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How It All Began: Genesis 1-11

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How It All Began: Genesis 1-11 TABLE OF CONTENTS Brief Explanations of the Technical Resources used in This Commentary.................. i Brief Definitions of Hebrew Verbal Forms that Impact Exegesis........................ iii Abbreviations Used in This Commentary.......................................... ix A Word From the Author: How Can This Commentary Help You? ..................... xi A Guide to Good Bible Reading: A Personal Search for Verifiable Truth ................ xiii Commentary: Opening Statements on the Study of Genesis ..................................1 Introduction to Genesis ...................................................3 Genesis 1:1-2:3 ........................................................12 Genesis 2:4-25.........................................................40 Genesis 3:1-24.........................................................52 Genesis 4:1-26.........................................................70 Genesis 5 .............................................................79 Genesis 6:1-22.........................................................84 Genesis 7 .............................................................98 Genesis 8:1-22........................................................102 Genesis 9:1-29........................................................106 Genesis 10:1-32.......................................................116 Genesis 11:1-32.......................................................125 Appendix: Doctrinal Statement.................................................132 SPECIAL TOPIC TABLE OF CONTENTS The Age and Formation of the Earth, Gen. 1, Opening Statement .................17 Yom, Gen. 1:5..........................................................23 Natural Resources, Contextual Insights to Gen. 1:24-2:3........................30 Worship, Gen. 2:3 ......................................................36 Names for Deity, Gen. 2:4................................................42 New Testament Theological Development on the Fall, Gen. 3 Introduction .........54 The Serpent, Gen. 3:1 ...................................................56 Personal Evil, Gen. 3:1 ..................................................57 Why God Clothed Adam and Eve with Animal Skins, Gen. 3:21..................65 ‘Olam (Forever), Gen. 3:22...............................................65 Cherubim, Gen. 3:24....................................................68 “Know,” Gen. 4:1 ......................................................72 “the sons of God” in Genesis 6, Gen. 6:2 ....................................85 Terms Used for Tall/Powerful Warriors or People Groups, Gen. 6:4 ...............89 Righteousness, Gen. 6:9..................................................91 Covenant, Gen. 6:18 ....................................................96 Wine and Strong Drink, Gen. 9:21 ........................................109 Racism, Gen. 9:25.....................................................112 BRIEF EXPLANATIONS OF THE TECHNICAL RESOURCES USED IN THE “YOU CAN UNDERSTAND THE BIBLE” OLD TESTAMENT COMMENTARY SERIES I. Lexical There are several excellent lexicons available for ancient Hebrew. A. Hebrew and English Lexicon of the Old Testament by Francis Brown, S. R. Driver, and Charles A. Briggs. It is based on the German lexicon by William Gesenius. It is known by the abbreviation BDB. B. The Hebrew and Aramaic Lexicon of the Old Testament by Ludwig Koehler and Walter Baumgartner, translated by M. E. J. Richardson. It is known by the abbreviation KB. C. A Concise Hebrew and Aramaic Lexicon of the Old Testament by William L. Holladay and is based on the above German lexicon. D. A new five volume theological word study entitled The New International Dictionary of Old Testament Theology and Exegesis, edited by Willem A. Van Gemeren. It is known by the abbreviation NIDOTTE. Where there is significant lexical variety I have shown several English translations (NASB, NKJV, NRSV, TEV, NJB) from both “word-for-word” and “dynamic equivalent” translations (cf. Gordon Fee & Douglas Stuart, How to Read the Bible For All Its Worth, pp. 28-44). II. Grammatical The grammatical identification is usually based on John Joseph Owens’ Analytical Key to the Old Testament in four volumes. This is cross checked with Benjamin Davidson’s Analytical Hebrew and Chaldee Lexicon of the Old Testament. Another helpful resource for grammatical and syntactical features which is used in most of the OT volumes of “You Can Understand the Bible” Series is “The Helps for Translators Series” from the United Bible Societies. They are entitled “A Handbook on ___________.” III. Textual I am committed to the inspiration of the consonantal Hebrew text (not the Masoretic vowel points and comments). As in all hand-copied, ancient texts there are some questionable passages. This is usually because of A. hapax legomena (words used only once in the Hebrew OT) B. idiomatic terms (words and phrases whose literal meanings have been lost) C. historical uncertainties (our lack of information about the ancient world) D. the poly-semitic semantic field of Hebrew’s limited vocabulary E. problems associated with later scribes hand-copying ancient Hebrew texts F. Hebrew scribes trained in Egypt who felt free to update the texts they copied to make them complete and understandable to their day (NIDOTTE pp. 52-54). There are several sources of Hebrew words and texts outside the Masoretic textual tradition. A. The Samaritan Pentateuch B. The Dead Sea Scrolls C. Some later coins, letters, and ostraca (broken pieces of unfired pottery used for writing) But for the most part, there are no manuscript families in the OT like those in the Greek NT manuscripts. For a good brief article on the textual reliability of the Masoretic i Text (A.D. 900's) see “The Reliability of the Old Testament Text” by Bruce K. Waltke in the NIDOTTE, vol. 1, pp. 51-67. The Hebrew text used is Biblia Hebraica Stuttgartensia from the German Bible Society, 1997, which is based on the Leningrad Codex (A.D. 1009). From time to time the ancient versions (Greek Septuagint, Aramaic Targums, Syriac Peshitta, and Latin Vulgate) are consulted if the Hebrew is ambiguous or obviously confused. ii BRIEF DEFINITIONS OF HEBREW VERBAL FORMS WHICH IMPACT EXEGESIS I. Brief Historical Development of Hebrew Hebrew is part of the Shemitic (Semitic) family of southwest Asian language. The name (given by modern scholars) comes from Noah’s son, Shem (cf. Gen. 5:32; 6:10). Shem’s descendants are listed in Gen. 10:21-31 as Arabs, Hebrews, Syrians, Arameans, and Assyrians. In reality, some Semitic languages are used by nations listed in Ham’s line (cf. Gen. 10:6-14), Canaan, Phoenicia, and Ethiopia. Hebrew is part of the northwest group of these Semitic languages. Modern scholars have samples of this ancient language group from: A. Amorite (Mari Tablets from 18th century B.C. in Akkadian) B. Canaanite (Ras Shamra Tablets from 15th century in Ugaritic) C. Canaanite (Amarna Letters from 14th century in Canaanite Akkadian) D. Phoenician (Hebrew uses Phoenician alphabet) E. Moabite (Mesha stone, 840 B.C.) F. Aramaic (official language of the Persian Empire used in Gen. 31:47 [2 words]; Jer. 10:11; Dan. 2:4b-6; 7:28; Ezra 4:8-6:18; 7:12-26 and spoken by Jews in the first century in Palestine) The Hebrew language is called “the lip of Canaan” in Isa. 19:18. It was first called “Hebrew” in the prologue of Ecclesiasticus (Wisdom of Ben Sirach) about 180 B.C. (and some other early places, cf. Anchor Bible Dictionary, vol. 4, pp. 205ff). It is most closely related to Moabite and the language used at Ugarit. Examples of ancient Hebrew found outside the Bible are 1. the Gezer calendar, 925 B.C. (a school boy’s writing) 2. the Siloam Inscription, 705 B.C. (tunnel writings) 3. Samaritan Ostraca, 770 B.C. (tax records on broken pottery) 4. Lachish letters, 587 B.C. (war communications) 5. Maccabean coins and seals 6. some Dead Sea Scroll texts 7. numerous inscriptions (cf. “Languages [Hebrew],” ABD 4:203ff) It, like all Semitic languages, is characterized by words made up of three consonants (tri-consonantal root). It is an inflexed language. The three-root consonants carry the basic word meaning, while prefixed, suffixed, or internal additions show the syntactical function (vowels add later, cf. Sue Green, Linguistic Analysis of Biblical Hebrew, pp. 46-49). Hebrew vocabulary demonstrates a difference between prose and poetry. Word meanings are connected to folk etymologies (not linguistic origins). Word plays and sound plays are quite common (paronomasia). II. Aspects of Predication A. VERBS The normal expected word order is VERB, PRONOUN, SUBJECT (with modifiers), OBJECT (with modifiers). The basic non-flagged VERB is the Qal, PERFECT, MASCULINE, SINGULAR form. It is how Hebrew and Aramaic lexicons are arranged. VERBS are inflected to show 1. number—singular, plural, dual iii 2. gender—masculine and feminine (no neuter) 3. mood—indicative, subjunctive, imperative (by analogy to modern western languages, the relation of the action to reality) 4. tense (aspect) a. PERFECT, which denotes completed, in the sense of the beginning, continuing, and concluding, of an action. Usually this form was used of past action, the thing has occurred. J. Wash Watts, A Survey of Syntax in the Hebrew Old Testament, says “The single whole described by a perfect is also considered as certain. An imperfect may picture a state as possible or desired or expected, but a perfect sees it as actual, real, and sure” (p. 36). S. R. Driver, A Treatise on the Use of the Tenses in Hebrew,
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