (2018): 7.426 Reciprocal Relationships of Afghanistan Music and Central Asian Countries Islamuddin Firoz Professor, Fine Arts Faculty of Kabul University Abstract: Afghanistan has always been a major crossroad between east and west, and from the earliest periods of history, its relationships with other cultures have existed in many fields such as politics, commerce, arts, culture and so on. Today, also as a land which has linguistic and cultural relationships with other neighbors, Afghanistan as a crossroad between Asian countries can play a significant role and its cultural and artistic activities can be important in the development of relationships. Afghanistan on its north and northwest sides has good relationships with central Asian countries, in that their language, religion, ethnicity and race are the same.There are even similarities between their musical melodies and musical instruments. PamiriFalak, Uzbek Qushiqs, Goroghli singing, Nawayee singing, Turkmen Idiyams, Moqams, songs, dances, musical instruments and more show the musical similarities between them. Bakhshis and Shamans work to maintain the Afghan Uzbeks and Turkomans musical antiquity and genuineness as a musical symbol of the commonalities between Afghanistan and the Central Asian countries. Poets like Amir Sher Ali Nawayee and MakhdoomQuli,as well known in Central Asian countries, are popular among Afghan Uzbeks and Turkomans ethnicities also. Music learning and transmission among the tribes is based on traditional system, orally from ancient time untilthe present. The results also show that the music of northern side of Afghanistan and the Central Asian countries have a lot of similaritiesand it represents the common culture between them. Keywords: Music, Culture, Dance, Muqam, Melody, Musical Instruments, Songs 1. Introduction The Historical relationship of Afghanistan and Central Asia The north and northwest of Afghanistan has a wide range of As a country that has borders with Central Asian countries, traditional music genres. Afghanistan has had long-standing cultural, political, and historical relations from ancient times to the periods of the The citizens of these regions, mostly Tajik, Uzbek, Samanids, Ghaznavids, Seljukis, Khwarazms dynasty, Turkmenethnics as well as Kirgiz, Kazak minorities, are Timurids and Baburempire to the present.What further living together but their music color and musical instruments contributed to the strengthening of these relationships is are of various types. poetry and music, which has been closely related in history, and has been the language of empathy and peaceful Each part of these regions has its own folk music and folk coexistence between these countries.Poets and scholars such musical instruments. The music of the northern side of as Roodaki, Farrokhi, Farabi, Abu Ali Sina, Mowlana Jalal Afghanistan is very colorful, alluring and melodious, similar al-Din, Nasser Khosrow, Jami, Maraghei, AlishirNawaee, to Central Asia. Shahrokh, Ulugh Beg, Babur and others, with the works they created had a great influence in the development and They have numerous types of songs for different occasions, consolidation of these relationships. festivals and seasons, for example: dance songs, labor songs, "boyejoyemolianaiadhame بوی جوی مولیان آید همی " festival and celebration songs, mystical songs and songs for The poem different seasons. Their music style is one of the best known by RudakiSamarghandi, a great poet of the Samanid era, in Afghanistan because of its ancient forms, Muqams, and was read in the presence of Amir Nasr Ibn Ahmad Samani, the large number of distinctive musical instruments. In many who remained in Herat for a long time. This poem is areas their music, especially the songs that relate to specific evidence of this deep relationship (Shahrani, 2009, pp.83- events, has been carefully well-kept since ancient times, for 89-93).Similarly, during the Timurid era, a time of major example, mythical stories such as Goroghli, which is interaction between the cultures of Central Asia and popular throughout central Asia.In Afghanistan and central Afghanistan, music flourished.Relations between Central Asia musical instruments such as Dambora, Ghichak, Asia and Afghanistan also developed when Shahrok Qabuz, Dotar, Qushqarcha, Dafand Nay are slightly (Timur's son), transferred his capital from Samarkand to different in their shape and forms. Folk music of northern Herat. Since then, the city has become the center of the Afghanistan is untouched in regard to their melody, sound Timuris art and cultural activity, and music has flourished and performances, similar toCentral Asian folk music. along with other arts.After Shahrokh, his son Ulugh Beg, like his father, was an enthusiastic supporter of arts and This article discusses these points and shows Afghanistan’s science, and he himself was a poet and scientist. During the musicalcharacteristics and its similarity to Central Asian forty years of his rule, Samarkand was one of the greatest countries. centers of science and industry in the 9th century.The multicultural environments in Herat and Samarkand, and the support of Timur and his sonShahrokh and his wifeGoharshad to artists, provided a platform for the growth Volume 8 Issue 9, September 2019 www.ijsr.net Licensed Under Creative Commons Attribution CC BY Paper ID: 12091902 10.21275/12091902 1235 International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) ISSN: 2319-7064 ResearchGate Impact Factor (2018): 0.28 | SJIF (2018): 7.426 and prosperity of all arts, especially music. UlughBeg had a with the tact and skills they have learned through history and high knowledge of astronomy and mathematics, also studied became the best creators of music and poetry. The music and compiled five books. AlishirNawaee was a sinabasina system of music in Afghanistan has been musician and painter, even while he was one of the greatest dependent on the oral customs, the historic circumstances scholars and thinkers and important political figures.He and the national traditions which have been created from the wrote many poems in both Farsi and Turkish languages, for powerful skills of the sinabasina custom (Ghlibwa, 2009, which reason he is famous as "zolesanain", which means p.35). "bilingual: a person who knows two languages."His surname in Turkish poetry is " Nawaee" and in Persian poems is 2. Music of north and northwest tribes of "Fanni" (Feroz,2016, p.397). Afghanistan In this period the art of music grew well. The musicians had 1. Uzbeki Music: Music of Afghan Uzbeks is well known more skills and many pieces of music were created by for the extent of its musical diversity. Native musical skilled composers.The treatise written by Maulana Abdul instruments, traditional Muqams and their folk songs which Rahman Jami in music is one of the most important works are based on the nation’s folklores, are the soul of Uzbek of this period in teaching art and music.Abdul Music. Uzbeks are popularly well known for their songs and QadirMaraghei also composed music and music books and music. Qushiqs (life carols), Lapar and Yal la songs are trained many students. admired among Uzbek people. In Uzbeki music, the Carols are sung by local singer or with a chorus. Uzbeki vocal The music of this period can be considered as a product of songs usually started with Muqam(mode). Prevalent common cultures in Central Asia and Khorasani, which was Muqams in Afghan Uzbeki music, known as:Bayat, Oshaq, formed at that time. This indicates that Afghan and Central Shahnaz, Gulyar, Delkharash, Mustahzad, Geria, Dogah, Asian music was in a common cultural corridor during this Gulazaar, Araq, Nawa, Ada, Nasr Oshaq, Mughulcha, chul- period (Kargar, 2005, p.80). e-Araq, OparAraq, Bozurg, Rast and Segah, are additionally well recognized in central Asian music.In Uzbek music the Afghanistan’s traditional music poet Ali SherNawayee and other classical poets are Through history, Afghanistan’s traditional music has popularly used in singing. Courage, love and athletic stories followed two paths. The first one is the Khorasani have a special place in Uzbek Music. Their music is (Moqam)music which continued until the end of the Timoris performed in form of vocal music, instrumental music, period and the second one is the Indian Raga music which group music, ceremonial music, seasonal songs, work songs, was gradually formed during the Babur Empire period in and so on (Madadi, 2011, P.90). Afghanistan. The reason for these two paths is because Afghanistan is located on a special geographical crossroad The prevalent and popular musical instruments in the folk of Asia. Therefore, Afghanistan has acted as a cultural music of Afghan Uzbeks are: dambora, gheechak, bridge through which the different cultures have engaged qushqarcha, zirbaghali, tassak, zang, qabuz, nay, dafand with each other, also enriching the relations between chang. them.Also regarding the geographic location of Afghanistan, OlivieraPintu explains the role of Afghanistan as a transit These instrumentsare used in solo and chorus music corridor of cultures and says:” that Afghanistan as acorridor performances because of their energetic and fascinating for the transit of the cultures of the numerous societies of sounds. Furthermore, there are some Uzbeks folk songs Central Asia has necessarily been a place for musical which are performed by singers without musical instrument. juxtaposition too, which
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