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Antioxidant and Ethnobotanical Study of Strychnos Icaja Baillon (Loganiaceae) from Gabon

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Antioxidant and Ethnobotanical Study of Strychnos Icaja Baillon (Loganiaceae) from Gabon European Journal of Medicinal Plants 31(18): 55-64, 2020; Article no.EJMP.63821 ISSN: 2231-0894, NLM ID: 101583475 Antioxidant and Ethnobotanical Study of Strychnos icaja Baillon (Loganiaceae) from Gabon Reine Raïssa Rolande Aworet Samseny1*, Line-Edwige Mengome1 and Sophie Aboughe Angone1 1Institut de Pharmacopée et de Médecine Traditionnelle, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique et Technologique. BP: 1156 Route de Sibang 3 Libreville, Gabon. Authors’ contributions This work was carried out in collaboration among all authors. Authors RRRAS, SAA and LEM performed the experimental studies and drafted the manuscript. Authors RRRAS and SAA played roles in the writing and editing of the manuscript. Author SAA conceived of the study, participated in the design and coordination of the study, supervised the study and revised the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript. Article Information DOI: 10.9734/EJMP/2020/v31i1830343 Editor(s): (1) Dr. Paola Angelini, University of Perugia, Italy. (2) Prof. Marcello Iriti, Milan State University, Italy. Reviewers: (1) S. O. Agele, Federal University of Technology, Nigeria. (2) Asha Bhausaheb Kadam, Savitribai Phule Pune University, India. Complete Peer review History: http://www.sdiarticle4.com/review-history/63821 Received 20 October 2020 Accepted 24 December 2020 Original Research Article Published 31 December 2020 ABSTRACT Aim: In plants, are found large amount of vitamin (A, B, C, E), mineral (Zn, Cu, Se) and biochemical (glutathione, taurine, phenol acids) substances which also have a well-known antioxidant power. These substances have phytotheraptic applications in the fight against aging caused by oxidative stress and are oxidative component of acute pathologies: (infectious, traumatic, inflammatory and allergic). Strychnos icaja Baillon (Loganiaceae) is a tropical shrub common in the tropical forest of Central Africa. Strychnos species is mainly used by the local population as an arrow or ordeal poison, for treatment of haemorrhoids and malaria by the Pygmies tribes from Cameroon due to its magic-medical property. This study determined the medicinal uses of Strychnos and assessed its antioxidant potential. Methodology: Extracts of alkaloids, aqueous, ethyl acetate, dichloromethane and butanol from Strychnos were evaluated for their antioxidant properties. An ethnobotanical survey of 20 traditional therapists was carried to obtain the medicinal uses of the root of Strychnos icaja. Results: 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazyl (DPPH) test shows good antiradical activity. Antioxidant _____________________________________________________________________________________________________ *Corresponding author: E-mail: [email protected]; Aworet et al.; EJMP, 31(18): 55-64, 2020; Article no.EJMP.63821 activity by the ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) test, show that Strychnos total alkaloids of the roots have a value of 5.94 ± 0.14mmol EAA/g that is significantly close from Ascorbic acid (5.86 ± 0.51 mmol EAA/g). The results of survey of traditional therapists identified six indications of this plant, namely in the treatment of haemorrhoids, against ear infections, male urethritis, rheumatic and dental pain and sterility in women. Conclusion: The Strychnos icaja possesses antioxidant activity, this can find use in the treatment of inflammatory diseases. Keywords: Strychnos icaja; antioxidant; medicinal plant; inflammatory diseases; free radicals; oxidative stress. 1. INTRODUCTION length of 20-100 m with a stem of 4-15 cm in diameter. The Strychnos icaja Baillon occurs in Oxidation is a phenomenon linked to life itself: the forests of Central Africa (Congo, Cameroon, oxidation provides the energy necessary for our Rwanda, and Gabon). It is a plant of dense cells and to defend themselves against external forests and secondary [4]. Root barks are used aggressions. However, it is the combination with as an arrow poison by some pygmy tribes of oxygen that causes the appearance of free Cameroon. This toxicity was attributed to the radicals in our body, unstable molecules greedy strychnine and hydroxystrychnine mono-indole for electrons and which cause biochemical chain alkaloids isolated from the roots by Sandberg et reactions. These free radicals, so useful because al. [5,6,7]. They are also used in the treatment of they allow the homeostasis of the organism, at malaria. Root barks are used in sitz baths the same time cause oxidative stress which against haemorrhoids. Dry root bark powder, inexorably causes the aging of this organism. mixed with palm oil, is applied topically to Gabon is located astride the equator. It has an affected areas in dry or oozing skin dermatoses area of 267, 667 km² with a forest that covers [8]. It would be aphrodisiac at low doses. It is 80% of the territory. This forest contains many also used as an emetic, to '' wash the belly '' and species that are used by people in therapy to against ear infections. In addition to its prevent or cure certain conditions [1]. The therapeutic use, the root is frequently used by majority of these people had faith in traditional populations for its pharmacological properties. medicine, some people use it in any exclusivity The macerated root rasp is used in the treatment while others adopt in addition to modern of measles, the decoction of liana against medicine. It concerns the treatment of common beriberi, the calcination of leaves against back ailments and has an alternative to the failures of pain and diabetes, the decoction of leaves and modern medicine. In addition to these uses, roots against epilepsy [9]. The Strychnos icaja many attribute magical properties to certain been the subject of several studies, particularly medical-species which are used not only during on alkaloids; vomicine; 19, 20-α-epoxinovacin; the various ceremonies rite (marriage, 19,20-α-epoxy, 15-hydroxynovacin; strychnine; bereavement, initiation, etc.) but also to treat isostrychnine; bisnordihydrotoxiferrin: sungucine; conditions such as spells, bad eye, etc. In isosungucine; 18-hydroxysungucin; 18- general, traditional medicine is used today as it hydroxyisosungucin were isolated from the roots once was, despite the rise of modern medicine, of Strychnos icaja from Congo [10,11]. These and especially since the emergence of' ''so- compounds, in particular 18-hydroxy called incurable diseases.'' Hence our interest in isosungucine, are moderately active against Strychnos icaja is a plant commonly used by Plasmodium falciparum. Another compound, people who attribute properties therapeutic and Strychnogucin B is cytotoxic against the human magic [2]. The Strychnos icaja Baillon, is known KB cell line of cancer and human fibroblasts by the vernacular names: Ikaza (Mpongwè), WI38 [12]. Lusakibanza M et al [13] have also Ikadja kwaï (Benga), Kasé (Bakèlè), Mbundu shown that the methanolic and dichloromethane (Galoa, Nkomi, Oroungu, Ngowé, Eshira, extracts of the root bark had a very good Bavarama, Bavoungou, Bapunu, Balumbu, selectivity index on falciparum strains. In addition Bavili, Baduma, Banzabi, Loango, Masangu, to this interesting antimalarial activity, it showed Mindumu), Mbondo (Ivea, Bavové, Bakota), moderate in vitro antitrypanosomal activit [14]. Molela (Apindji), Mvya (mitsogo), Bilon (Fang) We know that free radicals are responsible for [3]. It belongs to the Loganiaceae family, is a degenerative diseases like Alzheimer and liana that can reach a height of 20-40 m and a Parkinson's or chronic diseases like diabetes, 56 Aworet et al.; EJMP, 31(18): 55-64, 2020; Article no.EJMP.63821 cancer, inflammatory diseases. Thus we residue is shaken again with dichloromethane hypothesize that this plant which has and evaporated to obtain the dichloromethane demonstrated anti-cancerous properties and fraction. Finally, the last residue is shaken with which is used in the treatment of epilepsy by ethyl acetate and evaporated to obtain the ethyl traditional therapists could have antioxidant acetate fraction. properties. Our work aims are to determine medicinal uses of Strychnos and to assess its 2.5 Alkaloids Extraction antioxidant potential. The drug used is the stem and root powder for 2. MATERIALS AND METHODS all tests. Introduce 100 g of dry, coarsely pulverised drug into a brewer. Add dilute sulfuric 2.1 Plant Materials acid (1: 20 concentrated H2SO4 with distilled water) in a ratio of 5: 1 to 10: 1 (volume of acid: the weight of the plant) and then stop. Stir and let Plants were harvested in the forest of the Cap macerate for 24 hours at laboratory temperature. Mondah Esterias (latitudes: 0°35.33’ N; Filter on paper and wash with water to obtain longitudes: 9°20.27’ E 46 m); Gabon. The about a filtrate. Then alkalinise the filtrate with harvest was conducted between January and ammonia to pH 8-9 and put in a separatory March 2020. Identification of plant material has funnel. Add chloroform and stir without been made on the ground and the National emulsification. After decantation, remove the Herbarium of Gabon. Drying takes place in the organic phase. Repeat this operation until the shade at room temperature for 2-3 weeks. A alkaline solution no longer precipitates with the voucher specimen was deposed in this Dragendorff reagent. Combine the organic department (Maesen et al. 5907; A.J.M. phases and dry over anhydrous sodium sulphate, Leuwenberg.11470; J.M.et B. Reitsma.2137; R. filter and transfer to a calibrated evaporation Sita.5172). flask to dry rotavapor under reduced pressure. 2.2 Data Collection 2.6 Reducing Powered with FRAP Method Surveys were conducted on three cities: The FRAP method (Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Libreville, Lambarene and Cap Esterias. In total Power) is based on the ability of extracts to 20 traditional therapists and users were surveyed reduce ferric ion (Fe3+) by ferrous ion (Fe2+). and interviewed based on the current medicinal Total antioxidant capacity of each plant extract uses of Strychnos. was determined by the method Benzie and Strain 2.3 Preparation of the Aqueous Extract [15]. And 1 ml of an aqueous solution of each extract (10 mg/ml diluted 100th for 0.1 mg/ml), The spraying was done after drying the ascorbic acid, was mixed with 2.5 ml of harvested plants.
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