The Time Of The Sun Romanian Sundials

2018 Calendar ENGLISH EDITION THE TIME OF THE SUN — AN UNUSUAL CALENDAR You can use the Moon's Age (the number inscribed in Roman numerals) to calculate the approximate time at night with the help of a sundial. For every On clear days, objects' shadows map the Sun's heavenly path onto the elapsed day add 50 minutes to the time indicated by the Moon's light on the ground. They are always opposite to the Sun and can be used to tell time sundial. The method works best around Full Moon and is accurate to about similar to hour hands on clock faces. an hour. Sundials have been my foremost interest in recent years: how they work, Romanians observed Daylight Saving Time (or DST) for the first time in how are they built, where are they found and how do you read time off 1932, but its use was interrupted for nearly 40 years between 1941 and 1979. them? In Romania there are in total about 200 sundials, most of them Since 1998, we have been observing DST from the last Sunday in March located in the historical province of Transylvania. My calendar presents until the last Sunday in October. 13 of them while offering daily astronomical information relevant to the science of gnomonics: the Sun's declination, the value of the equation of THE PHOTOS — SUNDIALS FROM ROMANIA time, the zodiacal signs, the age and phases of the Moon, dates of solstice Cover: Horizontal sundial located in the park of Buziaș (Timiș County, and equinox, daylight saving time applicability etc. But first here's a brief Western Romania). The original was designed by mathematics professor explanation of the Romanian calendar and public holidays. Petru Lighezan (b. 1936) and executed by Întreprinderea Balneară Buziaș in the late 1960s. The restoration of 2016 belongs to Adrian Miu (b. 1974). THE ROMANIAN CALENDAR & ASTRONOMICAL DATA Photo courtesy of Adrian Miu. This calendar reflects the usual Romanian practice of starting weeks on January: Sundial on the Reformed church in Vaida Cămăraș (Cluj County, Mondays, being the first working day, although orthodox religious calendars North-Western Romania). The original building dates back to the middle of have reverted to starting weeks on Sundays due to religious reasons since the 14th century but over the years it has undergone several changes. 2011. The days of the week have been translated to their English counterparts for your convenience. Apart from the last two, which have a different February: Metallic sundial designed and built by Dimitrie Olenici (b. 1949) etymological background, they all closely follow the names of the ancient at his family-owned ethnographic museum in Horodnic de Jos (Suceava planets: Luni - Luna (Moon), Marți - Marte (Mars), Miercuri - Mercur County, Northern Romania). In the background you can see typical (Mercury), Joi - Joe/Jupiter (Jupiter), Vineri - Venus (Venus), Sâmbătă - astronomical decorations on the houses of that area. Photo courtesy of from the Latin sa(m)bbatum meaning Sabbath, Duminică - from the Latin Dimitrie Olenici. (dies) Dominica meaning day of the Lord. The names of the months have March: Sundial drawn by Franciscan monk Sebestyén Fábián Benjamin been written in English alongside their Romanian archaic form. A short (1907-1990) on the Roman Catholic church in Coşnea (Bacău County, explanation of their origin can be found in the table below: Central Romania). It dates back to 1972. Month Archaic Romanian name derived from April: Sundial set up at the Naval Academy of Constanţa (Constanţa County, January - Gerar ger - "bitter cold"; as winter reaches its depth during this month. Eastern Romania) during 1993-1994 by Stelian Cojocaru (b. 1963). The February - Făurar a făuri - "to create"; hence, făurar could also mean "ironsmith", tilted slab may fool you at first, but this is not an equatorial sundial as the who shapes objects to be used in spring, and "creator", referring to gnomon (an anchor) is vertical. Photo courtesy of Andrei Pocora. the cold that generates new shapes March - Mărțișor latin martius, with diminutive -ișor, hence "little March" May: Traces of a sundial on the old Evangelical church in Vingard (Alba April - Prier a prii - "to have a good omen", because it was considered a good County, Central Romania), built by Saxons in 1461. month to continue agricultural works begun in March, and for flocks of sheep to form June: Remains of a 1993 analemmatic sundial built by a team of British May - Florar floare - "flower"; a month of abundant vegetation. Compare volunteers in the School Rehabilitation Centre of Brădet (Braşov County, with Floréal in the French Republican Calendar. Central Romania). In order to use it, a person had to stand on the centre line June - Cireșar cireș - "cherry tree", whose fruit ripens now of the concrete platform next to the current month's initials, then his or her July - Cuptor cuptor - "oven"; often the hottest month, and also when wheat is shadow would show the time on a series of markings (now missing). ready for harvest July: The Visiting Centre for the Buffalo Farm in Pecica (Arad County, August - Gustar a gusta - "to taste", as fruit now starts to become ready for picking September - Răpciune Referring to the incipient cold Western Romania) is a futuristic looking building designed by architect October - Brumărel brumă - "hoar frost"; brumărel means "little hoar frost", as this is Claudiu Ionescu (b. 1985). The construction was completed in October just beginning to appear in October 2013, being financed by ERDF. Besides being a digital museum, it also acts November - Brumar brumă - "hoar frost", in full swing this month; compare with as a sundial. The shadow of the sloping pillar on the sharp side is projected the French Republican Calendar month Brumaire onto the exterior floor hour markings. December - Undrea Îndrea (< Andreas); Saint Andrew's feast day, November 30, ushers in this month August: Horizontal sundial designed by Dan-George Uza (b. 1984) and sculpted by Marius Tutovan (b. 1978) in 2017. It is located in the park of Weekends and national holidays have been marked red in the calendar. the Tăşnad resort (Satu Mare County, North-Western Romania), near the They are: tourist information centre and close to the thermal spring water swimming January 1st - New Year's Day May 28th - Orthodox Pentecost Monday pool. January 2nd - Day after New Year's Day June 1st - Children's Day September: Sundial on the southern façade of the United Business Center 1 January 24th - Small Union Day August 15th - St. Mary's Day April 8th - Orthodox Easter Day November 30th - St. Andrew's Day building in Timișoara (Timiș County, Western Romania). This new (2017) April 9th - Orthodox Easter Monday December 1st - Great Union Day work of art was designed by Bogdan Raţa (b. 1984). Its thorn-shaped bronze May 1st - Labour Day / May Day December 25th - Christmas Day gnomon weighs 400 kilograms (900 pounds) and measures 4 meters (13 May 27th - Orthodox Pentecost December 26th - Second day of Christmas feet). Daily calendar cells plot the following astronomical data: the Equation October: Angel with sundial at Sturdza Castle in Miclăușeni (Iași County, of Time computed in decimal minutes for 12:00 p.m. EET (positive sign North-Eastern Romania). The castle was built by Gheorghe Sturdza and his indicates a true solar time in advance of mean solar time); the Sun's wife, Maria, between 1880 and 1904. It is now owned by the Metropolitan Declination computed in decimal degrees for 12:00 p.m. EET; the applicable Church of Moldavia and Bucovina. Zodiac Signs (Aries ^, Taurus _, Gemini `, Cancer a, Leo b, Virgo c, November: Sundial on the Planetarium building of Constanţa (Constanţa Libra d, Scorpio e, Sagittarius f, Capricorn g, Aquarius h, Pisces i); County, Eastern Romania), dating back to 1969. Photo courtesy of Andrei the Moon Age expressed either in Roman numerals or the Moon Phase icon Pocora. (New Moon b, First Quarter g, Full Moon a, Third Quarterh ). December: Sundial in the mining town of Petroșani (Hunedoara County, Solstices mark the either the longest (in summer) or the shortest (in Central Romania), located on the tower of an old district heating station. winter) days of the year. Equinoxes are the days when light and darkness are approximately equal in duration. Perihelion and Aphelion days mark Earth's closest and farthest position from the Sun. Blue Moon means the second Full Moon of the month and has nothing to do with its observable Dan-George Uza colour. Mini Moon is a Full Moon farthest from Earth (near lunar apogee), Romanian Society for while Super Moon is a Full Moon closest to Earth (near lunar perigee). A Cultural Astronomy comparison of the Full Moon's diameter around apogee and perigee closely matches the ratio of the two main Romanian coins in circulation (10 bani www.astronomieculturala.ro and 50 bani). JANUARY * GERAR Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday Friday Saturday Sunday 1 XIV 2 a 3 XVI 4 XVII 5 XVIII 6 XIX 7 XX

Super Moon Perihelion

-3,5 min -22,98 ° g -4 min -22,9 ° g -4,5 min -22,8 ° g -4,9 min -22,7 ° g -5,4 min -22,59 ° g -5,8 min -22,47 ° g -6,2 min -22,35 ° g 8 XXI 9 h 10 XXIII 11 XXIV 12 XXV 13 XXVI 14 XXVII

-6,7 min -22,22 ° g -7,1 min -22,08 ° g -7,5 min -21,93 ° g -7,9 min -21,78 ° g -8,3 min -21,62 ° g -8,6 min -21,45 ° g -9 min -21,27 ° g 15 XXVIII 16 XXIX 17 b 18 I 19 II 20 III 21 IV

-9,4 min -21,09 ° g -9,7 min -20,9 ° g -10,1 min -20,71 ° g -10,4 min -20,51 ° g -10,7 min -20,3 ° g -11 min -20,08 ° h -11,3 min -19,86 ° h 22 V 23 VI 24 VII 25 g 26 IX 27 X 28 XI

-11,6 min -19,64 ° h -11,8 min -19,41 ° h -12,1 min -19,17 ° h -12,3 min -18,92 ° h -12,5 min -18,67 ° h -12,7 min -18,42 ° h -12,9 min -18,15 ° h 29 XII 30 XIII 31 a 1 2 3 4

Blue Moon

-13,1 min -17,89 ° h -13,3 min -17,61 ° h -13,4 min -17,34 ° h FEBRUARY * FĂURAR Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday Friday Saturday Sunday 29 30 31 1 XV 2 XVI 3 XVII 4 XVIII

-13,5 min -17,05 ° h -13,7 min -16,77 ° h -13,8 min -16,47 ° h -13,9 min -16,18 ° h 5 XIX 6 XX 7 h 8 XXII 9 XXIII 10 XXIV 11 XXV

-14 min -15,88 ° h -14 min -15,57 ° h -14,1 min -15,26 ° h -14,1 min -14,94 ° h -14,2 min -14,62 ° h -14,2 min -14,3 ° h -14,2 min -13,97 ° h 12 XXVI 13 XXVII 14 XXVIII 15 b 16 I 17 II 18 III

-14,2 min -13,64 ° h -14,2 min -13,31 ° h -14,1 min -12,97 ° h -14,1 min -12,62 ° h -14,1 min -12,28 ° h -14 min -11,93 ° h -13,9 min -11,58 ° i 19 IV 20 V 21 VI 22 VII 23 g 24 IX 25 X

-13,8 min -11,22 ° i -13,7 min -10,86 ° i -13,6 min -10,5 ° i -13,5 min -10,14 ° i -13,4 min -9,77 ° i -13,2 min -9,41 ° i -13,1 min -9,03 ° i 26 XI 27 XII 28 XIII 1 2 3 4

-12,9 min -8,66 ° i -12,7 min -8,29 ° i -12,5 min -7,91 ° i MARCH * MĂRȚIȘOR Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday Friday Saturday Sunday 26 27 28 1 XIV 2 a 3 XVI 4 XVII

-12,3 min -7,53 ° i -12,1 min -7,15 ° i -11,9 min -6,77 ° i -11,7 min -6,38 ° i 5 XVIII 6 XIX 7 XX 8 XXI 9 h 10 XXIII 11 XXIV

-11,5 min -6 ° i -11,3 min -5,61 ° i -11 min -5,22 ° i -10,8 min -4,83 ° i -10,5 min -4,44 ° i -10,3 min -4,05 ° i -10 min -3,66 ° i 12 XXV 13 XXVI 14 XXVII 15 XXVIII 16 XXIX 17 b 18 I

-9,8 min -3,26 ° i -9,5 min -2,87 ° i -9,2 min -2,47 ° i -8,9 min -2,08 ° i -8,7 min -1,68 ° i -8,4 min -1,29 ° i -8,1 min -0,89 ° i 19 II 20 III 21 IV 22 V 23 VI 24 g 25 VIII Vernal / Spring Start of DST Equinox (clocks spring forward)

-7,8 min -0,5 ° i -7,5 min -0,1 ° ^ -7,2 min +0,29 ° ^ -6,9 min +0,69 ° ^ -6,6 min +1,08 ° ^ -6,3 min +1,48 ° ^ -6 min +1,87 ° ^ 26 IX 27 X 28 XI 29 XII 30 XIII 31 a 1

Blue Moon

-5,7 min +2,26 ° ^ -5,4 min +2,65 ° ^ -5,1 min +3,04 ° ^ -4,8 min +3,43 ° ^ -4,5 min +3,82 ° ^ -4,2 min +4,21 ° ^ APRIL * PRIER Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday Friday Saturday Sunday 26 27 28 29 30 31 1 XV

-3,9 min +4,6 ° ^ 2 XVI 3 XVII 4 XVIII 5 XIX 6 XX 7 XXI 8 h

-3,6 min +4,98 ° ^ -3,3 min +5,36 ° ^ -3 min +5,75 ° ^ -2,7 min +6,13 ° ^ -2,4 min +6,51 ° ^ -2,1 min +6,88 ° ^ -1,9 min +7,26 ° ^ 9 XXIII 10 XXIV 11 XXV 12 XXVI 13 XXVII 14 XXVIII 15 XXIX

-1,6 min +7,63 ° ^ -1,3 min +8 ° ^ -1,1 min +8,37 ° ^ -0,8 min +8,73 ° ^ -0,5 min +9,1 ° ^ -0,3 min +9,46 ° ^ -0,1 min +9,82 ° ^ 16 b 17 I 18 II 19 III 20 IV 21 V 22 VI

+0,2 min +10,17 ° ^ +0,4 min +10,53 ° ^ +0,6 min +10,88 ° ^ +0,9 min +11,22 ° ^ +1,1 min +11,57 ° _ +1,3 min +11,91 ° _ +1,5 min +12,25 ° _ 23 g 24 VIII 25 IX 26 X 27 XI 28 XII 29 XIII

+1,7 min +12,58 ° _ +1,8 min +12,91 ° _ +2 min +13,24 ° _ +2,2 min +13,56 ° _ +2,3 min +13,88 ° _ +2,5 min +14,2 ° _ +2,6 min +14,51 ° _ 30 a 1 2 3 4 5 6

+2,8 min +14,82 ° _ MAY * FLORAR Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday Friday Saturday Sunday 30 1 XV 2 XVI 3 XVII 4 XVIII 5 XIX 6 XX

+2,9 min +15,12 ° _ +3 min +15,42 ° _ +3,1 min +15,71 ° _ +3,2 min +16,01 ° _ +3,3 min +16,29 ° _ +3,4 min +16,58 ° _ 7 XXI 8 h 9 XXIII 10 XXIV 11 XXV 12 XXVI 13 XXVII

+3,5 min +16,85 ° _ +3,5 min +17,13 ° _ +3,6 min +17,39 ° _ +3,6 min +17,66 ° _ +3,6 min +17,92 ° _ +3,7 min +18,17 ° _ +3,7 min +18,42 ° _ 14 XXVIII 15 b 16 I 17 II 18 III 19 IV 20 V

+3,7 min +18,66 ° _ +3,7 min +18,9 ° _ +3,6 min +19,13 ° _ +3,6 min +19,36 ° _ +3,6 min +19,58 ° _ +3,5 min +19,8 ° _ +3,5 min +20,01 ° _ 21 VI 22 g 23 VIII 24 IX 25 X 26 XI 27 XII

+3,4 min +20,21 ° ` +3,3 min +20,41 ° ` +3,3 min +20,6 ° ` +3,2 min +20,79 ° ` +3,1 min +20,97 ° ` +3 min +21,15 ° ` +2,9 min +21,32 ° ` 28 XIII 29 a 30 XV 31 XVI 1 2 3

+2,7 min +21,48 ° ` +2,6 min +21,64 ° ` +2,5 min +21,79 ° ` +2,3 min +21,93 ° ` JUNE * CIREȘAR Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday Friday Saturday Sunday 28 29 30 31 1 XVII 2 XVIII 3 XIX

+2,2 min +22,07 ° ` +2 min +22,2 ° ` +1,9 min +22,33 ° ` 4 XX 5 XXI 6 h 7 XXIII 8 XXIV 9 XXV 10 XXVI

+1,7 min +22,45 ° ` +1,5 min +22,56 ° ` +1,4 min +22,66 ° ` +1,2 min +22,76 ° ` +1 min +22,85 ° ` +0,8 min +22,94 ° ` +0,6 min +23,02 ° ` 11 XXVII 12 XXVIII 13 b 14 I 15 II 16 III 17 IV

+0,4 min +23,09 ° ` +0,2 min +23,16 ° ` 0 min +23,21 ° ` -0,2 min +23,27 ° ` -0,5 min +23,31 ° ` -0,7 min +23,35 ° ` -0,9 min +23,38 ° ` 18 V 19 VI 20 g 21 VIII 22 IX 23 X 24 XI Summer Solstice The Longest Day

-1,1 min +23,4 ° ` -1,3 min +23,42 ° ` -1,6 min +23,43 ° ` -1,8 min +23,44 ° a -2 min +23,43 ° a -2,2 min +23,42 ° a -2,4 min +23,4 ° a 25 XII 26 XIII 27 XIV 28 a 29 XVI 30 XVII 1

-2,6 min +23,38 ° a -2,8 min +23,35 ° a -3 min +23,31 ° a -3,3 min +23,27 ° a -3,5 min +23,22 ° a -3,6 min +23,16 ° a JULY * CUPTOR Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday Friday Saturday Sunday 25 26 27 28 29 30 1 XVIII

-3,8 min +23,09 ° a 2 XIX 3 XX 4 XXI 5 XXII 6 h 7 XXIV 8 XXV Aphelion

-4 min +23,02 ° a -4,2 min +22,94 ° a -4,4 min +22,86 ° a -4,6 min +22,77 ° a -4,7 min +22,67 ° a -4,9 min +22,56 ° a -5,1 min +22,45 ° a 9 XXVI 10 XXVII 11 XXVIII 12 XXIX 13 b 14 I 15 II

-5,2 min +22,33 ° a -5,4 min +22,21 ° a -5,5 min +22,08 ° a -5,6 min +21,94 ° a -5,8 min +21,8 ° a -5,9 min +21,65 ° a -6 min +21,49 ° a 16 III 17 IV 18 V 19 g 20 VII 21 VIII 22 IX

-6,1 min +21,33 ° a -6,2 min +21,17 ° a -6,2 min +20,99 ° a -6,3 min +20,81 ° a -6,4 min +20,63 ° a -6,4 min +20,44 ° a -6,5 min +20,24 ° a 23 X 24 XI 25 XII 26 XIII 27 a 28 XV 29 XVI Mini Moon

-6,5 min +20,04 ° b -6,5 min +19,83 ° b -6,5 min +19,62 ° b -6,5 min +19,4 ° b -6,5 min +19,17 ° b -6,5 min +18,94 ° b -6,5 min +18,71 ° b 30 XVII 31 XVIII 1 2 3 4 5

-6,4 min +18,47 ° b -6,4 min +18,22 ° b AUGUST * GUSTAR Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday Friday Saturday Sunday 30 31 1 XIX 2 XX 3 XXI 4 h 5 XXIII

-6,3 min +17,97 ° b -6,3 min +17,72 ° b -6,2 min +17,46 ° b -6,1 min +17,19 ° b -6 min +16,93 ° b 6 XXIV 7 XXV 8 XXVI 9 XXVII 10 XXVIII 11 b 12 I

-5,9 min +16,65 ° b -5,8 min +16,37 ° b -5,7 min +16,09 ° b -5,5 min +15,81 ° b -5,4 min +15,51 ° b -5,2 min +15,22 ° b -5,1 min +14,92 ° b 13 II 14 III 15 IV 16 V 17 VI 18 g 19 VIII

-4,9 min +14,62 ° b -4,7 min +14,31 ° b -4,5 min +14 ° b -4,3 min +13,68 ° b -4,1 min +13,37 ° b -3,9 min +13,04 ° b -3,7 min +12,72 ° b 20 IX 21 X 22 XI 23 XII 24 XIII 25 XIV 26 a

-3,4 min +12,39 ° b -3,2 min +12,06 ° b -2,9 min +11,73 ° b -2,7 min +11,39 ° c -2,4 min +11,05 ° c -2,1 min +10,7 ° c -1,8 min +10,36 ° c 27 XVI 28 XVII 29 XVIII 30 XIX 31 XX 1 2

-1,6 min +10,01 ° c -1,3 min +9,66 ° c -1 min +9,3 ° c -0,7 min +8,94 ° c -0,3 min +8,58 ° c SEPTEMBER * RĂPCIUNE Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday Friday Saturday Sunday 27 28 29 30 31 1 XXI 2 XXII

0 min +8,22 ° c +0,3 min +7,86 ° c 3 h 4 XXIV 5 XXV 6 XXVI 7 XXVII 8 XXVIII 9 b

+0,6 min +7,49 ° c +0,9 min +7,13 ° c +1,3 min +6,76 ° c +1,6 min +6,38 ° c +2 min +6,01 ° c +2,3 min +5,63 ° c +2,6 min +5,26 ° c 10 I 11 II 12 III 13 IV 14 V 15 VI 16 VII

+3 min +4,88 ° c +3,3 min +4,5 ° c +3,7 min +4,12 ° c +4 min +3,74 ° c +4,4 min +3,35 ° c +4,8 min +2,97 ° c +5,1 min +2,58 ° c 17 g 18 IX 19 X 20 XI 21 XII 22 XIII 23 XIV Autumn / Fall Equinox

+5,5 min +2,2 ° c +5,8 min +1,81 ° c +6,2 min +1,42 ° c +6,5 min +1,03 ° c +6,9 min +0,65 ° c +7,2 min +0,26 ° c +7,6 min -0,13 ° d 24 XV 25 a 26 XVII 27 XVIII 28 XIX 29 XX 30 XXI

+8 min -0,52 ° d +8,3 min -0,91 ° d +8,6 min -1,3 ° d +9 min -1,69 ° d +9,3 min -2,08 ° d +9,7 min -2,47 ° d +10 min -2,85 ° d OCTOBER * BRUMĂREL Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday Friday Saturday Sunday 1 XXII 2 h 3 XXIV 4 XXV 5 XXVI 6 XXVII 7 XXVIII

+10,3 min -3,24 ° d +10,6 min -3,63 ° d +11 min -4,02 ° d +11,3 min -4,4 ° d +11,6 min -4,79 ° d +11,9 min -5,17 ° d +12,2 min -5,55 ° d 8 XXIX 9 b 10 I 11 II 12 III 13 IV 14 V

+12,4 min -5,94 ° d +12,7 min -6,32 ° d +13 min -6,7 ° d +13,2 min -7,07 ° d +13,5 min -7,45 ° d +13,7 min -7,82 ° d +14 min -8,2 ° d 15 VI 16 g 17 VIII 18 IX 19 X 20 XI 21 XII

+14,2 min -8,57 ° d +14,4 min -8,94 ° d +14,6 min -9,3 ° d +14,8 min -9,67 ° d +15 min -10,03 ° d +15,2 min -10,39 ° d +15,4 min -10,74 ° d 22 XIII 23 XIV 24 a 25 XVI 26 XVII 27 XVIII 28 XIX End of DST (clocks fall back)

+15,5 min -11,1 ° d +15,7 min -11,45 ° e +15,8 min -11,8 ° e +15,9 min -12,14 ° e +16 min -12,49 ° e +16,1 min -12,83 ° e +16,2 min -13,16 ° e 29 XX 30 XXI 31 h 1 2 3 4

+16,3 min -13,49 ° e +16,3 min -13,82 ° e +16,4 min -14,15 ° e NOVEMBER * BRUMAR Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday Friday Saturday Sunday 29 30 31 1 XXIII 2 XXIV 3 XXV 4 XXVI

+16,4 min -14,47 ° e +16,4 min -14,79 ° e +16,5 min -15,1 ° e +16,4 min -15,41 ° e 5 XXVII 6 XXVIII 7 b 8 I 9 II 10 III 11 IV

+16,4 min -15,72 ° e +16,4 min -16,02 ° e +16,3 min -16,31 ° e +16,3 min -16,61 ° e +16,2 min -16,89 ° e +16,1 min -17,18 ° e +16 min -17,45 ° e 12 V 13 VI 14 VII 15 g 16 IX 17 X 18 XI

+15,9 min -17,73 ° e +15,7 min -18 ° e +15,6 min -18,26 ° e +15,4 min -18,51 ° e +15,3 min -18,77 ° e +15,1 min -19,01 ° e +14,9 min -19,25 ° e 19 XII 20 XIII 21 XIV 22 XV 23 a 24 XVII 25 XVIII

+14,6 min -19,49 ° e +14,4 min -19,72 ° e +14,2 min -19,94 ° e +13,9 min -20,16 ° f +13,6 min -20,37 ° f +13,4 min -20,57 ° f +13,1 min -20,77 ° f 26 XIX 27 XX 28 XXI 29 XXII 30 h 1 2

+12,8 min -20,96 ° f +12,4 min -21,15 ° f +12,1 min -21,32 ° f +11,8 min -21,5 ° f +11,4 min -21,66 ° f DECEMBER * UNDREA Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday Friday Saturday Sunday 26 27 28 29 30 1 XXIV 2 XXV

+11 min -21,82 ° f +10,7 min -21,97 ° f 3 XXVI 4 XXVII 5 XXVIII 6 XXIX 7 b 8 I 9 II

+10,3 min -22,11 ° f +9,9 min -22,25 ° f +9,5 min -22,38 ° f +9 min -22,5 ° f +8,6 min -22,62 ° f +8,2 min -22,73 ° f +7,7 min -22,83 ° f 10 III 11 IV 12 V 13 VI 14 VII 15 g 16 IX

+7,3 min -22,92 ° f +6,8 min -23 ° f +6,4 min -23,08 ° f +5,9 min -23,15 ° f +5,4 min -23,21 ° f +4,9 min -23,27 ° f +4,4 min -23,32 ° f 17 X 18 XI 19 XII 20 XIII 21 XIV 22 a 23 XVI Winter Solstice The Shortest Day +4 min -23,36 ° f +3,5 min -23,39 ° f +3 min -23,41 ° f +2,5 min -23,43 ° f +2 min -23,43 ° f +1,5 min -23,43 ° g +1 min -23,43 ° g 24 XVII 25 XVIII 26 XIX 27 XX 28 XXI 29 h 30 XXIII

+0,5 min -23,41 ° g 0 min -23,39 ° g -0,5 min -23,36 ° g -1 min -23,32 ° g -1,5 min -23,27 ° g -2 min -23,22 ° g -2,4 min -23,15 ° g 31 XXIV 1 2 3 4 5 6

-2,9 min -23,08 ° g