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Mainstream and Beyond FILM / NEW MEDIA / VISUAL ARTS Mainstream and beyond FILM / NEW MEDIA / VISUAL ARTS www.panoptikum.pl ADRES DO KORESPONDENCJI / ADDRESS: Redakcja „Panoptikum” ul. Wita Stwosza 58/109 80-952 Gdańsk tel. (058) 523 24 50 [email protected] REDAKCJA / EDITORIAL BOARD: Grażyna Świętochowska – redaktor naczelna / Editor-in-chief / [email protected] Sebastian Jakub Konefał – [email protected] Monika Bokiniec – [email protected] Krystyna Weiher-Sitkiewicz – [email protected] REDAKTOR PROWADZĄCY NUMERU / GUEST EDITOR: prof. dr hab. Mirosław Przylipiak RADA NAUKOWA / ADVISORY BOARD: prof. Krzysztof Kornacki (Uniwersytet Gdański, Polska), prof. Ewa Mazierska (University of Lancashire, UK), prof. Jerzy Szyłak (Uniwersytet Gdański, Polska), prof. Piotr Zwierzchowski (Uniwersytet Kazimierza Wielkiego, Polska) RECENZENCI / REVIEWERS: • Lyubov Bugayeva (Saint Petersburg University, Rosja) • Lucie Česálková (Masarykova Univerzita, Czechy) • Konrad Klejsa (Uniwersytet Łódzki, Polska) • Rafał Koschany (Uniwersytet im. Adama Mickiewicza w Poznaniu, Polska) • Eva Näripea (Eesti Kunstiakadeemia, Tallinn, Estonia) • Constantin Pârvulescu (Universitatea de Vest din Timisoara, Rumunia) • Balázs Varga (Eötvös Loránd University, Węgry) REDAKCJA JĘZYKOWA / EDITING OF POLISH LANGUAGE TEXTS: Monika Rawska REDAKCJA JĘZYKOWA / PROOFREADING: Jeremy Pearman, Martyna Skowron PROJEKT GRAFICZNY, OKŁADKA, LAYOUT I SKŁAD GRAPHIC DESIGN, COVER DESIGN, LAYOUT AND TYPESETTING: Jacek Michałowski / Grupa 3M / [email protected] Materiały zdjęciowe udostępnione za zgodą właścicieli praw autorskich. Visual material reproduced with the explicit consent of the right holders. Wydawca / Publisher: Uniwersytet Gdański / University of Gdańsk (http://czasopisma.bg.ug.edu.pl/index.php/panoptikum) © Copyright by Uniwersytet Gdański. Wszelkie prawa zastrzeżone. Kopiowanie w całości lub we fragmentach jakąkolwiek techniką bez pisemnej zgody wydawcy zabronione. © Copyright by University of Gdańsk. Reproduction in whole or in part by any means is prohibited without the prior written consent of the copyright owner. ISSN 1730-7775 Mainstream and beyond Panoptikum nr 19 (26) 2018 Spis treści Wstęp 6 Teoria i praktyka kina głównego nurtu Mirosław Przylipiak The Notion of Mainstream Film in Contemporary Cinema 14 Noël Carroll Koordynowanie narracji filmowej z reakcjami emocjonalnymi widza 32 Martina Olivero Tragic Narrative Solutions in Contemporary American Mainstream Cinema. Eastwood-Penn-Grey 43 Krystyna Weiher Sitkiewicz W poszukiwaniu głównego nurtu w kinie polskim 56 Katarina Mišikova Red is the New Black. Storytelling and Style in Candidate (2013) and The Red Captain (2016) 69 Kino „nienormatywne” Jacek Ostaszewski Oddramatyzowanie i antyklimaks w kinie współczesnym 80 Sebastian Jakub Konefał Incoherent Narration, Hauntology and the Liminal Status of Female Vampire in Swedish Films Frostbite and Let the Right One In 95 4 Spis treści Kamil Lipiński Fragmented Narrative in Nomadic VJ Performance by Peter Greenaway 108 Grzegorz Fortuna Narrative Strategies in Contemporary Independent American Horror Movies 121 William Brown #problemypierwszegoswiata: Gdy długie filmy trwają jeszcze dłużej 131 Varia Thomas Elsaesser Trapped in Amber: The New Materialities of Memory 144 Paulina Pohl Filmowe asamblaże. Analiza stylu wizualnego Wesa Anderson 159 Magda Howorus-Czajka Lęk i czerwona kotara. Prestiż a twórczość nie-filmowa Davida Lyncha 176 Marta Kasprzak Od edukacji filmowej do edukacji audiowizualnej. Teorie i praktyki - recenzja 185 Biogramy 192 Contents 196 5 Spis treści Panoptikum nr 19 (26) 2018 Wstęp Editorial Niniejszy numer Panoptikum po- This issue of Panoptikum is de- święcony jest przemianom współczesne- voted to the transformation of contem- go kina w kontekście dwóch, ściśle ze porary cinema in the context of two sobą powiązanych kategorii – filmowe- closely related and long unquestio-ned go mainstreamu oraz narracji – długo categories – mainstream cinema and niewzbudzających żadnych wątpliwości. narrative. Thinking about cinema was W myśleniu o filmie dominował prosty dominated by a simple division into podział na kino „komercyjne” (main- “commercial” (mainstream) cinema: streamowe), łatwe, lekkie i przyjemne, easy and plea-sant, gathering crowds gromadzące tłumy widzów skutecznie of viewers effectively encouraged by zachęconych sprawnymi kampaniami effective marketing campaigns, and marketingowymi, oraz „artystyczne”, “artistic” cinema: often difficult and nierzadko trudne oraz wyrafinowane formally sophisticated, targeted at the formalnie, skierowane do wyrobionej informed audience and displayed in widowni i wyświetlane w niszowych ki- niche cinemas or film clubs. The nar- nach czy klubach filmowych. Narracja rative of mainstream cinema followed kina mainstreamowego podlegała ściśle strictly defined rules, it was repetitive określonym regułom, była powtarzalna and easy to follow, and its basic pur- i łatwa do śledzenia, a jej podstawowym pose was clear, transparent and fully celem było jasne, przejrzyste i w pełni understandable storytelling. The nar- zrozumiałe opowiedzenie historii. Nar- rative of artistic cinema (often treated rację kina artystycznego (często trak- as a synonym of auteur cinema) was towanego jako synonim autorskiego) perceived as more intricate, unobvious postrzegano jako bardziej zawiłą, nie- and demanding. oczywistą i wymagającą. This simple division never fully Ten prosty podział, nie do końca corresponded to what was actually go- zresztą odpowiadający temu, co rzeczy- ing on in the cinema, but effectively wiście działo się w kinie, jednak skutecz- organised thinking about it. However, nie organizujący myślenie o nim, zaczął it began to collapse. As usual in the się załamywać. Jak zwykle w wypadku case of cultural phenomena, it is dif- zjawisk kulturowych, trudno określić ficult to determine the exact moment dokładny moment (sam proces był zresz- (the process itself lasted for a long tą długotrwały), ale zaryzykowałbym, time), but I would risk the claim that że decydujące tąpnięcie nastąpiło gdzieś the decis-ive rock burst, so to speak, w latach dziewięćdziesiątych. W tej nie- occurred in the 1990s. During this ex- zwykle ważnej dekadzie skumulowało tremely important decade, many key się wiele kluczowych zmian technolo- technological (rapid development of gicznych (gwałtowny rozwój internetu Internet and mobile telephony, digiti- i telefonii komórkowej, cyfryzacja kul- sation of culture and communication) 6 Teoria i praktyka kina głównego nurtu tury i komunikacji) oraz kulturowych and cultural (theory and practice of (teoria i praktyka postmodernizmu), postmodernism) changes were accu- na trwałe odmieniając zarówno nasze mulated, permanently altering both życie codzienne, jak i pejzaż kultury. our everyday life and the landscape Zmieniło się również kino, które za- of culture. Cinema has also changed, równo w treści, jak i formie, w tym, co since it has always been a sensitive przedstawia, i w sposobach przedstawia- seismograph of reality both in con- nia, zawsze było czułym sejsmografem tent and in form – in what it presents rzeczywistości. Świadectwem tego jest and in the ways it presents them. choćby tytuł książki wydanej w 2001 This was evidenced by the title of roku w Stanach Zjednoczonych: The the book published in 2001 in the End of Cinema as We Know It: American United States: The End of Cinema as film in the Nineties (New York Universi- We Know It: The American Film in the ty Press). Niniejszy tom pokazuje, w jaki Nineties (New York University Press). sposób przemiany te wpłynęły na pod- This volume demonstrates how these stawowe kategorie porządkujące geogra- changes influenced the basic catego- fię kultury filmowej. ries ordering the geography of film culture. Numer składa się z dwóch zasadni- czych części: jednej poświęconej kinu This issue consists of two main mainstreamowemu, a drugiej alternaty- parts: one devoted to mainstream wom, nie po to jednak, aby ten podział cinema and the other to its alterna- utwierdzić, przeciwnie, aby ukazać jego tives. The aim, however, was not to umowność. I tak Mirosław Przylipiak reaffirm this division, but to show its analizuje samo pojęcie filmu mainstre- conventionality. Mirosław Przylipiak amowego, wskazując, że jest ono rozu- analyses the very notion of mainstream miane w sposób nad wyraz dowolny. film, indicating that its understanding Rozmaici jego użytkownicy podstawia- is indeed quite arbitrary. Various uses ją pod nie całkowicie różne treści, które of the term substitute different content układają się w sześć głównych sposobów for it, which can be arranged into jego rozumienia. Stosowanymi wyróżni- six main meanings. These applied kami są: nakłady na produkcję, sposób distinctions include: expenditure on dystrybucji, wyniki kasowe, realistycz- production, method of distribution, ność, estetyka kina klasycznego, propa- box office results, realism, and aesthe- gowanie dominującej ideologii, zrozu- tics of classical cinema, relying on miałość i przystępność. Są one tak do dominant ideology, intelligibility and siebie nieprzystające, że – zdaniem auto- accessibility. These understandings ra – najlepiej byłoby całkowicie z pojęcia are so incompatible that, according to filmu mainstreamowego zrezygnować. the author, the best solution would be Krystyna Weiher-Sitkiewicz przenosi te to abandon the notion of mainstream rozważania na grunt polski. Analizując film entirely. Krystyna Weiher-Sitkie- box office rodzimych produkcji w ostat- wicz takes these considerations to nich kilkunastu latach, wskazuje, że the Polish context.
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