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100 Years of Change in the Flora of the Carolinas

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100 Years of Change in the Flora of the Carolinas ORCHIDACEAE 836 Zeuxine Lindley 1826 (Soldier Orchid) A genus of about 26 species, of tropical and subtropical Old World (introduced elsewhere). References: Ackerman in FNA (2002a). * Zeuxine strateumatica (Linnaeus) Lindley, Lawn Orchid, Soldier Orchid. Cp (GA): lawns, rare, introduced from Asia. [= FNA, GW, K, L] POACEAE (R. Brown) Barnhart 1895 or GRAMINEAE A.L. de Jussieu 1789 (Grass Family) A family of about 670 genera and 10,000 species, cosmopolitan. References: Flora of North America Editorial Committee (2003a)=FNA; Hitchcock and Chase (1950)=HC; Blomquist (1948). [note: only a small portion of the key to genera complete] Key A – tribe Andropogoneae 1 Leaves ovate-lanceolate, 2-10 cm long, 2.5-7× as long as wide; plants weak-stemmed annuals, branching, decumbent, rooting at the lower nodes; [alien weeds]. 2 Leaves cordate-clasping at base; spikelets not paired, unaccompanied by a vestige.......................................... Arthraxon 2 Leaves tapering to a broadly cuneate base; spikelets paired (one of the pair sometimes vestigial)...............Microstegium 1 Leaves lanceolate to linear, either longer or proportionately narrower; plants either perennial or coarse annuals with erect and mostly unbranched culms. 3 Spikelets embedded in the thickened rachis (the inflorescence thus like an ear of corn), or fitting into grooves in the thickened rachis (the inflorescence thus cylindrical and resembling a rat's tail), or the pistillate inflorescences enclosed in a hard, bead-like, pearly-white, modified bract. 4 Spikelets unisexual, with male and female spikelets in separate inflorescences or in different parts of the same inflorescence. 5 Internode narrower than and more-or-less enclosed by the female spikelet .................................................Coix 5 Internode broader than and more-or-less enclosing the female spikelet. 6 Racemes of mixed sex, female below, male above ....................................................................Tripsacum 6 Racemes of single sex ........................................................................................................................... Zea 4 Spikelets, or at least one of each pair, bisexual. 7 Pedicels fused to the internode; [coarse alien grass of disturbed habitats] .........................................Rottboellia 7 Pedicels free from the internodes; [either a native coarse grass of pinelands or prairie-like areas, or a short alien grass of lawns and disturbed areas]. 8 Sessile spikelet smooth or pitted; culms 50-200 cm tall; [native grass of pinelands or prairie-like areas] .. .................................................................................................................................................Coelorachis 8 Sessile spikelet with pectinate margins; culms 5-40 cm tall; [alien grass of lawns and disturbed areas] .... ................................................................................................................................................ Eremochloa 3 Spikelets not embedded or fitting into grooves in the rachis, the rachis slender (the spikelets visibly separate and often pedicelled). 9 Pedicelled spikelet similar to the sessile spikelet, both fertile. 10 Spikelets falling in pairs together with sections of the disarticulating rachis ....................................Saccharum 10 Spikelets falling separately from the persistent rachis. 11 Panicle contracted, spikelike; glumes membranous ..................................................................... Imperata 11 Panicle loose; glumes cartilaginous or coriaceous.................................................................... Miscanthus 9 Pedicelled spikelet differing from the sessile in shape and sex (sometimes represented only by a pedicel). 12 Spikelets awned, the awn 10-20 cm long. 13 First glume lacking glands; panicle open, the branches 5-8 cm long .....................................Chrysopogon 13 First glume with a row of punctate, concave glands; panicle contracted, spikelike................ Heteropogon 12 Spikelets awned or not, if awned the awn < 5 cm long. 14 Inflorescence a panicle, the branches not subtended by sheaths. 15 Pedicelled spikelet represented by pedicel only; apex of sheath bearing 2 auricles 1-10 mm long; [native] ........................................................................................................................... Sorghastrum 15 Pedicelled spikelet present, staminate; apex of sheath truncate; [alien] ............................... Sorghum 14 Inflorescence of 1-13 digitate (whorled) racemes borne at the summit of a peduncle, the peduncle subtended by a raceme sheath. 16 Racemes 1 per peduncle and raceme sheath................................................................ Schizachyrium 16 Racemes 2-13 per peduncle and raceme sheath. POACEAE 837 17 Pedicels of the pedicelled (reduced or absent) spikelets terete or slightly flattened and grooved on one side only....................................................................................................... Andropogon 17 Pedicels of the pedicelled (reduced or absent) spikelets strongly flattened and grooved on both sides, the central portion thin or membranous ........................................................Bothriochloa Aegilops Linnaeus 1753 (Goat Grass) References: Tucker (1996)=Z. 1 Spikelets cylindric; glumes with 4 awns; rachis disarticulating at maturity..........................................................Ae. cylindrica 1 Spikelets nearly ovate; glumes with 1 awn; rachis not disarticulating at maturity.................................................. Ae. neglecta * Aegilops cylindrica Host, Jointed Goat Grass. Mt, Pd (VA): disturbed areas; uncommon, introduced from s. Europe. [= C, F, G, HC, K, Z] * Aegilops neglecta Req. ex Bertoloni, Small Goat Grass. Cp (VA): disturbed areas; rare, introduced from s. Europe. Reported from Arlington County, VA. [= Z; Ae. ovata Linnaeus – C, G, HC, apparently misapplied; Ae. geniculata Roth – K, apparently misapplied] * Aegilops triuncialis Linnaeus. {MD} [= K] {not keyed at this time; synonymy incomplete} Agropyron Gaertner 1770 (see Elymus, Elytrigia, Pascopyrum) Agrostis Linnaeus 1753 (Bentgrass) (also see Lachnagrostis and Polypogon) A genus of about 220 species, primarily temperate. References: Tucker (1996)=Z. 1 Palea 1/2-3/4 as long as the lemma, 0.6-1.2 mm long; plants introduced, often (though not always) in disturbed habitats; plants flowering (collectively) June-October; [subgenus Agrostis]. 2 Ligule mostly 0.5-2 mm long, truncate; panicle branches naked towards the base, diffuse when in fruit, the spikelets well-separated ..................................................................................................................................................A. capillaris 2 Ligule mostly 2.5-6 mm long, acute, rounded, or truncate; panicle branches (some of them) with spikelets to near the base, the spikelets usually agglomerated. 3 Leaves 3-8 mm wide; inflorescence triangular-ovoid, the branches widely spreading at maturity, usually reddish; plant with rhizomes, without stolons.........................................................................................................A. gigantea 3 Leaves mostly 1-3 mm wide; inflorescence narrowly ovoid, the branches ascending at maturity, usually tan; plant without rhizomes, with or without stolons. 4 Stolons well developed; leaves mostly < 5 cm long................................................A. stolonifera var. palustris 4 Stolons poorly developed or absent; leaves mostly > 7 cm long......................... A. stolonifera var. stolonifera 1 Palea < 2/5 as long as the lemma, 0-0.5 mm long; plants native, typically in more or less natural habitats; plants flowering (collectively) March-November; [subgenus Vilfa]. 5 Lemma usually awned (sometimes unawned), the awn inserted near the apex, 4-10 mm long, straight, very delicate and flexuous; annual, flowering April-June.......................................................................................................... A. elliottiana 5 Lemma awned or not, the awn (when present) inserted either near the middle of the lemma or near the apex, 0-6 mm long, straight or bent, neither delicate nor flexuous; perennial, flowering (collectively) March-November. 6 Lemma with a 3-6 mm long, geniculate awn inserted near the middle; [of high elevation rock outcrops] ................. .................................................................................................................................................................A. mertensii 6 Lemma awnless or with a 0-3 mm long, straight awn inserted near the tip; [of various habitats]. 7 Spikelets 1.2-2 mm long; anthers 0.3-0.6 mm long; plants flowering March-July........................... A. hyemalis 7 Spikelets (1.8-) 2.2-3.5 (-3.7) mm long; anthers (collectively) 0.3-1.2 mm long; plants flowering June- November. 8 Leaves mostly involute, 1-2 (-3) mm wide; panicle branches mostly forking well beyond the middle....... .....................................................................................................................................................A. scabra 8 Leaves flat, 2-6 mm wide; panicle branches mostly forking at or below the middle. 9 Lemma 1.8-3 mm long, minutely but copiously scabrous (at 20× or more); anthers 0.7-1.2 mm long; spikelets (2.3-) 2.7-3.5 (-3.7) mm long, usually clustered near the tips of the branchlets; panicle branches scabrous; culms to 15 dm tall; [of wet savannas
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