A look into the future of in Europe

Halina Abramowicz Tel Aviv University

• of fundamental constituents of matter and interactions • Why looking beyond the Standard Model? • Organisation of the European Particle Physics • Update of the European Strategy • Selected topics

9/16/20 Italian Physical Society 1 Fundamental constituents of matter and their interactions

point-like particles at the level of <10-18m 2 families and 3 generations

10-10m 10-12m 10-13m

matter force carriers

9/16/20 Italian Physical Society 2 Unification Special role of the scalar Higgs field • provides masses • couples to everything in the theory

With mass comes gravity

https://arxiv.org/pdf/1602.04228.pdf

QCD – Quantum Chromodynamics QCD Strong charge – color SU(3) Each quark appears in 3 colors 9/16/20 Italian Physical Society Each gluon has color/anti3-color Methodology

Mechanical hammer accelerator – particle smasher Model of pp interactions

pp Event Generator

Stefan Gieseke DESY Theory Workshop 09 7/29 ·

rebuild reconstruct +some theoretical thoughts

9/16/20 Italian Physical Society 4 Principle of accelerators

• Electric fields to accelerate particles • Magnetic fields to steer particles

linear accelerator circular accelerator

Beam made of particle that need • to carry electric charge • to be stable • to be easy to obtain à electrons and protons

9/16/20 Italian Physical Society 5 Accelerators in the world

Labs with particle accelerators infrastructure

Increase the center of mass energy by colliding accelerated beams

9/16/20 Italian Physical Society 6 Detectors

Path of Absorber interleaved with Path of charged material sensitive to charged particle in “charge” particle in magnetic magnetic field field

9/16/20 Italian Physical Society 7 Detectors

9/16/20 Italian Physical Society 8 Accelerators of the future

Smaller physical scale - higher energy – bigger size

FCC

9/16/20 Italian Physical Society 9 Type of for science About 300000 accelerators used in medicine, safety and industry proton-proton electron-positron electron-proton • p are stable, heavy, don’t • e-e+ stable, , radiate • excellent to probe radiate too much easily structure of matter • not elementary • elementary, annihilate • easy to accelerate • “easy” to accelerate • difficult to interpret • easy to interpret

9/16/20 Italian Physical Society 10 Type of colliders for science proton-proton electron-positron electron-proton • p are stable, heavy, • e-e+ stable, light, • excellent to probe don’t radiate too much radiate easily structure of matter • not elementary • elementary, annihilate • easy to accelerate • “easy” to accelerate • difficult to interpret • easy to interpret

9/16/20 Italian Physical Society 11 Present Energy Frontier – Large Hadron at CERN 27km tunnel, up to 175m deep, 1232 SC bending magnets 1.9K, 14.3m long, 8T Collected pp data: 7TeV (2010/2011); 8TeV (2012); 13TeV (2015-2018)

Heavy flavor (charm, beauty)

General purpose detectors

Heavy

tunnel

9/16/20 Italian Physical Society 12 Stress test of the Standard Model at the LHC

• The Standard Model is doing amazingly well • The Higgs scalar is very much like expected in the Standard Model

9/16/20 Italian Physical Society 13 Not all is perfect - neutrinos • Neutrinos have masses (oscillations) – not acquired in the SM • There is still a long way to understand their properties (mass, mixing, CP)

9/16/20 Italian Physical Society 14 Not all is perfect - Dark Matter

• There is dark matter in the Universe with no candidates within the SM

Ø Galaxy rotation faster than warranted by “luminous” matter (from Doppler shift of known chemical lines) Ø Gravitational-lensing (distortion of light passing next to massive objects) Ø Dark matter (long lived and nonreactive) constitutes about 85% of the Universe mass!

9/16/20 Italian Physical Society 15 And more of “not perfect”

• Prevalence of matter over anti-matter • Theorist believe that the theory is not complete

Something must be holding the vase

Fine-tuned Universe from M. Strassler • There is no indication of physics BSM up to scales of the order of 1 to 3 TeV • The top-quark and Higgs sectors remain the least explored – potential BSM effects How should we go about progress? 9/16/20 Italian Physical Society 16 Organisation of the European Particle Physics

CERN

CERN was established in 1954 in post-war Europe with 12 member states, as the European Organisation for Nuclear Research (Conseil européen pour la recherche nucléaire).

CERN main role is to provide particle accelerators and other infrastructure for high energy physics research for Member and Associate Member States (Europe), complementary to existing national infrastructures.

CERN employs about 2500 scientific, technical and administrative staff members. It has the status of an international organization.

CERN has special programmes to host young (fellows) and senior scientists (research associates) mainly from Europe, for extended periods of time. It has many short and long term training programmes in science and technology.

With time and increase in the size and cost of the accelerators, CERN and in particular the CERN Council became the coordinating body for the science of particle physics in Europe.

9/16/20 Italian Physical Society 17 CERN Infrastructure The CERN accelerator complex Complexe des accélérateurs du CERN

CMS

North Area LHC 2008 (27 km) GIF++ CENF 2015 ALICE TT20 2016 LHCb TT40 TT41 SPS 1976 (7 km) TI8 TI2 TT10 ATLAS AWAKE HiRadMat 2016 2011 TT66 AD ELENA ISOLDE TT2 1999 (182 m) 2016 (31 m) BOOSTER 1992 1972 (157 m) RIBs REX/HIE East Area p p 2001/2015 n-ToF IRRAD/CHARM 2001 PS p 1959 (628 m) n LINAC 2 CLEAR e- 2017

LINAC 3 LEIR Ions 2005 (78 m)

p (protons) ions RIBs (Radioactive Beams) n (neutrons) p– () e- (electrons)

LHC - // SPS - Super // PS - Proton Synchrotron // AD - Decelerator // CLEAR - CERN Linear Electron Accelerator for Research // AWAKE - Advanced WAKefield Experiment // ISOLDE - Isotope Separator OnLine // REX/HIE - Radioactive EXperiment/High Intensity and Energy ISOLDE // LEIR - Low Energy Ion Ring // LINAC - LINear ACcelerator // n-ToF - Neutrons Time Of Flight // Total number of protons delivered in 2016: 1.34 x 1020 HiRadMat - High- to Materials // CHARM - Cern High energy AcceleRator Mixed field facility // IRRAD - proton IRRADiation facility // GIF++ - Gamma Irradiation Facility // CENF - CErn Neutrino platForm

9/16/20 Italian Physical Society 18 CERN Users

Total: 12301 users Observer States 20% Others 15% Spain 3.2% of total 5.6% of MS

Budget MS 1.169 BCHF AMS 0.280 BCHF OBS. (in kind) TOTAL about 1.6 BCHF

Spain contributes ~5.5%

9/16/20 Italian Physical Society 19 European Particle Physics Organisation and Governance

Scientific Policy Committee Council European Strategy Updates on call from Finance Strategy Monitoring Council Committee

PFGB

ECFA TREF Director General

Lab Directors Group

CERN lab

Based on a slide from the President of Council, at the FALC meeting, Cambridge (UK), March 8, 2018

9/16/20 Italian Physical Society 20 Organisation of the Update Process

• Decision making body – CERN Council • Drafting of the Strategy Update document – responsibility of the European Strategy Group (ESG) • Scientific Input to the Strategy Update – responsibility of the Physics Preparatory Group (PPG) Ø Call for input Ø Processing of the input Ø Open Symposium Ø Briefing Book • Coordinating body – the Strategy Update Secretariat (SUS – chaired by HA) The Strategy Group shall aim: • to enhance the visibility of existing European particle physics programs; • to foster increased collaboration among Europe's particle physics laboratories and institutes; • to promote a coordinated European participation in world-wide projects; • to encourage knowledge transfer to other disciplines, industries, and society; • to outline priorities, at least implicitly; • to consider time scales; • to follow a thematic or project approach, whichever is more appropriate.

9/16/20 Italian Physical Society 21 European Paricle Physics Strategy Update

2017 2018 2019 2020

Jan. 2018 Dec. 18,2018 Jan. 20-24,2020 üCall for proposals üClosing submission Strategy Update Feb. 2018 ü for venues for Open of community input Drafting Session üCall for scientific input Symposium and Bad Honnef, GE Strategy Drafting Session ü March 2018 May 13-16,2019 Call for nominations of üOpen Symposium PPG & ESG members Granada, ES March 2020 ü Strategy Update June 14,2018 submitted to Council üCouncil decision on Sept. 2019 venues and dates ü Physics Briefing Book available June 19, 2020 Sept. 27,2018 consultation & üCouncil updates the Strategy ü Council to launch the consensus building Strategy Update process & organisation & establish the PPG and ESG Physics results appearing input preparation after May 2019 were taken by community into account in the process

9/16/20 Italian Physical Society 22 EPPSU 2020 Scientific Input to the Strategy Update

• Call for inputs issued February 28, 2018 with deadline for submission December 18, 2018 • 160 submissions received

40 42 21 27 27 51 20 31 23 35

• The Open Symposium aimed to reach a consensus on the scientific goals of the community, based on the provided input, and to assess the proposed projects and technologies to achieve these goals à input for the European Strategy Group to draft the strategy update

Ø End product of the Symposium à Briefing Book based on the summaries, compiled by the Physics Preparatory Group (100 pages)

9/16/20 Italian Physical Society 23 Open Symposium in Granada Discussions on 8 themes organized in parallel/plenary sessions (EWK Physics, Flavour/CP, Dark Sector, Accelerators, BSM at colliders, Strong Interactions, Neutrino, Instrumentation and Computing)

Very well attended Expected – 500 Registration closed after 600 12% from outside Europe

Outstanding organisation

To Spain and Antonio Bueno Villar from Vedrana Zorica CERN Council Secretariat

9/16/20 Italian Physical Society 24 Starting point of the Strategy Update

What has changed since the 2013 Strategy Higgs couplings Update? after HL-LHC Ø The HL-LHC was approved in 2016 Ø The expected reach of HL-LHC has been Largest contribution to the substantially updated uncertainty from theory

9/16/20 Italian Physical Society 25 Starting point of the Strategy Update What has changed since the 2013 Strategy Higgs couplings Update? after HL-LHC Ø The HL-LHC was approved in 2016 Ø The expected reach of HL-LHC has been substantially updated

ICHEP 2028 To be ICHEP 2012 ICHEP 2020 1st HL-LHC results completed H discovery by ~2040

9/16/20 Italian Physical Society 26 From the LHC to High-Luminosity LHC (x10) excavation successfully tested (US) successfully tested mostly done production ongoing at SPS (CERN)

ongoing bench-tests, some qualified (CERN)

60m system demonstrator [CERN Courier] successful

(CERN)9/16/20 Italian Physical Society 27 Preamble to the Strategy

European perspective Ø It is essential for particle physics in Europe and for CERN to be able to propose a new facility after the LHC Ø The 2020 Strategy update should aim to significantly extend knowledge beyond current limits and to drive innovative technological developments

Scientific background Ø Many mysteries about the universe remain to be explored: nature of dark matter, preponderance of matter over antimatter, origin and pattern of neutrino masses Ø Particle Physics develops technologies to probe ever smaller distance scales (higher energies) Ø Higgs is a unique particle that raises profound questions about the fundamental laws of nature ü measurement of Higgs properties is in itself a powerful tool to look for answers à electron-positron collider as Higgs factory ü pair-production study is key to understanding the fabric of the universe à collider with significantly higher energies than a Higgs factory Ø New realm of energies is expected to lead to new discoveries and provide answers to existing mysteries

9/16/20 Italian Physical Society 28 2020 Strategy Statements Guide through the statements 2 statements on Major developments from the 2013 Strategy 4 statements on Other essential scientific activities a) Maintain focus on successful completion of HL-LHC upgrade a) Support for high-impact, financially viable, b) Maintain support for long-baseline experiments in Japan and experimental initiatives world-wide US and the Neutrino Platform b) Acknowledge the essential role of theory ! c) Support for instrumentation R&D – through roadmap 3 statements on General considerations for the 2020 update d) Support for computing and software infrastructure a) Preserve the leading role of CERN for success of European PP 2 statements on Synergies with neighbouring fields community a) – cooperation with NuPECC b) Strengthen the European PP ecosystem of research centres b) Astroparticle – cooperation with APPEC c) Acknowledge the global nature of PP research 3 statements on Organisational issues 2 statements on High-priority future initiatives a) Framework for projects in and out of Europe a) Higgs factory as the highest-priority next collider and b) Strengthen relations with European Commission investigation of the technical and financial feasibility of a c) Play active role in supporting Open Science future hadron collider at CERN 4 statements on Environmental and societal impact b) Vigorous R&D on innovative accelerator technologies – a) Mitigate environmental impact of particle physics through roadmap b) Invest in next generation of researchers c) Support knowledge and technology transfer Letters for itemizing the statements are introduced d) Spread cultural heritage: public engagement, for identification, do not imply prioritization education and communication

9/16/20 Italian Physical Society 29 Possible scenarios of future colliders Proton collider Construction/Transformation: heights of box construction cost/year Electron collider Preparation Electron-Proton collider

20km tunnel ILC: 250 GeV 500 GeV 1 TeV 4 years -1 -1 -1 5,6 B/9 years 2 ab 4 ab ≈ 4-5.4 ab Japan ≈2.5 B/7years 31km tunnel 40 km tunnel 100km tunnel CepC: 90/160/240 GeV SppC: ≈ FCC-hh 6 B/8 years 16/2.6/5.6 ab-1 China

11 km tunnel CLIC: 380 GeV 1.5 TeV 3 TeV 5 years 5,9 B/7 years 1.5 ab-1 2.5 ab-1 5 ab-1 5,1 B/5 y 7,3 B/5 y

29 km tunnel 50 km tunnel 350-365 GeV 17 B/11 years FCC hh: 150 TeV ≈20-30 ab-1 1,1B 1.7 ab-1 8 years FCC-ee: 10,5 B/10year 90/160/250 GeV 150/10/5 ab-1 100km tunnel 17 B/11 years FCC hh: 100 TeV 20-30 ab-1 CERN

24B/15 years FCC hh: 100 TeV 20-30 ab-1 8 years 100km tunnel HL-LHC: 13 TeV 3-4 ab-1 HE-LHC: 27 TeV 10 ab-1 7 B/8 years From Ursula Bassler

LHeC: 1.2TeV FCC-eh: 3.5 TeV 2 ab-1 2 years 1.7 B/ 6 years 0.25-1 ab-1© 30 Italian 2020 2030 2040 2050 2060 2070 2080 9/16/20 2090Physica e+e- Higgs Factories

-1 4y @ MZ (150ab ) -1 1-2y @ 2xMW (10ab ) 3y @ 240 GeV (5ab-1) -1 -1 8 years (1ab ) 5y @ 2xmt (1.5ab ) (e-/e+) = ±80%/0%

! circular colliders linear CLIC@CERN [380 GeV] FCC-ee@CERN [90-365 GeV] colliders ILC@Japan [250 GeV] CEPC@China [90-240-(350) GeV]

11.5 years (2ab-1) (e-/e+) = ±80%/±30%

!

~1800 cryomodules of ~12m -1 2y @ MZ (16ab ) -1 in Liquid He vessel 1y @ 2xMW (2.6ab ) -1 ~16000 superconductive cavities of ~1m 7y @ 240 GeV (5.6ab )

9/16/20 Italian Physical Society 31 Precision physics with the Higgs Higgs couplings at different colliders arXiv 1905.03764 Higgs self-coupling

HL-LHC: 1 to 3%; proposed colliders improve by factor 2 to 10; Higgs factories comparable within factor 2;

Ø A Higgs factory (any) is needed (BR untagged w/o assumptions), even if the ultimate goal is the FCC-hh

9/16/20 Italian Physical Society 32 Search for Dark Matter at colliders

Example: Thermal WIMPs: simplified DM models with one DM particle and one mediator

(mc=1GeV) BSM scalar

quark-only interaction

lepton-only interaction

spin-1 Z’

Complementarity: Maximal overlap with direct & indirect detection sensitivity: lepton cosmological origin of DM and versus proton colliders nature of DM interactions

9/16/20 Italian Physical Society 33 9/16/20 Italian Physical Society 34 Future developments in accelerator technologies

Muon collider Very interesting R&D projects • Muon collider: • from proton beam (rcooling success: MICE) • from e+e- production (LEMMA) • Plasma wakefield acceleration: • High gradients possible: ~100 GV/m • R&D progressing well but many challenges Circumference for: Higgs factory - 300m Plasma wake field acceleration: AWAKE@CERN, the wakefield is driven by high-energy protons 14 TeV collider – LHC tunnel energy (GeV) energy - e Achieved 2 GeV over 10m Gradient 200 MV/m (for ILC 30 MV/m)

Plasma density

9/16/20 Italian Physical Society 35 2020 Strategy Statements Environmental and societal impact

Climate change and particle physics • In a world with increasing demand on limited resources and undergoing climate change it is crucial to keep energy consumption, sustainability and efficiency in mind when discussing the future of particle physics • In the discussion of the optimal choice for a new facility, the energy efficiency of the accelerator should be considered alongside factors such as cost, timescale and physics reach • Research into environmentally-friendly alternatives for materials with high global warming potential for use in particle physics detectors should be strongly stimulated and supported • The community should invest in both hardware and software efforts to improve the energy efficiency of its computing infrastructures • The community is expected to be in the vanguard of alternatives to physical travel such as virtual meeting rooms. and should support low-carbon forms of travel and carbon offsetting, whenever travel is unavoidable a) The energy efficiency of present and future accelerators, and of computing facilities, is and should remain an area requiring constant attention. Travel also represents an environmental challenge, due to the international nature of the field. The environmental impact of particle physics activities should continue to be carefully studied and minimised. A detailed plan for the minimisation of environmental impact and for the saving and re-use of energy should be part of the approval process for any major project. Alternatives to travel should be explored and encouraged.

9/16/20 Italian Physical Society 36 Concluding remarks

The European vision is • to prepare a Higgs factory, • followed by a future hadron collider with sensitivity to energy scales an order of magnitude higher than those of the LHC, • while addressing the associated technical and societal challenges • The updated Strategy is realistic and prudent • And should be reviewed in the second half of this decade when the results of the feasibility study for the future hadron collider are available and ready for decision

On June 19, 2020 CERN’s Council unanimously decided to update the Strategy The updated Strategy is visionary and ambitious, but also realistic and prudent It lays the foundations for a bright future for particle physics

9/16/20 Italian Physical Society 37 Backup slides

9/16/20 Italian Physical Society 38 EPPSU 2020/backup Strategy Secretariat

• H. Abramowicz (Chairperson)

• J. D’Hondt (ECFA Chairperson, ECFA: European Committee for Future Accelerators)

• K. Ellis (SPC Chairperson, SPC: Science Policy Committee @ CERN)

• L. Rivkin (European LDG Chairperson, LDG: Lab Directors Group)

9/16/20 Italian Physical Society 39 EPPSU 2020/backup Physics Peparatory Group • Strategy Secretariat

• Caterina Biscari (ES), Belen Gavela (ES), Beate Heinemann (DE), Krzysztof Redlich (PL) – delegates nominated by SPC

• Stan Bentvelsen (NL), Paris Sphicas (GR), Marco Zito (FR), Antonio Zoccoli (IT) – delegates nominated by ECFA

• Gian Giudice (CERN) – nominated by CERN

• Shoji Asai (Japan) and Xinchou Lou (China) - delegates from Asia nominated by ICFA

• Marcela Carena (US) and Brigitte Vachon (Canada) - delegates from the Americas nominated by ICFA Responsible to organize the Open Symposium and to deliver to the European Strategy Group (ESG) a Briefing Book.

9/16/20 Italian Physical Society 40 2020 Strategy Update Faces behind the Strategy science – Physics Preparatory Group Beate Heinemann (DE)

Caterina Biscari (ES)) Belen Gavela (ES)) Marcela Carena (US)) Brigitte Vachon (CA) HA (IL)) Krzysztof Redlich (PL)

Paris Sphicas (GR) Shoji Ashai (JP) Stan Bentvelsen (NL) Gian Giudice (CERN) Xinchou Lou (CN)

Antonio Zoccolli (IT) Marco Zitto (FR) Keith Ellis (UK) Jorgen D’Hondt Lenny Rivkin (CH)

9/16/20 Italian Physical Society 41 Names at http://europeanstrategyupdate.web.cern.ch/compositionEPPSU-esg 2020/backup Composition of the ESG European Strategy Group (ESG) composition, adopted by Council, December 2013: • the Strategy Secretary (acting as Chairperson), • one representative appointed by each CERN Member State, • one representative for each of the Laboratories participating in the major European Laboratory Directors’ meeting, including its Chairperson, • the CERN Director-General, • the SPC Chairperson, • the ECFA Chairperson. Responsible to deliver a draft Strategy Update to Council. Invitees • the President of the CERN Council, • one representative from each of the Associate Member States, • one representative from each Observer State, • one representative from the European Commission and JINR, • the Chairpersons of ApPEC, FALC, ESFRI, and NuPECC, • the members of the Physics Preparatory Group.

9/16/20 Italian Physical Society 42 2020 Strategy Update The European Strategy Group

9/16/20 Italian Physical Society 43 Proton structure

Proton – composite object consisting of quarks and gluons - only 5% of its mass is generated through the Higgs mechanism - 95% of its mass is due to QCD - structure cannot be calculated (yet) from first principles Legacy of ep collider HERA

H1 and ZEUS HERA HERAPDF2.0 NLO

r, NC √s = 318 GeV √s = 318 GeV + –1 + σ NC e p 0.5 fb NC e p – –1 – 10 3 NC e p 0.4 fb NC e p

xBj = 0.02 (x575)

xBj = 0.032 (x400)

xBj = 0.05 (x270) 10 2 xBj = 0.08 (x170)

xBj = 0.13 (x80)

10 xBj = 0.18 (x20)

xBj = 0.25 (x6) 1

xBj = 0.40 (x2) -1 10

-2 xBj = 0.65 10

2 3 4 5 10 10 10 10 Q2/ GeV2

9/16/20 Italian Physical Society 44 Electron-proton machines

9/16/20 Italian Physical Society 45 Flavour Physics and CP

Ø Study processes very unlikely or impossible in the SM Ø Potential source for matter-antimatter asymmetry Ø Great sensitivity to Physics Beyond the Standard Model – scale beyond 102 – 105 TeV Ø Complementarity of low energy high-precision and high energy frontier

Reach in new physics scale from generic dimension 6 operators

9/16/20 Italian Physical Society 46 Neutrino physics and Astroparticle

Europe delegates accelerator neutrino science to US and Japan through Neutrino Platform at CERN

Einstein telescope needs CERN expertise “Triangular accelerator without beam”

9/16/20 Italian Physical Society 47 Dark matter/Dark sector • Dark Matter (new paradigm) • Dark Sector Ø What if dark matter is light? Ø Search for dark photon

9/16/20 Italian Physical Society 48 Report from Open Symposium in Granada Strong Interactions (QCD)

Human kind consists of 95% QCD and 5% Higgs QCD is part of the SM but we have problems deciphering it!

• Confinement • Perturbative regime (essence of pp machines) Ø Ø Hot and dense matter Partonic structure of hadrons (exp) Ø Ø Spectroscopy (new form of hadrons) Interactions of partons (theory)

future? past

Quark gluon plasma - Expected as gas of free partons FCChe LHeC - Found to be a perfect liquid

US – soon? 9/16/20 Italian Physical Society 49 Research Ingredients

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