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Despite unification setbacks during the Middle Ages, Spain is one of the oldest unified European nations. Strategically, it has been coveted by others as it is the crossroad between Europe and Africa.
Spain's origins can be traced back to the third century BCE when the Romans arrived and spent two centuries subduing the native population. Roman laws, language and culture were adopted.
In 409 CE, the Visigoths established a German successor state from the former Roman diocese of Hispania. They remained until 711 CE when the Muslims crossed the Straits of Gibraltar and defeated the last Gothic King, Roderick. By 714 CE, the Muslims had control of the whole peninsula, except the mountainous north. The Muslim occupation, referred to by the Spanish as AI-Andalus, lasted for 700 years. Arts and sciences began to flourish. New agricultural methods were introduced. Palaces, public baths, gardens and mosques were built in the Moorish style. The peninsula prospered.
Spain owes her current borders to the union of Ferdinand of Aragon and Isabella of Castille, the Catholic Monarchs, in the 15th century. They united all of Spain. This time period was Spain's Golden Era when her only rival was Britain. Spanish explorers sailed the high seas uncovering new lands and riches. It was at this time that Spain threw off the Moorish yoke. It was also the start of the infamous Inquisition (1478) and religious intolerance. Besides 1492 being notable for Columbus's journey of discovery, it was also the year that Jews and Muslims were given the choice to convert or leave the country. Many left. The majority of Jews settled in Morocco where they still speak Spanish.
In 1482, these monarchs' armies besieged Granada and 10 years later, the last Muslim king surrendered. This marked the end of Reconquista. This also marked the start of Spain's overseas empire in the New World. Portugal was also made a part of the Spanish federation.
From that time onwards, Spain became embroiled in conflicts with England, France, the Netherlands, and lastly, the United States.
Napoleon entered Spain, and it took the Spanish five years to rid themselves of the French. King Ferdinand ascended the throne and promptly reinstated the Inquisition. As Spain entered a disastrous recession, the American colonies won their independence. The Spanish-American war erupted in 1898. Cuba, Puerto Rico, the Philippines and Guam were lost. The situation only worsened when the Spanish Civil War came about, and General Franco took power. Upon his death, his chosen successor, King Juan Carlos, reinstated the monarchy. LINGUISTIC BACKGROUND
Spanish is spoken by 28,173,600 in Spain (72.8 percent) with a total of all countries of 322,200,000 to 358,000,000 first language users, and a 'further 52 million second language users. Spanish is spoken in central and southern Spain and the Canary Islands, most of Central and South America, and in 43 other countries including Andorra, Aruba, Australia, Belgium, Belize,
1st century, alphabetic Spanish (1- E, Italic, Ga/lo-Iberic, North-Central) Spain, Americas, ~. 1 ~mwm~Amca Canada, Cayman Islands, Cuba, Dominican Republic, Equatorial Guinea, Finland, France, Puerto Rico, Mexico and the United States. It is also the most 'frequently spoken language in the United States. Spanish belongs to the Gallo-Iberic, lberic North-Central, Italic branch of the Indo-European language family. Spanish is the most widely spoken Romance language, and therefore, it is one of the five official languages of the United Nations.
Spanish evolved from Vulgar Latin. The Romans conquered Spain in the first century CE, and during the Roman occupation, completely infiltrated the culture and language of the Iberian peninsula. From Vulgar Latin, Castilian evolved. With the Arab conquest and 700 years of occupation, Castilian absorbed Arabic vocabulary. LINGUISTIC COMPARISON ENGLISH SPANISH LANGUAGE Indo-European Indo-European (West Germanic branch) (Gallo-Iberic, Iberic North-Central, Italic branch) WRITING - alphabet, Latin script - alphabet, Latin script - non-phonetic - phonetic - written from left to - written from left to right right right # OF LETTERS 26 30 ch, /I, rr, n VOWELS 6 written, 15-16 spoken 5 written, spoken
DIFFERENT th (this, the), w, ng (sing) - fj (n), n', j (kh), /I (y) CONSONANTS - h is silent - Latin Americans have no th sounds as Spaniards do
CAPITALIZATION- begins new sentences - i,? ! i begin and end but inverted at start with capitals of statement -, is used as conjunction - days/months have no capitals COMBINATION - each syllable has vowell - consonant + vowel, some OF LETTERS consonant sound vowellconsonant sound - many consonant clusters - double vowels, very few double consonants NUMBERS - written from left to right - written from left to right ORDER • sentence - subject + verb + object - very flexible in order - time words at end or beginning of sentence
1st century, alphabetic Spanish (1- E, Italic, Gallo-Iberic, North-Central) Spain, Americas, ~. 2 ~mwm~A~a • adjective - adjective + noun - noun + adjective N.B: The verb gustar (like/please) takes a unique order. The glass pleases me. This is similar to German word order with the same verb. NOUNSI - 2 genders, masculine ole, feminine a ARTICLES • indefinite - a, an + noun - masculine, un - feminine, una
• definite - the + noun - masculine, el - feminine, la VERBS - subject separate - subject part of inflected verb and so - verb only inflected for dropped some verbs(to be) - reflects tense/person and in some tenses - can link verb + subject suffix + direct object + indirect object into one word EX: demelo Give it to me. Two verbs for to be = estar (to be), ser (to eXist) PRONOUNS • subject - always written - all forms differ, but all reflect reference • possessive - differs from above his, hers have same form (adj)
PLURALS - adds suffix s, es, les - articles, adjectives pluralized as well as nouns TENSES - 3 forms of verb: - 14 with 6 subject suffixes each present, past, past part. - 3 main families: er, ar, ir suffixes - tenses changed with ed suffix whole word or with to be, to have, will COMMANDS - infinitive form of verb - 5 forms for subject reference
?FORM - question word/auxiliary verb - punctuation/intonation, inverted i, mark + subject - verb + subject NEGATIVE - uses auxiliary verbs - no + verb FORM - to be + not VERBI - verb + to + infinitive - verb + infinitive form 2ND VERB MODAlS - modal + infinitive(no to) - modal + infinitive FORMALITY - 3 levels - 2 levels: Usted (Ud) = tu (French) Ustedes(Vds) = vous (French)
1sf century, alphabetic Spanish (I - E, Italic, Gallo-Iberic, North-Centralj Spain, Americas, Pg. 3 Philippines, Africa - vostros form dying out
SWEARING! - involves sUbjects of - reference to mother, sister and masculinity OATHS sexlbodily functions - Ojala (I wish/God willing), 'from Arabic Inshallah
VOCABULARY! - higher level of writing, - Arabic, Italian, French FOREIGN GreeklLatin - native words 'from former Latin colonies INFLUENCE
It has 89% shared vocabulary with Portuguese, 85% with Catalan, 82% with Italian, 76% with Sardinian, 75% with French, 74% with Rheto-Romance, 71% with Romanian. WORDS FROM SPANISH: Words have come into English via two routes: Spain to England, and Latin America to North America. Several country names are from Spanish. adobe, alligator, Argentina (little silver), armadillo, balsa, barricade (cask), bonanza (prosperity), bronco, canyon, cargo, Colorado, comrade, Costa Rica (rich coast), desperado, Ecuador (equator), embargo (arrest), Florida (flowers), guerrilla (little war), guitar, hacienda (things to be done), junta (join), lagoon, lasso, lariat, lunch, matador (killer), mesa, mosquito, patio, Puerto Rico (rich port), ranch (persons eating together), renegade (one who denies), rodeo (go round), sarsaparillas, sassafras, sherry, siesta (sixth hour), silo, sombrero (shadow), stampede (uproar), tornado (turned), Trinidad (trinity), tuna, vanilla (sheath, same root as vagina), vamoose, Venezuela
LEARNING OF - word recognition, phonics, - phonetics WRITING! syllables - phonics, syllables READING
SKILLS OF - heavily dependent on - phonetics READING! sight recognition WRITING
Literacy rate: 99% CULTURAL BACKGROUND Greeting Males who are close friends will hug each other on meeting, while woman will hug and kiss each other, once on each cheek. EDUCATION
Secondary school is from the ages of 14 to 16 and has a state graduation exam. Those successful have passed their bachillerato.
Students who do not go to secondary school have to enroll in a two-year vocational training programme.
1st century, alphabetic Spanish (1- E, Italic, Gallo-Iberic, North-Central) Spain, Americas, Pg. 4 Philippines, Africa The failure rates of students is very high due in part to two reasons: the preschool exposure and teacher instruction. Teachers are paid very little and have little training. Content is taught by rote.
Under the 1990 school reform, secondary education is divided into two two year cycles (from 12 to 14, and 14 to 16), leading to the Graduado en Educacion Secundaria Certificate which is required for Bachillerato studies (16 to 18), and intermediate vocational training (Clclos Formativos de Grado Medio). Bachillerato students who have completed all SUbjects successfully are awarded the Titulo de Bachillerato.
Education is compulsory from the ages of six to 16.
School system: 1. Primary School (6 years), ages 6 to 12
2. Secondary, Compulsory Secondary School (Ensenanza Secundarla Obligatoria; Institutos de Educacion Secundaria, Colegios Prlvados y Colegios Concertados) (4 years), ages 12 to 16 • Certificate awarded: Graduado en Educaci6n Secundaria
3. Higher Secondary, Post Compulsory Secondary (Ensenanza Secundaria Post Obligatoria) (Institutos de Educaclon Secundaria, Colegios Prlvados y Colegios Concertados) (4 years), ages 12 to 16 • Certificate awarded: Titulo de Bachillerato or Titulo de Tecnico Academic year: October to July Languages of instruction: Catalan, Spanish, Basque, Galician Admission to university: Secondary school credential required: Titulo de Bachillerato Entrance exams required: Students must sit the Prueba de Accesso a la Unlversidad Grading system in secondary school: Description: 0 -10: 10, sobresaliente (matrlcula de honor); 8.5 - 9, sobresaliente; 7 - 8.4, notable; 6 - 6.9, bien; 5 - 6, suflciente; below 5, Insuficiente Highest on scale 10 Lowest on scale: 0 NAMES First Very often the first and middle names reflect Catholic religious figures and saints. Girls are frequently called Maria with an added name. Maria is in reference to the Virgin Mary. Also, the name Jesu or Jesus is used for boys. Abbreviated Name Sometimes a shortened name has no resemblance to the original name. Francisco = Pancho, Jose = Pepe. Diminutives of names can be formed by adding ito for boys and ita for girls.
1st century, alphabetic Spanish (I - E, Italic, Gallo-Iberic, North-Central) Spain, Americas, Pg. 5 Philippines, Africa Surname On official documents, the woman has the husband's name. In some cases, the woman will keep her own name for professional reasons. In Central and South America, the children carry both parents' surnames: father's surname + mother's surname. This is then shortened to the father's surname only, as Spanish culture is very patriarchal.
TRADITIONAL MARRIAGE CUSTOMS
• Courtship The serenade is an age-old tradition where a suitor arrives at the woman's house at night, along with friends bearing torches. Accompanied by musicians, he sings romantic verses he has composed. He hopes the object of his affection will appear at her window to toss him a flower. If she does, she signifies that she returns his love.
• Engagement The suitor asks the woman's parents for their consent, and if they refuse, he can go to the alcalde, a type of mayor to ask him to plead his case.
• Wedding The whole extended family and entire village turn out to celebrate. Weddings start late, often after 7 p.m., and finish very, very late.
Spanish brides carry orange blossoms in their bouquets. This tradition dates back to medieval times, to the Saracens. It was introduced to Europe with the returning Crusaders who witnessed the custom of a bride wearing an orange-blossomed garland, a symbol of her chastity and purity, in her hair.
As the orange blossom tree is an evergreen, it also represents everlasting love.
There is also a legend of a Spanish princess who wanted to marry a man not approved of by the king. She gave up her riches and power and married him anyway. She used some of the orange blossoms for her hair 'from the orange trees that grow in the courtyard of the great cathedral in Seville. Seville oranges are world-renowned, and their blossoms have a lovely scent.
There is no best man in attendance. The bride's parents are the eqUivalent of the best man and matron of honour. The groom's mother accompanies him down the aisle.
Spanish grooms traditionally wear tucked shirts that have been embroidered by their brides. The groom gives 13 coins to the bride before the ceremony. They symbolize his ability to support and care for his wife, and there are no speeches.
Loud firecrackers are set off once the couple emerge from the church. At the weddings, men are offered a cigar, and women, a little present.
CELEBRATIONS
• New Year's Day, January 1st
• Epiphany, The Three Kings, January 6th At the start of December, in both Spain and Latin America, children begin to write letters to all Three Kings or to one of their favourite kings: Melchor, Gaspar or Baltasar.
1sf century, alphabetic Spanish (1- E, Italic, Gallo-Iberic, North-Central) Spain, Americas, Pg. 6 Philippines, Africa The kings travel by camel out from the East. When they arrive, they visit all the cities and villages to hear the children's requests after a spectacular parade. On the eve of the fifth, the children put their shoes in front of the door before going to bed so that the Kings will know how many children live there. They also put out something to eat and drink for Melchor, Gaspar and Baltasar, and water and grass for their camels. On the moming of the sixth, people find their presents inside and outside the shoes.
• Carneval, late February
• Semana Santa, Holy Week, just prior to Easter
• Easter, March/April
• Basque National Day, April 21 st
• May DaylLabour Day, May 1st
• San Isidro, May 15th - Madrid
• Sanfermines, "rhe Running of the bulls, July - Pamplona
• Feast of the Assumption, August 15th
• Spanish National Day, October 12th
• All Saints' Day, November 1st
• Immaculate Conception, December 8th
• Christmas Day, December 25th
• Independence Day, all Latin American countries
Saint days used to be celebrated as public holidays, but that custom, for economic reasons, has fallen off.
LITERATURE/CULTURE
• Music: The guitar was invented in Andalucia in the 1790s when the Spanish added another string to the Arabic lute. Andres Segovina was a noted guitarist.
Flamenco, also from Andalucia, became very popular. Paco De Lucia and EI Camar6n are leading Flamenco guitarists.
Flamenco rock fusion "Gypsy Rock", popularized by Pata Negra and Katama, is a mixture of flamenco, North African and medieval sounds.
1st century, alphabetic Spanish (1- E, Italic, Gallo-Iberic, North-Central) Spain, Americas, Pg. 7 Philippines, Africa • Flamenco Flamenco, a folk art originating in Andalucfa, is individualistic, often improvised and spontaneous. Flamenco exists in three forms: e/ cante (song), e/ baile (dance) and /a guitarra (guitar-playing). They are all blended in the passionate rhythms of southern Spain. The Romani say that it is in their blood, but Spain's poet and writer, Frederico Garcia Lorca, says flamenco is a Spanish invention. Yet, the tragic lyrics and tones of 1'Iamenco do re'nect the sufferings of the Roma. It is thought that the Roma who arrived in Andalucfa traveled from India and Pakistan early on. . , The Roma are very often cited as the flamenco's inventors, and they have certainly played an important part in its creation, but the popular songs and dances of Andalucfa have also had a major influence on early flamenco. Also, the Tartessos and the Moors have made contributions to this art form. The first time flamenco is reported on in literature is in the "Cartas Marruecas" of Cadalso, in 1774. Flamenco, in its present form, is only 200 years old. o La Guitarra The base of flamenco lies in its singing tradition to which the flamenco guitar added accompaniment. Solo flamenco guitar came to be recognized as a separate art form. Whilst some purists disapprove of the fashionable attempts to blend flamenco with jazz, blues, rock and pop music, it has become a popular art form, reaching its zenith with the music of the Gypsy Kings. There are roughly two main styles of Flamenco: the jondo - profound and serious, the cry of people oppressed for many centuries, and the chico - happy, light and often humorous. The song e/ cante is the most important, as it is considered to be the source which gives inspiration to the guitar playing e/ toque and the dance, e/ baile. o Cante Jondo Guitar players, featuring dancers, increasinQly gained a respectable reputation. From 1910 to 1955, flamenco singing was marked by the opera f1amenca, with an easier kind of music such as fandangos and cantes de ida y vue/ta, the latter clearly showing South American influence. From 1915 onwards, flamenco shows were organized and performed all over the world. o E/ Baile Flamenco dance is eastem in origin, and so, differs fundamentally from other European dance forms. The complex rhythmic patterns are created by a sophisticated footwork technique, and the flamenco dancer wears special shoes or boots with dozens of nails driven into the soles and heels. Women wear long costumes often with many 'frills. They practise their elegant arm and hand movements for hours. In the more serious flamenco, there is the emotional release of hatred of persecution and an evocation of death. The dancer projects the mood of the song within a strict time signature.
1st century, alphabetic Spanish (1- E, Italic, Gallo-Iberic, North-Central) Spain, Americas, Pg. 8 Philippines, Africa During its Golden Age (1869·1910), flamenco was developed in numerous music cafes (cafes cantantes). The more serious forms (cante jondo), date from then. Flamenco dance became the major attraction for the public at these cafes.
Modem-day flamenco frequently shows influences of other kinds of music, such as jazz, salsa, bossa nova... Also, flamenco dance has changed, especially by female dancers who try to showcase their temperament rather than their artistry.
Architects: Antonio Gaudf, Ricardo 8ofill, Ricardo Legorreta, Santiago Calatrava, Juan OIGormang
Explorers/Conquistadors: Francisco Coronado (American Southwest), Francisco Pizarro (conquered Peru), Hernando De Soto (American Southeast, discovered the Mississippi River), Juan Ponce de Leon (Florida, looking for the Fountain of Youth), Vasco de Balboa (expedition across Panama and found the Pacific Ocean), Hernando Cortez (conquered Aztecs in Mexico)
Painters: EI Greco, Diego Velazquez, Francisco Goya, Pablo Picasso, Juan Gris, Joan Mir6, Salvador Dali, Frida Kahlo, Botero, Camilo Jose Cela, Diego Rivera
Poet: Frederico Garcia Lorca
Writers: Miguel de Cervantes (Don Quixote de la Mancha), Miguel de Unamuno, Frederico Garcia Lorca, Ana Maria Matute, Montserrat Roig
Nobel Laureate, Literature: Camilo Jose Cela OTHER • Bullfighting Bullfighting is one of the best known, yet most controversial Spanish customs. Spaniards view a bullfight as an art form and not as a sport. The toro bravo, a species of bull of an ancient race, only found in Spain, is used.
Many civilizations once revered these bulls, with the bull cults on Crete, and biblical tales of sacrifices in honour of divine justice.
Bulls also played an important role in the religious ceremonies of the Iberian tribes living in Spain in prehistoric times. The origins of the plaza de toros (bullring) are from the Celtic-Iberian temples where those ceremonies were held.
Yet, it was Greek and Roman influences that converted it into a spectacle. During the Middle Ages, it was a diversion for the aristocracy, mounted on horseback.
In the 18th century, this tradition was more or less abandoned, and the poorer population invented bullfighting on foot. Francisco Romero was a key figure in laying down the rules for the new sport.
A corrida starts with the paseillo when all involved enter the ring and present themselves to the president and the public. Two alguacilillos on horseback ask for the keys to the puerta de los toriles from the president's box. Behind the door, the bulls await. As the door opens, and the first bull enters, the spectacle begins.
1st century, alphabetic Spanish (1- E, Italic, Gallo-lberic, North-Central) Spain, Americas, Pg. 9 Philippines, Africa It consists of three parts, called tercios (thirds), which is signaled by a bugle call. There are three toreros, bullfighters. In each corrida, each is allotted two bulls. In the first tercio, the bullfighter uses a capote, a large pinkish-mauve and yellow cape. The two mounted picadors enter, armed with a lance. The second tercio is la suerte de banderillas. Three banderi/leros must stick a pair of banderillas into the charging bull's back. In the final suerte suprema, the bullfighter uses the muleta, a small red cloth draped from a stick. He shows his mastery over the bull with an artistic symbiosis between himself and the bull. The corrida ends with the torero using his sword to kill the bull. • Time Everything has a much different pace, with shops and most businesses closing from 1:30 to 4:40 to allow the families to go home and eat together. The restaurants reopen around 9 p.m. and stay open quite late. The only time punctuality is observed is for a bUllfight. SOURCES/SUGGESTED REFERENCES There are many Spanish novels and collections of poetry available in English that are the works from Spain as well as her former colonies- check with your local library. WEBSITES • ciaworldbook.com • dfw.weddingvillage.com • ethnologue.com • tizz.com • krysstal.com • lonely planet.com • mce.k12ln.ne • talenreizen.com • unesco.org • uptowncity.com . .• U.S. Library of Congress - World Studies Reference linguistiC/Cultural "ambassador": Silvia Kantor
1sf century, alphabetic Spanish (1- £, Italic, Gallo-Iberic, North-Central) Spain, Americas, Pg. 10 Philippines, Africa