Multi-Sectoral Needs Assessment

Adamawa State, – September 2017

CONTENTS BACKGROUND BACKGROUND ……………………………… 1 At the height of the humanitarian crisis in North-East Nigeria, METHODOLOGY …………………………… 1 seven of the 21 Local Government Areas (LGAs) in the state of Adamawa were directly affected by fighting, forcing thousands RECOMMENDATION …………………….. 3 to flee and take refuge in other parts of the state and across the KEY FINDINGS country. Fighting led to the high levels of destruction, resulting Education .……………………………….. 4 in large displacements. Food Security and Livelihoods.…. 6 Health ……………………………………… 8 The state has the second highest number of displaced people in Nutrition …………………………………..10 the crisis, most of which from northern LGAs or from Borno state. DTM round 18 released in August 2017, recorded 139,362 Protection ..……………………………… 12 people who remain displaced within the state, with over 90% Shelter and Non-Food Items ……. 15 living in host communities and others living in camps and camp- WASH ..……………………………………. 19 like settings. Annexe 1 ……………………………………… 22 Annexe 2 ……………………………………… 23 Since the increase in levels of stability, more than 600,000 former IDPs have returned to their communities. They are now known as “returnees”, and their LGAs as “return areas”. In addition, many IDPs are also present within these LGAs. While the state has experienced improved levels of security since 2015, humanitarian needs remain and sporadic attacks on civilians in communities close to Sambisa Forest continue to be recorded. Although humanitarian agencies operate in the state, limited resources and insecurity continue to hamper effective response to thousands of people in need of humanitarian assistance.

METHODOLOGY In June 2017, the Inter-Sector Working Areas assessed Group agreed on a joint humanitarian assessment that No. of No. of wards would provide a better understanding of the situation in LGA settlements assessed the state and serve as a tool for more effective, needs- assessed based coordinated humanitarian response. 2 15 5 24 The assessment consisted of data collection at community level, based on interviews with aid workers, 10 28 community leaders, health workers, religious leader, Hong 12 69 teachers, transport operators, group leaders of IDPs, 6 67 female heads of household and other key informants. 8 18 The assessment was conducted between 13 and 17 10 55 September 2017 and covered a total of 11 LGAs, 10 56 namely Gombi, Hong, Madagali, Maiha, Michika, Mubi 9 31 North. Mubi South, Fufore, Girei, and Yola Yola North 5 20 South. All LGAs assessed were directly affected by 4 12 hostilities and/or currently host a high number of IDPs. Total 81 395 Within each LGA, the assessment focused on three identified target population groups: internally displaced persons (IDPs), returnees, and host communities. It covered a total of 395 settlements.

1

2

WARDS AND SETTLEMENT SAMPLED

Yola South Yola North Mubi South Mubi North Michika Maiha Madagali Hong Gombi Girei Fufore 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

NO OF SETTLEMENTS SAMPLED NO OF WARDS SAMPLED

RECOMMENDATIONS

• Stronger engagement with government across all sectors particularly at local government level. • Closer inter-sector collaboration for increased humanitarian response impact. • Joint messaging by humanitarian community about programming particularly targeted at local government authorities and affected populations. • Closer collaboration with development partners particularly in education, health, shelter and WASH for long term sustainability. • Closer engagement and monitoring of IDP and host communities to ease identified tensions and explore opportunities for durable solutions. • Improved targeting of beneficiaries to ensure vulnerability and need remain key factors in humanitarian concern not geographical location.

3

KEY FINDINGS Education

There are reportedly 1,366 schools in the LGAs assessed, with an overall average of 9.1 schools per settlement assessed. This average was considerably lower in Yola South (4.0), Mubi South (3.5), Girei (2.6), Mubi North (2.4) and Yola North (1.8). While the average student-teacher ratio is of 85 students per teacher throughout the 11 LGAs, this ratio was significantly higher in Maiha. It should be noted that no information was available on number of students and teacher in Yola North. Schools infrastructure affected by the crisis Student-teacher ratio

Fufore 0% Fufore 77 Girei 0% Girei 31 Gombi 47% Gombi 56 Hong 66% Hong 44 Madagali 82% Maiha 62% Madagali 40

Michika 74% Maiha 322 Mubi North 20% Michika 53 Mubi South 31% Mubi North 25 Yola North 0% Yola South 0% Mubi South 66 Adamawa 47% Yola South 14

Proportion of children attending school

Adamawa 3% 63% 21% 12% Yola South 75% 25% Yola North 67% 33% Mubi South 40% 60% Mubi North 57% 39% 4% Michika 88% 6% 6% Maiha 67% 33% Madagali 67% 17% 17% Hong 6% 63% 19% 13% Gombi 69% 13% 13% Girei 8% 54% 8% 23% Fufore 17% 50% 17% 17% All More than half About half Don't know Less than half

Results from the assessment suggest that access to education has been more severely impacted in Maiha, Madagali, Hong, Gombi, Girei and Fufore, where more respondents have identified lower school attendance rates. While this can be linked to an impact of the conflict on school infrastructure in the first four LGAs mentioned, Girei and Fufore were reported not to have suffered such damaged. Conversely, Michika, whose schools have reportedly suffered considerable impact in their infrastructure, presents higher rates of school attendance than similarly affected LGAs. Differences in apparent school attendance rates cannot be directly linked to student-teacher ratios or average number of schools per settlement in

4 each LGA either. This points to a need for a better understanding of education conditions in these locations, which could possibly lead to shared best practices.

Sector observations

• Availability of teachers (1:85) and infrastructure (47% available) are some of the issues which pose big challenges for the sector that could contribute to the low attendance of pupils/learners in schools. • Despite the poor state of infrastructure and the inadequacy of teachers, there are still an average of 63% of children attending different levels and types of schools. If the challenges of infrastructures and teachers are addressed, the attendance might improve. The situation shows the need to address the supply side.

Sector recommendations • Leverage on the available opportunities such as the declaration of emergency in the education sector by Adamawa State Government to address gaps and needs • Disseminate findings to policy makers and relevant stakeholders (to get concrete commitments to address the gaps identified). • Conduct Joint Education Sector Needs Assessment for triangulation and decision making. • Strengthen sector coordination mechanism (EIEWG) to address the gaps and the needs of affected children. • Conduct Annual School Census (ASC) and strengthen the Education Management Information System (EMIS) that will provide school-level information that can be aggregated at the (Local Education Authority) LEA, State, and Federal level to maximise coverage and data quality. • Advocate government focus on school reconstruction and teacher recruitment and capacity development. • Strengthen links with development partners to address gaps and identified needs. • Strengthen sector coordination to address the gaps and needs.

5

Food security and livelihoods

Most key informants (55%) reported that everyone or nearly everyone faces challenges in accessing livelihoods in all LGAs assessed. However, this rate was significantly higher in Fufore (86%). Conversely, in Yola South, Gombi and Girei, some respondents (20%, 16% and 12%, respectively) reported that everyone or nearly everyone has access to livelihoods. Access to livelihoods

Adamawa 5% 1% 30% 9% 55% Yola South 20% 0% 20% 60% Yola North 42% 33% 25% Mubi South 11% 17% 17% 56% Mubi North 3% 23% 17% 57% Michika 35% 65% Maiha 9% 27% 64% Madagali 6% 6% 6% 82% Hong 5% 53% 2% 40% Gombi 16% 32% 5% 47% Girei 12% 18% 12% 59% Fufore 14% 86% (Nearly) everyone has access to livelihoods I don't know or I don't want to answer Access to livelihoods changes from time to time Some groups have access to livelihoods, but not others (Nearly) everyone has problems accessing livelihoods

Lack of food production Overall, 67% of respondents Fufore 38% reported that (almost) all IDPs face Girei 38% challenges in accessing food. Gombi 35% Higher rates of access to livelihoods Hong 43% do not necessarily translate into higher Madagali 68% levels of access to food, which also Maiha 41% depend on food availability. Overall, Michika 62% 43% of respondents reported lack of Mubi North 39% food production as an availability Mubi South 39% constraint, which was significantly Yola North 53% higher in Madagali, Michika and Yola Yola South 40% North.

Access to food

Fufore 29% 71% Girei 14% 7% 79% Gombi 6% 35% 59% Hong 12% 33% 55% Madagali 6% 94%

Maiha 11% 22% 67% Michika 13% 13% 75% Mubi North 4% 8% 23% 65% Mubi South 8% 8% 83% Yola North 33% 33% 33%

Yola South 40% 60% Adamawa 7% 4% 21% 67%

6 (Nearly) everyone has enough food I don't know or I don't want to answer Only those who can afford it have enough food (Nearly) everyone has problems accessing enough food

Sector observations

• The prevalence of food insecurity is high in the return areas of Madagali, Michika, Maiha and Mubi North and south as well as in host communities in Girei and Fufore. • 55% of respondents agree that households are having challenges to livelihood access, this connotes that households are not able to meet the basic food security needs of their families. • Lack of access to food amongst returnees, IDPs and Host Communities is severe in Madagali 94%, followed by Mubi South 83%, Girei 79%, Michika 75%, and Fufore 71%, thus food insecurity is still very high in these areas and therefore humanitarian assistance is urgently needed to halt further deterioration. • The assessment reveals that households that are not able to meet their daily food needs practice coping strategies such as reduction in daily meals for adult members in favour of children, begging and selling of firewood. • The assessment showed that even though markets in most of the area were functioning and accessible, higher prices of food items and lack of sources of livelihood for most households combine to hinder access to food and other basic necessities.

Sector recommendations

• Urgent humanitarian assistance to halt further deterioration of food security and nutrition situation amongst returnees and IDPs in the State. • Humanitarian assistance packages combining direct food assistance, agricultural livelihoods and other income generating activities. • Food assistance targeting the most vulnerable households • Prioritising most vulnerable LGAs – Madagali, Mubi -south, Michika, Fufore, Maiha and Girei. • An in-depth household base assessment to triangulate and consolidate these findings.

7

Health Overall, 17% percent of respondents reported that institutions such as orphanages, mental hospitals, old- age homes lack basic services. Health was the most common basic service lacking in such institutions, reported by 16% of all respondents. These rates were significantly higher in Girei and Mubi South, as seen below.

Institutions lacking health services

48% 42%

21% 20% 17% 45% 17% 17% 13% 38% 15% 10% 7% 20% 15% 17% 15% 16% 13% 7% 10% 0% 8%

Fufore Girei Gombi Hong Madagali Maiha Michika Mubi Mubi Yola North Yola South Total North South

Respondents reporting that institutions lack basic services Respondents reporting the basic service lacking is health-related

As a first priority of perceived needs, respondents believe that after food, health is second most important of the needs of the vulnerable population. It was striking that as a second and third priority of people, KPI saw health amongst the priority sectors for investments or interventions.

PERCEIVED SECTOR FIRST PRIORITY NEED

STATE Yola South Yola North Mubi South Mubi North Michika Maiha Madagali Hong Gombi Girei Fufore 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%

There is a high proportion of untreated cases of chronic diseases including hypertension, diabetes, renal disease, epilepsy and HIV/AIDS despite the high level of prevalence, 50% on average, among population studied. Of areas studied, 13% suffering from hypertension are untreated cumulatively but in LGAs like Fufore and Yola South, over 50% of diagnosed cases remain untreated. For DM an average of 27% remain untreated while Fufore, Hong and Gombi have high proportion of untreated individuals.

8

For HIV/AIDS it is quite disturbing to note that over 45% of diagnosed cases have not been enrolled into the HIV control program. This is quite worrisome seeing Madagali, Michika, Gombi and Fufore having proportions higher than the average for the studied areas. 35% and 30% untreated populations have been recorded for renal disease and epilepsy.

PROPORTION OF UNTREATED CHRONIC DISEASES 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 % UNTREATED % UNTREATED DM % UTREATED RENAL % UNTREATED EPILEPSY % UNTREATED HIV/AIDS HYPERTENTION DISEASE

Fufore Girei Gombi Hong Madagali Maiha Michika Mubi North Mubi South Yola North Yola South CUM

Recorded number of skilled birth % DELIVERIES ATTENDED BY SBA attendants is a facility based record and 120% is a very important proxy indicator for 100% functionality and skilled birth delivery. However, with few exceptions like 80% Madagali and Michika LGAs this 60% information was collected at the LGA 40% headquarters, which only kept records of 20% deliveries, not necessarily reflecting the functionality of the health facilities and 0% Proportion Attended by Skilled Birth Attendants challenges with under reporting. Skilled birth attendant at delivery was 70%, with Fufore Girei Gombi Hong high percentages coming from Fufore Madagali Maiha Michika Mubi North and Hong LGAs. Least number of SBAs Mubi South Yola North Yola South CUM at delivery were recorded in Gombi and Yola North LGAs.

Sector observations

• KPI knowledge on the health sector was low (33%) • IDP population constitutes the highest population of the vulnerable population studied (about 47%) as compared to returnees and host populations. • Majority, 56% say there is no functioning early warning system with regards to outbreaks and other health-related matters in their LGAs. • 9% Reported unusual increases in illnesses or rumor of outbreaks • 49% agreed there is an increase in hazardous substance use like Injection Drug Use (IDU), alcohol consumption, marijuana use • 49% say they do not have a special intervention program for disease control • Health was agreed to be among the top priorities for intervention across all the scale of preference • SBA at delivery was 70% but with as low proportions of 50% in few LGAs. • over 45% of diagnosed HIV/AIDS cases have not been enrolled into the HIV control program. • 22% of the diagnosed cases of SAM are actually undergoing SAM treatment.

9

Sector recommendations 1. The government and organizations should scale up HIV/AIDS activities across the state with special emphasis on vulnerable groups to be able to screen, identify and enroll sero-positive clients into the control program so as to control the transmission of infection. 2. Mental health services are grossly inadequate in the state in terms of personnel, programs and finance. The UN/INGOs/NNGOs should work closely with the government to institute coordinated mental health programs in line with the Mental Health Global Action Plan Humanitarian Intervention Guide drafted for Nigeria, targeting vulnerable populations. 3. Skilled birth attendant at delivery should be strengthened at all levels of healthcare especially the primary healthcare via scaling up and strengthening of integrated maternal newborn child health services by all stakeholders. This will reduce deaths and morbidity from delivery, puerperium and infancy. 4. Disease surveillance and notification was quite low (9%) in the settlements visited. Community awareness, healthcare personnel continuous capacity building and an improved surveillance structure should be put in place by government and all relevant organizations so as to improve reporting and response. 5. Community Based Management of Acute Malnutrition (CMAM) and Infant and Young Child Feeding (IYCF) should be increase in coverage to LGAs like Gombi, Madagali and Michika. This can be achieved by more partners’ presence like WFP, Safe the Children Initiative and support from government to be able to tackle incidence of acute malnutrition

Nutrition

Overall, settlements assessed have an average of 4.3 health facilities screening for malnutrition. Nonetheless, the average of health facilities offering treatment for severe acute malnutrition (SAM) is of only 2.2 per settlement. In Fufore, this rate is of 6.5, which, although higher than the average, is still significantly lower than the average of health facilities screening for malnutrition. There is an average of 21.2 cases of SAM and 33 cases of moderate acute malnutrition (MAM) per settlement assessed. The occurrence of SAM is particularly higher in Gombi (average of 585.4 cases per settlement). There is reportedly a total of 2,457 cases of SAM and 3,829 cases of MAM in LGAs assessed.

Malnutrition screening and treatment Cases of SAM and MAM

Fufore 38.5 Fufore 57.8 6.5 65.5

Girei 1.1 Girei 16.5 0.9 11.9

Gombi 1.4 Gombi 585.4 1.1 9.0

Hong 5.5 Hong 21.5 3.2 11.5 Health facilities screening Madag 2.1 for malnutrition Madag 64.2 ali 2.3 ali 127.3 Cases of SAM Maiha 8.0 Maiha 18.5 4.4 20.6 Cases of MAM Michik 2.1 Michik 6.8 a 2.0 Health facilities offering a 4.8 treatment for SAM Mubi 3.5 Mubi 39.7 North 1.5 North 27.3 Mubi 1.5 Mubi 9.5 South 2.2 South 19.2 Yola 1.0 Yola 9.6 North 2.2 North 9.0

Yola 0.8 Yola 22.3 South 0.8 South 141.0

10

Sector observations

• Reports of high levels of SAM could reflect the fact that programmes addressing SAM cases have not yet been scaled up in all facilities. • However, the SAM and MAM findings show technical problems in data collection and reporting that cannot be fixed with data cleaning.

Sector recommendations

• Sub-sector conducts a needs assessment for triangulation of information and decision making as the data collected shows significant technical problems that make findings unconvincing. • Conduct more outreach services from the existing CMAM treatment sites so that children will not miss the services • Strengthen the referral linkages between facilities which are doing only screening for malnutrition and facilities with capacity to providing treatment • Consider scaling up of the treatment to additional facilities. Decision for scale up will be based on the total SAM case load per facility. This decision will be made by APHCDA and Nutrition partners by triangulating the assessment report with routine CMAM data. • Advocacy and engagement with local authorities on nutrition issues and programming.

11

Protection The protection issue most widely reported during the assessment was violence against girls or women, reported by 24% of all key informants. This rate was higher in the LGAs of Madagali (60%), Girei (45%), Michika (33%), Mubi North (29%), Fufore (25%) and Yola North (25%). Other protection issues cited include attacks or bombings (reported by 19% of all respondents) and ill- treatment of the population (10%). Executions stand out as a protection issue in Gombi (reported by 83% of respondents). No respondent reported forced recruitment as an issue. The frequency of such issues varied broadly amongst LGAs, as reported by key informants.

Protection issues affecting LGAs Mubi Mubi Yola Yola Fufore Girei Gombi Hong Madagali Maiha Michika Total North South North South There are no issues 50% 27% 0% 17% 7% 0% 0% 14% 22% 25% 50% 18% Forced recruitment 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% Civilian killings by armed 0% 0% 0% 6% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 1% groups/military Attacks or bombings 0% 0% 33% 28% 53% 40% 67% 0% 0% 0% 25% 19% Continuation of threats 0% 0% 33% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 17% 0% 4% from natural disasters Enforced or involuntary 0% 0% 0% 6% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 1% disappearance Displacement 0% 18% 0% 17% 13% 0% 33% 0% 0% 0% 25% 8% Execution or other 0% 0% 83% 0% 7% 0% 0% 5% 11% 0% 0% 7% killings Combat or clashes 0% 0% 0% 11% 7% 40% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 5% between armed groups Landmines/UXOs 0% 0% 0% 6% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 1% Violence against girls or 25% 45% 0% 0% 60% 0% 33% 29% 11% 25% 0% 24% women Abduction or taking of 0% 0% 0% 6% 7% 0% 33% 0% 0% 0% 0% 3% hostages Armed violence 0% 0% 0% 6% 13% 40% 0% 5% 0% 0% 0% 6% Ill-treatment of the 0% 36% 0% 6% 13% 20% 0% 0% 0% 25% 0% 10% population Arrests and detention 0% 36% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 10% 0% 25% 0% 8% Other 0% 18% 0% 11% 0% 20% 0% 5% 33% 0% 0% 8% I don't know or I don't 25% 9% 17% 6% 0% 0% 0% 38% 33% 50% 0% 19% want to answer Overall, only 27% of the respondents reported the existence of support services for victims-survivors of sexual violence. Of these, 85% reported that such support occurs in the form of medical support; 44% in in the form of psychosocial support; and 26% in the form of post-exposure prevention (PEP) kits. The most common response to SGBV was reportedly to “take them to a primary health centre”, chosen by 66% of respondents. Responses to SGBV

Mubi Mubi Yola Yola Fufore Girei Gombi Hong Madagali Maiha Michika Total North South North South To a community leader 50% 33% 83% 17% 53% 67% 25% 27% 30% 42% 0% 37% To a women's association 0% 33% 83% 11% 6% 0% 0% 0% 10% 8% 33% 13% To primary health centre 75% 67% 67% 61% 47% 67% 25% 73% 90% 67% 100% 66%

To a religious leader 25% 25% 83% 22% 53% 50% 25% 14% 10% 8% 0% 27% Take SGBV

victim/survivor… To traditional midwife 25% 8% 83% 6% 0% 33% 0% 18% 10% 0% 33% 14% Report to the police 50% 75% 83% 17% 35% 50% 50% 9% 20% 50% 67% 37% Send them to their family 0% 8% 83% 28% 47% 33% 0% 18% 10% 8% 33% 25% Confront the perpetrator 25% 17% 50% 17% 6% 17% 25% 0% 0% 0% 0% 11% Other 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 5% 0% 0% 0% 1% Don't know/don't want to answer 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 9% 0% 8% 0% 3% 12

Sector observations

• Reports of executions and other killings in LGAs with Gombi LGAs with the highest percentage of 83% - follow up with relevant authorities on how to better protect the population; • Violence against women or girls in 7 LGAs with Madagali recording 60% suggests need for immediate engagement with Ministry of Women Affairs • Attacks and bombing reported in 6 LGAs with 67% in Michika. – calls for more concerted measures to be put in place, mitigating measures to minimize civilian casualties; • Combat/Clashes and armed violence recorded 40% in Maiha; improve police presence and civil authority to establish confidence of the population, support to judicial actors and courts to function effectively; arrest and prosecution of perpetrators to act as deterrents to criminal acts; • Girei recorded 60% of ill treatment, arrest and detention of the population of concern; monitor conditions of detention and advocate for fair trial standards of the detained persons, especially children associated with armed and fighting groups, CAAFAG; and conflict related detention; advocate for the respect of human rights and adherence to international legal standards; • Michika had the highest percentage of 33% of abduction or taking of hostages. Deploy more security personnel to volatile areas, public thoroughfares; residential areas prone to such attacks; call for police patrols and maintain regular contact with the chief of police, military, • Displacement of the population is 33%. It is important to identify the root causes of the displacement to inform intervention, mobilization of community, elders and leaders to mediate between IDPs, returnees and host communities

Sector recommendations

• Strengthen/ensure the protection of lives and property in the return areas and host communities through the support of local Vigilante – CJTF in collaboration of the Security forces. Advocate for the deployment of more female police officers to work in and around IDP sites, handle cases of women and young girls who are susceptible to sexual exploitation and abuse; • Support the Returnees and IDPs with shelter and shelter kits, material and financial assistance to enable them start rebuilding their lives; use cash based interventions; • Provide and strengthen PSS for SGBV Survivors; - identify service providers who can address the psychosocial needs of GBV survivors. • Facilitate access to justice for the concerned population involving FIDA, NBA, Legal Aid Council; • Provide and strengthen health care facilities in the affected communities, working with health sector and ministry of health; signing memorandum of understanding with MoH for referral of cases; • Adhere to the Principle of “DO NO HARM” in the provision and distribution of NFIs and other interventions in the affected communities. • Support the identification, documentation and referrals of Unaccompanied and Separated Children in the Child Protection Management Information System (CPMIS) now domiciled with UNICEF in the Ministry of Women Affairs. – work closely with Child Protection sub sector working group; • Provide and strengthen Birth registration in Return areas and host communities – replicate registration ongoing in Borno – under the access to justice project • Provide Livelihood support to returnees and IDPs (Women, Men and Youth) to protect against conscription by fighting groups, women and girls resorting to negative coping mechanism; empower the youth through skills transfer and vocational training; • Set up Community Peace Peace-building mechanism and Dialogue in Return areas and host Communities. – involve community leaders. • Set up recreational centers for children, youth and the elderly / safe and friendly spaces • Work closely with the law enforcement and security organs in improving the security of IDP sites and settlements; • Establish Civilian Military Coordination, CIMCOORD to meet regularly to discuss humanitarian access and provide protection updates;

13

• Work closely with the AoR, including GBV and Child Protection subsectors; to effectively follow up on cases of gender based violence; focus on vulnerable groups including unaccompanied and separated children; child headed households; children in need of PSS; • Access to justice and referral pathways, engage with human rights groups, legal aid organizations like FIDA and Legal Aid Council to follow up cases for persons of concern in court; • Explore possibility of extending the services of Nigeria Bar Association to take up pro bono cases in Adamawa; • Engage closely with the office of the Attorney-General in addressing cases involving IDPs, returnees and host community; speedy dispensation of justice; • With regards to housing, land and property HLP, rights, engage with district representatives, LGA chairmen, local authorities, religious and traditional leaders in resolving disputes, paying regard to the most vulnerable women, children, the elderly and persons with disability; • Strengthen the community based reporting mechanisms by establishing protection desks, protection action groups and peace ambassadors.

14

Shelter and Non-Food Items

Permanent shelters were reported to be the predominant amongst IDPs in the LGAs assessed, as 63% of respondents reported that more than half of the population inhabit this type of shelter. This was followed by temporary shelters, reported by 71% of respondents as inhabited by up to a half of the population assessed.

Most common types of shelter inhabited 64%

51% 47% 36% 30% 27% 26% 24% 17% 15%14% 11% 6% 6% 5% 4% 4% 3% 4% 4% 2% 2% 0% 0%

Permanent shelters Temporary shelters Transitional shelters Makeshift shelters

0% 1-25% 26-50% 51-75% 76-100% I don't know or I don't want to answer

Overall, 26% of respondents reported the occurrence of land/home disputes in the LGAs assessed, and 11% reported the occurrence of communal clashes over land/home ownerships. These rates varied broadly amongst LGAs, being the highest in Maiha (42% for disputes and 25% for clashes).

Disputes and clashes over land/homes

42% 38% 40% 40% 33% 33%

25% 23% 22% 15% 14% 16% 13% 8% 7% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0%

Fufore Girei Gombi Hong Madagali Maiha Michika Mubi North Mubi South Yola North Yola South

Land disputes Land clashes

In terms of non-food items (NFIs), the first Kitchen priority of communities most reported, by utensils 14% 43% of respondents, was sleeping mats. This 43% Sleeping mats was followed by blankets (19%), mosquito nets (15%) and kitchen utensils (14%). Other NFIs reported were plastic tarpaulin (4%), Mosquito 15% Priorities sanitary clothes (2%), soap (2%). In addition, nets 1% of respondents reported “Other” and 1% reported “I don’t know or I don’t want to answer”. 19%

Blankets

15

Sector observations

Shelter

20% to 30% of shelters were partially damaged in Hong, Mubi North, Mubi South and Madagali while 10% to 15% damage was reported in Gombi, Girei and Maiha Mubi North, Hong, Madagali and Girei Percentage of Shelter Partially Damaged recorded high number of completely in Settlement destroyed shelters as a result of the conflict increasing vulnerability and 30 25 raising serious protection concerns. 20 Hong, Mubi North, Mubi South and 15 Madagali registered the highest number 10 of insurgency related destruction with 5 about 80% to 90% of the houses in 0 villages destroyed. There is ongoing temporary displacement due to continuous attacks on villages in Madagali.

Acces to Materials for building/construction 25 20 15 10 5 0 Humanitarian I don't know Locally Locally Locally Locally Other Purchased Purchased support or I don't produced produced produced produced Humanitarian want to Humanitarian Purchased Purchased support answer support Humanitarian support

Cause of Damage to Shelters in Settlement 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 Conflict Conflict Conflict I don't Manmade Natural Natural Natural Natural Natural Other Manmade Other know or I disaster disaster disaster disaster disaster disaster disaster don't want Conflict Conflict Manmade Other to answer Manmade disaster disaster

There is limited financial and technical support from government and humanitarian agencies for purchase of building materials and rebuilding to stimulate early recovery for the IDPs and returnees in Madagali, Hong, Mubi South and Michika.

16

There is limited financial support for IDPs who rent shelter leading to IDP evictions while 45% to 70% of IDPs in Yola North and South, Mubi North and South and Girei resulting in further displacement. NFIs Biggest NFI needs are sleeping mats, blanks, mosquito nets and kitchen sets.

First Priority NFI Needs 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Blankets I don't know Kitchen Mosquito Other Plastic Sanitary Sleeping mats Soap or I don't utensils nets tarpaulin clothes want to answer

Access to Land

Findings indicate serious land disputes related to land and property ownership between IDPs and host communities. Outbreak of violence could result in displacement and destruction of property. 60% of IDPs in host communities have no access to land for shelter, farming or other livelihood activities. The situation has already forced IDP relocations. IDPs struggle to pay rents and cannot afford to purchase land. Access to land is sometimes negotiated based on percentage of income/ farm returns. There is a lack of proper documentation of land agreements between the IDPs and communities in most LGAs and most IDPs are not aware of land acquisition processes.

Acquire the right to own land/ ownership 10 8 6 4 2 0 Community Community Community Community Community Individual Individual Lease Individual Individual Lease Local ownership ownership ownership ownership government Lease Lease Individual ownership

17

Access to the right to own land/ ownership

14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 I don't know or No agreement Other Rental Reside in camps Verbal Verbal Verbal I don't want to agreement agreement agreement agreement answer Rental Rental agreement agreement No agreement Reside in camps

Sector recommendations

Shelter and CCCM • Support IDPs and returnees with shelter materials and technical expertise • Provide cash support to returnees for rebuilding damaged/destroyed shelter • Support construction of permanent shelter for the most vulnerable returnees in Michika, Hong and Mubi North and South. • Provide cash support to IDPs for rents in their host communities in urban settings like Yola North and South, Girei and Mubi North and South. • Provide transitional shelter materials for resettlement of the IDPs in communities in Yola North, Yola South, Michika, Girei and Fufore • Address gaps in CCCM services where needed in affected areas • CCCM activities should be intensified towards IDPs and returnees, • Ensure a permanent registration and profiling of IDPs or returnees movement monitoring all over in the affected LGAs • Incorporate livelihood activities in projects that support early recovery efforts and sustainable living conditions (durable solution).

Access to Land

• Encourage and facilitate proper documentation of land transfer and ownership • Advocate for land ownership for displaced • Establish alternative dispute resolution mechanisms to address HLP issues in both rural and urban setting • Advocate for involvement of communities, religious groups and government to address all land disputes to mitigate the conflict between the communities and the IDPs • Strengthen the capacity of the state and local governments to handle land dispute issues and referrals to appropriate authorities so cases are handled in line with national and international law.

NFIs

• Support the returnees and the IDPs in both host communities and return areas with standard NFI package through registration and identification of potential beneficiaries • Include priority basic household items in standard NFI kits

18

WASH

The most common source of water for populations assessed is a tubewell/borehole, reported by 42% of respondents. This is followed by unprotected well (22%) and surface water (13%). Public taps and protected wells are also common sources of water in some LGAs, as seen below.

Most common water sources Mubi Mubi Yola Yola Fufore Girei Gombi Hong Madagali Maiha Michika Total North South North South Piped into the 0% 0% 0% 0% 8% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 1% dwelling/plot Tubewell/borehole 71% 54% 28% 46% 38% 9% 14% 44% 54% 71% 25% 42% Protected well 0% 0% 0% 7% 15% 27% 0% 6% 0% 0% 0% 6% Protected spring/ 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 9% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 1% rainwater tank Public tap/standpipe 14% 15% 6% 0% 0% 0% 29% 0% 0% 14% 0% 5% Water truck 0% 0% 0% 11% 0% 0% 0% 6% 23% 14% 25% 7% Unprotected well 14% 15% 39% 29% 15% 18% 43% 28% 0% 0% 0% 22% Unprotected spring/ 0% 0% 0% 4% 8% 18% 0% 0% 8% 0% 0% 3% rainwater tank Surface water 0% 0% 28% 4% 15% 18% 14% 16% 15% 0% 50% 13%

Other 0% 15% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 1%

The water sources above were classified into improved and non-improved water sources. The chart below summarizes the distribution of improved and non-improved water sources. Overall, 52% of respondents’ water sources are improved water sources.

120%

99% 100% 90% 85% 77% 80% 69% 67% 57% 57% 60% 53% 55% 50% 50% 50% 50% 44% 46% 43% 46% 34% 40% 30% 23% 20% 14% 9% 0% 0% Fufore Girei Gombi Hong Madagali Maiha Michika Mubi Mubi Yola Yola Total North South North South Improved Source Non Improved Source

19

Overall, 62% of respondents reported that “everyone/nearly everyone has problems accessing enough water for their needs”. The most widely reported constraint of access to water was distance (63%), followed by poor infrastructure (52%), queuing time (39%), lack of money (30%), lack of aid (29%), and lack of physical safety/security (16%).

Nobody I don’t know Most people use soap Most people do not use/have Everyone 3%1% but do not have soap soap because they use a 13% substitute because it is not 29% 12% available Less than half Most people don't the people 27% wash their hands 10% regularly Who has access Handwashing to latrines? and soap usage 3% I don’t know 37% Most people use soap 11% but do not have soap Most people About half 20% because it is too expensive use soap and have 35% the people More than soap in their household half of the people

Overall, only 44% of respondents reported that people in the community received hygiene promotion messaging or training in the last year. The highest rate was in Yola South (100%), and the lowest in Yola North (17%).

Hygiene promotion messaging or training 100%

71% 67% 57% 50% 45% 33% 37% 38% 37% 17%

Fufore Girei Gombi Hong Madagali Maiha Michika Mubi North Mubi South Yola North Yola South

Sector observations

• The high proportion of none access to sufficient quantity of water and queuing time (as contained in the analysis) corroborate the inadequacy of water to cater for needs of affected people due to over-stressing of existing boreholes. • There is a serious need to focus more attention on sanitation and hygiene Promotion messaging in Yola North, Gombi, Mubi North, Hong, Madagali, Maiha and Michika LGAs. • The proportion of people having access and using latrine is low, which implies that open defecation (OD) is widely practised. There is the need to create more awareness and sensitisation on the effects of OD through CLTS.

Sector recommendations

• Increase access to quantity and quality of drinking water sources (through rehabilitation of damaged/dysfunctional and construction of new water points) in the most affected areas identified from the assessment. • Strengthen WaSH coordination mechanism in the state for a well-coordinated approach to addressing the WaSH gaps identified in the assessment. 20

• Conduct an in-depth WaSH sector specific assessment in the WaSH needs hotspots LGAs, in order to have more precise needs of populations per location/LGA. • Increased advocacy to WaSH partners to focus more attention in supporting the returnee populations in the 7 LGAs affected by the insurgency, looking at the WaSH gaps/needs identified as indicated in the analysis. • Focus attention on sanitation and hygiene promotion messaging in Yola North, Gombi, Mubi North, Hong, Madagali, Maiha and Michika LGAs

21

Annexe 1: Organisations that participated in the assessment

Acronym Organisation Government ADSEMA Adamawa State Emergency Management Agency Adamawa State Water Board NEMA National Emergency Management Agency MoA Ministry of Agriculture MoWR Ministry of Water Resources RUWASSA Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Agency International NGOs ADRA Adventist Development And Relief Agency DRC Danish Refugee Council GIZ Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ) GmbH IRC International Rescue Committee OXFAM OXFAM International Tearfund Tearfund National NGOs AHI Action Health International AUN American University of Nigeria AGUF Agaji Global Unity Foundation Adamawa People Living with Disability CRUDAN Christian Rural & Urban Development Association of Nigeria CCEPI Centre for Caring Empowerment and Peace Initiative CVIF Clear View Integrity Foundation GZDI Goggoji Zumunchi Development Initiative HARAF Hope and Rural Aid Foundation WEEIN Women Education and Empowerment Initiative UN Agencies FAO Food and Agriculture Organization IOM International Organization for Migration UNICEF United Nations Children's Emergency Fund UNOCHA United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs WHO World Health Organization

22

Annexe 2: Partners presence in Adamawa as of August 2017

23