Heparin Analogs Created by Sulfation of Alginates Using a Chemoenzymatic Strategy
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Technical Article
Technical Article The History of Alginate Chemistry Seaweeds Algae are one of the worlds oldest lifeforms, being present in the pre Cambrian era (Engel, 1961). Although the so called higher plants developed stems, leaves and a root system once the marine algae had utilised light in photosynthesis their development seems to have come to a halt. Consequently the marine algae we see today have remained essentially unchanged for millions of years. These algae are classified into four main groups: • Chlorophyceae, the green algae • Phaeophyceae, the brown algae • Rhodophyceae, the red algae • Cyanophyceae, the blue-green algae The Rhodopyceae and Phaeophyceae are of most interest commercially because of their polysaccharide content. Various types of Rhodophyceae are commercially important for the extraction of carrageenan and agar. There are many types of Phyophyceae, they are found in such diverse environments as the cold waters of the arctic to the warm , still waters of the Sargasso sea and they all contain the polysaccharide alginate, which makes many of them of commercial interest. Marine algae or seaweed have been recognised as a food stuff since the earliest times (Chapman, 1970) and today Phyophyceae is still used in its untreated state as a food stuff, as cattle fodder and as a fertiliser. The world market for alginates, excluding China, was over 22,000 tonnes per annum and worth almost US$45M in 1990. The technology of alginate production was controlled by a small number of western companies, the major player being Kelco, Protan & Fagertun and Mero_Rousselot-Satia (Paul, 1986), however this has changed dramatically over the last 15-20 years. -
Methods and Compositions Relating to Mannuronic
(19) TZZ___T (11) EP 1 791 967 B1 (12) EUROPEAN PATENT SPECIFICATION (45) Date of publication and mention (51) Int Cl.: of the grant of the patent: C12P 21/04 (2006.01) G01N 33/53 (2006.01) 27.11.2013 Bulletin 2013/48 A61K 39/395 (2006.01) (21) Application number: 05810433.2 (86) International application number: PCT/US2005/033962 (22) Date of filing: 21.09.2005 (87) International publication number: WO 2006/034395 (30.03.2006 Gazette 2006/13) (54) METHODS AND COMPOSITIONS RELATING TO MANNURONIC ACID SPECIFIC BINDING PEPTIDES VERFAHREN UND ZUSAMMENSETZUNGEN IN VERBINDUNG MIT MANNURONSÄURESPEZIFISCHEN BINDUNGSPEPTIDEN PROCEDES ET COMPOSITIONS SE RAPPORTANT A DES PEPTIDES SE LIANT SPECIFIQUEMENT A L’ACIDE MANNURONIQUE (84) Designated Contracting States: • VERMEER H J ET AL: "Immunodiagnostically DE FR GB IE IT applicable monoclonal antibodies to the circulating anodic antigen of Schistosoma (30) Priority: 21.09.2004 US 612083 P mansoni bind to small, defined oligosaccharide epitopes." PARASITOLOGY RESEARCH JUL (43) Date of publication of application: 2003, vol. 90, no. 4, July 2003 (2003-07), pages 06.06.2007 Bulletin 2007/23 330-336, XP002513961 ISSN: 0932-0113 • JOHNSON MARGARET A ET AL: "Saturation (73) Proprietor: THE BRIGHAM AND WOMEN’S transfer difference 1D-TOCSY experiments to HOSPITAL, INC. map the topography of oligosaccharides Boston, MA 02115 (US) recognized by a monoclonal antibody directed against the cell-wall polysaccharide of group A (72) Inventor: PIER, Gerald, B. streptococcus." JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN Brookline, MA 02446 (US) CHEMICAL SOCIETY 25 DEC 2002, vol. 124, no. 51, 25 December 2002 (2002-12-25), pages (74) Representative: Lahrtz, Fritz 15368-15374, XP002513962 ISSN: 0002-7863 Isenbruck Bösl Hörschler LLP • PEDERSEN S.S. -
Page 1 of 14 RSC Advances
RSC Advances This is an Accepted Manuscript, which has been through the Royal Society of Chemistry peer review process and has been accepted for publication. Accepted Manuscripts are published online shortly after acceptance, before technical editing, formatting and proof reading. Using this free service, authors can make their results available to the community, in citable form, before we publish the edited article. This Accepted Manuscript will be replaced by the edited, formatted and paginated article as soon as this is available. You can find more information about Accepted Manuscripts in the Information for Authors. Please note that technical editing may introduce minor changes to the text and/or graphics, which may alter content. The journal’s standard Terms & Conditions and the Ethical guidelines still apply. In no event shall the Royal Society of Chemistry be held responsible for any errors or omissions in this Accepted Manuscript or any consequences arising from the use of any information it contains. www.rsc.org/advances Page 1 of 14 RSC Advances Manuscript 444x333mm (72 x 72 DPI) Accepted Advances RSC RSC Advances Page 2 of 14 RSC Advances RSC Publishing ARTICLE Methodology for quantitative determination of the carbohydrate composition of brown seaweeds Cite this: DOI: 10.1039/x0xx00000x (Laminariaceae) a b c a, * Received 00th January 2012, D. Manns , A. Deutschle , B. Saake and A. S. Meyer Accepted 00th January 2012 The monosaccharide composition of four different samples of brown seaweeds Laminaria DOI: 10.1039/x0xx00000x digitata and Saccharina latissima were compared by different high performance anion www.rsc.org/ exchange chromatography (HPAEC) methods after different acid hydrolysis treatments or a cellulase treatment. -
D-Glucuronic Acid. Crystalline Glucuronolactone
The Tohoha Journal of Experimental Medicine, Vol. 69, Nos. 2-3, 1959 Biochemical Studies on Carbohydrates CCXXVII. On Paper Chromatography of Rexuronic Acids By Hajime Masamune and Mei Satake (正 宗 一) (佐 武 明) From the Medico-chemical Institute, Tohoku University, Sendai (Received for publication, December 15, 1958) There were three papers published from this laboratory with respect to paper chromatography of glucuronic, galacturonic and mannuronic acids.1)-3) Since then, L-guluronic acid was isolated as L-guluronolactone from alginic acid,4) and L-iduronic acid in ƒÀ-heparine and skin-itinsulfate was identified by paper chromatography5) as well as by isolation as 2,3,4- tri-O-acetyl-L-idosan.6) Therefore the writers have investigated how to discriminate those five hexuronic acids occurring in nature in a paper chromatogram, with the resulting conclusions: 1) Kinds of filter paper made up of acid-treated fibers, for instance, Toyo Roshi filter paper No. 3 give concentrated spots contrary to those of filter paper without previous acid-treatment. 2) Free hexuronic acids are less sharply separated than their lactones by any of the solvent mixtures listed in Table I. 3) Solvent VI, VIII and ‡\ in Table I are most appropriate for the purpose, because they separate galacturonic acid from the remaining hexuronic acids on one hand and the lactones of the latter four hexuronic acids from one another on the other. Rr (rate of flow of a sugar against rhamnose) values of the hexuronic acids and their lactones are shown in the same table. 4) It is advisable to preliminarily free a hexuronic acid or acids from hexosamines, amino acids and ordinary sugars, which are present in the same hydrolysate, by the aid of a cation- and an anion-exchanger, if identification of them in mucoproteins is aimed at by paper chromatography. -
Synthesis of Glycosides of Glucuronic, Galacturonic and Mannuronic Acids: an Overview
Molecules 2011, 16, 3933-3968; doi:10.3390/molecules16053933 OPEN ACCESS molecules ISSN 1420-3049 www.mdpi.com/journal/molecules Review Synthesis of Glycosides of Glucuronic, Galacturonic and Mannuronic Acids: An Overview Anne Wadouachi * and José Kovensky * Laboratoire des Glucides UMR CNRS 6219, Université de Picardie Jules Verne, 33 Rue Saint Leu F-80039 Amiens, France * Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: [email protected] (A.W.); Tel.: +33-322-827-527 (A.W.); Fax: +33-322-827-560 (A.W.); E-Mail: [email protected] (J.K.); Tel.: +33-322-827-567 (J.K.); Fax: +33-322-827-568 (J.K.). Received: 24 March 2011; in revised form: 18 April 2011 / Accepted: 20 April 2011 / Published: 10 May 2011 Abstract: Uronic acids are carbohydrates present in relevant biologically active compounds. Most of the latter are glycosides or oligosaccharides linked by their anomeric carbon, so their synthesis requires glycoside-bond formation. The activation of this anomeric center remains difficult due to the presence of the electron-withdrawing C-5 carboxylic group. Herein we present an overview of glucuronidation, mannuronidation and galacturonidation reactions, including syntheses of prodrugs, oligosaccharides and stereochemical aspects. Keywords: glycosidation; glucuronic acid; galacturonic acid; mannuronic acid; stereoselectivity 1. Introduction Uronic acids are reducing sugars of biological relevance. They are involved in the metabolism of many drugs and endogenous compounds, and they are found natural products such as glycosaminoglycans, pectins and carragenans, among others, isolated from different sources – mammals, plants and algae. Molecules 2011, 16 3934 In uronidation reactions, uronic acids are attached to an aglycone through the anomeric carbon atom forming O-glycosidic bonds. -
Bacterial Biofilms: Synthesis, Structure and Applica(Ons
Bacterial Biofilms: Synthesis, Structure and Applica8ons Bryan W. Berger Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering Program in Bioengineering Bad Bugs, No Drugs – 10 New An8bio8cs by 2020 (IDSA) hp://www.birkocorp.com Bacteria have evolved numerous anbioc resistance mechanisms 3. Biofilms • Mo6le bacteria adhere to surface • Secrete extracellular polymeric substance (EPS) • Comprised of polysaccharides, DNA, and protein • Acts as diffusion barrier against an6bio6cs Planktonic bacteria EPS Mucoid bacteria A"achment Growth Bacteria encased in EPS are protected from anmicrobials as well as other stress factors including phagocytosis and dehydraon An6microbial Planktonic bacteria EPS Mucoid bacteria A"achment Growth cdc.gov S. maltophilia: An Important, Emerging, Nosocomial Pathogen – Emily Wong MD, PhD (Lehigh Valley Hospital) Emerging Infecous Disease, Volume 8, Number 9—September 2002 Stenotrophomonas maltophilia is an intrinsic mul8drug resistant (MDR), nosocomial pathogen of growing concern • Third most common nosocomial non-fermen6ng Gran-negave bacilli • Third most common cause of late-onset ven6lator-acquired pneumonia • Second most common bacteria isolated from lungs of CF paents • Associated with high mortality rate (30%) with few treatment op6ons due to intrinsic MDR • Capable of adhering to and producing biofilm on IB3-1 bronchial cells as well as numerous inert surfaces found in indwelling medical devices such as catheters and ven6lators • Biofilm formaon in linked to virulence and MDR Number of Percentage of Class Name Resistant Strains Resistant Strains (n=28) (%) β-lactam Ampicillin 28 100 Streptomycin 28 100 Specnomycin 28 100 Aminoglycoside Kanamycin 28 100 Gentamicin 27 96.4 Glycopepde Zeocin 28 100 Nalidixic acid 7 25 Broad-spectrum Tetracyline 5 17.9 Chloramphenicol 3 10.7 An6bio6c screening of S. -
Symbol Nomenclature for Glycans (SNFG)
Symbol Nomenclature for Glycans (SNFG) Created: October 15, 2015; Last Updated: February 4, 2020 History and Citation Symbol Nomenclature for Graphical Representation of Glycans, Glycobiology 25: 1323-1324, 2015. Citation link (PMID 26543186). Updates to the Symbol Nomenclature for Glycans guidelines, Glycobiology 29:620-624, 2019. Citation link (PMID 31184695). History of the SNFG SNFG Support Downloadable files available from online SNFG page (Appendix 1B): Drawing format file Presentation/Slide format file Notes (this document) Examples Members of the SNFG Discussion Group Organizations and Publications Adopting the SNFG Software tools supporting SNFG (Link) 3D-Symbol Nomenclature for Glycans (3D-SNFG): Create 3D atomic models of glycans (preview) Direct weblink Citation link DrawGlycan-SNFG: Convert IUPAC input strings to sketches of glycans and glycopeptides (preview) Direct weblink App download Citation link GlycanBuilder2-SNFG: GlycanBuilder updated to handle SNFG (preview) App download Citation Link SNFG update history Click on a symbol to link to the corresponding PubChem entry. Symbols with PubChem links can be downloaded using either the online Table or Slide/Presentation file available at the SNFG main page. Table 1. Monosaccharide symbol nomenclature SHAPE White Blue Green Yellow Orange Pink Purple Light Blue Brown Red (Generic) Filled Circle Hexose Glc Man Gal Gul Alt All Tal Ido Filled Square HexNAc GlcNAc ManNAc GalNAc GulNAc AltNAc AllNAc TalNAc IdoNAc Crossed Square Hexosamine GlcN ManN GalN GulN AltN AllN TalN IdoN Divided Hexuronate GlcA ManA GalA GulA AltA AllA TalA IdoA Diamond Filled Triangle Deoxyhexose Qui Rha 6dGul 6dAlt 6dTal Fuc Divided DeoxyhexNAc QuiNAc RhaNAc 6dAltNAc 6dTalNAc FucNAc Triangle Flat Rectangle Di-deoxyhexose Oli Tyv Abe Par Dig Col Filled Star Pentose Ara Lyx Xyl Rib Filled Diamond Deoxynonulosonate Kdn Neu5Ac Neu5Gc Neu Sia Flat Diamond Di-deoxynonulosonate Pse Leg Aci 4eLeg Flat Hexagon Unknown Bac LDmanHep Kdo Dha DDmanHep MurNAc MurNGc Mur Pentagon Assigned Api Fru Tag Sor Psi Notes: 1.