UNIVERSITY CAMPUSES
University Military Units (UMU1s) exist at Pretoria, OFS, UPE, Po tchefstroom, RAU and Stellenbosch. So far the English-speaking campuses have resisted efforts to form UMU's on their campuses. Where UMU's exist, all students who have completed their initial military training automatically become members.
All universities and other tertiary institutions are incorporated to a lesser or greater extent into the State's research progranme. Through bodies like the CSIR and HSRC senior students and academic staff do research for the government which includes military research. The Official Secrets Act makes it virtually impossible to find out exactly what research is being done, and many of the grants are classified and therefore not publicly available. Some examples of those that are known:
- "Soviet Military and External Policy towards SA" - "SA Civil Defence Adtainlstration and Organ i sa t ion" - "The Design and Development of Equipment to test Cun ranging equipment" Some of the Afrikaans universities run B Mil degrees (e.g. Krygskunde" faculty at SteI Ienbosch").
CADETS THE SOLOMON MAHLANGU FREEDOM COLLEGE ( SOMAFCO) "The cadet system has brought a new awareness amongst school boys of the nature of the onslaught against South Africa. They recognise and understand the threat and are highly Situated somewhere in Tanzania, this we I I-equipped college motivated to undergo training to aid them in began to take shape in 1979 and was built by the ANC to serve combating it." - Paratus 1980 ANC exiIes. (Quoted Tn J^n Whose Dejfence? 1984) * Primary school children begin the school day with the "While young black students fight in the clenched fist salute and the singing of Nkosi sikelel townships for a better future, we prepare our iAfrika. students for a state of siege." - White teacher (Argus 13.8.85) * At the secondary school, two days a week are set aside for political discussion, and senior students prepare a "The military, in the form of compulsory cadet nightly "news bulletin", compiled from radio news training, was part of my life from the age of 13. programmes from both the West and Socialist countries. "Instead of cowboys and Indians, at school we Said the headmaster: played 'nationalists vs terrorists'. We drilled with Rl's; we were trained to shoot; 600 boys "Of course we teach politics. Politics is the science of went on parade four times a year for the Eastern living. And we teach about the important contributions Province Command. made to society by people like Marx and Lenin. "Our cadet camp (and I quote from our school year "But I wouldn't say we teach any particular line. We let book) trained us in counter insurgency warfare the students decide. After all, we have many different and attacks on mock terrorist bases." - Speech schools of thought within the ANC itself - some very made by a CO in 1983 radical and some very conservative." Official SADF-assisted cadet training began in The curriculum Includes sport, political discussion and 1976 and cadets are now compulsory for white male labour. There is no mention of military training. schools. Before 1976 cadets at schools were run (From The Star 10.8.84) largely on an ad hoc basis with no necessary link to the SADF. The 1976 uprising changed this. Written reply to question asked of the Minister of Defence during the 1985 Parliamentary session: "During the period 1 May 1984 to 31 May 1985 no school cadet detachments were displayed in unrest situations. A few cadet officers who are members of Coirmanclo units were however incorrectly called up and utilized in an operations centre in Port Elizabeth. The matter has already been rect i f ied,, " The Motivation Role of the Teacher A military perspective
By Captain Charles Cox (CF)
Introduction b. A Sound Attitude to Life. The children B.F. Skinner said "Education is what f. Knowledge e. Cooperation with Other Groups. Does should also be introduced to a sound survives when what has been learnt, has i. Knowledge regarding matters of the teacher set a positvie example in attitude towards life and life style. It is been forgotten." current interest as well as national his relationships with people from a prerequisite for good motivation — and international occurrences pro other language groups and of different Teaching is more than offering also for national service. A high vides perspective on our own role colours? children knowledge as a commodity morale and morals constitute the and on our country’s role within a against remuneration for the teacher. basis of a sound view of life. A sound broad society. When we do not have f. Idealism. Is the teacher a pessimist Teaching is education ie the teacher attitude towards life can be conveyed sufficient knowledge regarding the who presents an image of no hope also has the task of guiding the child on in an informal manner during conver nature and scope of revolutionary and no future? The teacher should be his way to adulthood. Education, there sations on the sportsfields, during warfare, our people feel that we are an idealist who inspires people to fore. has as task the forming of the total cultural activities and on any other oc sold out to a mystical, secret power eagerly grasp the future. A prere person. casion which may arise. we cannot fight. quisite is that the teacher himself should believe in the future of our As believers we therefore believe that c.Set on the Future. Our present time is ii. Ignorance is often an important beautiful country. we should educate the child as a total characterised by a spirit of fatalism demotivator, as man feels threaten person to be a servant of God and His and pessimism. People no longer see ed when he is unable to understand g.General. All the qualities and proper Kingdom and to live in the glory of His the future as holding out possibilities. something clearly and cannot see it ties we would like to see in our young Name. This attitude, especially among young in proper perspective. people, which we ask you to convey to them, should however, first be evident in The teacher, together with the parents people, could lead to defeatism and an iii. Knowledge can help our people see yourself. Remember: "Example is better and the Church, is the most important attitude of carelessness vis & vis the revolutionary war in our country than precept." (Footprints in the snow!). educator of young people. In modern meeting obligations. The teacher as a challenge which must be ac society the teacher sometimes even has should be able to guide them and cepted. An attitude based on know Conclusion to take over a major part of the task of should inspire them with hope for the ledge is necessary to motivate our You are in the privileged position of the church and parents. future. It should be pointed out to them young people to defend their working with the youth of our country. that their personal future is closely The teacher, therefore, has the impor homeland. This gives a living proof of your belief in bound to what will happen to our coun tant task and responsibility of forming the future of our country and in the youth try in the future. National service as new generations of citizens who will of our country. Your contribution is serve their country and the Kingdom of such is already an investment in our personal future as the Defence Force therefore largely determinative of the God. This task is all-inclusive, and that is future of the country, for, in a few years' presents the opportunity and an en why Herbert Spencer could say: "Educa time, the products you have helped to vironment within which solutions can tion has for its object the formation of form, will themselves become the be brought to our country’s problems. The indirect motivating role of the character." leaders. This will be the major test of the The American economist Henry J. teacher quality of the work of your hands and of It is clear that the teacher plays a Kaiser said: "Problems are oppor Edmund Burke (1729 • 1797) said: "Ex your heart. You have the future of our determining role in the attitude of the tunities in working clothes.” Young ample is the school of mankind, and they country in your hands and you are the child towards his country and people people should also learn that their con will learn at no other." and. therefore, also towards national ser duct today has definite significance lor builders of our future. Roosevelt said: The example set by the teacher is an "We cannot always build a future for our vice and the way in which he will the future. important factor in determining the ultimately experience it. youth, but we can build our youth for the d.Religious preparedness. • future attitude of a child. Teachers are future." This role of the teacher can be I. Religious preparedness forms the idealised. As children identify them manifested in two ways, namely the basis of any motivation — it gives selves with the teacher and his/her direct motivation role and the indirect purpose and meaning to what one values of life and attitude towards life, motivation role. does. It is especially the task of the these are unwittingly transferred to the The direct motivation role of the teacher to guide the child to realise children. teacher that God has dominion over all the The teacher’s attitude towards things It is part of the task of the teacher also facets of life, over science, sports, often has a greater impact than any to prepare the pupil to be able to meet etc — also over the Defence Force direct transfer of knowledge. For these the demands of life after he has left and over everything he will do there. purposes the attitude of the teacher school. The teacher is in a particularly (An interesting example is the ques towards the following is of utmost im favourable position to convey knowledge tion as to whether you can do portance: and information to the children. It is of something — even athletics — to a.Security forces. If the teacher has a particular importance that he should be the glory of God, or even when you negative attitude towards the security trustworthy and can act most efficiently. are eating a sandwich or an apple.) forces, this will subconsciously be The dedicated teacher, who is also The answer is: Yes. The Bible com transferred to the children. A negative aware of his vocation, is aware of this mands us: "Well, whatever you do, remark such as "a dumb policeman" or great responsibility and power entrusted whether you eat or drink, do it all for a remark aimed at discrediting national to him to fulfil this task. He will, there God’s glory."(1 Corinthians 10). service can be strong demotivators. fore, also avail himself of the opportunity ii. The children should therefore also b. Attitude towards his own National to prepare the pupils who have been en learn from the teacher that a na Service Obligations. If the teacher is trusted to him for the future — also tional service is not an aim in itself, negatively disposed towards his own regarding national service. but a command to defend that national service obligations, and even The favourable position in which the which you believe in — to the glory utters negative remarks on national of God. teacher finds himself to convey informa service, it could cause the children to tion should be exploited to influence and iii. The teacher, together with home be negatively disposed towards na motivate the pupils and to equip them and church, can play an important tional service (depending on the with qualities necessary for a meaning role by providing the child with a children’s regard for the teacher). It ful utilisation of the opportunities afford sound basis of faith by preaching could happen that Citizen Forces ed by national service. and proclaiming the Kingdom of members habitually complain about a. Patriotism. Children must cultivate Christ in all walks of life. This also their obligations although their inten patriotism so mat it will be worthwhile provides a fundamental perspective tion is not necessarily to be negative for them to defend the things they on the necessity and purpose of na about it. The children however are love. The teacher should avail himself tional service. quick to observe it as a negative reac of every opportunity which presents tion and will not be able to see it in its itself to cultivate this quality in the e.Culture. In the education process the proper perspective (Man is often children. Our country's Christian Na cultural transfer should also take place unable to achieve any good but tends tional Education provides the of necessity as culture is defined as all to do what is wrong, since the framework within which these objec the creations brought forth by man’s negative has a greater appeal.) tives can be achieved and is. in fact, spirit and hands. The teacher is c. Pride of uniform. The image created one of the most important education responsible for ensuring positive
by the cadet officer in his uniform is m a i l tasks. The children should also cultural transfer and creativeness, and important. Is the image of the SADF cultivate a love for national symbols for the nurturing of a love for one’s he conveys positive and proud, or is it such as the national flag and the na own. Children should also be shown a negative one? tional anthem and they should know the cultural meaning of involvement what these stand for. Terms such as with the Defence Force, particularly in d. Governmental authority. Does the teacher present a sound image of the
liberty and democracy should become a historical perspective — our Defence w&aa.'f a reality to them and should not be Force has long since been our own na authority of the Government of the day abstract, meaningless terms. tional defence force. (Wars of In to pupils or does he denigrate such YOUNG soldiers protecting young children. In the Phoenii authority and the leaders of the settlement, near Durban, national servicemen guard a dependence, etc.) refugee centre lor people made homeless in unrest two State.? weeks ago. piciimc wenoy schwccmann (afpj “HEARTS AND MINDS”
WINNING “ HEARTS AND MINDS" QUOTE Major General Char Ies LI oyd
"The basic aim of Civic The SADF's stated policy is to win the "hearts Action, apart from assisting and minds" of the people. Mostly this means the black man in various winning the support of black people. But it is fields is to project an image of the soldier as a man of more than that. It is the presentation of the action but who is SADF as the friendly guardian of all that is nevertheless a friend of the black man and who is prepared worthwhile in our society, from ethnic culture to defend him. We want the to free enterprise and western civilisation. national serviceman to teach the black man whilst his rifle is standing in the corner of the classroom."
About CO Paul Dobson
"Paul realised that to go into black areas like C IV IC ACTION PROGRAMME (CAP) Zululand, in uniform and rifle at the ready, under the guise of a teacher or a health worker, meant that he was being used to carry out By the late 1970's, the SADF was telling the ideological assaults." public that the war was 80% political and only ( f rom Obj ec to r 20% military. With this in mind, the Civic SeptemEer T9F3) Action Programme was devised, in 1974, to win "the hearts and minds" of the people, or
"to secure through administrative and socio economic action, the good will, support and co THE SOUTH AFRICAN ARMY operation of the local population by: IS THE GUARDIAN 1) alleviating friction points, grievances and d i ssa t i s fact i on; OF THE PEOPLE 2) improving their standard of living; 3) giving them something worthwhile to defend in a revolutionary war..." - Major General Charles Lloyd
After 6 months basic and 6 months CAP training, uniformed national servicemen are seconded to government or bantustan departments, working as teachers, engineers, legal, agricultural and financial advisers, doctors, dentists, vets, lecturers, admin-personneI and even as traders and directors of tourism. Part of their work is also seen as supplying counter-intelligence.
The emphasis is on education, although other welfare projects are also undertaken. The programme is also concentrated in areas of potential support for guerilla forces because, "CRITICAL HEALTH ” OCT |<)2/ said General Magnus Malan, "the insurgent forces om have no hope of success without the aid of the local population." The CAP operates in rural ) ) FR and urban areas. n The CAP is very much part of the "total strategy" to counter the "total onslaught". TAKB (Drawn largely from Jjn Whose Defence? 1984) This poster was found on a clinic door in the Eastern Transvaal. It illustrates how the army tries to win the "hearts and minds" of the people. SADF TO THE RESCUE GOOD FRIENDS * "Amid the chaos caused by the devastating hail storm that lashed Pretoria on 1 November 1985, National Servicemen rallied to help the motorists and pedestrians who had In September 1985, the SADF's first been trapped in the blanket of ice." supportive project in Black townships around the country began in Tembisa on The following personal message was issued by Cen J J the East Rand. CeIdenhuys, Chief of the SADF: The project in Ternbisa is under the "It has been brought to my attention that members of the control of the 15 Field Regiment of the SADF spontaneously rendered aid during the ha I I-storm of SAL Engineering Corps. 1 November in Pretoria by helping with traffic control and even by clearing the roads of haiI-stones. These It involves the improvement and mainte praiseworthy actions by our members deserve my thanks and nance of dirt roads and development of a appreciation and serve as motivation to us all. This number of sports facilities. small token of being of service not only builds the image of the SADF in the eyes of the public, but also builds When the project was launched, the chair bridges of friendship and co-operation which leads to person of the Tembisa Town Council success.11 management committee said it was an (Paratus December 1985) "historic day" and symbolised harmonious action between the Covernment and the * When nearly 3 000 staff members at Baragwanath Hospital Army with the people of Tembisa. near Soweto went on strike at the end of 1985, the SADF (From The Citizen 28.9.85) supplied personnel to keep the hospital going. Quote from Paratus (December 1985):
"One of the superintendent staff at Baragwanath remarked that the work done by SADF personnel was 'nothing short of astonishing' and that cooperation between soldiers and remaining Black staff had been 'excellent'. In fact, said hospital staff, 'nothing ever ran this well before'. The casualty section of the hospital was equally well run Above, troops and with the help of medically trained troops who eased the police hand over 20 JHSsstsi flow of up to 1 000 patients per day." tons of potatoes on Wednesday to feed ANC CONSPIRACY REVEALED.... Soweto's hungry, •tX t* n it t t »(.-. i n i lm c f of *>«. l»< for -"'••x.-r.:- V *" W •* with the message - 1 I*l«. ItMlM. in Ik* M*. y MtaNuv4 < at i «M w* <*«<■ t«t*4 r * r <**» »►>.! W 1 I Baragwanath glimlag «M»f wr » **•. r«J- t "remember this day «*—Wit*.. wtttllMM . BARAGWANATiH glimlag weer! Die Weermag het op versoek as the day the ingegryp nadat 'n klomp stakende werkers vroeer vandees- potatoes came.” week by die groot swart hospitaal in die pad gesteek was. A DEFENCE FORCE THAT CARES... And left, police halt Gisler het Beeld die dienspligtige met die swart pasientjie op sy 7^+e \rt*<.e.\o£' has. -&
"From now on, when an Air Force jet thunders over Carmel Primary School everyone will understand and remember Dressed in standard-issue browns rather than riot gear, with not a weapon nor a teargas cannister in sight, soldiers build a that the noise they are hearing is a sports ground for children in Tembisa. The kids, for their part, are happily playing soccer with the troops fundamental part of our security." (From Paratus August 19 85} BUT LET US NOT FORGET...
Some of the 800 children who were picked up by the Defence Force in Soweto yesterday were carried to Moroka police station by Hippo.
Between May 1984 and May 1985, six people "There are two soldier teachers at our were killed and 26 injured as a result of school. They came into the classes with SADF involvement in internal unrest situa members of the SADF, picked out certain tions. (St^ar 18.6.85) children and these pupils were taken away. On August 13 1985, an SADF contingent raided "They used vulgar language to the pupils. the Thabo-Jabuta Secondary School in They went into the girls' toilet, opened the Pimville, Soweto and stood guard as police doors and left some pupils embarrassed.11 vans ferried hundreds of pupils to Moroka (Star 29.9.85) Police Station. (Sowetan 14.8.85)
An 18-year-old East Rand youth died in hos Members of the SADF disrupted a prayer ser pital in August 1985 after allegedly being vice in Soweto by firing teargas into a assaulted by soldiers. Church building, forcing youths to make a (Sowetan 2 8.8.85) "human carpet" on the ground and to crawl to waiting army and police vehicles. A pupil at a school near Soweto gave this (Star 10.10.85) account: "The name of my school is Kliptown High. * SADF soldiers helped break down squatter shacks at Kwa Zakele near Port Elizabeth in “They came into the school premises with October 1985 in "an effort to co-operate with guns, wearing helmets and teargas masks. the local authority." (Ca pe TJ^me s 12.10.85) (See also Factsheet A9) SOCIETY-AT-WAR
THE ENEMY An important part of creating a society-at-war mentality is the emphasizing of the existence of "the enemy". In South Africa, few opportunities to do this are lost. "If we stand together we will win together and secure our freedom and prosperity. Divided we will become slaves of Marxism and later of communism." "I wish to stress, however, that the onslaught is not only of a military nature, but is aimed at our entire social order. "By disrupting our political and socio-economic set-up, undermining our culture and demoralising us spiritually, our enemies will also be able to undermine South Africa's military preparedness.
"The ultimate armed conflict which inevitably has to follow will be a mere formality because I assure you, the armies of a morally defeated people have never yet won a war." - General Magnus MaI an (Argus 1.7.83)
"Uncontrolled ANC terrorism would lead not to the esta blishment of an ideal constitutionaI democracy in South Africa, but rather to a prolonged and bloody civil war, which, if the South African Coirmunist Party and ANC were ultimately to win, would result in the establishment of yet another African Soviet satellite state, such as Mozambique, Angola and Ethiopia." - General John Coetzee (RDM 2 9.6.83) "A considerable body of evidence has been accumulated in the recent past to prove that the Soviets are deeply involved in regional conflicts and active in support of terrorism and terrorist warfare in many parts of the REPRiMTtJ) ||4 wo rId. jPAwrys jFfcS.'ek "Southern Africa is one such area. Here the Soviet THE FACE OF Union wishes to establish a stronghold with the obvious ultimate objective of bringing a government to power in Pretoria which would support her." THE ANC (Pa£a.tu£ January 1 986) The face of the ANC, as por "The complacency of whites - and cynicism about warnings trayed by The Sunday Star on the Communist onslaught in South Africa - are two of Johannesburg of 12 Janu of the biggest problems and difficulties in coping with ary 1986, after the organisa the unrest situation." - Major General A J "Bert" Wandrag tion marked its 74th anniver (Ci t i zen 4.12.85) sary with threats to step up its “peoples' war".
ARML-P FoR-Ct S i I'J g S ' WHITE SOUTH AFRICA'S HERO - HEROES - heroes are a part of all militarised societies. MAKING US MILITARY-MINDED THE NATIONAL SERVICEMAN (NSM) War breeds heroes and a romantic belief in heroes feeds armies and wars. South African society is "A regiment is not the officers or NCOs, but the rank and permeated with military-minded- f i l e . " - Para t us (June 1 985) ness - not only because of the
"No-one likes war, least of all the trooops who are Involved, SADF and its activities, but also but they face up to t h e ir d uty and c a rry i t o u t !" - SADF through the most ordinary and B o o k le t: Wh i I e He i_s Away everyday of our own activities. The NSM has been made a hero fo r w h ite South A fric a n s . The media, the SADF, the Government, advertising, all play a part Militarisation is found in: in the creation of this hero - the eighteen-year old schoolboy puts on a uniform, goes through the initiation r it e s o f basic tr a in in g , and then bccomcs a tough, brave, * Toys and games gallant soldier, the stuff that "real" little boys' dreams You’ve done your bit for us... * Advertising are made of, that women cry over and men arc proud of. Now we’ll do our bit for you. * Books and magazines It is because of this that white South Africans rally to: * Radio and television
* give contributions to the Southern Cross Fund; * Newspapers * give lifts to SADF troops in Project Ride Safe; and * Greetings cards and postcards * send "our boys" off to the border with a smile and a tear, but no protest.
"Im agine what I t must be lik e to go out on p a tro l under these * * * * * * circum stances. Knowing a ll the time th a t one may be w alking in to an ambush and that the f i r s t warning o f th is may be a deadly fu s illa d e h is s in g about the ears; th a t one may be A SPECIAL OFFER wounded, maimed or k ille d at no more than a moment's n o tic e ! How would you feel i f you knew th a t your l i f e depended on ON ALL MAZDAS FOR RETURNING every one of your buddies doing his job properly, and that TOYS th e ir liv e s depended on you? How would you fe e l i f you had NATIONAL SERVICEMEN. to patrol the bush, knowing that any false step might be on to a land-mine which would blow you Into eternity? What A large number of Christmas crackers, at the end would your reaction be if you were brought face to face with j^j]_i __X • of 1985, had military and paramilitary toys. the work of the terrorist: burning kraals, disfigured bodies, Said one South African: "I have travelled despairing parents of kidnapped children, the corpses of 1 other children? How would you face up to It if you had to go extensively through the world and I can't think into action yourself?" - SADF Booklet: Wh_M e He _i_s Away ‘Kasha Kasha!’ of another country in the world where a festival chanted 15 000 of religious peace and hope would be marked by " D ig n ita r ie s and fa m ily and frie n d s o f the f a lle n gathered mourners at a mi Ii tary toys." for the service at the Defence Force Memorial. Queenstown funeral this week. (Natal Witness 28.12.85) "Since the official unveiling of the memorial on May 31 1979 ‘Kasha’ is said to be the sound an AK-47 makes by former Prime Minister Mr P W Botha, the special memorial when fired. And there were several imitation wooden, cardboard and plastic ’AK-47S’ brandished service has been held on the second Sunday in August every aloft at the graveside. Some people, like the man at y e a r. right, also wore ANC Youth League uniforms with lapel badges of Oliver Tambo. "The names of those who since 1961 died In action against Pictures: GIDEON MENDEL, AFP terrorists, lost their lives In execution of their m ilitary duties or died while undergoing m ilitary training, are RISK - the world inscribed on the black marble of the memorial. V-JoA sjuA/t fi/3 /Jew /C " N e x t- o f- k in , members o f the p u b lic and h ig h -ra n k in g c i v i l i a n - y f o jl A m IoJ They do not glow with pride at the and m ilitary dignitaries laid wreaths at the memorial." thought of "our boys on the border" and Risk is a game for adults (Citizen 12.8.85) /OyiA, Jud JxarnX/- their children do not hope to grow up to wear "browns". They have other heroes. and older children. The "On b e h a lf o f m y s e lf, my w ife and the Government o f the Republic of South Africa, I want to thank every member of the After the 1980 siege of a Silverton bank object is to occupy every Defence Force, the Supporting Services and their next-of-kln by ANC gunmen, a polI conducted by The for the services they rendered during the past year. The Dear Fellow South African territory on the board and Defence Force did its share, at times under d ifficu lt Star showed that, despite screaming circum stances, and you must know th a t your government and Whether he's a youngster fresh from school - or a young fieaBlines of "Terror Shootout", "Deadly every right-thinking South African appreciates it. My wife family man who's had to leave behind a wife and baby - Christmas Amateurs" and "I'll avenge her", about in so doing eliminate all and I wish you a blessed Christmas and a prosperous 1986." will be a lonely time for many of our men on border duty. 90% of Sowetans actually responded - General Magnus Mai an other players. This game While most of us enjoy the excitement of unwrapping positively to the ANC action. (R££iiiy (P ara tu s December 1985) brightly-coloured gifts ... or as we sit down with family and friends to a special festive meal - they may even be asked to risk January 19811) . of strategy involves "A young South African lieutenant was flung to the ground. their lives for us and our Country. Eight bullets ripped into his back-pack. Their heroes include The special parcels we give our men on the border at Christmas tactical planning as well "Another bullet tore through the upper part of his right arm. time are a wonderful way to 6ay 'thank you' and 'good luck'. Solomon Mahlangu (hanged for ANC Because, far better than words ever could, as skill and a degree of "But bravely he joined the battle, firing at the enemy with they tell our young servicemen they haven't act ivi t i es) his R«l rifle . been forgotten by the 'folks back home1. Benjamin Moloise (hanged for ANC luck. Bilingual rules. "A Swapo bullet shattered his right hand. To send a Christmas parcel, all you have to do is sign one or act ivi t ies) more of the five gift labels attached. Then enclose R15 for each Andries Raditsela (unionist who died "Lt Jan van Deventer refused to give up the fight. parcel you want to give. after detent i on) These are the actual labels fixed to the parcels before Steve Biko (leader of Black "He grabbed h is r i f l e in the le f t hand and continued to they're sent out. So when yours is handed to one of our Consciousness movement) return fire. servicemen, your name will be the first thing he sees. And it will remain in his heart and mind to remind him you're behind him every Saul Mkize (murdered leader of community "Alongside, his close friend, a corporal, fell to the ground. step of the way. resisting relocation) Nelson Mandela (imprisoned ANC leader) "He was dead. It goes a long way towards bringing the spirit of Christmas to our men in the operational area ... and making life a little Matthew Coniwe (murdered activist) easier for them. "The firefight raged on. During the next 15 minutes the Neil Aggett (unionist who died in ♦officer saw four more of his comrades injured - two Yours sincerely detent i on) ser i ously. When the State makes victims, it also "A radio call went out for reinforcements. ELIZABETH ALBRECHT creates martyrs and heroes. National President "Swapo, under intense pressure from the accurate South African counter-attack, decided they'd had enough. If you'd like to, when you sign your special gift labels, please include your full name and address - our men "Dragging three dead and a number o f In ju re d w ith them, the might want to thank you personally. terrorists fled north - to the sanctuary of the Angolan b o rd e r." "These killings won't stop us ay Times 2.5.82 The Southern Cross Fund ™ 2000 - a v f acTuaT" report.) works lor both the SA De'ence Force and the SA Police I* Ar,0r*w* Building Commissioner Stmet (Cor Rij»,k Street) Johannesburg 3001 Viva Moloise!" - g raffiti -Tlwy .re ou,socu,il,' x Nation** tieeulw# M«* I Aibf#chi Vic* Pr«».<}«or Col PJ van a*- w*i Soclrvlary Mr» 0 Bull Vie* Secretary: Mr) S »en Cunen NEWSPAPERS TELEVISION Newspaper headlines and editorials constantly reinforce the Television is a most pervasive medium. Through television, image of a co u n try at war. not only can we, the viewers, encounter "the enemy" in our own living-room, we can also meet our very own hero, the NSM. * "Joy is when your tro o p ie comes home - and in thousands Three recent examples of this are: of houses throughout the country there was enough reason to rejoice just before Christmas, over the home-coming * "Red A le r t " : T his was a TV programme broadcast on the of a beloved son, grandchiId'or fiance. English service of TV1 at the prime viewing time, particularly for children, of 6 p.m. A fiction-in-a- "Many o f the servicem en who fin is h e d th is weekend, were documentary-form, it depicted the communist threat in a just young boys, just finished with school when they close-to-caricatured, vicious, evil, plotting guise, were called up in January 1984. Today they are mature opposed by the tough, no-nonsense, but necessary forces soldiers - many with a courageous deed to their credit o f good. The logo fo r the s e rie s was a grotesque - but all more adult." cartoon of a bear - clearly the threat is Russian! (BeeJId 2 3.1 2.85 ) * A tw o -p a rt "Video Two" s p e c ia l, towards the end o f 1985 * "SADF closes In on te rro " again at prime viewing time for children), was called (Ci t i zen 14.2.86) "Preparation for M ilitary Service". To quote The Ci t i zen (1 6 .1 0 .8 5 ), "The view er w i l l be taken tfirough * "Mai an warns on 'SADF fire p o w e r'" tfie national service system, from basic training to more (Cape T^mes 10.12.85) specialised training. Areas in which national servicem en can best be used w i l l be discussed. * "Making policemen out of soldiers" (EP H erald 2 3.12.85) "The programme Is aimed at school leavers and university graduates who s till have to complete their m ilitary * "Sweeping powers given to SADF to quell unrest" tra ining." (S_tar 2 0.1 2 . 85) "They discuss how they feel about national service, * "Blacks in majority on border" their experiences, anxieties, apprehensions and related (BD 15.11.85) em otIons. * "National servicemen charged with mutiny" "He (th e d ir e c to r ) has sought to show as r e a l i s t i c a l l y ^ Times 16.10.85) as possible what a young person can expect from m ilitary s e r v ic e ." * "S A Navy calls for young Indian men to volunteer" ( Nat^aJ_ Me rc u ry 2 5 .9 .8 5 ) * "Ouens soos ons": T h is s e rie s is due fo r re le a se on TV1 in July. It deals with South Africa's border war * "Security forces 'gain time for negotiators'" heroes, p a r t ic u la r ly those who have won the H onoris Crux (Argus 2 6.9.85) medal fo r b rave ry between 1976 and 1980. The s e rie s is co-produced by Efstop Films and the South African Army. * "First glimpse of SA's crack force" (Star 5.9.85) * "Moves to boost c i v i l defence" (Da^J^ D^spa^ch 3.9.85) * "Soldier fined for refusing township duty" (Natal Wi tness 14.8.85) BOOKS AND MAGAZINES "Their safety depends on the bush in which they hide. If they are seen, their chance of escape is n il." - from Ons Dapperes deur dr At van Wyk van Unisa. (Quoted in Rapport 18.8.85) "Take a closer look at the most effective force on the African Continent." - from an advertisement for the South African War Machine by HeImoed-Romer Heitman, ^OnTy Trom CFWT "Horror pictures of the Rhodesian War are appearing In platteland newspapers and readers are being encouraged to buy a book packed with illustrations of maimed bodies and corpses. "Small town newspapers have given good reviews to the book called Cod's Mi racIes versus Ma rx i s t Terro ris ts ." TSunday TYTBune 2 8.7.85) "The world's most popular 'macho' magazine. Soldier of Fortune, often dubbed 'the mercenaries' bible', could soon be printed and published in South Africa. "And a photograph of South Africa's latest light machine gun - made by Armscor and toted by a mountain of a man who makes the A-Team's 'Mr T ' look lik e a dw arf - w i l l soon grace the cover of the magazine. "The popular American anti-communIst adventure magazine's editor, Lieutenant-CoI one I Robert K Brown, said in Durban this week: 'We have soft-canvassed some m i li t a r y men, tro o p le s and a few o th e r in d iv id u a ls and the response.was good. "'We could soon be printing and publishing the magazine In your country. "'There Is a good market for It here judging from sales of the American version.'" ( Sunday T imes 14.7.85) "He crept through the streets of Luanda ... this time ready to protect a South African agent with his life ... for that is the way of the Border Fighter!'’ from a photo-comic book. THE ECONOMY THE COST In 1960 the Defence Budget was R 44 m. In 1985 the Defence Budget was R 4,4 bn. From 1960 to 1985 there was about a 9 000% increase in the Defence Budget. In the 1986 budget, R 5,25 bn was allocated to Defence. Aside from the official Defence Budget, there are hidden and added defence costs in the Post Appropriation Bill (mini-budget), and for items such as housing and intelligence gathering. Defence costs South Africa more than R 13 m per day. In the 1985 Budget, 15,4% of the total was allocated to Defence, the total Education share of the Budget was 16,2%, of which 80% was for white, coloured and Indian educa t i on . In 1984, South Africa spent 5,9 times more on defence than on black education and 9,5 times more on defence than on heaIth. In the 1986 Budget, Education overall accounted for 16,24% of the Budget, while Defence accounted for 14,04%. Public Order and Security overall accounted for 19,34% of the Budget (this includes Defence, Police and Administration of Justice). (From: RDM 19.3.85, In Whose D e fence? 1 9 8 4, • Special Defence Account ECC FamphTets 1984 6 1985, STar 18.3.86, BD 18.3.86) MILITARY EXPENDITURE 1958 - 1983 5 0 0 0 M i I |l o n 4 5 0 0 Rands R 3 5 0 oi 4 0 0 0 R 3 0 0 0 1980/81 Stuflent 3 5 0 0 R 2 500 and worker uprisings R 2 000 3 0 0 0 * 1 5 0 0 0 ✓ 2 5 0 0 1976 student uprisings R 1 000 2000 ;1#74 SAOF R 5 00 /A n g o la invasion R 4 0 0 Suppression 1 5 0 0 -5 *1 of people's R 300 1 9 7 3 D urban o rgan Iza t lo n R 2 0 0 w orkers strike R 100 s IOOO R 5 0 /me — 1 - 1-----* - J . . -I-----1____i J____I. . J _ l .. j.. _i U* <7> ^ "J >J Oi ® 5 0 0 • O n> * o» 0 » o k, *> <* ® o M 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 K lit O' (T* cn O' X v j >l ^ * U> ------BUDG ET FOR VEARS______DEFENCE BUDGET THE CALL-UP AND THE ECONOMY The call-up has a dual effect on the economy. On the one hand it swallows up, at least temporarily, a number of unskilled white men who would otherwise, in the present A Career in economic climate, be unemployed. On the other hand, it deprives the economy of much needed skilled workers. This Mining dual effect is reflected in these two newspaper quotes: Become a Learner Official with Johnnies and make the most of your potential South Atrica is one of the world's major mineral producing "About 25 percent of national servicemen finishinqfinishing their countries and the value of our resources continues to grow. J.C.I. has substantial interests in a wide range of minerals such as Gold. will not have jobs - Platinum, Coal and Base Metals, and plays a leading role in the two years' service this month exploration and development of mineral resources throughout the adding hundreds of people to the growing pool of country. Young men with standard 10 (Maths and Science as subjects at unemployed. Std. 10 level is the minimum requirement for the technical posts), can look forward to an exciting and rewarding career as a Learner Official in any of the following fields: "Hardest hit will be those without skills, as there will Mining be little demand for their services. Mech./Elec. Engineering Instrumentation M etallurgy "The officer commanding the SADF's orientation service, Geology Coirmandant Garry Whyte, said that out of U00 servicemen Surveying polled recently, about 26 percent had no employment Environmental Control Chemistry waiting for them." (Star 1..t2.85) Personnel Finance and Administration We provide full on-the-job training and send you on biock reiease technical courses to equip you for Supervisory or Management and positions within 3-5 years. While training, you will receive your full salary, plus a wide range of fringe benefits that only a mining house can offer. Interested? Apply in writing, stating age. marital status, "Some white military manpower problems are also becoming qualifications etc. and giving a contact telephone number to The Group Training Manager. Group Training Centre, James Park evident. South African industry and the armed forces Complex, P.O. Box 976, Randfontein 1760. are competing for the Iimi ted poo I of wh i te manpower that i s ava iIable." - Internat i ona I Institute of Johnnies Group of Mines Strategic Studies. JOHANNlSRUPO CONSOllDA!10 INVf SI Ml Nt COMPANY LIMII t D (Star 1 riiLi.1 Il.c » \t ftw tug job 33066 TAKING CARE OF OUR MONEY... "The AudItor-CeneraI 1s annual reports to Parliament have shown increasing irritation with the arrogant way in which the Defence Force ignores simple accounting procedures that would save the country millions of rands. The SADF was asked to investigate and rectify the matter of R3, "Surely the taxpayers deserve to have their hard-earned rands spent properly, and properly accounted for. Defence takes a big bite out of the Budget. If the SADF does not know how to look after money its budget should be placed under the direct control of the Aud I tor-Cenera I .11 (Star editorial 11.2.85) Loss, damage and avoidable expense in the Defence Force cost more than R 32-million in the 1984/85 account ing y e a r . (Star 6.2.86) THE DAMAGED Any society-at-war has casualties - not just those who die or are injured, but also those who learn to live with fear, fear for themselves, for those they love, those who are psychologically damaged by their experiences, direct and indirect, those who attempt to escape their fear by death or flight or behind the protection of guns and high walls. VAT36KLANP l|- THOSE WHO D IE * A total of 123 members of the Defence Force were killed in military operations and training exercises during 1984 and 104 during 1 98 5 No figures are given on the number of wounded. - Minister of Defence Magnus Malan (Star 2 7. 2.85; Ci t i zen 12.3.8 6) * Ten national servicemen committed suicide between July and December 1984 and a further 67 attempted suicide. Overall, in 1985, 37 members of the SADF committed suicide. - Minister of Defence Magnus MaI an (Cj_t^zen 7.3.86) * The SADF killed 916 "terrorists" in the operational area during 1 984. - Minister of Defence Magnus Malan 1 Day 6.6.85) These are official figures. Real totals may well be higher and no official statistics are available on the number of injured and crippled. These soldiers, from both sides, were sons, brothers, husbands, lovers - their deaths and injuries leave many damaged human beings behind, they damage the society of which these soldiers were citizens. "Every time there's a full moon Danny Marais thinks of guns and ambushes and keeping his head down low... "For Danny, a typical South African school-leaver doing his two years' military service, the full moon is etched into his memory - because that's when he used to lie in ambush with his fellow trainees, hoping there wouldn't be contact. "It's been almost eight months since he left the army but he's still not re-adapting to civilian life. "Even now he reaches for an imaginary rifle when he hears a sudden noise." (Sunday Times 4.9.83) Some of the effects: * Moodiness, aggression, withdrawal * Re-direction of trained aggression into violent crime * Guilt, sleeplessness * Nightmares * An extension of the "us-against-them" attitude to the civilian si tua t i on . * "I don't suppose it'll ever end. It'll go on until the blacks get the vote, and then we're befok. But you can go on fighting because you think you can keep things lekker like now for a few more years. Also, when you're there you're sonrmer fighting, you aren't thinking about what you're fighting about. You just know there are some ous on your end of the rifle and other ous on the other end... "I don't know about these guys who are meant to go bossies after service. I don't know anyone who is really gone in his head because of contacts. You hear about guys who can never sleep again and that, but that's kak. I wiI I admit that I couldn't adjust for about a month after I came back. I didn't want to go out or anything. But now I feel no pain. Of course, ' B o f i F tH4 Eofcptfc guys who spend long enough living in the bush end up bedonderd, but that's just normal army befok, it's not bossies like from war." - NSM ( August 19 84) * "Two Recce Commando soldiers who took part in a Knysna hold-up in which a young police constable was shot dead have been found guilty of murder and given jail sentences. "Johannes Beukes (21) and A n d r e Crawford (20) were sen tenced in the Cape Town Supreme Court yesterday to an effective 10 and eight years' imprisonment respec 11veIy." (S_tar 10.8.85) "Western Transvaal police have arrested a national serviceman in Johannesburg and another man in Orkney following the discovery of charred remains of a young woman in the boot of a burnt-out car on Saturday." (RDM 5.2.85) "Shouting 'this woman is going to drive me to my death' Mr Marius Botha (23) pulled the pin from a hand-grenade outside his parents' Rustenburg home yesterday killing himself, his girlfriend and her friend... Marius took the grenade from the Defence Force while doing his military service. He had had it for four years." (Star 6.2.86) "We were small kids in the middle of the jungle. We woke up at every sound and didn't know what we were fighting for and supposed to do. "Seven years later I'm still thrown into the most horrible depression at the slightest reminder of Angola." - NSM ( ^ ■9 • 8 3) According to psychologists and social workers, compulsory military service and militarisation generally tend to create peopIe who - are regimented, unquestioning of authority and lacking in initiative; are less tolerant of other people's beliefs; Entertainmen|, South African style: A group of youths play are conditioned to respond to "threat" with "violence". 'chicken' with a smoking teargas canister in Leandra township during a clash with police. Alter kicking the- canister about footballer style, they throw it back at the police. Meanwhile’ white residents gather to watch the street battles. •MOTE: L»»rxJr» la not an Em .rg.ocy area. PUturar. WENDY SCHWEGMAN, AFF WEE.K.L.1 II- \ l - 1 5 IN THE SUBURBS In the white suburbs, while some people are becoming involved in the End Conscription Campaign, the Peace Ribbon and other peace initiatives, the majority are opting for escape, retreat or aggression. People are making choices largely dependent on the financial options open to them. They choose: emigration; security systems; and guns. * Emigration: Nearly 1 000 South Africans a month are s e T TT Tn g abroad. During the first 10 months of 1985, 1 301 professional, technical and related workers left SA. They included I ’ growing industries, with ihe jj. engineers, medical doctors, dentists, only course of its kind recognised by fjt educa t i on i s ts. the Security Association of S.A. " (BD 30.1.86} Today, security plays a vital role in the day-to They're riding shotgun on the buses in Pretoria now t i a -'E'S Collection Number: AG1977 END CONSCRIPTION CAMPAIGN (ECC) PUBLISHER: Publisher:- Historical Papers Research Archive Location:- Johannesburg ©2013 LEGAL NOTICES: Copyright Notice: All materials on the Historical Papers website are protected by South African copyright law and may not be reproduced, distributed, transmitted, displayed, or otherwise published in any format, without the prior written permission of the copyright owner. Disclaimer and Terms of Use: Provided that you maintain all copyright and other notices contained therein, you may download material (one machine readable copy and one print copy per page) for your personal and/or educational non-commercial use only. 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