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"I Love My Children... but I Hate Being a Mom" : Exploring Narratives of Maternal Ambivalence in Anonymous, Digital Spaces

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Smith ScholarWorks Theses, Dissertations, and Projects 2015 "I love my children... but I hate being a mom" : exploring narratives of maternal ambivalence in anonymous, digital spaces Christine M. Lacy Smith College Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.smith.edu/theses Part of the Social and Behavioral Sciences Commons Recommended Citation Lacy, Christine M., ""I love my children... but I hate being a mom" : exploring narratives of maternal ambivalence in anonymous, digital spaces" (2015). Masters Thesis, Smith College, Northampton, MA. https://scholarworks.smith.edu/theses/649 This Masters Thesis has been accepted for inclusion in Theses, Dissertations, and Projects by an authorized administrator of Smith ScholarWorks. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Chrissy Lacy “I love my kids…but I hate being a Mom”: Exploring Narratives of Maternal Ambivalence in Anonymous, Digital Spaces ABSTRACT The purpose of this qualitative study was to explore narratives of maternal ambivalence displayed on an anonymous, digital discussion forum. This investigation based on an analysis of 341 written discussion posts shared on a message thread of a public website, which became an anonymous platform for mothers expressing negative feelings about mothering. This central questions of this study focus on how mothers’ described their maternal ambivalence, what factors impact their ambivalence, whether they discuss guilt, shame, and social stigma associated with maternal ambivalence, and what participants reported gaining from their use of the site. The findings of this study suggest the need for a broadening of the definition of maternal ambivalence to more closely match participants’ definitions. Participants of this study defined their maternal ambivalence as loving their children, but hating their role as a mother. Their re- definition of the term is a departure from the popular definition of maternal ambivalence, and demonstrates the importance of an expansion of the term. Further, a combination of relational, intrapsychic, and environmental/situational factors were found to make maternal ambivalence more difficult or easier to manage. Feelings of guilt, shame and perceived social stigma were found to negatively impact mothers experiencing ambivalence, and inhibit them from expressing or seeking support for maternal ambivalence. Use of this anonymous discussion forum was found to provide a safe environment where mothers experienced support, relief, reduction in isolation, and where mothers gave each other advice, encouragement, and validated one another’s feelings and experiences. Lastly, a kind of critical dialogue was found to emerge on the site discussion board, in which posters began to critique social messages and cultural pressures, and to conceptualize new paradigms for womanhood and motherhood. Implications for the field of social work practice were drawn from these findings to normalize feelings of ambivalence, identify factors that impact ambivalence, and facilitate mothers in accessing support for ambivalence. “I LOVE MY KIDS…BUT I HATE BEING A MOM” : EXPLORING NARRATIVES OF MATERNAL AMBIVALENCE IN ANONYMOUS, DIGITAL SPACES A project based upon an independent investigation, submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Social Work. Chrissy Lacy Smith College School for Social Work Northampton, Massachusetts 01063 2015 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This project could not have been accomplished without the assistance of many people whose contributions are gratefully acknowledged. I wish to thank my thesis advisor, Judith Josiah-Martin, for her guidance throughout this process; my friends and family for their steady support, encouragement and belief in me; and my Smith family, for providing a community in which to learn and grow together. ii TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS...................................................................................................... ii TABLE OF CONTENTS.......................................................................................................... iii LIST OF TABLES.................................................................................................................... iv CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION............................................................................................................ 5 II LITERATURE REVIEW................................................................................................. 8 III METHODOLOGY........................................................................................................... 28 IV FINDINGS ....................................................................................................................... 36 V DISCUSSION................................................................................................................... 62 REFERENCES ......................................................................................................................... 88 iii LIST OF TABLES Table 1. Factors that Make Ambivalence More Difficult to Manage ............................................ 43 2. Factors that Can Impact Maternal Ambivalence.............................................................. 72 iv CHAPTER I Introduction Do I contradict myself? Very well then I contradict myself, (I am large, I contain multitudes.) - Walt Whitman The term ambivalence describes the common experience of simultaneous and contradictory feelings or impulses towards the same person, such as feelings of love and hate (Bleuler, 1911; Freud, 1915; Bauer, 1994). Ambivalence is widely thought to pervade every human relationship, varying in intensity and in the degree to which these feelings are consciously known. Yet, there is one relationship that society exempts from ambivalence—the relationship between mother and child. Maternal ambivalence1 can broadly be described as a woman’s experience of simultaneous and conflicting positive and negative feelings towards her children, her position as a mother, and towards the institution of motherhood (Brown, 2011; Parker, 1995). While researchers and theorists have found maternal ambivalence to be a natural and evitable part of mothering, many mothers feel deeply ashamed about their feelings of ambivalence because of social pressures and messages about what it means to be a good mother (Chodorow, 1978; Hays, 1997; Mariotti & Parker, 2012; Sevon, 2007). As a result, many women who experience maternal ambivalence keep it to themselves, and do not seek support for it. 1 From this point forward, this writer will use maternal ambivalence and ambivalence interchangeably. 1 Like all other feelings, maternal ambivalence varies in the intensity, frequency, and persistence with which it is felt. While some maternal ambivalence is considered healthy and ‘normative,’ mothers who are unable to manage their ambivalence and experience barriers to seeking support can experience negative consequences, such as maternal depression, attachment issues in the child, child abuse, and child neglect (Almond, 2010; Fitton, 2008; Raphael-Leff, 2010). The ambivalence itself can be a source of depression, anxiety and confusion for mothers (DiStefano, 2003). These consequences demonstrate the need for mental health providers to work more effectively with mothers experiencing maternal ambivalence, and to contribute towards a shift in social discourse to eradicate the stigma and shame associated with it. The field of mental health has overlooked the subjective experience of mothers, focusing instead on the perspective of the child and how maternal behavior impacts child development and relational patterns (Parker, 2005; Raphael-Leff, 2010). Further, portrayals of motherhood in the literature have historically been written from a male observer’s perspective. As a result, research on the topic of maternal ambivalence is rather limited, and mothers’ perspectives on motherhood are even more difficult to find in the literature. In recent years, a few researchers have begun to explore maternal ambivalence, mostly by interviewing mothers about their experiences (Almond, 2010; Brown 2011; Clark, 2000; DiStefano, 2003; Kruger, 2003; Parker, 1995). While other qualitative studies have attempted to explore experiences of mothers’ ambivalence towards their children, it cannot be known, measured, or underestimated to what extent the presence of an interviewer impacted the disclosures of those participants. This study offers a unique opportunity to peer into the emotional worlds of women who experience ambivalence towards their children in an unfiltered way. 2 This study analyzed mothers’ anonymous, online discussion board posts about their experiences of maternal ambivalence in order to answer the following research questions: “How do mothers use anonymous online forums to communicate about maternal ambivalence? How can anonymous spaces be sources of information to better understand the experience of maternal ambivalence? And how can these forums inform social work practice and interventions?” The goal of this study is to further develop a greater understanding of the experience of maternal ambivalence, so as to de-stigmatize and normalize mothers’ experience of ambivalence, and inform how social workers can better support healthy relationships between mothers and their children. 3 CHAPTER II Literature Review This chapter will review literature relevant to the questions of this study, “How do mothers use anonymous online forums to communicate about
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