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Burial and Exhumation of the Terra Nova Bay Region, Transantarctic Mountains

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Burial and Exhumation of the Terra Nova Bay Region, Transantarctic Mountains BURIAL AND EXHUMATION OF THE TERRA NOVA BAY REGION, TRANSANTARCTIC MOUNTAINS Jannis Dominik Prenzel Dissertation zur Erlangung des Doktorgrades der Naturwissenschaften Fachbereich 5 – Geowissenschaften Universität Bremen 15.01.2014 Erstgutachter: PD Dr. Frank Lisker Zweitgutachter: Prof. Dr. Wolfgang Bach Datum des Kolloquiums: 25.04.2014 II Name: Jannis Dominik Prenzel Datum: 15.01.2014 Anschrift: Lunder Straße 11 13189 Berlin Deutschland Erklärung Hiermit versichere ich, dass ich 1. die Arbeit ohne unerlaubte fremde Hilfe angefertigt habe, 2. keine anderen als die von mir angegebenen Quellen und Hilfsmittel benutzt habe und 3. die den benutzten Werken wörtlich oder inhaltlich entnommenen Stellen als solche kenntlich gemacht habe. Bremen, den 15.01.2014 (Unterschrift) III Acknowledgements First of all, I thank Frank Lisker (Universität Bremen) who initiated this work. Thank you for supervising this thesis, your extensive critical and constructive comments on the manuscripts, and last but not least for all the productive numerous discussions. Many thanks go also to Cornelia Spiegel (Universität Bremen) and Andreas Läufer (Bundesanstalt für Geowissenschaften und Rohstoffe, Hannover) as co-applicants of the project. Thank you for constructive manuscript reviews and critical discussions. Maria Laura Balestrieri is thanked for providing material and data from Mount Matz and Mount Nansen, and constructive criticism on the manuscripts. I also want to thank Wolfgang Bach for the second opinion of this dissertation. F. Balsamo, G. Di Vincenzo, S. Rocchi, F. Rossetti and F. Storti are acknowledged for constructive comments. Funding of this work with the DFG research project LI745/12-1 is gratefully acknowledged. I wish to thank the Bundesanstalt für Geowissenschaften und Rohstoffe for the invitation to participate in the Antarctic GANOVEX X expedition in 2009/2010. Special thanks go to the crews of MS Italica and Helicopters New Zealand for logistic support and the members of the GANOVEX X team for cooperative fieldwork and stimulating discussions. The whole staff of the working group Geodynamics of the Polar Regions (Universität Bremen) is thanked for help and advice. Special thanks go to Nina Dörr for her help during my first year of the work and Julia Lindow for proof-reading my manuscripts. Anke Toltz and Carina Werner are thanked for rock preparation, Vera Kolb for IT- support, Florian Riefstahl for support with GMT, and Simon Elfert, Gisela Haack, Nicole Lucka and Wolfgang Reiter for general help and advice. Last but not least, I thank my family and all my friends who supported me in any way during my thesis. Special thanks go to my girlfriend Nadja for her patience and motivation during my time in Bremen. IV Zusammenfassung Das Transantarktische Gebirge repräsentiert die exponierte Hauptschulter des Westantarktischen Riftsystems, welches sich über ungefähr 3500 km entlang des antarktischen Kontinents erstreckt. Aufgrund des weitgehenden Fehlens mesozoisch – känozoischer Sedimentgesteine, kann die jüngere geologische Geschichte des Gebirges nicht mittels petrologischer oder stratigraphischer Belege rekonstruiert werden. Existierende Rekonstruktionen der Exhumierungsgeschichte beruhen daher vor allem auf thermochronologischen Methoden wie der Apatit-Spaltspuranalyse. Durch die Anwendung qualitativer thermochronologischer Interpretationskonzepte, wie zum Beispiel dem break in slope, welcher bei vertikalen Altersprofilen für den Beginn schneller Gesteinsabkühlung steht, wurde die Entstehung des Trans- antarktischen Gebirges durch Krustenverdickung infolge eines umfangreichen jurassischen Magmatismus und zahlreicher Exhumierungsphasen seit der frühen Kreide erklärt. Dieses Exhumierungsszenario steht jedoch in starkem Widerspruch zu geologischen Beobachtungen, thermischen Indikatoren sowie der Korrelation der Spaltspurdaten und stratigraphischer Informationen. Beobachtungen und Indikatoren implizieren hingegen eine lang anhaltende mesozoische Versenkung der jurassischen Oberfläche, welche vermutlich auf die Existenz eines Sedimentbeckens innerhalb der Rossmeer Region der Antarktis zurückzuführen ist. Die vorliegende Arbeit konzentriert sich auf die Terra Nova Bay Region im Rossmeer Sektor des Transantarktischen Gebirges, in welcher die geologischen Widersprüche zum traditionellen Exhumierungsszenario zuerst erkannt wurden. In dieser Region wird granitisches Grundgebirge kambrisch-ordovizischen Alters von mesozoischen Beacon Sandsteinen überlagert, welche ihrerseits von magmatischen Gesteinen des ca. 182 Ma alten Ferrar Events durchschlagen und/oder überlagert werden. Für die Überprüfung und Quantifizierung des postulierten Sedimentbeckens wurden Gesteinsproben von vertikalen Profilen in der nördlichen Terra Nova Bay Region (Eisenhower Range, Deep Freeze Range) mit der Apatit-Spaltspur- und der Apatit (U-Th-Sm)/He-Methode analysiert, und mit Paläotemperaturanalysen an Beacon Sandsteinen aus der Eisenhower Range und publizierten Spaltspurdaten aus der südlichen Terra Nova Bay Region (Prince Albert Mountains) erweitert. Unter Berück- sichtigung der geologischen und thermischen Rahmenbedingungen wurden mittels thermischer Modellierungen der Spaltspur- und (U-Th-Sm)/He Daten hauptsächlich folgende Themenschwerpunkte bearbeitet: (I) Überprüfung der Gültigkeit qualitativer thermochronologischer Interpretationskonzepte; (II) Quantifizierung der Versenk- ungs- und Exhumierungsgeschichte der Terra Nova Bay Region; (III) Untersuchung der Entwicklungsgeschichte der heutigen regionalen Landschaft, bestehend aus tief eingeschnittenen Hochplateaus in unmittelbarer Nähe zu einer flachen Küstenebene, sowie (IV) die Rekonstruktion der Geometrie, der lateralen Ausdehnung und der lokalen Tiefen des Sedimentbeckens innerhalb der Terra Nova Bay Region. Der thermochronologische Datensatz, bestehend aus 54 analysierten Proben von sieben vertikalen Profilen der Eisenhower Range und der Deep Freeze Range, zeigt Spaltspuralter zwischen 32±2 Ma und 259±18 Ma sowie (U-Th-Sm)/He-Alter zwischen 28±3 Ma und 274±17 Ma, die mit den Probenhöhen korrelieren (220 – 3120 m). Thermische Modellierungen dieser Daten sowie der publizierten Spaltspurdaten aus den Prince Albert Mountains weisen im Anschluss an das Ferrar V Event eine lang anhaltende mesozoische Aufheizung der jurassischen Oberfläche von ungefähr 80°C auf und belegen eine schnelle spät-eozäne Abkühlungsphase. Diese Temperaturen stimmen mit post-jurassischen Temperaturen zwischen ~60° und 100°C überein, welche mittels einer Reifegradbestimmung an organischem Material in den Beacon Sandsteinen ermittelt wurden Die Paläotemperaturen der vertikalen Höhenprofile lassen für die gesamte Region auf einen erhöhten jurassischen (~45°C/km) sowie einen moderaten .kretazisch-eozänen (~25 – 30°C/km) geothermischen Gradienten schließen. Diese Entwicklung des Wärme- flusses ist auf jurassische Riftprozesse und den Ferrar Magmatismus mit anschließender isobarer Abkühlung zurückzuführen. Der starke Widerspruch der ermittelten thermischen Geschichte zum traditionellen Exhumierungsszenario des Transantarktischen Gebirges zeigt, dass qualitative thermochronologische Interpretationskonzepte wie der break in slope weder benutzt werden können, um den Beginn schneller Gesteinsabkühlung zu datieren, noch um thermische Modellierungen zu ersetzen. Modellierungsexperimente demonstrieren den Einfluss verschiedener Faktoren (z.B. die thermische Geschichte vor der schnellen Abkühlung, maximale Paläotemperaturen, Abkühlrate, geothermischer Gradient) auf die Position und das Muster eines break in slope. Dies bedeutet, dass die früheren qualitativen thermochronologischen Studien aus dem Transantark- tischen Gebirge und ähnliche Studien weltweit durch thermische Modellierungen unter der Berücksichtigung geologischer und thermischer Informationen überprüft werden müssen. Die mechanische Kompaktion der Beacon Sandsteine verweist auf eine höhere Gesteinsüberlagerung, als regional stratigraphisch dokumentiert ist. Die gemeinsame Verwendung der Paläotemperaturen und der geothermischen Gradienten lässt auf eine spät-jurassische bis eozäne Versenkung des Grundgebirges auf eine Tiefe zwischen ~2 km in der nördlichen und ~3.5 km in der südlichen Terra Nova Bay Region schließen. Da diese Versenkung vom Jura ins Eozän zunimmt, kann diese nicht allein durch die Überlagerung von Beacon und Ferrar Gesteinen erklärt werden. Eine notwendige zusätzliche, bis ins Eozän anhaltende, Sedimentablagerung anschließend an das Ferrer Event, ist auf die Existenz eines mesozoisch – eozänen Sedimentbeckens in der Terra Nova Bay Region zurückzuführen. Berechnungen, basierend auf den Paläotemperaturen, geothermischen Gradienten und Modellen, verweisen auf eine regional einheitliche Sedimentmächtigkeit von ca. 1 km. Die geringere Versenkung der nördlichen Terra Nova Bay Region beruht hingegen auf einer regional niedrigeren Mächtigkeit der Beacon und Ferrar Gesteine von ca. 1 km. Eine mögliche Erklärung dafür wäre die Existenz einer topographischen Mulde innerhalb der heutigen Prince Albert Mountains bevor/während des Ferrar Events, welche einen Hauptablagerungsraum der Ferrar Gesteine bildete. Die jurassische Bildung des Beckens wird durch das Einsetzen von Extension innerhalb des Westantarktischen Riftsystems vor ~180 Ma erklärt, während die darauffolgende mesozoisch – eozäne Sedimentakkumulation durch ein stabiles Spannungsfeld und eine langsame E-W Extension während der Öffnung des Ross Meers zu erklären ist. Die schnelle eozäne/oligozäne Exhumierungsphase verweist
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