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Two Steps Forward, One Step Back: a Brief History of Corporate Citizenship and Corporate Social Responsibility
Two Steps Forward, One Step Back: A Brief History of Corporate Citizenship and Corporate Social Responsibility Stephen Jordan with B.J. Parker BCLC’s mission is to promote better business and society relations and improve long-term social and economic conditions by: • Communicating the U.S. private sector’s unique and valuable contributions • Cultivating strategies and practices that achieve positive results • Coordinating public-private partnerships and coalitions 2 TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER ONE: DEFINING CORPORATE CITIZENSHIP AND CORPORATE SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY . .1 CHAPTER TWO: THE ORIGINS OF CAPITALISM AND CORPORATE CITIZENSHIP . .6 CHAPTER THREE: THE RISE OF THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION AND PATERNALISM . 9 CHAPTER FOUR: THE GILDED AGE AND PERSONAL PHILANTHROPY . .12 CHAPTER FIVE: THE FIRST ETHICAL CORPORATIONS . 15 CHAPTER SIX: THE COMMUNITY CHEST MOVEMENT, THE GREAT DEPRESSION, AND WORLD WAR II . 20 CHAPTER SEVEN: THE 1950s - 1970s . .26 CHAPTER EIGHT: 1980 AND THE DAWN OF THE MODERN CORPORATE CITIZENSHIP MOVEMENT . 31 CHAPTER NINE: THE VIEW FROM OUTSIDE . .35 CHAPTER TEN: THE CONTINUING EVOLUTION OF CORPORATE CITIZENSHIP . 41 CHAPTER ELEVEN: DIFFERENT WAYS THE HISTORY OF CORPORATE CITIZENSHIP COULD BE TOLD . 46 Cover photos (clockwise): Andrew Carnegie, Henry Ford, Indra Nooyi (courtesy of PepsiCo), Thomas J. Watson (courtesy of IBM), Robert Wood Johnson II, Bill and Melinda Gates (Wikipedia Commons User Kjetil Ree). About the Authors Stephen Jordan is the founder and executive director of the Business Civic Leadership Center (BCLC), the corporate citizenship affiliate of the U.S. Chamber of Commerce. He is married and has two children. B.J. Parker is a professional writer and editor with more than 10 years’ experience writing business education materials for leading educational publishers. -
5. Sirhowy Ironworks
Great Archaeological Sites in Blaenau Gwent 5. SIRHOWY IRONWORKS There were a number of ironworks in the area now covered by Blaenau Gwent County Borough, which provided all the raw materials they needed – iron ore, limestone and fuel, charcoal at first but later coal to make coke. The Sirhowy ironworks (SO14301010) are the only one where there is still something to see. The works were opened in 1778 with one blast furnace. Although it was originally blown by water power, in 1799 the owners invested in a Boulton and Watt steam engine. This gave them enough power to blow a second furnace, which started production in 1802. In the early years of the 19th century, the pig iron produced at Sirhowy was sent to the Tredegar works a little further down the valley where it was refined, until 1818 when the Sirhowy works were sold and started to send its pig iron to Ebbw Vale. A third furnace was added in 1826 and a fourth in 1839. But by the 1870s iron smelting at Sirhowy was no longer profitable, and the works finally closed in 1882. Like all ironworks in South Wales, the furnaces were built against a steep bank which enabled the ironworkers to load the charge of iron ore, limestone and coke or charcoal fuel more easily at the top of the furnace. All that is now left now are the remains of a bank of blast furnaces with the arches that would originally have linked them to the casting houses in front, and the building that originally housed the waterwheel. -
National Register of Historic Places Multiple Property
NFS Form 10-900-b 0MB No. 1024-0018 (Jan. 1987) United States Department of the Interior National Park Service National Register of Historic Places Multipler Propertyr ' Documentation Form NATIONAL This form is for use in documenting multiple property groups relating to one or several historic contexts. See instructions in Guidelines for Completing National Register Forms (National Register Bulletin 16). Complete each item by marking "x" in the appropriate box or by entering the requested information. For additional space use continuation sheets (Form 10-900-a). Type all entries. A. Name of Multiple Property Listing ____Iron and Steel Resources of Pennsylvania, 1716-1945_______________ B. Associated Historic Contexts_____________________________ ~ ___Pennsylvania Iron and Steel Industry. 1716-1945_________________ C. Geographical Data Commonwealth of Pennsylvania continuation sheet D. Certification As the designated authority under the National Historic Preservation Act of 1966, as amended, J hereby certify that this documentation form meets the National Register documentation standards and sets forth requirements for the listing of related properties consistent with the National Register criteria. This submission meets the procedural and professional requiremerytS\set forth iri36JCFR PafrfsBOfcyid the Secretary of the Interior's Standards for Planning and Evaluation. Signature of certifying official Date / Brent D. Glass Pennsylvania Historical & Museum Commission State or Federal agency and bureau I, hereby, certify that this multiple -
Bridgnorth to Ironbridge to Bridgnorth
Leaflet Ref. No: NCN2D/July 2013 © Shropshire Council July 2013 July Council Shropshire © 2013 NCN2D/July No: Ref. Leaflet Designed by Salisbury SHROPSHIRE yarrington ltd, www.yarrington.co.uk © Shropshire CouncilJuly2013 ©Shropshire yarrington ltd,www.yarrington.co.uk Stonehenge Marlborough Part funded by the Department for Transport for Department the by funded Part 0845 113 0065 113 0845 www.wiltshire.gov.uk www.wiltshire.gov.uk % 01225 713404 01225 Swindon www.sustrans.org.uk www.sustrans.org.uk Wiltshire Council Wiltshire call: or visit Supporter, a become to how and Sustrans For more information on routes in your area, or more about about more or area, your in routes on information more For gov.uk/cycling by the charity Sustrans. charity the by Cirencester www.gloucestershire. This route is part of the National Cycle Network, coordinated coordinated Network, Cycle National the of part is route This % 01452 425000 01452 National Cycle Network Cycle National County Council County Gloucestershire Gloucestershire Gloucester PDF format from our website. our from format PDF All leaflets are available to download in in download to available are leaflets All 253008 01743 gov.uk/cms/cycling.aspx www.worcestershire. Shropshire Council Council Shropshire Worcester % 01906 765765 01906 ©Rosemary Winnall ©Rosemary www.travelshropshire.co.uk County Council County Worcestershire Worcestershire Bewdley www.telford.gov.uk % 01952 380000 380000 01952 Council Telford & Wrekin Wrekin & Telford Bridgnorth co.uk www.travelshropshire. Bridgnorth to Ironbridge -
Three Hundred Years of Assaying American Iron and Iron Ores
Bull. Hist. Chem, 17/18 (1995) 41 THREE HUNDRED YEARS OF ASSAYING AMERICAN IRON AND IRON ORES Kvn K. Oln, WthArt It can reasonably be argued that of all of the industries factors were behind this development; increased pro- that made the modern world possible, iron and steel cess sophistication, a better understanding of how im- making holds a pivotal place. Without ferrous metals purities affected iron quality, increased capital costs, and technology, much of the modem world simply would a generation of chemically trained metallurgists enter- not exist. As the American iron industry grew from the ing the industry. This paper describes the major advances isolated iron plantations of the colonial era to the com- in analytical development. It also describes how the plex steel mills of today, the science of assaying played 19th century iron industry serves as a model for the way a critical role. The assayer gave the iron maker valu- an expanding industry comes to rely on analytical data able guidance in the quest for ever improving quality for process control. and by 1900 had laid down a theoretical foundation for the triumphs of steel in our own century. 1500's to 1800 Yet little is known about the assayer and how his By the mid 1500's the operating principles of assay labo- abilities were used by industry. Much has been written ratories were understood and set forth in the metallurgi- about the ironmaster and the furnace workers. Docents cal literature. Agricola's Mtll (1556), in period dress host historic ironmaking sites and inter- Biringuccio's rthn (1540), and the pret the lives of housewives, miners, molders, clerks, rbrbühln (Assaying Booklet, anon. -
A Detailed Access Guide to the Iron Bridge & Tollhouse
A detailed Access Guide to The Iron Bridge & Tollhouse This Guide contains an overview of Access for: Visitors with physical and sensory disabilities Assistance Dogs are welcome at all Museum sites. www.ironbridge.org.uk • The information given in this booklet is a detailed guide about access to the Iron Bridge & Tollhouse. • The Iron Bridge & Tollhouse are accessible from either side of the River Severn. From Ironbridge Town, the Square car park on the North side and from the Station Car Park on the South side. Both car parks are local authority Pay and Display car parks with accessible parking spaces for Blue Badge holders. • Access to the Iron Bridge & Tollhouse from the Square Car Park in Ironbridge town is via 100 metres of mixed tarmac and paving varying in levels. Access to the Iron Bridge & Tollhouse from the Station Car Park is via a ramp with a tarmac surface leading to a dropped kerb onto a tarmac path. The Iron Bridge has quite a steep slope (1 in 8) to its crest, and a firm ‘peanut brittle’ type asphalt surface. There is a defined footpath on each side with a 10cm cast-iron kerb, but no dropped kerbs. • The Tollhouse is accessible through a single entrance door with a 7cm step up and a 5cm step down onto flagstone flooring. The ground floor is accessible to wheelchair users. The upper floor houses an exhibition with graphic panels and is only accessible by stairs. A full colour booklet of the exhibition is available on the ground floor. • An Act of Parliament was passed in 1776 giving permission for the Iron Bridge and Tollhouse to be built. -
A Look at Bridges: a Study of Types, Histories, and the Marriage of Engineering and Architecture Cody Chase Connecticut College
Connecticut College Digital Commons @ Connecticut College Architectural Studies Integrative Projects Art History and Architectural Studies 2015 A Look at Bridges: A Study of Types, Histories, and the Marriage of Engineering and Architecture Cody Chase Connecticut College Follow this and additional works at: http://digitalcommons.conncoll.edu/archstudintproj Recommended Citation Chase, Cody, "A Look at Bridges: A Study of Types, Histories, and the Marriage of Engineering and Architecture" (2015). Architectural Studies Integrative Projects. Paper 73. http://digitalcommons.conncoll.edu/archstudintproj/73 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Art History and Architectural Studies at Digital Commons @ Connecticut College. It has been accepted for inclusion in Architectural Studies Integrative Projects by an authorized administrator of Digital Commons @ Connecticut College. For more information, please contact [email protected]. The views expressed in this paper are solely those of the author. CODY CHASE SENIOR INTEGRATIVE PROJECT: INDEPENDENT STUDY ARCHITECTURAL STUDIES CONNECTICUT COLLEGE 2015 A"LOOK"INTO"BRIDGES" A"Study"of"Types,"Histories,"and"the"Marriage"of" Engineering"and"Architecture" " Cody"Chase"‘15" Architectural"Studies"Major,"Art"History"Minor" Senior"IntegraHve"Project" " Why Bridges? Where to begin? TYPES OTHER • Arch • Glossary • Beam/Girder/Stringer • Materials • Truss • History of Failures • Suspension • Models • Cable-Stayed • Moveable Span What makes a bridge stand up? FORCES ***Compression: -
The Ironbridge Gorge Heritage Site and Its Local and Regional Functions
Bulletin of Geography. Socio–economic Series / No. 36 (2017): 61–75 BULLETIN OF GEOGRAPHY. SOCIO–ECONOMIC SERIES DE journal homepages: http://www.bulletinofgeography.umk.pl/ http://wydawnictwoumk.pl/czasopisma/index.php/BGSS/index http://www.degruyter.com/view/j/bog ISSN 1732–4254 quarterly G The Ironbridge Gorge Heritage Site and its local and regional functions Waldemar CudnyCDMFPR University of Łódź, Institute of Tourism and Economic Development, Tomaszów Mazowiecki Branch, ul. Konstytucji 3 Maja 65/67, 97-200 Tomaszów Mazowiecki, Poland; phone +48 447 249 720; email: [email protected] How to cite: Cudny W., 2017: The Ironbridge Gorge Heritage Site and its local and regional functions. In: Chodkowska-Miszczuk, J. and Szy- mańska, D. editors, Bulletin of Geography. Socio-economic Series, No. 36, Toruń: Nicolaus Copernicus University, pp. 61–75. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/bog-2017-0014 Abstract. The article is devoted to the issue of heritage and its functions. Based Article details: on the existing literature, the author presents the definition of heritage, the classi- Received: 06 March 2015 fication of heritage resources, and its most important impacts. The aim of the -ar Revised: 15 December 2016 ticle was to show the functions that may be performed by a heritage site, locally Accepted: 02 February 2017 and regionally. The example used by the author is the Ironbridge Gorge Heritage Site in the United Kingdom. Most heritage functions described by other authors are confirmed in this case study. The cultural heritage of the Ironbridge Gorge creates an opportunity to undertake various local and regional activities, having first of all an educational influence on the inhabitants, school youth and tourists. -
INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION: a DOCUMENTARY HISTORY Series Four Parts 3 and 4
INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION: A DOCUMENTARY HISTORY Series Four Parts 3 and 4 INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION: A DOCUMENTARY HISTORY Series Four: Sources from the Record Offices in the United Kingdom Part 3: The Papers of James Watt (1736-1819) and James Watt, jnr (1769-1848) from the James Patrick Muirhead Collection, at Glasgow University Library Part 4: The Darby Family, Coalbrookdale Estate and the Iron Bridge - sources from Shropshire Archives Contents listing PUBLISHER'S NOTE - Part 3 CONTENTS OF REELS - Part 3 PUBLISHER'S NOTE - Part 4 CONTENTS OF REELS - Part 4 INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION: A DOCUMENTARY HISTORY Series Four Parts 3 and 4 Publisher's Note - Part 3 James Patrick Muirhead is remembered as the biographer of the engineer and scientist James Watt senior, leading member of the Lunar Society and key figure of the Industrial Revolution. For Victorian and later writers the Watt steam engine became synonymous with industrial growth and progress in Britain. Today Muirhead’s biographies remain the major source for scholars of James Watt, his life and achievements. Muirhead was born in Lanarkshire in 1813 the son of Lockhart Muirhead who was principle librarian and regius professor of natural history in Glasgow University. His maternal grandmother was the first cousin of James Watt. Muirhead was educated in Glasgow College and later Balliol College, Oxford, practising law in Edinburgh for eight years before moving to Haseley Court in Oxfordshire. In 1844 Muirhead married Katharine Elizabeth, daughter of Matthew Robinson Boulton and granddaughter of Matthew Boulton, the manufacturer and entrepreneur. During his time at Oxford Muirhead became acquainted with James Watt, jnr who later requested Muirhead to write the memoir of his father. -
Late Wenlock Sequence Stratigraphy in Central England Ray, DC; Brett, CE; Thomas, Alan; Collings, AVJ
Late Wenlock sequence stratigraphy in central England Ray, DC; Brett, CE; Thomas, Alan; Collings, AVJ DOI: 10.1017/S0016756809990197 License: None: All rights reserved Document Version Publisher's PDF, also known as Version of record Citation for published version (Harvard): Ray, DC, Brett, CE, Thomas, A & Collings, AVJ 2010, 'Late Wenlock sequence stratigraphy in central England', Geological Magazine, vol. 147, no. 1, pp. 123-144. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0016756809990197 Link to publication on Research at Birmingham portal Publisher Rights Statement: © Cambridge University Press 2009 Eligibility for repository checked July 2014 General rights Unless a licence is specified above, all rights (including copyright and moral rights) in this document are retained by the authors and/or the copyright holders. The express permission of the copyright holder must be obtained for any use of this material other than for purposes permitted by law. •Users may freely distribute the URL that is used to identify this publication. •Users may download and/or print one copy of the publication from the University of Birmingham research portal for the purpose of private study or non-commercial research. •User may use extracts from the document in line with the concept of ‘fair dealing’ under the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 (?) •Users may not further distribute the material nor use it for the purposes of commercial gain. Where a licence is displayed above, please note the terms and conditions of the licence govern your use of this document. When citing, please reference the published version. Take down policy While the University of Birmingham exercises care and attention in making items available there are rare occasions when an item has been uploaded in error or has been deemed to be commercially or otherwise sensitive. -
The Hay Inclined Plane in Coalbrookdale (Shropshire, England): Geometric Modeling and Virtual Reconstruction
S S symmetry Article The Hay Inclined Plane in Coalbrookdale (Shropshire, England): Geometric Modeling and Virtual Reconstruction José Ignacio Rojas-Sola 1,* and Eduardo De la Morena-De la Fuente 2 1 Department of Engineering Graphics, Design and Projects, University of Jaén, Campus de las Lagunillas, s/n, 23071 Jaén, Spain 2 Research Group ‘Engineering Graphics and Industrial Archaeology’, University of Jaén, Campus de las Lagunillas, s/n, 23071 Jaén, Spain; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +34-953-212452 Received: 9 April 2019; Accepted: 22 April 2019; Published: 24 April 2019 Abstract: This article shows the geometric modeling and virtual reconstruction of the inclined plane of Coalbrookdale (Shropshire, England) that was in operation from 1792 to 1894. This historical invention, work of the Englishman William Reynolds, allowed the transportation of boats through channels located at different levels. Autodesk Inventor Professional software has been used to obtain the 3D CAD model of this historical invention and its geometric documentation. The material for the research is available on the website of the Betancourt Project of the Canary Orotava Foundation for the History of Science. Also, because the single sheet does not have a scale, it has been necessary to adopt a graphic scale so that the dimensions of the different elements are coherent. Furthermore, it has been necessary to establish some dimensional, geometric, and movement restrictions (degrees of freedom) so that the set will work properly. One of the main conclusions is that William Reynolds designed a mechanism seeking a longitudinal symmetry so that, from a single continuous movement, the mechanism allows two vessels to ascend and descend simultaneously. -
The Agricultural Activities of John Wilkinson, Ironmaster by W
The Agricultural Activities of John Wilkinson, Ironmaster By W. H. CHALONER ii T is not generally known that besides culture, who honoured Wilkinson with a visit i! i it being a large-scale industrialist, John to Castlehead in x8o5, it would have been Wilkinson (i728-i8o8), the celebrated called in Scotland a "flow moss." On the :1 I ironmaster, was also one of the "spirited average about five feet of the first stratum proprietors" who appear so frequently in consisted of a soft, spongy kind of peat, which agricultural history during the latter half of made very poor fuel. Below this, however, the the eighteenth century. His youthful back- black peat was deep (I 5 feet and over) and of i: ground was semi-rural, but his career as a excellent quality. After these two layers the large-scale landowner does not appear to bottom was "a fine strong blue clay," capable i i ~ have begun until the War of American Inde- of being used as a top dressing after being pendence (z776-83) , when it became difficult burnt in small heaps with peat, but otherwise to satisfy public and private demands for "unfriendly to vegetation until it has been cannon. Consequently his profits as an iron- long exposed to, and ameliorated by the master accumulated rapidly, and some of atmosphere."" them were invested in agricultural improve- Wilkinson's first attempts to improve ment. About z777-8 he bought the bleak hill about four or five acres of this waste marsh, of Castlehead, near Grange-over-Sands in on which animals could only be pastured in north Lancashire, then surrounded by a frosty weather, began in I778 and were un- peaty marsh, and the adjacent Wilson House successful.