Degussa in the Third Reich Peter Hayes Index More Information

Cambridge University Press 0521782279 - From Cooperation to Complicity: Degussa in the Third Reich Peter Hayes Index More information

Index

Abelmann, Arthur and heirs, 77–79, 80, anthracene, 118, 121, 124, 208 106–107 antisemitism, 46, 85. See also Jews acetates, 141, 343 Areginal, 279, 294 acetic acid, 4, 86, 146, 205, 229, 231, 310 armament and Degussa, 15, 16, 112–147, acetone, 4, 15, 143, 146, 234, 238, 343 149, 156, 158, 195, 216–221, 321. See acetonecyanohydrin, 139, 204, 217, 218, also explosives, firebombs, German 343. See also Plexiglas, Rohm¨ & Haas Powder Metallurgical Company, acetylene, 62–64, 91, 122, 124, 125, 143, munitions 199 Armaments Delivery Office, 70–71 Achterath, Helmut, 20–21, 29, 33, 67, 308, Armaments Inspection Office, 264 310, 315, 317, 320 Army, German (Wehrmacht), 60–61, 120, Additional Exports Procedure (ZAV), 48–49, 130–131, 144, 157, 185, 196, 197, 214, 50, 112, 128, 135, 145 225, 237, 239, 242, 282, 283, 286–288 Adler building, Frankfurt, 74, 249 Army HighCommand, German (OKW), Adolf Hitler Spende der deutschen Wirtschaft 185, 233 (Hitler donation), 70–71, 326–328 Army Ordnance Office, 66, 137, 140, 143, AEG (Allgemeine Elektrizitats-Gesellschaft),¨ 214, 217 1 Army, Soviet (Red), 270 Aerosil, 213–214 Army, United States, 182 aethylene oxide, 278 Aryanization, 15, 16, 18, 42, 44, 54–55, air force, German (Luftwaffe), 2, 137, 217, 74–110, 223, 231–233, 321, 337. See also 218–219, 225 restitution Air Liquide, Strasbourg, 228–229 assets of Degussa, 6, 13–14, 17, 136, 145, air raids on Degussa installations, 209, 225, 216, 325–327 294, 301 Association for Chemical and Metallurgical Allgemeene Norit Maatschappy, 146 Production, Aussig, 277–278 Allgemeine Gold- und Silber-Scheideanstalt, Association of Doctors and Public Health Pforzheim, 149–150 Insurers, 77 Allgemeine Hochkonstruktions-Ingenieure, atomic bomb, 2. See also uranium Dusseldorf,¨ 258 Auergesellschaft, 2, 110, 117, 122, 124, Alsace, 20, 223 127–134, 136, 197, 217, 219, 301, 317, Altwein, Erich, 317 339–340; Aryanization of, 44, 80–83, Aluminium Company [British], 4 105, 107; Aryanizations by, 104; Amend, 290 denazification of, 315; overextension aminopyridine, 239, 245 during World War II, 221–225; plundering Ammendorf, 133 by, 234–235; uranium and, 214–215; war ammonia, 141, 206, 233, 306 losses of, 313; workforce of, 238, Amsterdam, 13 239–240, 242, 243, 244, 250, 254–256, Annaberg labor camp, 256 269–270. See also Degea AG, St. Annibale Columbi S.A., Milan, 174 Joachimsthaler Bergbau-GmbH

361

362 Index

Auer-Glaswerke GmbH, 107 Bracht, Fritz, 264 Aurora Nasch& Co. (later Aurora Blankenburg, 91–92, 236–237 Edelmetallscheideanstalt GmbH), Blausaure¨ . See hydrocyanic acid. See also 100–103, 105, 109, 174, 185, 192, 319 Zyklon Auschwitz, 2, 182, 190, 264–267, 272, 283, Bliste, Frau, 249 284, 289, 291–293, 295–298 Bodenfelde, 143, 144, 213, 313 Austria, 6, 108, 132, 136, 157, 160, 162, Boedicker, Ludwig, 316 166, 282, 283 Bohme¨ Fettchemie AG, 80 autarky, 15, 16, 112–147, 149, 156, 195, Bohmische¨ Escompte Bank, 104, 232–233 321 Bohmische¨ Union Bank, 228 Avieny, Wilhelm, 18, 53, 55, 57–58, 60, 61, Bolshevism, 43 62, 66, 68, 70, 177, 314 Bormann, Martin, 70–71, 73 Borsig Coking Works (Kokswerke), Gleiwitz, Backe, Dr., 119 208, 265 Baerwind, Ernst, 7–8, 31, 32–33, 36, 46, 51, Bor-Trepca mines, 179–180, 189 67, 88, 89, 91, 130, 137, 141, 192, 202, Bosch, Carl, 29, 55, 60, 62 214–215, 302, 307, 315, 320; carbon Boyenstrasse, 249 black and, 120, 121–126, 135, 196, Brahn, Curt, 44–45 207–208; ﬁrebombs and, 218–219 Brandt, Karl, 255 Bagel, Carl August, 57 Breslau, 260 Baltic states, 230. See also Latvia, Lithuania Brilon-Wald, 238, 244, 247–248, 313, 316 Bank der deutschen Luftfahrt AG, 225 Britain, 239; Degussa holdings in, 146. See Banken, Ralf, 182–183 also England Bankhaus Greutert & Co., Basel, 112 BritishIndustrial Solvents, Inc., 146 Bankhaus Seligmann, 76 BritishMetal Corporation, 179 Bantlin’sche Chem. Fabriken. See Broad, Pery, 296 Perecin Brucken,¨ 313 Basel, 77 Brumlik, Georg, 103–104 Bauer, 232 Bruning,¨ Heinrich, 22 Baum, Dr., 94 Brunn¨ (Brno), 100, 224 Bayer AG, 299 Buchenwald, 288 Bayerische Stickstoffwerke, 124 Budapest, 187, 231 Becker, Bernhard, 267 Bueb, Julius, 275 Beer Sondheimer, 85 Bulgaria, 235 Beister, Karl, 77, 316 Buna rubber, 62, 121, 123, 126, 208, 209 Belgium, 176, 177–179, 180 Burger, Philipp, 91–92, 93 Belzec, 182, 291 Busemann, Ernst, 8–15, 18, 23, 24, 31, Bendel, Charles, 296 48–50, 55, 56–57, 58, 62, 63, 70–71, 72, Berlin, 74, 321; Degussa branches in, 3, 158, 86, 111, 113–114, 115, 116–117, 121, 176, 181, 185, 186–187, 193, 301, 317, 129–130, 131–133, 134, 136, 140, 153, 318. See also Reinickendorf 194, 196, 216, 321; Jews and, 41–42, Berliner Handels-Gesellschaft, 131–132 76–77, 78–79, 81–83, 86, 87–88, 89–90, Bernau, Ernst, 8–9, 17, 33, 34, 36, 87–88, 94; Nazi Party and, 26–29, 32, 36, 53–54 89, 91, 103, 130, 134, 136, 205, 226–227, Byk-Gulden Werke, 222 280, 295, 305, 312, 315, 317; Aryanization of OCW¨ and, 94–95, 97, Calcid, 279, 281 320; preparations for Germany’s defeat California, 273 and, 307–309 capitalization of Degussa, 1, 11, 14, 17, 65, beryllium, 14, 137, 217, 220, 234, 239, 245 74, 207, 216, 226, 325–326 Beskiden-Erdolgesellschaft,¨ 230 carbide, 62–64, 124, 199, 201, 205, 343 Biagini, Erna, 285 Carbidfabrik Wyhlen. See Wyhlen Bialystok, 228 carbide syndicate, 85

Index 363

carbon black, 2, 13, 52, 91, 114–126, 133, Corps Suevia, 26 135, 196–197, 207–213, 216, 217, 230, Crain, Dr., 61 231, 233, 236, 258–268, 275, 310, 343 Creditanstalt Bankverein, 93, 97 carbonization, 13, 15, 33, 63, 86, 105, Crystal Night. See pogrom of 1938 141–145, 199–200, 227–228, 341. See cyanides, 2, 3, 4, 6–7, 11, 46, 48, 63, 87, also HIAG 105, 138–140, 145, 196, 198, 204–205, cartels, 4, 11, 46, 115, 150, 158, 273, 276 230, 233, 239, 245, 273–277, 278, 305; Cartox, 279, 281 hydrogen, 5, 7, 272, 277 Central Pawn Office, Berlin, 162, 164, 181, Cyanosil, 300 183, 185, 189 ceramic colors or dyes, 4, 64, 103, 148, 172, Dachau, 272, 288 190 Danzig, 222, 239 charcoal, 4, 7, 127, 141, 220, 228, 238, 244, Degea AG, 80–83, 117, 127. See also 310, 343 Auergesellschaft Chemical Marketing Co., Inc., 146 Degesch (Deutsche Gesellschaft fur¨ Chemie Verein. See League to Preserve the Schadlingsbek¨ ampfung),¨ 6–7, 14, 60–61, Interests of the Chemical Industry 204, 227, 233, 274–300, 316, 357, Chemische Fabrik Buckau, 133 358–360 Chemische Fabrik Czichow, Sosnowitz, 229 Degussit, 14, 218, 245, 249, 303, 305, 316 Chemische Fabrik Grunau¨ AG. See Grunau¨ denazification, 315–316 Chemische Fabrik Schlempe GmbH, 232 Deneke, Dr., 254 Chemische Fabrik von J. E. Devrient AG, Denmark, 174 Hamburg, 295 Deppe, Dr., 317 Chemische Fabrik Weissenstein depreciation by Degussa, 12, 113, 135 Chemische Fabrik Wesseliing AG. See Depression, 13–14, 152 Wesseling Dessau Works for Sugar Refining (Dessauer Chemische-Pharmazeutische Werke AG, Bad Werke fur¨ Zucker und chemische Homburg, 75, 77–79, 105, 106–107, 110, Industrie), 5, 275–277, 278–279, 281, 316 282, 288, 292–293, 294 Chimney Sweep Program, 310 Detia-Freyberg GmbH, Laudenbach, 48–49 chlorine, 63, 64, 133, 274, 343 Deutsche Bank, 109, 149, 183–184, 185, Churchill, Winston, 322 228 Ciba, Basel (Gesellschaft fur¨ Chemische Deutsche Gasrusswerke GmbH (DGW), Industrie in Basel AG), 204 209–212, 250; workforce at, 256–270. See CK3 (carbon black from naphthalene), also Dortmund, Gleiwitz 115–119, 124–125 Deutsche Gesellschaft fur¨ CK4 (carbon black from anthracene), 121, Schadlingsbek¨ ampfung¨ (Degesch). See 124–125 Degesch Clemens KochGmbH, 38 Deutsche Gesellschaft fur¨ “cloaking” by Degussa, 146 Schadlingsbek¨ ampfung¨ (DGS), 300 Clotilde, 231 Deutsche Gasgluhlicht¨ GmbH, 80 Cohen, Philip Abraham Bank, 11 Deutsche Kunstlederfabrik GmbH, Cologne, 74, 87–88, 92 Wolfgang, 13 Commerzbank, 80 Deutsche Radiogen-Gesellschaft, 105 Comptoir Lyon Allemand, 149, 174 Diebold, Adolf, 20 concentration camp inmates. See labor, slave Die chemische Industrie, 49 Confessional Church, 29 Dissousgas, 306 consortium of rubber and tire makers Distillers Company, Ltd., Hull, 43, 146 (Ideuka), 118–120, 122, 209 Doctors League of Greater Berlin, 77 Continental Rubber, Hanover, 104, Dorotheum, Vienna, 160, 185 118–120, 126, 129 Dortmund, 118, 207, 209–212, 270. See also coordination (Gleichschaltung), 28, 40, 148 Deutsche Gasrusswerke; Russwerke

364 Index

Dortmund exports by Degussa, 111–113, 145–146, Downs Process, 7 157, 335–336 Dragerwerk,¨ Lubeck,¨ 127, 128 Dresden, 132 Factory Action, 237 Dresdner Bank, 18, 67, 104, 112, 136, 149, Falconbridge Nickel Works, 181 183–184, 225, 232–233, 318 Feder, Gottfried, 21 Dr. Richter & Co., 12 Federlin, Hermann, 20, 29, 33–34, 44, 46, Duisberger Kupferhutte,¨ 55 232, 245, 248–250, 307, 314, 318 DuPont de Nemours & Co., 7 Feldmann, Karl, 103 Durferrit, 6–7, 16, 41, 59, 140, 196, 204, Festkraftstoff AG, 230 230, 316. See also metal hardeners or firebombs, 218–219 strengtheners Fischer, Adalbert, 13, 33, 36, 83, 295, Dusseldorf,¨ 2, 56, 302; Degussa offices in, 301–302, 307, 315, 317 39–40, 86–87, 158, 317 Fischer-Tropsch process, 128 Dyhernfurth, 204 Fischl, 232 Dynamit AG, Troisdorf, 143 Flammruss GmbH, 212 Flugge,¨ Dr., 51 Eastern Committee of Degussa, 230 Foreign Exchange office, 97 Eastern Deployment (Osteinsatz), 251 formaldehyde, 4, 141, 143–145, 196, Eastern Workers (Ostarbeiter), 242–243, 200–201, 205–207, 251, 310, 343 246–250, 252–253, 268 Four Year Plan (Second), 16, 47, 49–50, 51, East Germany. See German Democratic 113, 114, 118–126, 138, 140, 157 Republic France, 34, 171, 176, 177, 231, 235, 306 Eckardt, Karl, 53 Frank, Jacob, 98–99, 108 Eckell, Johannes, 52, 138, 141, 205, Frankfurt, 1, 3, 38, 74, 127, 140, 145, 151, 207–213, 305; carbon black production 170, 218, 274–276, 289, 301–305, 308, and, 118–126, 135, 257–258 312, 313, 314–315; Degussa precious Economic Group for Chemistry, 18, 29, metals smeltery in, 158–159, 169, 173, 47–48, 53, 69, 70–71, 73, 289 176, 181–182, 186–187, 189, 192; Economy of Estates, 48 Degussa workforce in, 238, 239–240, 247, Egypt, 79 248–250; uranium production in, Eichwald, Ernst, 42–44, 46 214–215. See also Gutleutstrasse plant; Eisenhuttenstadt.¨ See Furstenberg¨ an der headquarters buildings of Degussa; Oder Weissfrauenstrasse plant El Alamein, 224 Frankfurt City Council, 22 Elsassische¨ Sauerstoff- und Acetylen-Werke Frankfurter Volksblatt, 39 KG, Schoberl¨ & Co., 228–229 Frankfurter Hypothekenbank, 52 Elsner, Bruno, 101–103 Frankfurter, Samuel, 100–103 Endres, Karl, 102, 185–186 Frankfurt Industry and Trade Chamber, 28, Engel, Arthur, 109 29, 52 England, 83 Frankfurt Stock Exchange, 52 equalization payment (Ausgleichsabgabe), Frankfurt University, 52, 276 99, 102, 104 Frankische¨ Weinessig- und Eschebachwerke, Radeberg, 255 Konservenfabrikn, 86, 107 Essigsaure¨ GmbH, 86 Freiberg. See Sachsische¨ Hutten-¨ und Ethyl GmbH, 138 Blaufarbenwerke Freiberg ethylene, 143 Freudenberg, Hermann, 52 Europe, occupied, 175, 195, 227–235 Friedrichsen, Konrad, 267 explosives, 2, 133, 213. See also munitions, Frohlich,¨ Eugen, 103–104 pentaerythrite Frohlich,¨ Ing. Jermar´ & Co., Prague, export levy or promotion. See Additional 103–104, 105 Exports Procedure Fuld, Arthur, 98–99, 108–109

Index 365

Funk, Walther, 67 Goring,¨ Hermann (Reichsmarschall), 55, 57, Furstenberg¨ an der Oder, 16, 92, 124, 197, 64, 67, 124 198, 205–207, 227, 228, 233, 258, 306, Gotzenbr¨ uck¨ Glassworks, Lorraine, 310, 312, 313, 321; carbide plant at, 223 62–64, 201, 205; workforce at, 250–254, Greece, 176, 180–181 269–270 Gritto-Werke, 107, 110 Furth,¨ Adolf, 93–98 Grode, Heinz, 316 Grunau,¨ 1, 5, 13, 105, 110, 137, 138, 140, Galluslager, 249 147, 215, 227, 305, 308, 313; Gandersheim, 107 Aryanization of, 88, 90, 91, 105, 108 Gasma AG, Prague, 104, 223 Grunberger, Richard, 114 gas masks, 2, 80–82, 114, 127, 130–131, Guben, 222, 239, 250, 256, 269–270 141, 222, 234. See also Auergesellschaft, Gumperz, Alfred, 44 Dragerwerke¨ Gustloffwerke, 217 Gassner, 318 Gutbrod brothers, 22 Geigy S.A., 295 Gutleutstrasse plant (Werk II), Frankfurt, Gekawerke, 217 238, 240, 243, 244, 301–302, 308 General Government. See Poland General Plenipotentiary for Chemical H. Drijfhout & Zoons Edelmetaalbedrijven, Production, 237. See also Krauch, Carl Amsterdam, 43 Generatorkraft AG, 220 Haber, Fritz, 6, 273–274, 277 German Customs Union, 3 Hahn, Otto, 132 German Democratic Republic, 93, 110 Haim, Robert, 94 Germania, 321 Hainowka, 228–229, 303 German Labor Front (DAF), 46, 49, 88, 89, Hamburg, 74, 283, 285, 287, 302 129, 236, 248, 253–254, 260, 264, 268 Hammerschlag, Paul, 41 German Nationalist Party (DNVP), 22–23 Hanau, 4, 151, 172, 234, 313, 316 German Powder Metallurgical Company Hannach, Louis, 44–45 (DPG), 220 Harant, Dr., 52 German Remembrance Initiative Hartwich, Friedrich, 229 (Stiftungsinitiative), 271 headquarters buildings of Degussa, 75, 83, Gerstein, Kurt, 291–294, 296–298, 322 145, 196, 302, 308 Gersthofen, 139, 198, 203, 219 Heerdt-Lingler GmbH (Heli), 60–61, Gesarol (DDT), 295 277–279, 282, 288, 289–290, 292, 294, Gestapo, 76, 101–102, 193, 289, 319 296, 298, 300 Gevaert, 177 Heerdt, Walter, 7, 273–274, 277, 279, 299; Giessen, 43 removal from business posts, 60–61, Ginnheim, 249 289–290 Gleichschaltung. See coordination Heerdt, Wolfgang, 61 Gleiwitz, 208–212, 227, 250, 256–270, 313, Heiliger, Max, 181 322 Heitjan, A., 39–40, 41 Globocnik, Otto, 182 Henkel GmbH, 5, 7, 12, 14, 15, 16, 18, 47, Goebbels, Josef, 250 55–57, 59, 80, 131–132, 196, 198, 202, Goecke, Max, 230, 310, 316 205, 315; attempt to dominate Degussa, Goetz, Carl, 318 61–69, 70–71, 73 gold, 2, 39, 146, 148–194. See also precious Henkel, Hugo, 56–58, 62 metals Henkel, Jost, 57, 67 Goldschmidt, Th. AG, 14, 133, 278–279, Henlein, Konrad, 243 299 Heraeus Vacuumschmelze, 217 Goldschmidt, Theodor, 279 Heraeus, W.C., GmbH, 99, 108, 149. See Goldschmidt-Rothschild, Baron Max von, also platinum 41–42 Hermann, Dr., 119

366 Index

Hermann-Goring-Werke.¨ See Reichswerke hydrogen peroxide, 2, 5, 14, 47, 62, 63, Hermann-Goring¨ 93–94, 140–141, 196, 197–198, 200, Hess, Johannes, 70–71 201–203, 204, 213, 343 hexalol. See pentaerythrite Heydebreck, 202, 211 Ideuka. See consortium of rubber and tire HIAG (Holzverkohlungs-Industrie AG), 4, makers 13, 15, 16, 20, 43, 80, 84, 86, 114, IG Farben, 1, 14, 15, 29, 47, 51–52, 55, 69, 116–117, 130, 141–144, 146, 196, 70, 82, 85, 86, 90, 93, 94, 109, 112, 118, 199–200, 341, 343. See also carbonization 121, 122, 133, 136, 138–139, 151, 154, Hiag Holzverwertung GmbH, Cisna, 228 163–164, 166, 197, 198, 200–205, 208, Hildebrandt, SS-Obergruppenfuhrer,¨ 70–71 211, 217, 219, 230, 244, 258, 315; Hilpert, Adolf, 20–21, 30, 35–37, 92, 236, Degesch/Zyklon and, 276, 278–280, 294, 316, 318 299; Henkel/Degussa alignment and, Himmler, Heinrich, 61, 182, 184, 285–286, 62–66; leadership of the Metallgesellschaft 288, 291–292 and, 57–58; takeover of Chem.-Pharm. Hinz, Hans, 316, 318 Fabrik Bad Homburg and, 78–79, 107 Hirsch, Hans, 107 indigo, 5, 138 Hirsch, Herbert, 44 Industria del Berillio, Chivasso, 234 Hirsch, Ignaz, 86–87 Industrial Oven Building division (IOB), 227 Hirsch, Justin, 86 Information Bureau Henri Kramer, 40–41 Hirsch, Weinessigfabrik L., 105, 107 Ing. Robert Muller¨ AG, 104 Hirtes, Robert, 8, 33, 175, 192, 308, 312, International Refugee Organization, 184 314 Isaacson, Arthur, 98–99, 109 Hitler, Adolf (Fuhrer),¨ 3, 15, 20–21, 22–23, Isenburg, 308 30, 38, 42, 61, 112, 113, 114, 126, 136, Italy, 171, 181, 231, 234, 257; National 139, 148, 149, 195, 255, 292, 310–312, Bank of, 175 318, 321; Ernst Busemann and, 26–27; Fritz Roessler’s appraisal of, 23, 24; Jahn, Director, 255 Hermann Schlosser’s loyalty to, 32–62 Jew Metal Action, 159–169, 175, 181, 184, Hoboken, 4, 6, 9, 177–178 187, 189, 190, 322 Hochwehr, am. See Plow Inn, Ginnheim Jews, 2, 18, 22, 28, 34, 35, 57, 74–110, 229, Hoechst AG, 5 272, 292, 297; at Blankenburg, 92, Holland, 10, 176, 181, 187, 192, 259 236–237;atFurstenberg,¨ 250–252;at Hollriegelskreuth.¨ See Munich Gleiwtiz, 256–270; Fritz Roessler’s Electro-Chemical Works attitudes toward, 25–26; in Degussa’s Holocaust, 3, 175–176, 189, 190, 258, management, 38–46; precious metals 284 from, 159–167, 175, 181–194, 321. See Holzhausen, Gertrud Freiin von, 37, 69 also antisemitism; Aryanization: National Homburg. See Chemische-Pharmazeutische Flight Tax; labor, slave; restitution Werke AG, Bad Homburg Johnson, Matthey & Co., London, 149 Hornes,¨ Dr., 82 Jury, Hugo, 101 Hoss,¨ Rudolf, 266, 296–297 Houbens, Dr., 172–173 K3. See Aerosil Hubert, Geo, 33, 67, 308, 315, 318 Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for Biophysics, Hueter, Colonel, 264 Frankfurt, 243 Hugenberg, Alfred, 22–23 Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for Physical Huls,¨ 208 Chemistry, Berlin, 273 Hungary, 6, 231, 312; National Bank of, 175 Kaliwerke Kolin, 213, 232–233, 276–277, Hydrocarbon KG, 91–93, 105, 109, 236, 278–279, 282, 286, 294 252 Kallscheuer, Dr., 52 hydrocyanic acid (Blausaure¨ ), 204, 272–300. Kalscheuren, 13, 92, 115–119, 121, 123, See also Schlempe, Zyklon 124, 125, 207, 208–209, 212, 302, 303, hydrogenation, 62, 198, 199 343; workforce at, 238, 241–242, 244

Index 367

Kamenskoje, 230 League of Nations, 24 Kammer, Heinrich, 105 League to Preserve the Interests of the Kaufmann, Hans-Ullrich, 293, 298 Chemicals Industry (Chemie Verein), 29, Kaufmann, Karl, 287 48 Kehrl, Hans, 47, 70–71, 72 Le Havre, 234 Kemnitz, Georg, 119, 208, 257 Leipzig, 86 Kissell, Rudolf, 55, 60 Leukon AG, 93, 108, 149, 171 Kloepfer, Harry, 115–116, 213 Levisohn, Julius, 44 Klopfer, Leo, 44, 87, 108 Leyerzapf, Hermann, 42–43 Knapsack, 7, 12, 13, 138, 197, 198, 203, Liebknecht, Otto, 5, 14 218–219, 301, 303, 311, 312, 343; Liebman, Wally, 100 workforce at, 238, 240–243, 244, 245 Likier, 227 Knurow, 211 Lingler, Johannes, 61, 277 Kohlenbusch, Hans, 20 Lippmann, Rosenthal Bank, Sarphatistraat, Kohler,¨ Bernhard, 55 187, 192 Kola Peninsula, 223 Lippoldsberg, 144 Kolb, August, 33–34, 45, 50–51, 71, 199, liquid gold, 4, 105 306, 313, 315, 318, 322 Lissauer, Meno, 88, 90, 108 Kolin. See Kaliwerke Kolin Lithuania, 176 Konstanz, 143, 313 Lob,¨ Fritz, 118, 121 Konzernwerk. See Furstenberg¨ an der Oder Lodz (Litzmannstadt), 185, 193, 251–252, Koppel, Alfred, 80–83, 107, 127 258 Krauch, Carl, 51–52 Lonza AG, 85, 86 Kredenbach, 318 London, 175 Kreidl, Heller & Co., Vienna, 105, 106–110, Lorch, 313 132 Lorch, Frumet, 84 Krupp, 1, 118–120, 216 Lorch, Ludwig, 84 Kulzer & Co., 75, 98–100, 105, 108–109, Lorch, Max, 84 110 Lorraine, 223 Kuppenbender,¨ Heinrich, 255 Lublin, 184 Ludwigshafen, 118, 281 L. Roessler & Co., 13, 16, 101–102, 149, Luer,¨ Carl, 18, 28, 52–55, 57–58, 59–60, 162, 165, 171 68–69, 155, 314 labor, female, 239–240, 241, 249, 255–256, Luftwaffe. See air force, German 261–264, 266–269, 351–353 Lups,¨ Werner, 57, 62–67, 72 labor, forced, 18, 92, 236–271, 272, 322, 351–353. See also Eastern Workers; Mahrisch-Ostrau,¨ 208 prisoners of war Main Trusteeship Office East (HTO), 187, labor, foreign, 236, 243–250, 253, 255, 229 282–300, 308, 312, 351–353. See also Majdanek, 2, 272, 284, 295–297 Eastern Workers; prisoners of war managing board of Degussa, 2, 4, 7–10, 12, labor, slave, 18, 120, 237, 250–252, 271, 13, 18, 20, 27, 40–41, 51, 54, 57, 60, 65, 319, 321 66, 111, 113, 134, 136, 140, 208, labor force of Degussa, 1, 112, 145, 196, 221–230, 238, 281, 295, 301, 305–308, 243–244, 303, 319, 325–327, 354–355; 310–311, 319–320, 323–324; and denazification, 314–316 denazification and, 314–317; expulsion of Labor Offices, local and regional, 237, 240, Menzel, 67–69;Furstenberg¨ project and, 251, 261 198–201, 205; membership in Nazi Party lampblack, 13, 212–213, 305 and, 29–35 Landerbank,¨ Vienna, 170 Mann, Wilhelm Rudolf, Jr., 78–79 Landshoff & Meyer, 5, 12, 88 Mannesmann, 1 Latvia, 185 Mansfelder Kupferschieferbergbau AG, League for International Understanding, 5 Eisleben (Mansfeld), 150, 179

368 Index

Marburg, 43 Montan. See Verwertungsgesellschaft fur¨ Margulies, Benedikt and descendants, 93–98, Montanindustrie GmbH 99, 109 Mrogowsky, Joachim, 291, 297 Marguilies, Erwin, 93, 98, 108 Mulhouse, 13, 228–229 Margulies, Frank, Marianne, and Peter, MunichElectrochemicalWorks (EWM), 95–98, 108, 320 Hollriegelskreuth,¨ 29, 198, 202 Margulies, Paul, 95–96, 108 munitions, 141, 196, 221, 244, 309. See also Marquart, L.C., AG, 44, 46–47, 75, 87–88, explosives, German Powder 105, 108, 110, 303, 316 Metallurgical Company, pentaerythrite, Mauser rifles, 221 Paraxol GmbH Mauthausen, 55, 56–57, 272, 288, 293–294, Mussolini, Benito, 181 296 mustard gas, 127, 133 Mein Kampf, 21 Melmer, Bruno, 181–184, 189 naphthalene, 115 Mendelssohn Bank, 80 Nasch, Sidonie, 100–103 Meno Lissauer & Cie, 87–88 National Agency for Precious Metals, 160, Menzel, Hans, 21, 23, 24, 29, 34, 35, 46–47, 162–163, 171, 177, 182, 183, 187 52, 57–58, 87, 101, 217, 230, 232, 318; National Bank. See Reichsbank attacks on Degussa in 1933 and, 37–41; National Bank of Prague, 100, 186 Henkel GmbH and, 62; managing board National Commissioner for Pricing, 160, of Degussa and, 54–55, 58–61, 65–69 166 Merck, E., Darmstadt, 47, 53 National Dentists Association, 38 Merton, Alfred, 11–12, 42, 85, 109 National Economic Chamber. See Reich Merton, Richard, 12, 42, 55, 85, 100, 109 Economic Chamber Merton, Wilhelm, 76 National Flight Tax, 79, 85, 95 mesothorium, 127 National Labor Service (Reichsarbeitsdienst), metal hardeners or strengtheners, 7, 138, 257, 259, 283, 288 141, 147, 198, 204, 216, 218, 230, 233. National Office for Economic Expansion, See also Durferrit 207–208, 237, 251; Degussa employees metal powders, 141. See also German delegated to, 52; See also Eckell, Johannes; Powder Metallurgical Company Krauch, Carl; Office for German Raw Metallgesellschaft, 4, 11–12, 18, 42, 65, Materials 174, 177, 179, 220, 319; Aryanization of, National Socialist Fighting League of the 54–55, 85, 100, 105, 109; leadership of, German Middle Class, 39 56–59, 60 National Socialist German Workers Party methane, 116, 310 (NSDAP, Nazi Party), 38, 49, 70, 71, 72, methanol, 4, 15, 63, 143, 305, 306, 343 76, 77, 78, 80, 89, 99, 101, 102, 114, 155, methylnitrate, 309 236, 248, 305, 316, 318, 319; Degussa’s Meyer, Alfred, 44 managers in 1933 and, 20–27, 28–38, Meyer, Ernst, 89 42–43; donations from Degussa to, 70, 71, Meyer, Leonhard, 46, 104 326–328; leadership of Degesch and Heli Meyer, Theodor and Viktor, 89–90, 93, 94, and, 60–61, 290; postwar fates of 108 members at Degussa, 314; representatives Milan, 316 on boards of Degussa and Mischlinge (people of part-Jewishancestry) Metallgesellschaft, 52–60 in Degussa, 46 Natzweiler, 272, 294 Mittas, Fraulein,¨ 261 Naumann, Friedrich, 30 mobilization by Degussa, 146, 196 Neophanglas, 128, 225 Molkau,¨ 313 Neptunhaus, 83 Mombach, 139, 313 Nethe, Erich, 44, 88 monazite sand, 127, 235 Neue Mainzerstrasse, 84 Monowitz, 258 Neuengamme, 272

Index 369

Neurod, 221 Persil, 5 New Plan, 153 pesticides. See Degesch, Zyklon New York, 95 Peters, Gerhard, 61, 233, 276, 286–287, Niederlehme, 144 289–299, 322 Niemoller,¨ Martin, 290 Pflaum, SS-Sturmbannfuhrer,¨ 296 Norddeutsche Affinerie, Hamburg, 4, 12, 44, Pforzheim, 149, 151, 158, 172, 313 141, 149–150, 158, 173–174, 176, 179, Pfotenhauer, Bernhard, 53 186, 315 Pharmaceuticals Association, 78–79 Norway, 181 Pharmazeutische Fabrik Rosenberg, Nurnberg,¨ 42, 149 Freiburg, 105 Philipp Muhsam¨ AG, 105 OCW.¨ See Osterreichische¨ Chemische Werke Pick, Josef, 103–104 Oder-Neisse Line, 313 Pietzsch, Albert, 22, 29, 35, 47–48, 53, 198, Oeventrop, 143, 313 201–202 Office for Disinfestation and platinum, 4, 12, 141, 148–149, 154, 157, Decontamination, Oranienburg, 292 158, 159, 169–170, 171, 172, 177, 178, Office for German Raw Materials, carbon 189–190, 344–345, 346 black production and, 118–126; Degussa Pleiger, Paul, 47 employees delegated to, 51. See also Plenipotentiary for Building, 261 National Office for Economic Expansion; Plexiglas, 2, 139, 204, 217. See also Krauch, Carl; Eckell, Johannes acetonecyanohydrin, Rohm¨ & Haas Opel, Adam, AG, 52 Plow Inn, Ginnheim, 249 Operation Gomorrah, 302 pogrom of 1938, 43, 159 Operation Reinhard, 182 Pohl, Theodor, 44 Oppenau, 313 poison gas, 81–83. See also mustard gas, Optimit Gummi- und Textilwerke AG, 104 Orgacid AG Oranienburg, 1–3, 81–82, 127–131, 222, Poland, 110, 161, 174, 176, 182, 187, 193, 223, 225, 250, 256, 269–270, 289 207, 227–228, 230, 282, 283 Orgacid AG, 83, 133, 219 Porten, Max von der, 41 Ostarbeiter. See Eastern Workers Portugal, 2, 235 Osterreichische¨ Chemische Werke (OCW),¨ Prager Berg- und Huttenwerke,¨ 180 13, 14, 93–98, 105, 108, 110, 112, 197, Prague, 74, 109, 157, 223, 224 202, 320 precious metals, 2, 7, 12, 14, 15, 16, 17, 50, Ostmark. See Austria 98, 146, 148–194, 216, 308, 313, 320, Oversight Office for Precious Metals 344–345, 346; plundered, 100–102, (Edelwache), 155–156, 160–161. See also 175–194, 318, 321. See also gold, Jew National Agency for Precious Metals Metal Action, palladium, platinum, silver Pressel, Friedrich, 20–21, 318, 320 Paetsch, Heinrich, 255, 315 Preussische Bergwerks- und Huttenwerke¨ Paladon, 98 AG (Preussag), 150 Palestine, 79 Pribram, 180–181 palladium, 170, 177, 178 Primacy of Politics, 114 Papen, Franz von, 22–23 prisoners of war (POWs), 237, 240–243, Paraxol GmbH, 144–145, 217, 244 245–250, 251, 252–253, 257 participations of Degussa. See stockholdings Procima S.r.I. Produits Chimiques pour of Degussa toutes Industries, 231 Pawnshop Action. See Jew Metal Action Production Committee for Insecticides and pentaerythrite (hexalol), 143–144, 196, 200, Pesticides, 289 206–207 profits of Degussa, 6, 12, 14, 15–16, 17, 50, people’s community, 30, 32, 50, 113 55, 56, 112, 141, 145–146, 148, 157, 167, perborate. See sodium perborate 168, 189–190, 200, 216, 268–271, 297, Perecin (Perecseny), 231, 303, 312 321, 325–328, 332–333

370 Index

Progressive People’s Party, 5 Reinickendorf, 151, 172, 193, 244, 313 Property Control Ofﬁce, Frankfurt, 192 reserves of Degussa, 17, 134–136, 226, Property Transfer Ofﬁce, Vienna, 95, 105 325–327 Pross, Robert, 257, 259–262, 264–267, 320, restitution, 92, 319, 337 322 Retze, Ewald von, 33, 67–68, 251–254, 259, Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia, 74, 308, 315, 317, 322 100–105, 132, 136, 180–181, 185–186, Rheinfelden, 1, 4, 6, 8, 12, 13, 14, 16, 17, 193, 213, 222, 223, 224, 232, 283, 20, 130, 140–141, 197, 200, 202–203, 286–288, 308 213, 219, 227, 302, 305–306, 313, 316, Proxylen, 127, 130, 217 318, 343; workforce at, 237–238, Prussian State Bank, 100, 109 239–240, 242, 244, 245–246 Prussian Mint, 181, 192, 193 Rhein-Main Bank, 109 Przystrom, Jozef, 243 rhodium, 178 Putter,¨ 315 Richter, Hermann, 67–68 Riefstahl, Carl, 33, 48 Quasebart, Karl, 127, 129, 130, 255, 315 Rochling,¨ 216 Roessler & Hasslacher, 4, 6, 7, 273 radium, 127, 132, 235, 243 Roessler, Friedrich(Fritz), 5–6, 10, 11, 14, Radium-Bergbau GmbH, Berlin, 235 29, 37, 41, 54, 56, 76, 81, 83, 113, 147, rare earths, 127, 128, 234. See also monazite 158; attitudes toward Nazism, 20–26; sand assessment of Nazi economy, 49–50 Rare Earths Company (Societ´ e´ des Terres Roessler, FriedrichErnst, 3 Rares), Alsace, 223 Roessler, Hector, 3, 5 rare metals, 2, 14, 80, 127, 137, 197. See Roessler, Heinrich, 3, 5 also beryllium, thorium, titanium, Roessler, Hektor, 7, 33, 34, 62, 146 uranium, zirconium Roessler, Walter, 101, 319 Rasch, Walter, 296, 298 Roges. See Raw Materials Trading Company Rath, Dr., 219 Rohm¨ & Haas AG, 98, 139, 204–205, 217, Ravensbruck,¨ 256 230 Raw Materials Trading Company (Roges), Rohm,¨ Otto, 46 177, 180, 234 Rohm¨ Purge, 43 Rechlin, 219 Roka,´ Koloman, 13, 33, 66, 198–200, 205, ReichAir Ministry. See air force, German 207, 217, 301–302, 307, 315, 318 ReichArmaments Ministry, 47, 51, 70–71, Rood, Coen, 258–259 72, 181, 255, 260, 289, 305, 306, 311 Roth, Gottfried, 98–99 ReichDefense Ministry, 82, 127, 133, 138 Russwerke Dortmund, 119–126, 134, 136, ReichEconomic Chamber, 47, 52 207–208. See also carbon black; Deutsche ReichEconomics Ministry, 45, 51, 53, 55, Gasrusswerke 72, 98, 103, 115–118, 132, 155, 160, 163, Rutgers¨ AG, 208 228 ReichFinance Ministry, 162, 170, 179, 186, S.A. (Sturmabteilung), 25, 43, 49, 290 210 Sachsenhausen, 272, 283 ReichForest Administration, 228 Sachsische¨ Hutten-¨ und Blaufarbenwerke Reichsbank, 50, 86, 97, 112, 123, 149, Freiberg, 149–150, 166, 174, 180, 186 153–156, 160, 164, 167, 170, 171, 177, sales of Degussa, 17, 329–331 178, 180, 181–185, 188, 189, 192, 193 Salgo-Tarjaner Corporation, Budapest, 231 Reichskommissariat Ostland, 230 Sallmann, Dr. von, 52 Reichs-Kredit-Gesellschaft, 132 Salonika, 187 Reichswerke Hermann Goring,¨ 47, 124, 135, Salzgitter, 124–125 195, 211, 244 San region, 227–228 ReichTreasury, 176, 181 Sanger,¨ Dr. E., 61, 290 ReichWar Ministry, 273 Scandinavia, 241

Index 371

Schacht, Hjalmar, 55, 116, 135, 153 Slupetsky, Anton, 288, 293 Schaewen, Director von, 155 Smolenice, 227 Scheidische Afﬁnerie, Prague, 186 Sobibor, 182 Scheinost, Erwin, 100–101 Social Policy Department of Degussa, 36 Scheller, Emil, 316 Societ´ eG´ en´ erale´ Metallurgique, Hoboken, Schenk, August, 316 177 Scherf, Heinz, 295, 299, 314, 315, 316, 318 sodium (metal and compounds), 2, 4, 7, 13, Schering AG, 229, 265, 276, 295 52, 63, 127, 137, 138–140, 196, 197, 198, Schieber, Walter, 69, 70–71, 255 200–205, 218–219, 238, 273–275, 281, Schimmelbusch, Heinz, 316 305, 343; perborate, 5, 7, 12, 15, 16, 56, Schkopau, 121 140, 141, 196, 197, 343 Schleicher, Kurt von, 22–23 Sofumi company, Paris, 227 Schlempe, 204, 213, 275–276, 281 solvents, 4, 62, 141, 205, 228, 310, 343 Schlempe GmbH, 275–276 Soproper (Societ´ e´ des Produits Peroxydes),´ Schlosser, Hermann, 8–11, 13, 14, 18, 33, Paris, 47 48, 51, 91, 109, 126, 131, 167, 194, 195, Sosnowitz, 229, 261 198, 216, 218, 222, 223, 226, 230, 255, SouthAfrica, 273 301–302; as head of Economic Group for Soviet Union, 152–153, 154–155, 170, 185, Chemistry, 70–71, 73; carbon black and, 230 115, 116, 120, 124, 135, 207; Degesch Spain, 273 and, 277, 279–280, 286, 289, 294–296; special metal. See uranium denaziﬁcation and, 314–315, 317–318; Speer, Albert, 72, 207, 255, 310, 313 Germany’s impending defeat and, Speer Ministry. See ReichArmaments 306–312, 322; Heerdt and, 61; Henkel’s Ministry attempted takeover and, 61–69; IG Farben Spiewack, Erna, 193–194 and, 61–69, 201, 205–206; Kaliwerke spoliation. See Europe, occupied; individual Kolin and, 232–233; Jews and, 42–45, 46, countries 78–79, 87; Menzel and; Nazism and, Sprenger, Jacob (Gauleiter of 28–32, 36, 39, 70–71; use of Carl Luer¨ by, Hessen-Nassau), 18, 53, 55, 57–58, 57 59–60, 62, 68–69, 70–71, 98–99 Schmidt-Fellner, Hermann, 55, 56 Spruchkammer, 316 Schneider, Alexander, 5 S.S. (Schutzstaffel), 43, 49, 184–185, 192, Schneider, Hans, 7–8, 33, 50, 153–156, 159, 193, 254, 258, 263–264, 265–268, 272, 168–169, 174–175, 194, 322 283–298 Schoberl,¨ Heinrichand Hermann, 228 Stabenow, Paul, 277–278 Schone¨ & Co., Amsterdam, 149, 187 Stalingrad, 224, 230 Schrobenhausen, 144, 244 Stalinskaya, 230 Schulenburg, Wilhelm, 290 Standard Oil Corporation, 138 Schwarz, Georg, 41 Stanislau, Poland, 185 Schweinfurt, 86 Steinberg, Jonathan, 185 Sehm, Emil, 285, 288 Stern, Albert and Sally, 74 Serbia, 176, 179–180, 234 Stiege, Heinrich, 46, 279, 289, 295 Shanghai, 44–45 Stierstadt, 303, 305 Shenk, Dr., 260 St. Joachimsthaler Bergbau-GmbH, Sicily, 273 132–133, 235, 243 Siebert, G., GmbH, 4, 12, 16, 149, 158, 172, stockholdings of Degussa, 12, 16, 17, 196 74–110, 134, 216, 280, 325–327, 356. Siebert, Hans, 20 See also Aryanization; Auergesellschaft; Siemens, 1 Deutsche Gasrusswerke; Russwerke silver, 2, 148–194, 344–345, 346 Dortmund Stoecker, Max, 232 silver nitrate, 3, 151, 164, 172 Stolberg, AG fur¨ Bergbau, Blei- und Slovakia, 227, 231 Zinkfabrikation zu, 150

372 Index

Strauch, Fritz Peter, 298 Ungewitter, Claus, 70–71, 73 Strasbourg, 228 Union Miniere,` Brussels, 234 Stretenka, 223 United Aluminum Works, 41 Stutthof, 272, 288 United States District Court of New Jersey, subsidiaries of Degussa. See stockholdings of 191 Degussa United States Military Government, 315 Sudetenland, 101, 132, 136, 243, 283 United States of America, 171, 239, 273, sulfuric acid, 213, 274 309; Degussa holdings in, 146 supervisory board of Degussa, 5, 18, 20, 22, United Steelworks, 1 60, 68–69, 323; denazification and, Upper Silesia, 202, 205, 207–212, 229, 256, 314–315, 317; Henkel’s representation on, 261 56, 62; removal of Jews from, 26, 38, uranium, 3, 132–133, 214–216, 217, 234, 40–42, 55, 85; Carl Luer¨ and, 53–54, 243, 245 57–58, 70–71, 73 Switzerland, 2, 93, 95, 171, 234 V-rockets (V-1,V-2), 2, 201, 309 synthetic fibers, 140–141, 143, 197, 202 Vanderhaegen, Brussels, 241 synthetic rubber. See Buna rubber Ventox, 279 Verein fur¨ Chemische Industrie, 4, 13 Tat-Circle, 21 Versailles Treaty, 23, 24, 127 tax payments by Degussa, 112 Verwertungsgesellschaft fur¨ Montanindustrie Technical Committee for Pest Control GmbH, 144 (TASCH), 6, 273–274 Vienna, 74, 109, 159; Degussa branchin, 3, Telefonbau und Normalzeit company, 249 105, 173, 176, 316; OCW¨ offices in. See Teplitz, 13 also L. Roessler & Co. Tesch& Stabenow GmbH (Testa), Voga Geratebau¨ GmbH, 225 Hamburg, 277–279, 282–288, 292, 293, Volkel,¨ Dr., 234 297, 300, 357, 358–360 Volkswagen, 123 Tesch, Bruno, 274, 277–278, 283–288, 290, Vorbau, Robert, 129, 223, 255, 315 291, 296–298 Vosswalde, 212–213, 313 tetraethyl lead, 2, 137, 138, 198, 200, 203, Voswinckel, K., 22 218 T-Gas, 279, 286 Wachtersbach¨ Castle, 305, 314 Theresienstadt, 44, 288, 296 Wach- und Schliessgesellschaft, Breslau, 252 thorium, 14, 127, 128, 137 Wacker-Chemie, 70–71, 86 Thuringia, 182, 201 Wagner, Winnifred, 52 Thyssen, Fritz, 22 Warburg, Max, 89 Tietz department store, 39 War Damages Office, 293, 313 titanium, 14 Warlimont, Felix, 158, 315 Todt Organization, 259 Walter, Hans, 309 torpedoes, 2, 140 war losses of Degussa, 6, 312–313 Torpedo-Werke AG, 52 War Metals Corporation, 9 Trade Ministry, Prague, 103 Warsaw, 176, 230 Treblinka, 182, 190 Warthegau, 224 Trepca. See Bor-Trepca mines Warthenau, 230 Tritox, 279, 286 WASAG. See Westfalische-Anhaltische¨ Tyrol, 170, 220 Sprengstoff AG watchstones ( Uhrensteine), 219, 305 U-boats, 2, 130, 140, 310 Weber & Hempel, 148 Uenzelmann, Anna, 285 Wegelin, August, AG, 13, 115–119, 124 Ukraine, 223, 230 Wehrmacht. See army, German Ungerer, Paul, 44–45 Weimar Republic, 114, 152 Ungethum,¨ Georg, 21 Weinbacher, Karl, 297

Index 373

Weise, 315 workforce of Degussa. See labor force of Weissenstein, 197, 305. See also Degussa Osterreichische¨ Chemische Werke Working Committee for Disinfestation and Weissfrauenstrasse plant (Werk I), Frankfurt, Epidemic Control, 289, 294 238, 301–302 Works Council (Betreibsrat) of Degussa, 290, Weissruss. See: Aerosil 314–317 Welden, 144, 244 World War II, 175, 178, 182, 190, 195, 197, Werk I, Frankfurt. See Weissfrauenstrasse 209, 269, 280, 321 plant Wustinger,¨ Emil, 316 Werk II, Frankfurt. See Gutleutstrasse plant Wyhlen, 75, 85–86, 105, 109, 110, 313, 343 Wesseling, Chemische Fabrik AG, 213, 299 Yugoslavia, 60 Westdeutscher Beobachter, 38–41 Westfalische-Anhaltische¨ Sprengstoff AG Zar AG, Neutomischel, 224 (WASAG), 143, 221, 230 Zaun, Alfred, 285 Westwall, 308 Zentralwerk. See Furstenberg¨ an der Oder Wiesbaden, 109 Ziegler, chief architect of Degussa, 257, 259, Wildau, 139, 143–144, 313 260, 308, 316 Wilhelmstrasse Trial, 192 Ziegler, Heinrich, 44, 82, 129 Winterhilfswerk, 70–71, 72 zircon, zirconium, 14, 64, 137, 217, 218, Wolf, Adolf and Irma, 84 223, 234, 308 Wolfgang, 306, 316 Zubern, 223 Wolfgang group, 216, 227 Zurcher,¨ Friedrich, 223–232, 255, 315 Wollin, Karl, 44 Zusatzausfuhrverfahren. See Additional women. See labor, female Exports Procedure Work Education Camp Zyklon (A and B), 2, 7, 11, 233, 272, 321, (Arbeitserziehungslager), 254 357, 358–360. See also hydrocyanic acid