MD Survey Report 18

The Adam Park Project

Metal Detector Survey Report No.18

10 Adam Park 9th-13th September 2013

1 MD Survey Report 18

Index

Index ...... 2 Introduction ...... 3 The Survey Criteria and Area of Interest ...... 4 The Location of Transects ...... 7 Summary of Artefact Catalogue ...... 10 The Cartridges and Full Rounds ...... 10 The Typology of Cartridges ...... 11 Bullets ...... 19 Distribution of Ordnance ...... 22 Shell Fragments ...... 23 Webbing Buckles ...... 23 Other Related Artifacts ...... 25 The ‘Pip’ ...... 25 The Syringe ...... 26 The Silver South African Shilling...... 27 The Gun Oil Brass Container Lid ...... 28 The Sports Day Medal ...... 29 Aerial Photography ...... 30 Conclusion ...... 32 Appendix 1 - TAPP - Finds Log – 10 Adam Park ...... 33 Appendix 2 – Sketch Map Area 1 ...... 42 Appendix – Sketch Map Area 2 ...... 43

2 MD Survey Report 18

Introduction

The Adam Park Project (TAPP) officially finished in February 2012 with an exhibition of artefacts entitled ‘Four Days in February’ staged at the National Library, Singapore. The display introduced the Singaporean public to the wartime heritage of the estate and in particular its defence in 1942 by the 1st Battalion, Cambridgeshire Regiment.

However there were a number of important areas of the estate’s wartime story still to be investigated and presented. This ongoing work has been collectively packaged under the colloquial title ‘TAPP 2’. In January 2013 the ‘Big Dig 2’ was carried out on site which included excavations, aerial surveys and metal detecting. A series of further metal detecting surveys continue to take place across the estate.

Previous surveys at the adjacent properties of No.9 and No.11 Adam Park and an earlier small scale survey carried out at the northern end of the No.10 back in November 2009 suggested that the areas immediately in front of these houses did not come under direct attack, were apparently subjected to shelling and appeared to be areas where equipment was abandoned after the fighting. It was assumed that a similar picture would immerge from the front garden of No.10.

The role of the house in the period the estate was used as a POW camp is yet to be determined. It is a possible candidate for the location of the prison chapel and canteen or perhaps the officer’s mess. It was hoped that some archaeological evidence would be unearthed that would indicate the role the house played as part of the prison camp.

Fig 1 – No 10 Adam is a Class 1 House built amidst extensive gardens on the ridge of the hill. It was most likely used as a second line of defence during the fighting in February 1942. Its role during the time of the prison camp has not been determined as yet.

3 MD Survey Report 18

The Survey Criteria and Area of Interest

Initially a prospecting survey was carried out across the front garden of the property. No particular concentration was found but there appeared to be an even scatter of interesting hits’ across the site. It was decided to put 8 transects each 2m wide of lengths between were set out in Area 1 of the southern part of the front garden. A second area was laid out at the northern end of the garden with the aim of surveying as much of the remaining area as possible before the final day. This eventually consisted of another 20 transects each or approximately 18.5m long

It was noted that a lot of ground lay outwith the wire that enclosed the front garden between the platform and the road. This was surveyed as Area 3 and a number of very important items were recovered on the banking adjacent to the drainage ditch that ran alongside the road. It was noted that this area was opposite No. 17 Adam Park that was used as the Regimental Aid Post during the fighting.

Fig 3 – The Google Earth image of the site showing the location of the three areas covered in this survey. It was noted that a lot of ground lay outwith the wire that enclosed the front garden. This was surveyed as Area 3 seen in red on the image.

4 MD Survey Report 18

Fig 4 – Area 3 was located along the bank adjacent to the main road and outwith the garden fence. A number of notable finds were unearthed along this banking.

Typically for such an urban environment an initial metal detector sweep of the transects was carried out using the ‘all ferrous’ setting on the metal detector and a multitude of returns were registered. A full survey of all ferrous returns was deemed to be inappropriate given the time constraints and available manpower. It was assumed that the artefacts indicating the POW occupation and combat would primarily be made of non-ferrous metals.

A prospecting survey was carried out across the front garden before the areas were agreed. Prospecting Surveys entailed field walking the site with the metal detector excavating only clear and notable hits. This allowed the team to get a feel for the typology of finds around the rest of the site and to sample them. It was hoped that this would reveal any overlooked concentrations of finds as discovered in earlier surveys at No.17 and 8 Adam Park. The drawback of this methodology is that the location of the artefacts recovered is not accurately recorded and only the approximate coordinates are taken. However the discovery of a scattering of viable ‘hits’ across the garden led to the conclusion that the whole area would have to be detected.

The initial survey of Area 1 proved to be discouraging. The area was cross-crossed with utility and electrical cabling between garden lighting. The subterranean utility pipes left a significant magnetic signal on the surface which masked readings up to 50cms either side. These pipelines and cables were marked with yellow flags and

5 MD Survey Report 18 avoided. However between the cables was a significant number of pertinent ‘hits’1 which were duly excavated. Area 2 was found to be in a similar state.

Two White’s Prizm Mk 6T metal detectors were used as the preferred machines. Both machines were set to maximum sensitivity but the discrimination function was set to exclude ferrous materials (the first two settings muted). The operators had difficulty discerning between non-ferrous and ferrous hits in close proximity as the artefacts were often masked by the presence of larger ferrous material. Tonal ID was not used as the constant pitch changes across a small area confused and annoyed the operators. Depth indicator was checked against the first isolated finds but as most artefacts were found in the unstable topsoil and interference by abundant ferrous material meant that the depth readings became inaccurate. Large ferrous items lying deeper in the earth tended to return a cluster of ‘non ferrous’ readings or masked the returns from smaller non ferrous material on the surface. This meant that a number of sweeps of the areas were undertaken, initially along the transect, in both directions and then across the transects to ensure as many of the relevant artefacts as possible were recovered. A further sweep was carried out after the item had been removed to check for other material masked by the first.

Good use was made of two hand held Garrett Pro-pointer pinpointers. As many of the artefacts were found to be on or very near the surface excavators found it easier to follow the signals given on the hand held pinpointer rather than using the larger and bulkier Prizm 6T. This however did mean that a number of ferrous items were recovered as the pinpointer does not discern between metals. Having two pinpointers drastically speeded up the recovery of items. However having two detectors was somewhat limited by having only one skilled operator.

Fig 5 – An aerial view looking south at Area 1. The Area was bordered on the north side by the bank that fell away from the edge of the tennis court platform

1 As most significant WW2 artefacts are made of brass and led it is possible to discern which ‘hits’ are of most interest.

6 MD Survey Report 18

Fig 6 – Area 2 was set at the northern end of the garden and can be viewed at the bottom of this aerial photograph of the local area.

The survey areas were in an urban garden with a covering of ‘tropical broad leaved grass’ which was easy to uproot. In some places the grass had been washed away by the rain runoff especially under the hedgerows. The turf covered a layer of black / dark brown topsoil up to 15cms deep in parts. There was some ingress of roots from neighbouring plants and trees. The topsoil was laid on top of an orange clay layer. Notably the vast majority of the finds were in the topsoil although not stratified within this layer.

Recovery of subsurface artefacts was done by trowel and as there was a need to restore the garden to its original condition, care was taken to remove the sod of turf on the surface and return it after the artefact had been removed. However some of the area was devoid of turf. This made restoring the ground problematical. Location of the finds was recorded to within 5cms by measuring tape.

The weather was fairly hot for most of the time on site with the chance of afternoon rain showers. The team worked from 9.00am until 4.00pm on weekdays only to ensure minimal disturbance for the tenants. The Location of Transects

Sketch Maps of the site are at Appendix 2 and 3

Area 1 was chosen as it lies adjacent to the concentration of finds found at No.9 Adam Park on a previous survey. (See Survey Report No. 16). The slightly sloping ground lying to the south end of the front lawn was at the base of the tennis court platform. It was enclosed by the garden fence.

7 MD Survey Report 18

Fig 6 – T5 to T1 looking east in Area 1 showing the state of the lawn at this point. The bank up onto the tennis court platform is on the left of the first image.

Fig 7 – Transects 1 to 7 in Area 1 showing the distribution of finds across the lawn. The majority of these items related to the fighting but there was no particular concentration of artefacts such as those found in adjacent sites. The yellow markers indicate the location of sub surface wiring.

8 MD Survey Report 18

The slope fell away the east of the site and then descended a steep bank down towards the main road beyond the green chain link garden fence. It was assumed that the banking would have acted like a rifle range butt stopping bullets fired into the garden. This was surveyed as Area 3.

Area 2 was at the north end of the garden. This was started along the fence line but expanded rapidly southwards as the small number of ‘hits’ and the large number of volunteers meant that the ground was covered quickly. Subsequent transects were laid out up the slope onto the platform and across the majority of the flat area. Again there was no real concentration of artefacts found in the area. This area was also bordered by the chain link fence and fell away to the road beyond.

Both areas were criss-crossed with electric cabling that wired up scenic lighting which had been set up under every major bush and tree bordering the area. Security cameras were also on site. This cabling made detecting very difficult and it was essential to plot the line of the cable before each transect could be surveyed. It was estimated that 20% of the area was not surveyed due to the presence of the cables.

Fig 8 - Transects in Area 2 eventually covered most of the platform in front of the house. The yellow markers trace the suspected path of cabling. Orange markers were used to mark substantive ‘hits’ on the detector.

9 MD Survey Report 18

Summary of Artefact Catalogue

TAPP Finds Log for the survey is shown at Appendix 1

A fair proportion of the relevant finds was either bullets, cartridges, shell fragments or webbing accoutrements. Other items which may have seemed unrelated when excavated have proven to be dateable to the 1940’s. There follows a summary of the items revealed.

201 artefacts were recovered across the site of which 50 could be immediately associated with the war years (25%). This included 9 bullets, 15 full rounds, 8 pieces of shell fragment, 6 cartridges and 7 webbing accoutrements. Approximately 565m2 was covered.

The Cartridges and Full Rounds 15 full unfired rounds were found on site.

Trans Item Description Location Rim Dia Dia Headstamp Type No

1 11 Full Round 18.48m 13.3mm 11.6mm MF 1939 0.303 x 1.25m VII Factory No 1 Footscray, Melbourne 2 1 Full Round 5.96m x 13.3mm 11.6mm vii 39 0.303 0.33m 2 3 Full Round 13.80m 13.5mm 11.6mm VII MF 0.303 x 1.62m 1941 Factory No 1 Footscray, Melbourne 3 7 Full Round 13.30m 13.3mm 11.7mm VII 0.303 x 1.26m 3 9 Full Round 16.73m 13.4mm 11.6mm VII 1937 0.303 x 1.57m 3 11 Full Round 18.60m 12.0mm 12.00mm W 0.45 ACP x 1.03m 5 2 Full Round 1.70m x 10.1mm 10.0mm REM S&W S&W Pistol 1.07m 39 5 3 Full Round 3.30m x 13.5mm 11.7mm R↑L 1941 0.303 0m VII Woolwich Arsenal 5 4 Full Round 3.03m x 10.7mm 10.00mm BC 33 REM S&W Pistol 0.58m 15 8 Full Round 9.97m x 11.6mm 9.7mm none S&W Pistol 1.05m visible

10 MD Survey Report 18

20 4 Full Round 5.52m x 13.4mm 11.6mm none 0.303 1.74m visible 22 8 Full Round 18.08m 12.00mm 12.00mm none 0.45 ACP x 1.29m visible 28 4 Full Round 16.41m 12.0mm 12.0mm none 0.45 ACP x 0.78m visible 30 5 Full Round 19.2m 13.3mm 11.8mm none 0.303 visible 30 13 Full Round 13.2m missing from 10 Adam Park sign

The cartridges and full rounds were cleaned and the heads of each round were examined to ascertain details of the head stamp. The head stamps were in part only partially decipherable but it would appear that the .303 cartridges came from 2 separate arsenals2:

The Woolwich Arsenal in Kent Woolwich Arsenal, of which the Royal Laboratory was only a part, is situated in South East London on the River Thames. The Arsenal dates from 1670 and has manufactured many different items of warlike stores for the armed forces. Ammunition was made at Woolwich long before the adoption of the .303 cartridge in 1889. Ammunition production ceased completely at Woolwich in 1957, the last known production of .303 Ammunition being the Mk 7 Ball variant.

Small Arms Ammunition Factory No 1, Footscray, Melbourne, Australia. manufactured .303 cartridges

The Typology of Cartridges

The collection of cartridges and full rounds was a diverse selection that could be associated with the fighting for the estate. Eight full rounds of.303 rounds most likely from the Lee Enfield rifles carried by the British were found scattered around the site possibly dropped during or just after the fighting had finished.

The most common weapon carried by the Cambridgeshires in Singapore was the .303in bolt action SMLE (Short Magazine Lee Enfield) Mk 3. This used a 10 round charge loaded detachable magazine, had an effective range of 600yds and a maximum range of 2000yds. It weighed 8lbs 14.5oz and was an unwieldy 3ft 81/2 inches long. When the No.1 Bayonet was added it extended to a length of 5ft 12/3 rd inches.

2 All information on the arsenals has been taken from http://www.dave- cushman.net/shot/303headstamps.html

11 MD Survey Report 18

Fig 9 – The SMLE (Short Magazine Lee Enfield) Mk 3 and ammunition clip

The three .45 ACP rounds found on site were associated with the Thompson Sub machine gun.

Fig 10 – Three .45ACP rounds were found at No.10 Adam Park, two of which are shown here. The diagram on the right shows a cutaway diagram of a similar round.

Junior officers and some NCO’s were equipped with a Thompson sub-machine gun. There were two military types of Thompson SMG by the outbreak of the war. The M1928A1 had provisions for box magazines and drums (the drums were disliked because of their tendency to rattle). It had a Cutts compensator, cooling fins on the barrel, and its charging handle was on the top of the receiver. The M1 and M1A1 had a barrel without cooling fins, a simplified rear sight, provisions only for box magazines, and the charging handle was on the side of the receiver. Because the option to use drums was not included in the M1 and M1A1, the 30 round box magazine was designed for use with this model. The .45in Thompson Sub machine was issued in large quantities to allied troops in the Far East and its stopping power was welcomed by those who used it3. It was however prone to jamming.

3 Sgt Baynes noted in his correspondence that his Platoon CO took off with the sections Thompson early on in the fighting much to his disgust.

12 MD Survey Report 18

Fig 11 – The Thompson Sub Machine Gun

Three Smith and Wesson Rounds were recovered from the site. Two showed marked deterioration in the lead of the bullet

Fig 12 – A packet of pristine .38 S&W rounds is shown on the left. Two of three rounds found at No.10 Adam Park are shown on the right. Note the deterioration of the round.

The .38 S&W calibre revolver cartridge was developed by Smith & Wesson in 1877. The British military adopted a loading of this cartridge as the Cartridge, S.A., Revolver Ball, 380 in, MkI .38-200, with the "200" referring to the weight of the bullet in grains. In 1937, this cartridge was replaced in British Service by the Cartridge, S.A., Revolver Ball, 380 in, MkII.

The rounds were used in the Mk1* Enfield Revolver which was the standard issue weapon for infantry officers in 1942. The British army looked for a lighter all purpose revolver to replace the powerful but heavy .455 revolver used in WWI. The result was a hybrid of the Smith and Weston .38 and the Webley designs. The initial Mk 1 revolver was capable of operating as a single shot or double action. It weighed 1lb 111/2oz and carried six shots in the chamber.

13 MD Survey Report 18

Fig 13 – Webley Mk IV .38/200 Service Revolver

There were 6 cartridges found during the survey of which all were in some way deformed or broken.

Trans Item Description Location Rim Dia Dia Headstamp Type No. 11 8 cartridge 14.66m 12.6mm 12.1mm none arisaka fired x 0.42m 13 1 cartridge 1.14m x 12.7mm 12.0mm arisaka fired 0.43m 22 1 cartridge 4.70m x 18.4mm 11.7mm none .303 fired 0.10m 24 1 cartridge 2.22m x rimless 22.2mm London 40 shotgun 0.77m flare pistol 26 1 cartridge 5.55m x 12.7mm 12.2mm none arisaka fired 0.21m 27 3 cartridge 6.30m x 12.2mm 11.6mm 3 grooves arisaka fired 1.04m

The cartridges were cleaned, measured and examined. Four rounds were found to clearly have a different design to the .303 rounds found on site. Primarily they were in good condition, all had been fired leaving a firing pin impression on the base and no trace of the cartridge content4. It was also notable that there were no headstamps to be seen on the base.

The following table shows the differences in the dimensions of three different bullet types that have been found on other sites at Adam Park

4 British .303 round were notably filled with cordite rather than powder.

14 MD Survey Report 18

Japanese 7.7 x 58mm .303 British (7.7x56mm Japanese Type 99 7.7 x SR Arisaka Rimmed) 58mm rimless

Case type Semi-rimmed, Rimmed, bottleneck Rimless, bottleneck bottlenecked

Bullet diameter 7.89mm (0.311 in) 0.311 in (7.9 mm) 7.87 mm (0.31 in)

Neck diameter 8.07mm (0.318 in) 0.338 in (8.6 mm) 8.6 mm (0.34 in)

Shoulder diameter 11mm (0.43 in) 0.401 in (10.2 mm) 10.9 mm (0.43 in)

Base diameter 12.0mm (0.47 in) 0.460 in (11.7 mm) 11.9 mm (0.47 in)

Rim diameter 12.0mm (0.47 in) 0.540 in (13.7 mm) 11.9 mm (0.47 in)

Rim thickness 1.00mm (0.039 in) .064 in (1.6 mm) 1.0 mm (0.039 in)

Case length 58mm (2.3 in) 2.222 in (56.4 mm) 57 mm (2.2 in)

Overall length 79.5mm (3.13 in) 3.075 in (78.1 mm) 75 mm (3.0 in)

Notably there is little to choose between the Japanese rounds and the British .303 rounds. However the fact that the Japanese rounds are rimless and the .303 is semi rimmed is crucial in identifying the rounds.

15 MD Survey Report 18

Fig 14 - The three notable cartridges shown on the left of the illustration are ‘rimless’ and can be compared with the semi rimless .303 round on the right. No headstamp markings were seen.

It can therefore be concluded by comparing the dimensions of the cartridges found that the rimless rounds are most likely the Type 7.7 x 58mm SR Arisaka variant.

During the Second Sino-Japanese War in the 1930s, the Japanese soon found that the 8×57mm IS cartridge the Chinese used was superior to the 6.5×50mm cartridge of the Type 38 rifle, necessitating the development of a new weapon to replace the outclassed Type 38.The Imperial Japanese Army (IJA) developed the Type 99 rifle based on the Type 38 but initially used the Type 7.7 x 58mm bullet.

The IJA had intended to completely replace the Type 38 with the Type 99 by the end of the war. However, the outbreak of the Pacific war never allowed the army to completely replace the Type 38 and so the IJA used both rifles during the fighting for Singapore.

The Type 99 rifle was produced in four versions, the regular issue Type 99 Short Rifle, the Type 99 Long Rifle (a limited production variant) and takedown Type 2 Paratroop Rifle and the Sniper Rifle Type 99. The standard rifle also came with a wire monopod and an anti-aircraft sighting device. The Type 99 was the first mass- produced infantry rifle to have a chrome lined bore to ease cleaning. All of these features were abandoned by mid-war.

Fig 15 – The Type 99 Long Rifle.

However the IJA also developed the Type 99 Machine gun which used the same round. There is a possibility that these rounds were fired from such a weapon.

16 MD Survey Report 18

The Japanese firepower was greatly increased by the introduction of the light machine gun at platoon level. This meant that a LMG team could lay down a considerable amount of fire support which could pin down Allied units as the riflemen moved to outflank the enemy positions. The main weapon in the Japanese machine gun arsenal was the Type 96 Nambu (1936) LMG firing the 6.5mm rounds and the Type 99 (1939) LMG firing the 7.7mm equivalent. Both guns were very similar in design, having being based on the Czechoslovakian Brno light machine gun; both were bipod mounted, fitted with 2.5 telescopic sites, had quick change barrels, carrying handles and fed by 30 round top mounted magazines. The primary difference was that the Type 99 had a coned shaped flash suppressor and a folding monopod butt support.

The main flaw of the Japanese light machine guns was that their rapid ejection systems tended to jam. This was alleviated on the type 96 by a clever oiling mechanism built into the magazine loader and a specially reduced charge round was issued. The standard 6.5mm round could be fired but this would increase the risk of stoppages. The Type 99 was a marked improvement in this area and did not need lubricated bullets. Weighing in at a mere 20lbs and with a rate of fire of 550 rounds a minute it was a bit surprising to discover the weapons could be fitted with a bayonet. (Rottman 2005: 46. Jowett 2002: 42. Forty 1999: 126,127)

Fig 16a – The Type 96 LMG was rugged and reliable but did not pack the same punch as the Type 99 firing a 7.7mm round.

Fig 16b – The Type 99 LMG was a marked improvement on its predecessor. This image shows the gun fitted with the 30 round magazine and the butt rest deployed.

17 MD Survey Report 18

Japanese medium machineguns were based on the Hotchkiss Model 1900. The 6.5mm HMG Type 3 was strong and reliable but lacked the hitting power especially at long range. It was fed by a 30 round metal strip feed and like its lighter cousin required an in built oil lubrication system for the rounds to prevent the ejector mechanism from jamming. The more powerful 7.7mm HMG Type 92 took over the role in the late 1930’s. It was almost identical to its predecessor and it also required a lubrication system for its rounds. Finally in 1939 the Japanese perfected their designs and brought in their best machine gun; the 7.7mm Type 99. This used a rimless 7.7mm round which did not require oiling. It weighed 10.4kg and fired an impressive 850rpm from a 30 round box magazine (Rottman 2005: 47. Forty 1999: 129,130).

Fig 17a – The Type 3 HMG was strong and reliable but lacked power at range. Fig 17b –The Type 92 HMG, nicknamed the ‘woodpecker’ by the Allies after the distinctive sound when firing, was more powerful but tended to jam. Fig 24c – The powerful Type 99 solved the problems of its predecessors and became a formidable weapon.

18 MD Survey Report 18

Bullets

12 bullets were found on the site and only one still had traces of the brass collar of the cartridge still in position inferring the round was attached to the cartridge when it was dropped.

Tran Item Description Location Length Dia Weight Type No No 1 8 Bullet 15.93m 33.6mm n/a 9.8g fired x 0.74m deformed 6 1 bullet 5.05m x n/a n/a 7.6g deformed 1.93m 11 6 Bullet 12.06m 31.8mm 7.8mm 9.8g x 1.59m 13 4 Bullet 6.80m x 11.4mm 7.7mm 3.5g Very small 0.68m 14 6 Bullet 10.14m 20.8mm 9.0mm 10.2 fired 9mm x 0.82m 14 8 Bullet 15.96m 16.5mm 12.2m 12.6g fired and x 0.78m m deformed .45 acp 18 2 Bullet 5.12m x 20.0mm 9.5mm 10.7g unfired 1.39m pistol round 22 3 Bullet 6.77m x 32.0mm 8.4mm 10.3g deformed 0.90m crimped end possible arisaka 25 3 Bullet 5.50m x 32.0mm 8.0mm 10.0g 1.81m

Once again we face the dilemma of identifying the bullets. At first glance of the weights and measurements it would appear all these bullets are .303 rounds.

The 41st Infantry Regiment of the IJA who attacked the estate are known to have been armed with the old Type 36 Arisaka rifle firing the 6.5x50mm SR round. The projectile is notably smaller than the British 0.303 round.

However during the inter war years the British sold the patent for the .303 round to the Japanese who in turn started to manufacture the larger Type 99 bullet. It is fairly easy to distinguish between the cartridges as the .303 round is semi-rimmed and the Type 99 is rimless. However the bullets are of the same weight, dimensions and both have the distinctive ‘tail heavy’ composite inner.

19 MD Survey Report 18

Fig 18 – Japanese Type 92 (left) and the Type 99 rounds (centre) can be compared to the cutaway of the 0.303. The rimless cartridge cases of the Japanese rounds are notable difference in the typology when compared with semi rimmed .303. However the Type 99 and .303 projectiles are almost identical; the only difference being the Japanese ball rounds have a pink band around the waist of the bullet, something which has been lost after 70years in the ground. The Type 92 bullet (left) is notably tapered towards the base and weighs in heavier at 13g

Item 10/22/003 was a bullet found to be slightly heavier (10.3g) and longer (32mm) than its counterparts and notably has a distinctive tapering towards its base. This may possibly be a Japanese Type 92 bullet the weight of which is usually around 13g. However for the larger bullets it is impossible to determine whether they are British or Japanese.

Therefore it is possible that the rounds found around the cartridges at No.10 Adam Park are in fact Japanese incoming rounds. This corresponds also with the findings in previous surveys that suggested the neighbouring gardens were subjected to incoming Type 99 machine gun fire; a weapon that used the new Type 99 bullets and of which the 41st Regiment’s machine gun company was equipped.

Items 10/ 14/6 and 10/18/2 were notably different again. These small bullets were 9mm in diameter and notably smaller than the rest.

20 MD Survey Report 18

Fig 19 – Three noteworthy bullets caught the eye. The .45ACP (10/14/8) on the left had been fired and was deformed. The 9mm pistol round (10/18/2) in the centre had not been fired as the collar from the cartridge was still attached A similar round 10/14/6 (not pictured) had no collar. But it was the small 7.7 mm on the right round that had appeared to have been fired that was most notable.

Fig 20 – This image shows a selection of pristine small calibre rounds associated with Japanese small arms. The smallest bullet on the left is a 7mm round for the ‘Baby’ Nambu pistol. The bottle necked cartridge to the right of it is an 8mm Nambu round used in the Type 14 and the Type 94 pistols. The next bullet is the 9mm version for the Type 26 revolver5.

5 http://members.shaw.ca/nambuworld/originalcollectibleammo.htm

21 MD Survey Report 18

It would appear therefore that the small 7.7mm round has most likely come from a Nambu Type 14 or Type 94 pistol. As these weapons have limited range it would suggest the round was fired in the immediate area.

There were three most commonly issued hand guns used by the Japanese army. The Type 26 was a 9mm revolver dating back to 1893. The other two were automatics; the Nambu6 Type 14 (1925) and the Type 94 (1934) both using an under powered 8mm round. They were of poor quality and lacked stopping power. The Type 94 in particular was prone to jamming. They were generally issued to tank crews and officers.

Fig 21 – Japanese Pistols – L to R: The Type 26 Revolver, the Type 14 and the much maligned Type 94

Distribution of Ordnance

The presence of Japanese fired rounds and cartridges on the lawn is somewhat intriguing. The Japanese ordnance was primarily located at the north end of the garden within Area 2.

There is little historic evidence to suggest that the Japanese infiltrated the Cambridgeshire lines as far as No.10’s front garden during the fighting. It is more likely that these rounds were fired after the ceasefire had begun.

It was noted in a number of accounts that during the processing of the British prisoners the Japanese guards were taken by surprise by a group of Cambridgeshires emerging from a house they thought was previously cleared. In the confusion shots were fired and Pte Stallebrass was wounded in the neck. Fortunately it missed the vital arteries and Stallebrass survived the wounding. However the incident demonstrates how fragile the ceasefire was and how jumpy both parties were. This episode or an event like it may explain why the expended Japanese ammunition was found in the heart of the estate.

6 Named after the manufacturer.

22 MD Survey Report 18

Shell Fragments Eight small pieces of what was labelled as shell fragment were found:

Transect Item Number Description Location 3 13 Shell Fragment 20.33m x 1.14m 4 1 Shell Fragment 8.75m x 0.41m 5 5 Shell Fragment 9.30m x 0.50m 7 4 Shell Fragment 3.20m x 0.30m 13 3 Shell Fragment 5.92m x 0.97m 14 2 Shell Fragment 1.18m x 1.85m 14 4 Shell Fragment 4.05m x 1.56m 22 5 Shell Fragment 10.58m x 1.84m

The few items found were spread evenly across the site and particular patterning was observed. There were no diagnostic pieces but there were however examples of fuse casing and rotating bands reinforcing the theory that the gardens in the heart of the estate were subjected to shell fire during the fighting.

Webbing Buckles There were 7 webbing buckles recovered all of which identified as parts of the British Type 37 Webbing.

Transit Item Number Description Location 1 9 Webbing Buckle 16.31m x 0.57m 3 8 Webbing Buckle 16.52m x 0.94m 3 12 Webbing Buckle 19.10m x 0.82m 4 5 Webbing Buckle 17.90m x 1.44m 8 6 Webbing Buckle 16.60m x 5.76m 15 7 Webbing Buckle 9.33m x 1.20m 27 4 Webbing Buckle 9.03m x 1.50m

A concentration of buckles and dropped SMLE .303 rounds was noted in the south west corner of Area 1 near the driveway and entrance to the grounds. This could be indicative of the disposal of gear by British troops in this area at the time of the surrender.

23 MD Survey Report 18

Fig 22 – A selection of buckles were found which have a particular connection with an officers’ webbing. The webbing brace extension (top centre) is often found on equipment for men who did not require to carry the ammunition pouch, primarily the officers. The narrower buckles (bottom centre) with spiked prongs are often associated with leather belts again associated with officers’ kit. The 50mm buckles are found on the waist belt (far right) and the haversack / gas mask bag (far left).

Fig 23 – Two buckles found at No.10 Adam Park show a distinct difference in thickness. Item 10/003/008 on the right is a far chunkier piece than item 10/15/07 on the left. It is most likely that the larger buckle is from an earlier version of the webbing.

24 MD Survey Report 18

Other Related Artifacts

The ‘Pip’

It seems that every dig reveals a number of singularly impressive WW2 items. The survey at No.10 was no exception. However it was notable that the three most unique items were all found in close proximity to each other.

The most readily identifiable item was the junior officer’s rank badge or ‘pip’. The pip was used primarily by lieutenants and captains as part of their rank markings.

Fig 24 – The pip was found along the banking bordering the road in front of No.10 Adam Park. It is fine condition.

25 MD Survey Report 18

Fig 25 – This image shows how the British Army ranking system uses a combination of ‘pips’ and ‘crowns’ to identify the rank of the wearer. Most likely the Pip discovered at 10 Adam Park is most likely from a junior officer’s uniform.

The Syringe

Item 10/30/03, a syringe, was found near to the ‘Pip’ along the banking suggesting it was laid down at the same time. Notably the banking is opposite No.17 Adam Park which at the time of the fighting was used as the Regimental Aid Post. This house was burnt down after the ceasefire on the 15th February 1942; however the medics and orderlies were able to evacuate the patients out on to the rear lawn. It appears this equipment may have been lost during that process.

Fig 26 - The syringe was a part of a military syringe kit issued in the early 1900’s and example of which is shown at the top right. Notably the plunger is calibrated to allow the operator to measure specific volumes of liquid in the syringe (bottom).

26 MD Survey Report 18

The Silver South African Shilling

A relatively large collection of coins were found on site many of which were found to predate 1942. This added to the argument that the garden witnessed the systematic disposal of items from pockets at the end of the fighting.

Transect Item Description Location Notes Number 1 5 Coin 13.00m x 1.07m I penny George V no date 2 2 Coin 9.50m x 0.68m Square 1933 3 2 Coin 0.84m x 1.21m 27mm round worn away

3 4 Coin 7.38m x 1.67m square straits settlement 1920 8 3 coin 10.00 x 0.57m penny dated 1901 12 3 coin 14.50m x 0.92m modern coin straits settlements 2 cents coin 21 4 coin 9.30m x 1.70m George V dated 1930 On banking - measured from NE corner of T1 straits settlement 30 1 Coin 17.4m 192? straits settlements 2 cents coin 30 4 coin 18.6m George V

30 6 coin 20.3m South African Shilling dated 1940

However the most impressive coin, found adjacent to the syringe and pip, was a pristine silver South African Shilling dated 1940. The coin had most likely been picked up when the Cambridgeshire Regiment had passed through Capetown on their way to Singapore. Probably a memento the coin may have been lost when the owner of the pip and syringe had emptied out his pockets at the time of surrender.

Fig 27 – Item 10/30/006, the South African Shilling dated 1940

27 MD Survey Report 18

The Gun Oil Brass Container Lid

Item 10/13/007 was identified as the top of an oil container from the SMLE gun cleaning kit. The kit could be carried in the butt of the SMLE or as part of the personnel items in the kit bag. It consisted of a brass ‘pull through’, a 75mm rod with a hole at the end of it through which a length of chord was passed, and the top of an ‘oiler’, a brass container which held gun oil. The brass screw cap of the container also acted as a spatula used to apply the oil to the working parts of the weapon.

This item was of particular interest as it was engraved with the letter ‘S’ and the number ‘184’. Initially this was thought to be a manufacturer’s mark however it did not correspond with known marks and it is usual for such marks to be embossed on the base of the container and not the cap. Speculation then turned to the possibility of the inscription relating to the owner. Many men personalised their kit by inscribing the last three digits of their identification number and initials. However a check of the nominal roll of the 1st Cambridgeshires came up with only one man with the last three of ‘184’. Pte Grigg 5933184 however was assigned to 55 Brigade HQ protection party and was not thought to be at Adam Park during the fighting.

Fig 27 – Item 10/13/007 was identified as the top off the SMLE Cleaning Kit’s oil container. Unlike previous examples found on the site this item is embossed with the letter ‘S’ and the number ‘184’. A pristine version of the kit is shown on the left.

There is a possibility that the item belonged to an Australian POW. A search of the AMF Prisoners of War and Missing in the Far East and South West Pacific Islands database held at the AWM reveals three men with the last three of 184 and a surname beginning with ‘S’ who may have been in the camp:

Pte W J Skardon NX25184 of the 3 Reserve Motor Transport Company Pte F J H Stabback VX32184 of the 2/10 Field Company Engineers Pte J A Sowter TX4184 of the 2/4 Casualty Clearing Station

However it is impossible to say whether this item belonged to any of these men.

28 MD Survey Report 18

The Sports Day Medal Item 10/15/002 caused great consternation when it was first revealed as it looked very much like we had discovered yet another cap badge. But closer inspection revealed the true nature of the find.

The medal 50mm in diameter bore the inscription and crest of the Monks Hill Primary School and dated 1971. On the back the inscription read ‘3x80 metres Shuttle Relay C Div.’

Fig 28 – The School Sports Day Medal, Item 10/15/002

Mr James Wood who was the son of the tenant of No.10 Adam Park in the early seventies was asked whether he recognised this medal. He suggested it may have belonged to the Amah – ‘I doubt whether the sports medal would have been mine, as my sporting prowess was limited! However, one of our amahs (Soo Yong) was a very successful badminton player, and played at national level. The front garden was used as a badminton court when we lived there.’ When pushed as to who the medal may have belonged to he added ‘Probably the son of our amah - he was quite athletic (his mother was the badminton player) His name was Ah Kiat (not sure about the spelling) and he was roughly the same age as my younger brother’.

29 MD Survey Report 18

Fig 29 - This is a 1982 photograph showing the school grounds of the former Monk's Hill Primary School and Newton Vocational Institution at Monk's Hill Road. Both no longer exist today.

Aerial Photography The opportunity was once again taken to take aerial photographs of the surrounding area. The Parrot A.R. V.2.0 Drone was flown from the front gardens at No.10 in an attempt to capture a view of the surrounding landscapes and place the survey into the context of the rest of the estate.

Fig 30 – The AR Drone Mk 2 by Parrot on the ground and in flight.

The drone was controlled from an IPad 2. It was set to a maximum cruise height of 60m and photographs were taken using the forward facing camera which has a resolution of 720p. The drone also has a downward facing 60 fps vertical QVGA camera for ground speed measurement. This camera has proven unsuitable for

30 MD Survey Report 18 effective downward facing photography. It has been replaced by a remote add on camera but was not trialled at this time.

Limited battery life means that the flight times are limited to no more than 10 minutes. Flight time is notably reduced to half the amount when the indoor polystyrene foam shell is retained.

The greatest difficulties in flying the drone in the conditions faced at Adam Park were negotiating the overhanging trees and maintaining a steady stationery position as the breezes and sloping ground were encountered. Rarely does the machine remain stationery constantly adjusting altitude as it measures the height off the undulating terrain below. Constant adjustments were required to maintain a position from which a 360 panoramic view could be taken.

Despite all the difficulties a portfolio of interesting images were collected at No.10 which show the surrounding terrain and previous survey areas. Photographs of the interior of the estate clearly show the disposition of houses, tennis courts, roads and drainage and provide a valuable insight into the layout of the estate.

Fig 31 – Aerial photographs showing the front garden at No.10 Adam Park and the Area 2 covered in the survey.

31 MD Survey Report 18

Conclusion

Survey 18 at No.10 Adam Park proved to be noteworthy in that there appears to be no reason to the distribution of artefacts. There was no obvious concentration of finds or distinctive patterning in the typology and only tentative evidence of combat and none of imprisonment despite retrieving a respectable number of bullets and cartridges.

The presence of fired Japanese rounds at one end of the site is contrary to evidence from the surrounding gardens that suggest the Japanese never made in through the perimeter during the fighting. It is possible that these rounds were fired after the ceasefire during the round up of prisoners however the chances of us discovering those very few rounds that were associated with this particular event is remote.

Aerial photography is handicapped by the lack of a working downward facing camera which can take pictures of the survey areas so artefact locations can be readily plotted.

The outstanding artefacts; the pip, syringe and sixpence are unique in their own right. But notably they were all found within a meter of each other and in the proximity of the Regimental Aid Post. It is easy to imagine the Captain Smith of the RAMC who was in charge of the RAP during the fighting was standing near the bank after the evacuation of No.17 Adam Park when he was searched by the Japanese. The contents of his pockets were thrown to the floor and revealed 70 years later.

Survey 18 completes the front gardens of all the Class 1 houses on the estate. Attention now turns once again to the Class 3 bungalows around the perimeter.

Fig 32 – Smogging recreates a compelling view of the battlefield

32 MD Survey Report 18

Appendix 1 - TAPP - Finds Log – 10 Adam Park

Line Transit Item Description Location Notes Number Number 1 1 1 Small flake of foil 2.20m x 0.53m 2 1 2 Small flake of foil 3.05m x 0.65m 3 1 3 Blackened metal strip 4.75m x -0.25m 4 1 4 Blackened metal alloy strip 9.12m x 0.73m 5 1 5 Coin 13.00m x 1.07m I penny George V no date 6 1 6 small grooved metal 14.01m x 0.16m Not shell fragment 7 1 7 Small piece of lead 15.56m x 0.84m 8 1 8 Bullet 15.93m x 0.74m 9 1 9 Webbing Buckle 16.31m x 0.57m 10 1 10 Grooved piece of metal 18.48m x 0.65m 11 1 11 Full Round 18.48m x 1.25m 12 2 1 Full Round 5.96m x 0.33m 13 2 2 Coin 9.50m x 0.68m Square 1933 14 2 3 Full Round 13.80m x 1.62m 15 2 4 Foil top 14.82m x 0.16m 16 2 5 Hooked piece of metal 15.19m x 0.39m 17 2 6 Cutlery handle 17.85m x 0.52m 18 2 7 Zipper 18.00m x 0.76m 19 2 8 links of chain 18.48m x 0.77m 20 3 1 small piece of lead 0.50m x 1.03m 21 3 2 Coin 0.84m x 1.21m 27mm round worn away 22 3 3 Lump of iron 1.28m x 1.83m

33 MD Survey Report 18

Line Transit Item Description Location Notes Number Number

23 3 4 Coin 7.38m x 1.67m square straits settlement 1920 24 3 5 Lump of iron 8.65m x 0.48m

25 3 6 cylindrical 11'' length of metal 9.20m x 0.35m 26 3 7 Full Round 13.30m x 1.26m 13.3mm 27 3 8 Webbing Buckle 16.52m x 0.94m 28 3 9 Full Round 16.73m x 1.57m 13.4mm Round perforated disc with 29 3 10 back plate 17.78m x 1.63m sunpro … umbrella? 30 3 11 Full Round 18.60m x 1.03m 12.0mm 31 3 12 Webbing Buckle 19.10m x 0.82m 32 3 13 Shell Fragment 20.33m x 1.14m 33 4 1 Shell Fragment 8.75m x 0.41m 34 4 2 foil 8.61m x 1.27m 35 4 3 hinge 7.15m x 1.62m 36 4 4 bottle top 16.60m x 0.21m 37 4 5 Webbing Buckle 17.90m x 1.44m 38 4 6 screw 19.83m x 0.20m 39 5 1 piece of wire 1.55m x 0.10m 40 5 2 Full Round 1.70m x 1.07m 10.1mm 41 5 3 Full Round 3.30m x 0m 13.5mm 42 5 4 Full Round 3.03m x 0.58m 10.7mm 43 5 5 Shell Fragment 9.30m x 0.50m 44 6 1 bullet 5.05m x 1.93m

34 MD Survey Report 18

Line Transit Item Description Location Notes Number Number 45 6 2 ring 15.20m x 1.69m 46 6 3 fragment 15.60m x 1.43m 47 6 4 fragment 17.65m x 0.72m 48 6 5 fastener 19.80m x 0.15m 49 7 1 foil 0.00m x 1.68m 50 7 2 lead piece 0.20m x 1.17m crescent shaped 51 7 3 tap handle 3.00m x 1.05m 52 7 4 Shell Fragment 3.20m x 0.30m 53 7 5 can top 4.50m x 0.33m aluminium fragment 54 7 6 nail 5.60m x 0.15 55 7 7 tent peg 6.90m x 0.64m 56 7 8 nail 16.50m x 0.28m 57 8 1 Large bolt 8.90m x 1.02m nail and 2 lumps of metal 58 8 2 metal fitting with red washer 9.60m x 0.95m 59 8 3 coin 10.00 x 0.57m penny dated 1901 60 8 4 washer 13.55m x 0.25m 61 8 5 key hole cover 14.40m x 3.80m 62 8 6 Webbing Buckle 16.60m x 5.76m 63 10 1 shard 3.00m x 0.63m 64 10 2 heavy lump of metal 4.38m x 0.50m 65 10 3 plug fitting 6.18m x 0.16m 66 11 1 shard 2.92m x 1.90m 67 11 2 shard 5.09m x 1.69m 68 11 3 toothpaste tube 9.88m x 0.10m 69 11 4 nail 10.32m x 0.39m

35 MD Survey Report 18

Line Transit Item Description Location Notes Number Number 70 11 5 door latch 11.13m x 0.54m 71 11 6 Bullet 12.06m x 1.59m coin penny 72 11 7 metal perforated conduit 12.19m x 0.83m 73 11 8 cartridge 14.66m x 0.42m 74 11 9 shard 15.82m x 0.31m 75 12 1 toothpaste tube 10.18m x 1.58m 76 12 2 metal bracket 13.38m x 0.51m 77 12 3 coin 14.50m x 0.92m modern coin 78 13 1 cartridge 1.14m x 0.43m 79 13 2 piece of lead 5.59m x 1.13m 80 13 3 Shell Fragment 5.92m x 0.97m 81 13 4 Bullet 6.80m x 0.68m small 82 13 5 large piece of ironwork 7.14m x 0.09m

83 13 6 button 9.69m x 1.40m 16mm 4 hole button dated 1935 84 13 7 smle cleaning kit top 10.37m x 0.22m annotated 'S 184' 85 13 8 stud 11.59m x 0.43m 86 13 9 ring pull 13.90m x 1.65m 87 14 1 hook pin 0.57m x 0.33m nail 88 14 2 Shell Fragment 1.18m x 1.85m 89 14 3 small length of iron rod 3.47m x 1.56m 90 14 4 Shell Fragment 4.05m x 1.56m 92 14 5 foil 4.32m x 1.02m 93 14 6 Bullet 10.14m x 0.82m nail 94 14 7 key 11.83m x 1.41m

36 MD Survey Report 18

Line Transit Item Description Location Notes Number Number 95 14 8 Bullet 15.96m x 0.78m 96 15 1 bolt head 1.72m x 1.45m 98 15 2 badge 2.26m x 0.28m 99 15 3 curved piece of metal 4.52m x 0.83m 101 15 4 foil 4.63m x 1.34m 102 15 5 foil 6.13m x 0.58m 103 15 6 folded piece of metal 6.13m x 1.84m 104 15 7 Webbing Buckle 9.33m x 1.20m 105 15 8 Full Round 9.97m x 1.05m 11.6mm 406 15 9 door fitting 10.85m x 0.64m 107 15 1a screw 0.30m x 1.71m 108 16 1 very large piece of ironwork 0.86m x 1.22m With plastic button 109 16 2 semi spherical metal piece 1.72m x 0.89m 110 16 3 door fitting 3.35m x 0.83m

111 16 4 tin lid 4.00m x 1.29m ‘to open pierce lid at arrow and lever upwards’ 112 17 1 metal rod 13.82m x 0.20m 113 18 1 shard 3.29m x 1.10m 114 18 2 Bullet 5.12m x 1.39m 115 18 3 shard 5.24m x 0.74m 116 18 4 bent mail 9.04m x 1.86m 117 18 5 metal piece 15.88m x 0.74m 118 18 6 2 pieces of metal 19.52m x 1.07m 119 19 1 key hole cover 0.60m x 0.78m 120 19 2 wire 1.97m x 0.45m

37 MD Survey Report 18

Line Transit Item Description Location Notes Number Number 121 19 3 wire 6.54m x 0.42m 122 19 4 bolt head 10.59m x 1.41m 123 19 5 foil 13.71m x 0.94m 124 19 6 2 long nails 14.75m x 0.37m 125 19 7 button 18.55m x 1.88m 19.3mm button back 126 20 1 shard 1.21m x 1.48m 127 20 2 screw 2.00m x0.26m 128 20 3 l shaped bracket 4.03m x 0.43m 129 20 4 Full Round 5.52m x 1.74m 13.4mm 130 20 5 End of a coat hook 8.75m x 0.23m 131 20 6 foil 12.61m x 0.07m 132 20 7 fastener 14.03m x 1.22m 133 21 1 v shaped metal 3.10m x 1.82m 134 21 2 shard 4.43m x 1.20m 135 21 3 fragment 5.36m x 1.84m

136 21 4 coin 9.30m x 1.70m straits settlements 2 cents coin george v dated 1930 137 21 5 wing nut 10.88m x 0.92m 138 21 6 nail 11.60m x 0.01m 139 21 7 round piece of metal 15.67m x 1.38m 140 21 8 clothes fastener eyelet 18.28m x 0.19m 141 22 1 cartridge 4.70m x 0.10m 142 22 2 door handle 6.02m x 0.71m 143 22 3 Bullet 6.77m x 0.90m 144 22 4 nail 9.20m x 1.98m

38 MD Survey Report 18

Line Transit Item Description Location Notes Number Number 145 22 5 Shell Fragment 10.58m x 1.84m small piece of metal 146 22 6 piece of metal 11.45m x 0.14m 147 22 7 nail 13.19m x 0.67m 148 22 8 Full Round 18.08m x 1.29m 12.00mm 149 23 1 l shaped bracket 3.95m x 1.30m 150 23 2 nail 6.96m x 1.57m 151 23 3 washer 18.87m x 1.80m 152 24 1 cartridge 2.22m x 0.77m 153 24 2 4 large pieces of metal 12.74m x 0.78m 154 24 3 spoon handle 14.79m x 0.56m 155 25 1 N/a nothing found 156 25 2 red glass piece of metal 0.92m x 0.98m 157 25 3 Bullet 5.50m x 1.81m 158 25 4 piece of metal 6.87m x 0.33m 159 25 5 round metal piece 8.30m x 1.56m 160 25 6 metal hook 16.90m x 1.61m 161 25 6a round metal piece 16.90m x 1.61m 162 25 7 metal ring 17.27m x 1.60m 163 25 8 foil 18.15m x 1.04m 164 25 9 marker pen 19.37m x 0.05m 165 26 1 cartridge 5.55m x 0.21m 166 26 2 2 x large nails 9.36m x 1.14m 167 26 3 piece of metal 10.87m x 0.13m 168 26 4 spoon 15.00m x 0.70m 169 26 5 2 x large nails 15.14m x 1.05m

39 MD Survey Report 18

Line Transit Item Description Location Notes Number Number 170 26 6 co axial cable 16.94m x 0.69m 171 26 7 nail 17.01m x 0.98m 172 27 1 screw plate 0.29 x 1.67m 173 27 2 socket 3.60m x 1.40m 174 27 3 cartridge 6.30m x 1.04m 175 27 4 Webbing Buckle 9.03m x 1.50m 176 27 5 l shaped bracket 10.23m x 0.86m 177 27 6 nail 13.28m x 1.01m 178 27 7 nail 15.58m x 0.48m 179 27 8 cross shaped plug 15.95m x 0.03m 180 27 9 Lump of iron 16.50m x 1.40m 181 27 10 wing nut 17.66m x 1.35m 182 28 1 flat metal place 5.70m x 1.24m 183 28 2 nail 9.87m x 0.76m 184 28 3 nail 13.50m x 0.30m 185 28 4 Full Round 16.41m x 0.78m 12.0mm 186 28 5 metal bar 16.83m x 1.42m pottery shard 187 29 1 metal piece 10.75m x 0.30m

On banking - measured from NE corner of T1 straits 188 30 1 Coin 17.4m settlement 192? 189 30 2 cuff link 18.3m 190 30 3 syringe 18.6m

191 30 4 coin 18.6m straits settlements 2 cents coin george v

40 MD Survey Report 18

Line Transit Item Description Location Notes Number Number 192 30 5 Full Round 19.2m 13.3mm

193 30 6 coin 20.3m South African Shilling dated 1940 194 30 7 Officers Rank Badge 20.4m 195 30 8 bottle top 21m plus 196 30 9 cylindrical piece of metal 21m plus 197 30 10 large piece of lead 21m plus 198 30 11 small metal fragment 21m plus 199 30 12 Circular piece of metal 21m plus 13.2m from 10 Adam 200 30 13 Full Round Park sign missing 201 30 14 Rivet

41 MD Survey Report 18

Appendix 2 – Sketch Map Area 1

42 MD Survey Report 18

Appendix – Sketch Map Area 2

43 MD Survey Report 18

44