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Morphology, Anatomy, Chlorogenic Acid Content and Antioxidant Capacity of Xanthium Strumarium L

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Morphology, Anatomy, Chlorogenic Acid Content and Antioxidant Capacity of Xanthium Strumarium L OnLine Journal of Biological Sciences Investigations Morphology, Anatomy, Chlorogenic Acid Content and Antioxidant Capacity of Xanthium strumarium L. and Xanthium spinosum L. 1Dinara Abdikhaliyevna Aldibekova, 2Murat Kizaibek, 3Mahaya Aisijiang, 1Gulzhamal Dyuskaliyeva, 2Angsar Taldau and 2Mainur Erkinbek 1Kazakh State Women’s Teacher Training University, Almaty 050000, Kazakhstan 2Traditional Kazakh Medicine Research Institute of Ili Kazakh Autonomous Prefecture, Yining 835000, China 3College of Chemistry and Environmental Science, Yili Normal University, Yining, 835000, China Article history Abstract: In this study, the morphological, anatomical features, Received: 21-02-2018 chlorogenic acid content and antioxidant activities of two species from the Revised: 27-02-2018 genus Xanthium , namely Xanthium spinosum L. growing in the slopes of Accepted: 22-05-2018 Mount Daubaba in the western part of the Talas Alatau of Tyulkibas region of the South Kazakhstan region and Xanthium strumarium L. growing in Corresponding Author: Dinara Abdikhaliyevna the slopes of the Alma-Arasan gorge of the Trans-Ili Alatau, Almaty Aldibekova region, were investigated. Xanthium strumarium L. is a one-year-old Kazakh State Women’s widespread plant. Height is 20-100 cm, leaves are straight, pubescent, Teacher Training University, thinly faceted. On the surface of the stem there are greyish-green or brown- Almaty 050000, Kazakhstan green spots. Xanthium spinosum L. – height is 25-100 cm. Difference of E-mail: [email protected] stems from species Xanthium strumarium L. is thickly branched, creeping, low-directed small solid hairs. The main and lateral roots of the plant are well developed. The anatomical structure of the transverse cut of the root of species of the genus Xanthium L. is rounded. The epidermis is completely preserved. In the anatomical structure of the stem the epidermis of the stem is well developed in species Xanthium L. The central cylinder is closed collateral, the single conducting beams are arranged ring-shaped. The leaf plate of the species Xanthium L. consists of loose mesophilic and stem tissues. Conductive beams are well formed in the central system. Besides, a simple, precise, repeatable and accurate HPLC method for determination of chlorogenic acid in samples from the genus Xanthium was developed and validated. It is also observed that the extracts obtained from the leaves or stems of these plants have significant antioxidant activity, which correlated well with chlorogenic acid content of these samples, indicating that chlorogenic acid could be important contributor of antioxidant capacities of species of the genus Xanthium L. Keywords: Anatomical Structure, Xanthium strumarium L., Xanthium spinosum L., Morphological Features, Epidermis, Chlorogenic Acid, Antioxidant Activity Introduction At the moment, for the treatment of various diseases, special attention is drawn to medicinal plants. Flora of Kazakhstan is rich in useful plants and Kazakhstan, like other countries, is interested in the especially important medicinal plants. Preparations made production of phytopreparations for medicine. from them are widely used. As a result, phytotherapy is Investigation of morphological, anatomical features and developing in Kazakhstan massively. Recently, some chemical composition is considered relevant to learn the medicinal plants are close to extinction or completely biological feature of the plant. Also, the definition of disappeared as a result of wasteful use. Therefore, it is anatomical diagnostic features of medicinal plants in the necessary not only to use medicinal plants; they must be development of vegetative organs raises the quality of protected (Rakhimov et al ., 1999). raw materials in the selection for the use in © 2018 Dinara Abdikhaliyevna Aldibekova, Murat Kizaibek, Mahaya Aisijiang, Gulzhamal Dyuskaliyeva, Angsar Taldau and Mainur Erkinbek. This open access article is distributed under a Creative Commons Attribution (CC-BY) 3.0 license. Dinara Abdikhaliyevna Aldibekova et al . / OnLine Journal of Biological Sciences 2018, 18 (2): 237.246 DOI: 10.3844/ojbsci.2018.237.246 pharmacology (Georgievsky et al ., 1990). In the study of 2012). In Yemen and in Russia in folk medicine the plant medicinal plants, the traditional comparative Xanthium strumarium L. is used as a medicine soothing morphological and anatomical methods are widely used. illness, hemolytic, reducing temperature, also for skin In this aspect, particular attention will be paid to plant diseases, as antimicrobial, for ulcers and as an species having a sufficient stock of raw materials in the antifungal. According to research of Romanian scientists, native flora. One of the genera of such plants is a 2% tincture of the cocklebur germ has a diuretic effect Xanthium L. The distribution area of two species from (Salekh, 2010). The results of investigation of alcoholic this genus grown in Kazakhstan is shown on Fig. 1. and water extracts of Xanthium strumarium L. carried Xanthium strumarium L. (common cocklebur) is a one- out by Indian researchers demonstrated that alcoholic year plant belonging to the family of composites extracts (EEXS) 250 mg/kg and 500 mg/kg) of Xanthium (Asteraceae ). It grows on the banks of rivers and strumarium L. possessed significant anti-diabetic activity irrigation ditches, at the edges of the road, in kitchen (169.67±5.65), (158.2±4.6) in comparison to water gardens, on rocky sediments and in the steppes. extract (AEXS) in a dose dependent manner and Xanthium spinosum L. (cocklebur spiny) grows in presence of phenols, flavonoids and tannins were found mountain, desert and sandy lands (Flora of Kazakhstan, to be responsible for the activity (Suresh et al ., 2014). 1961). Xanthium strumarium L. (Family: Compositae ), a During in vitro assays the phytochemical investigation of medicinal plant commonly found as a weed, is widely the natural products from Xanthium strumarium L. was distributed in North America, Brazil, China, Malaysia carried out by Korean researchers. The fourteen and hotter parts of India (Kamboj et al ., 2014). Xanthium compounds including seven caffeoylquinic acid (CQA) strumarium L. is an herb that possesses anti- derivatives were isolated and screened for inhibition of inflammatory, analgesic (Han et al ., 2007; Yin et al ., α-glucosidase, protein tyrosine phosphatase 1β (PTP1β), 2005), antibacterial, anticancer effects (Ramírez-Erosa et advanced glycation end products (AGEs) and ABTS+ al ., 2007; Kim et al ., 2003) and antifungal (Dong et al ., radical scavenging activity. According to these 2002) effects. In India it is used in the treatment of researches methyl-3,5-di-caffeoyquinic acid was scabies and for the purification of blood. It eliminates assumed to be potentially responsible for the anti- worms in the intestines, lowers the temperature. It is diabetic actions of X. strumarium L., (Hwang et al ., diuretic and it invigorates, digests food, improves skin 2016). During the ethnobotanical, phytochemical and color, helps with skin whiteness and is used as an antidote toxicological studies of Xanthium strumarium L. against insects. Leaves are used for herpes, malaria, carried out by scientists from Bangladesh it was headaches and oncologiculcers (Bhogaonkar and Ahmad, suggested that X. strumarium L. was toxic to animal. Fig. 1: Regions of the Xanthium L. genus. The species Xanthium strumarium L. is widespread in all regions of Kazakhstan. Xanthium spinosum L. grows in Tobyl-Esil valleys, in regions of the Caspian Sea, in Kyzylorda region, in the Dzungarian Alatau, Karatau, in the Daubaba Mountains and also in the western part of the Talas Alatau 238 Dinara Abdikhaliyevna Aldibekova et al . / OnLine Journal of Biological Sciences 2018, 18 (2): 237.246 DOI: 10.3844/ojbsci.2018.237.246 There were purified four compounds. They were Daubaba in the western part of the Talas Alatau of characterized as stigmasterol, 11-hydroxy-11-carboxy-4- Tyulkibas region of the South Kazakhstan region and oxo-1(5),2( Z)-xanthadien-12,8-olide, daucosterol and Xanthium strumarium L., growing in the slopes of the lasidiol-10-anisate (Islam et al ., 2009). Scientists from Alma-Arasan gorge of the Trans-Ili Alatau, Almaty region. the UAE reported on the association between herbal Morphological and Anatomical Features of Species extracts and cancer treatment. The effects of Xanthium of the Genus Xanthium L. strumarium L. extract on viability of L929 cell lines were determined. L929 cell lines were divided into 6 groups The anatomical structure of vegetative organs of the including the control. The concentrations of Xanthium species X. Spinosum L. has not been previously studied. strumarium L. extract were 10mg/mL, 1mg/mL, Samples of Xanthium spinosum L., growing in the 0.1mg/ml, 0.01mg/ml and 0.001mg/ml. Experiment slopes of Mount Daubaba in the western part of the duration was 48 hours. The viability of L929 cell lines Talas Alatau of Tyulkibas region of the South decreased significantly in groups exposed to 10mg/ml of Kazakhstan region and Xanthium strumarium L., extract. So, the results demonstrated that high dose of growing in the slopes of the Alma-Arasan gorge of the Xanthium strumarium L. decreases the proliferation of Trans-Ili Alatau, Almaty region have been used as L929 cancer cells (Sahebi-Asghar et al ., 2014). objects of study (Fig. 2) X. spinosum L. is an annual plant, it is widespread in Samples of plants have been determined by the the mountains and deserts. In its compound one can find volume VIII
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