Remembering the Great Barabati Fort
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Orissa Review * January - 2004 Remembering the Great Barabati Fort Dr. Hemanta K. Mohapatra Ganga king of Kalinga, Chodagangadev Anangabhimadev-III. That he erected a fort at defeated Karna Keshari, the last Somavamsi Abhinav Baranasi Katak is also corroborated ruler and annexed Utkala either in 1118 or in by the Nagari plate of Anangabhimadev-III. 1134 A.D. By this act of conquest he (Epigraphica Indica, XXVIII, pp.235-ff). accomplished the task of political unification That the Barabati Fort was situated at of Orissa to a great extent. With the emergence the bifurcation of the rivers, Mahanadi and of a great Ganga empire the humble and Kathajodi was mentioned in the Ain-i-Akbari traditional capital of Kalinganagara of Abul Fazl compiled in 1594-95. From the (Mukhalingam in Srikakulam district of Andhra accounts of Ain-i-Akbari it is evident that Raja Pradesh) lost its relevance and Chodagangadev Mukunda Dev of Chalukya dynasty had built a shifted his capital to Katak, a place centrally palace in the Barabati fort. This palace had located and well protected by mighty rivers. nine ‘asianas’. Later on this Persian word He built forts around his capital city and made ‘asiana’ was misunderstood and it was it highly impregnable. One such fort was built misinformed that Mukundadev had built a nine- towards the north of the river Kathajodi named storied palace there. But it was not a nine- Sarangagada (near Baranga). He also built a storied building as understood now. fort at Chudangagarh (near Chaudwar) and most probably resided there. On the outskirts of James Fergusson saw the fort in 1837. Chudangagarh he built forts at Amarabati In his book he wrote “Abul Fazl’s description Kataka (Chhatia) and Jajpur. It is said that he of this palace, however, has been built a fort at Cuttack, but the trace of it is not misunderstood by the translators, who have yet found. interpreted it as nine stories instead of nine courts or enclosures (Fergusson. History of In fact another ruler of the Ganga Indian and Eastern Architecture. VoI.II, dynasty Anangabhimadev III (1211-1238 A.D.) pp. 112-113). M.M.Ganguly has also given the built a new city in the village Barabati and same view in his article in the Orissa Review- named it as Baranasi Kataka. He with the royal Orissa Monument Special, 1949 (p.14). Two family left Chaudwar and started residing in British merchants named Bruton and Cartwright Abhinava Baranasi Kataka. He must have attended the Mughal governor in the Barabati fortified his capital city and it is naturally fort in l633 A.D. They never mentioned about assumed that the Barabati fort was erected by the nine-storied building. Rather they said that 33 Orissa Review * January - 2004 they were conducted to the Court of Public and highest in area and altitude respectively. Audience through a labyrinth of buildings (Orissa Historical Research Journal, Vol.VI- (Early Annals of the English in Bengal, Part-l p.53) Vol. I, p.7). From the military point of view the fort However from the description of Ain- was erected in an ideal location. But this was i-Akbari it is evident that nine inter-connected too small a fort to withstand a longer siege. enclosures were present at different heights in The Barabati fort has a length of 2150 feet and the structure. The first floor was used to keep breadth of 1800 feet. Considering its humble elephants, the second for artillery guards and dimension and strength, in 1766 T. Mote had quarters for attendants, the third for the revealed that the fort was however too small gatekeepers and patrols, fourth for tile to make a long defence against the European workshop and the fifth for the kitchen. The sixth ally. (Early European Travellers in Nagpur floor was used as reception rooms; the seventh Territory, p.17). So it is assumed that Barabati for private apartment, the eighth for women’s fort was a part of bigger fortification, the inner apartment and the ninth was the sleeping ring of defence and also a safe loyal residence. chamber of the governor. (Abul Fazl, Ain-i- It is very likely that the rivetment along the Akbari, Vol-II pp. 126-27). two rivers of Mahanadi and Kathajodi with We are unfortunate to prove anything watchtowers and bastions at intervals probably beyond doubt as the whole area was excavated formed the out-ring of fortification. in 1856-57 for stones and nothing substantial From the above discussion, however, is left to inform about the exact nature of the it is clear that Anangabhimadev III of Ganga structure. But from the writings and accounts dynasty erected the fort of Barabati. Chalukya of contemporary writers and travellers we king Mukundadev constructed a structure with came to a conclusion that there was no nine- nine enclosures at various altitudes. And in all storied building in the fort complex. The probability it was the inner ring of defence 'Nabatal’ palace was in fact a structure having being a part of bigger fortification. In between nine courts standing on platform of increasing the reigns of the above two rulers this Barabati heights, the ninth one being at the highest level. fort had witnessed the glorious days of Orissa The built up area went on decreasing as one under the great Ganga king Narasinghadev. lt ascend to next higher enclosure. had also seen the conquests of the Suryavamsi Even now-a-days one can see the kings like Kapilendradev and Purusottamadev. remains of the deep moat (Gadakhai) It had also witnessed the plight of excavated around the fort to make it more and Prataparudradev and the end of the Gajapati more inaccessible. The soil excavated for rule. With mute helplessness it had to tolerate construction of the moat was probably spread the murder of the last Suryavamsi king in the on the ground inside in such a way as to form hands of treacherous Govinda Bidyadhar. After platform of different heights, one upon another murdering his master’s son, Govinda in an ascending order. On each of the platform Bidyadhar established the Bhoi dynasty in stood one court. The courts were probably in Orissa. His death ushered an era of political the form of concentric circles, outermost being instability stained with regicides and the largest and the innermost being the smallest conspiracies. During the reigns of these Bhoi 34 Orissa Review * January - 2004 rulers, of and on Mukundadev was the guardian After the British occupation of Orissa of this Barabati fort. He also established his for sometime this fort was used for confinement own Chalukya dynasty by murdering his royal of the state-prisoners. But later on it fell into master. But very soon he proved his worth and disuse and government sponsored vandalism demonstrated that he could revive the Oriya started to eliminate this relic of Oriya pride race and pride. In fact Barabati fort was very from its very existence. This fort was subjected dear to him. After Mukundadev, Orissa was to devastation and therefore its stones produce occupied by the Afghans in 1568. Kalapahad, an unsightly picture of ruins. As if stones and the Army General of Bengal Sultan Sulaiman metals were not available otherwise, the stones Karanni had broken certain portion of the fort. were excavated out of this great heritage site But the fort was habitable. It became the of Orissa and used for the construction of roads headquarters of the Mughal and Maratha and embankments in and around Cuttack city. governors for Orissa. The mindless British authority in Orissa did not hesitate to dismantle this historic fort of During the Mughals some additions and Barabati, the stones and earth of which was alterations were effected to the fort so that it made from the blood and flesh of the Oriya would suit to the Mughal taste and style. The heroes. Mughals also built a mosque inside the fort complex. The Marathas, who ruled Orissa after From the records available in the the Mughals, also made some constructional Orissa State Archives it is evident that the changes in the fort. T. Motte visited Cuttack in stones of the fort were used for the construction 1766, when the Bhonsla of Nagpur ruled of buildings, roads and embankments at Cuttack. One Mr. Shore, the Magistrate of Orissa. Motte recorded that the moat around Cuttack tried his best to stop this vandalism the fort was 7 feet deep and 20 feet wide vide. and as a result of his effort the Governor of There were two clusters of walls, outer and Bengal in their Letter No.1701 dated 31.5.1856 inner. The outer wall was five feet higher than stopped the demolition of the Fort of Barabati. the inner wall. But by that time a lot of damage was already The English force reached Cuttack on done and a little was left for preservation. But 13 September 1803 and stormed the fort on that was also not possible. Later on excavation 14th. Major Harcourt was in charge of the of stones of the fort complex continued till operation. The artillery weapon the Britishers nothing was left except the dilapidated main used for this operation were one 12 pound gate. The fort was systematically converted battery, two howitzers and two 6 pounders. into a mound of debris consisting of earth, Harcourt described the fort as one of broken stones and bricks. considerable strength and with the exception The Barabati fort, which was once of only bridge it was inaccessible. After upon a time creating sensation in the body and silencing the Maratha guns the gates of the fort mind of the Oriya militia, and nightmares for was forced open in the face of heavy fire and the enemies of Oriya race, is now in a sorry the fort was captured.