SUSTAINABLE TRANSPORT FORUM Recommendations for public authorities on: procuring, awarding concessions, licences and/ or granting support for electric recharging infrastructure for passenger cars and vans Version 1 – adopted by STF on 2 December 2020 Sustainable Transport Forum Acknowledgements These Recommendations have been drawn up for the Sustainable Transport Forum by the European Commission with the assistance of TNO - a Dutch research organisation with expertise in sustainable transport policy, and POLIS - the network of European cities and regions cooperating for innovative transport solutions, both under the EAFO 2.0 contract with the European Commission. The Sustainable Transport Forum acknowledges that these Recommendations could not have been developed without the input received from the following 37 public authorities responding to the eQuestionnaire distributed by the European Commission and POLIS: City of Arnhem (Netherlands), City of Dortmund (Germany), City of Paris (France), Metropolitan Region of Amsterdam (Netherlands), Ente Regional de la Energías de Castilla y León (Spain), Area Metropolitana de Barcelona (Spain), Government of Ireland (Ireland), Toulouse Metropole (France), City of Ghent (Belgium), City of Oslo (Norway), Bilbao City Council (Spain), Vestland City Council (Norway), City of Stockholm (Sweden), Région Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes (France), Ministry of Economy, Energy and Business Environment (Romania), City of Berlin (Germany), City of Stuttgart (Germany), Ministry of Transport of the Republic of Latvia (Latvia), Thüringer Ministerium für Energie, Umwelt und Naturschutz (Germany), City of Munich (Germany), Brussels Environment Administration (Belgium), Federal Ministry of Transport and Digital Infrastructure (Germany), City of Amsterdam (Netherlands), Madrid City Council (Spain), City of Antwerp (Belgium), Enova SF (Norway), Botosani City Hall (Romania), Flanders Region (Belgium), Transport Malta (Malta), Ministry of Economy of the Slovak Republic (Slovakia), Sustainable Energy Authority of Ireland (Ireland), Ministry for Climate Protection, the Environment, Mobility and Urban Development, Bremen (Germany), City of Lisbon (Portugal), Gothenburg City Parking (Sweden), Municipality of Reggio Emilia (Italy), City of Rotterdam (Netherlands) and City of Leuven (Belgium). Special thanks goes out to the core reviewers of the Report: MRA-E, ElaadNL, the European Investment Bank, Eurocities, Nationaal Kennisplatform Laadinfrastructuur Nederland (NKL), the Regulatory Assistance Project (RAP) and Fier Automotive (EAFO), as well of the core reviewing cities of Berlin, Ghent, Stockholm and Stuttgart. These Recommendations are meant to provide practical guidance for public authorities that plan to organise tendering procedures for the deployment or operation of recharging infrastructure for electric vehicles. It includes several examples of real-world situations and recommendations for these public authorities. These are not exhaustive, meaning that it is likely that there exist numerous other very good examples. The examples and best practices provided are merely a reflection of information that was provided as part of this STF exercise. Moreover, not all recommendations can be applied to all circumstances nor can all examples. Therefore, they should not be interpreted as the only way, or even the best way, to realise recharging infrastructure. Finally, for the avoidance of doubt, please note that these Recommendations are based on input received from public authorities and other experts contributing to this exercise. Nothing in the Recommendations must be read as an expression of the opinion or position of the European Commission, TNO or POLIS, who have merely facilitated this process.. 2 Table of Contents 1. Introduction 7 1.1 Context 8 1.2 Objectives 10 1.3 Rationale of this report 11 1.4 Process for drafting of the Report and methodology 11 1.5 Focus and limitations to scope 12 1.5.1 Electric recharging infrastructure 12 1.5.2 For passenger cars and vans 13 1.6 Overview of coordinators, authors, core review team, stakeholders and respondents 14 2. Defining the deployment approach 15 2.1 The importance of long-term mobility strategies 16 2.2 The importance of cooperation 17 2.3 The building blocks of a suitable recharging network 23 2.3.1 Providing flexibility for electric vehicle users 23 2.3.1.1 Determining required amount of recharging points 24 2.3.1.2 Identifying appropriate locations 27 2.3.1.3 Ensuring geographical dispersion 34 2.3.1.4 Identifying appropriate power levels 34 2.3.2 Reducing overall deployment costs and nuisance 36 2.3.2.1 Making best use of existing infrastructures to limit installation cost 36 2.3.2.2 Limiting the use of (public) space 40 2.3.2.3 Preventing nuisance during installation and maintenance works 41 2.3.2.4 Maximising the occupancy rate of recharging infrastructure (effective EV parking policy) 41 3. Organising tender procedure 44 3.1 Identification of responsible authority and cooperation 45 3.1.1 Identification of responsible authority 45 3.1.2 Cooperation and joint procurement 45 3.2 Selection of entities to develop and operate infrastructure 47 3.3 Selection of contract models and policy instrument 50 3.3.1 Contract models 50 3.3.2 Subsidy 52 3.3.3 Market consultation 52 3 Sustainable Table of Contents Transport Forum 3.4 Measures to support competition in the market 54 3.4.1 Competitive tender procedures and market access 55 3.4.2 Existing concessions 56 3.4.3 Auctioning recharging lots 57 3.4.4 Batching locations 58 3.4.5 Increasing competition in the tender by reducing risks for bidders 59 3.4.6 Price cap 59 4. Specific tender requirements 62 4.1 Requirements regarding the recharging station and design of the recharging pole 64 4.1.1 Requirements relation to the recharging station/location 64 4.1.1.1 Access requirements 64 4.1.1.2 Dedicated parking 67 4.1.2 Design of the recharging pole 67 4.1.2.1 Fit with the surroundings: size, safety, positioning and outer-appearance 67 4.1.2.2 Recharging infrastructure lifecycle: sustainability, robustness, modularity and repairability 70 4.1.2.3 The recharging cable: fixed or not? 73 4.1.3 Requirements relating to metering 74 4.1.4 Requirements relating to the grid connection 74 4.2 Interoperable infrastructure 75 4.2.1 Hardware interoperability 76 4.2.2 Software interoperability 78 4.2.2.1 Digitally connected infrastructure 79 4.2.2.2 Access and authentication 80 4.2.2.3 Communication standards and protocols 83 4.2.2.4 E-roaming requirements 91 4.3 Future-proof infrastructure 92 4.3.1 Higher power levels of recharging points and higher energy-capacity vehicles 92 4.3.2 Smart (re)charging 93 4.3.3 Vehicle2Grid 96 4.3.4 Inductive recharging 97 4.3.5 In-motion recharging or electric road systems 98 4.4 User-friendly infrastructure 100 4.4.1 Finding infrastructure 100 4.4.1.1 Collecting and providing static and dynamic data 100 4.4.1.2 Road signs and graphical displays 106 4.4.2 Performance requirements 107 4.4.2.1 Preventive maintenance and minimum uptime 108 4.4.2.2 Support service: minimum response times, availability of support staff 109 4 Table of Contents 4.4.2.3 Starting a recharging session 111 4.4.3 Easy to use display and instructions for use 111 4.4.4 User-friendly ad hoc payment 112 4.4.5 Ensuring fair and reasonable prices 114 4.4.6 Price transparency 117 4.4.7 Electricity supply requirements 122 4.4.7.1 Renewable electricity 122 4.4.7.2 Free choice of electricity supplier 122 4.5 Data and cybersecurity 126 4.5.1 Data ownership 126 4.5.2 Cyber security 128 4.6 Guarantees and enforcement mechanisms 129 4.7 End of the concession, public contract, licence 131 4.7.1 Duration 131 4.7.2 Property 133 5. Recommendations 136 5.1 Deployment approach 137 5.1.1 The importance of long-term mobility strategies 137 5.1.2 The importance of cooperation 137 5.1.3 The building blocks of a suitable recharging network 137 5.1.4 Identifying appropriate locations 137 5.2 Organising the tender procedure 138 5.2.1 Identification of responsible authority and cooperation 138 5.2.2 Selection of entities to develop and operate infrastructure 138 5.2.3 Selection of contract models and policy instrument 138 5.2.4 Support competition in the market 139 5.3 Specific tender requirements 139 5.3.1 Requirements regarding the recharging station 139 5.3.1.1 Access requirements 139 5.3.1.2 Dedicated parking 140 5.3.2 Design of the recharging pole 140 5.3.2.1 Fit with the surroundings: size, safety, positioning and outer-appearance 140 5.3.2.2 Recharging infrastructure lifecycle: sustainability, robustness, modularity and repairability 140 5.3.2.3 Recharging cable: fixed or not? 140 5.3.3 Requirements relating to metering 140 5.3.4 Requirements relating to the grid connection 140 5.3.5 Interoperability 141 5.3.5.1 Hardware interoperability: 141 5 Sustainable Table of Contents Transport Forum 5.3.5.2 Software interoperability 141 5.3.6 Future-proof infrastructure 143 5.3.7 User-friendly infrastructure 144 5.3.7.1 Finding infrastructure 144 5.3.7.2 Performance requirements 145 5.3.7.3 User-friendly ad hoc payment 145 5.3.7.4 Ensuring fair and reasonable prices 145 5.3.7.5 Price transparency 145 5.3.7.6 Electricity supply requirements 146 5.3.8 Data and cyber security 146 5.3.9 Guarantees and enforcement mechanisms 146 5.3.10 End of concession, licence, public contract 146 Annex 1: Glossary 147 Annex 2: Overview of deployment approaches 152 Annex 3: Overview of coordinators, authors, core review team, stakeholders and respondents 155 Annex 4: eQuestionnaire sent to public authorities 173 6 Back to Table of Contents 1.