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Isabele Batista Mitozo ISABELE BATISTA MITOZO E-PARTICIPAÇÃO NOS PARLAMENTOS: DESENVOLVIMENTO E USO DE INICIATIVAS PELA CÂMARA DOS DEPUTADOS BRASILEIRA E PELA HOUSE OF COMMONS BRITÂNICA CURITIBA 2018 1 ISABELE BATISTA MITOZO E-PARTICIPAÇÃO NOS PARLAMENTOS: DESENVOLVIMENTO E USO DE INICIATIVAS PELA CÂMARA DOS DEPUTADOS BRASILEIRA E PELA HOUSE OF COMMONS BRITÂNICA Tese apresentada ao Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciência Política, Setor de Ciências Humanas, Letras e Artes, Universidade Federal do Paraná, como requisito parcial para obtenção do título de Doutora em Ciência Política. Orientador: Prof. Dr. Sérgio Soares Braga CURITIBA 2018 2 3 4 AGRADECIMENTOS Aos pilares da minha vida: Deus e meus pais. Àquele, pelo discernimento enviado em momentos difíceis e por me ter dado como dádiva uma família que o tem posto (Ele que é Amor) em cada minuto de minha existência, o que me protege e guia aonde eu for. A mamãe e paizinho, por tudo mais: proteção, carinho, paciência, perdão, esforços, fé, exemplos, broncas, força etc.; Àqueles que prezaram tanto por minha felicidade durante nossa convivência que se tornaram cedo demais meus anjos de guarda: meu irmão Haroldo e minha avó, D. Laura. Essa conquista tem muito da confiança e da perspectiva de vida que eles me passaram; Aos demais familiares que também ajudaram bastante nesta etapa da vida: Angélica, Sandra, Sérgio e Sílvio, por sempre cuidarem de mim e me apoiarem; tia Lucília por se preocupar e torcer; meus meninos (dos outros) Aryel, Erick e Érickles, pelos abraços de boas vindas mais maravilhosos do mundo; A meu orientador, prof. Sérgio Braga, por toda a confiança em meu trabalho, a parceria, a força, o incentivo, a dedicação e, ainda, as análises de conjuntura divertidíssimas em dias de orientação; To Cristina Leston-Bandeira, my dear supervisor in Leeds, for her very insightful advices about my research, for opening the doors of the British Parliament to me, and for our light conversations about Brazilian issues, especially vocabulary, accent and food; A Jamil Marques, pelo próprio desenho de minha trajetória na pós-graduação. Eu não teria chegado aqui se não fosse aquele e-mail de convite ao PONTE, todo o apoio e a parceria desses sete anos. Não deve haver ninguém melhor para me avaliar agora; A Camila Mont’Alverne, Edna Miola e Lucas Gandin por serem minha família em Curitiba. Tudo teria sido mais difícil sem esse apoio e esse carinho, tudo recheado sempre de muitas risadas, quitutes e bons drinks; 5 Ao grupo CPOP, especialmente ao professor Emerson Cervi e às colegas-amigas Fernanda Cavassana e Michele Massuchin, pela acolhida inicial, pela parceria, pela força e pelo incentivo de continuar e ter em quem me inspirar nessa caminhada como pesquisadora; A Henrique Barbosa, Victor Hausen e Fellipe Herman pela ajuda fundamental com a mineração de parte dos dados empíricos utilizados; A Arianna, pela amizade leve e inteligente que perdurou de Leeds, pelos cafés, pelas conversas sobre o futuro profissional e, sobretudo, pelos ‘karaokês’ espontâneos das mais belas canções italianas nas ruas ou nos trens; To Alex Prior for being an amazing friend and for helping me whenever I needed, especially with my texts and my insecurities while in the UK for the first time (and what a time!) with my limited English skills; To Fauzia for being not only a flatmate but a true friend, who taught me that muslim women also laugh out loud and say jokes, and for helping me with the transcription of the interviews; A Cristina Miguel, por la compañía en Leeds y en viajes, por haberme presentado personas fantásticas, la fiesta Reboot, y también por la fuerza y el ejemplo que me ha dado para ser una extranjera valiente y competente en las luchas de la vida académica; À Thibault, par le support et parce que m’a faite sentir tout à fait plus confiante à prôpos de ma recherche et ma carrière academique; À amiga Kelly Quirino, por ter me acolhido em casa durante a pesquisa de campo em Brasília, pela amizade sempre enorme e por ter me apresentado a Samanta Carmo, a quem também agradeço pela simpatia e pelos contatos preciosos que me conseguiu na Câmara; Aos colegas do LabHacker da Câmara dos Deputados, que me acolheram tão bem durante o estágio de observação e foram bastante solícitos a minhas questões; 6 To my interviewees from the British Parliament: every reception and conversation were much better (and funnier!) than I expected; A Cristiane Bernardes, pelas ótimas observações na qualificação, pela recepção acolhedora em Brasília e pela disposição em voltar a avaliar meu trabalho; A Rafael Sampaio, pela disponibilidade em contribuir com a avaliação desta tese e pela grande parte que lhe cabe em minha formação acadêmica; Ao Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciência Política da Universidade Federal do Paraná pela oportunidade do doutorado e à CAPES, pelo financiamento durante quase todo o meu período de estudos e, especialmente, por ter me proporcionado um ano de pesquisa em uma universidade estrangeira. 7 “Nenhuma instituição política hoje pode privar-se de se abrir aos cidadãos. A comunicação, seja ela voltada para a transparência, para a educação legislativa ou para a participação, é ‘o coração de qualquer organização que procura clamar por legitimidade’”. Darren Lilleker & Christoph Meyer 8 RESUMO Observando a aproximação que as plataformas digitais têm proporcionado entre as instituições representativas e seus representados, esta pesquisa analisa como os parlamentos têm desenvolvido mecanismos online para participação política, desde dinâmicas internas que influenciam o processo até as próprias ferramentas, a partir de dois casos: a Câmara dos Deputados brasileira e a House of Commons britânica. A investigação parte de três hipóteses: H1) A institucionalização das iniciativas, isto é, documentação das ações que as torna parte do processo legislativo, contribui para um melhor desenho das ferramentas e uma maior interação dos parlamentos e dos parlamentares por meio das iniciativas; H2) Dentre os fatores internos apontados por Leston-Bandeira (2007), apenas características de (a) Estrutura de trabalho, (b) Organização administrativa e (c) Recursos humanos e infraestrutura do Parlamento constituem-se como fatores que influenciam o desenvolvimento de projetos de engajamento e participação online; H3) Por ser um mecanismo permanente, desenhado e gerenciado pelo próprio parlamento, a iniciativa brasileira (Portal e-Democracia) apresenta melhor qualidade estrutural e qualidade de interação institucional que aquelas britânicas. A metodologia parte de estratégias tanto de análise de conteúdo quantitativa quanto qualitativa e o material empírico consiste em: 1) Documentos; 2) Entrevistas; 3) as próprias ferramentas online. Analisam-se, então, a) as dinâmicas internas dos parlamentos, b) a qualidade estrutural das ferramentas (IQE) e c) a qualidade de interação institucional (IQI) nos mecanismos, sendo as duas últimas instâncias obtidas por meio de índices elaborados a partir da literatura. Dentre os resultados, pode-se observar que quatro características internas aos parlamentos apresentaram importância quanto à elaboração dos projetos em tela: 1) institucionalização das iniciativas; 2) envolvimento da Presidência da Casa com as atividades; 3) integração entre setores em torno das iniciativas; e 4) relação comunicativa entre representantes e representados. Ademais, os mecanismos possuem características distintas quanto aos índices aplicados, tendo o caso brasileiro atingido valores significativamente mais altos que as ferramentas do parlamento britânico. Palavras-chave: Engajamento e Participação online. Parlamento Aberto. Câmara dos Deputados brasileira. House of Commons britânica. 9 ABSTRACT This research observes the proximity that digital platforms have promoted between representative institutions and the represented. So, it aims to analyse how parliaments have developed online mechanisms for political engagement and participation, by observing the Brazilian Chamber of Deputies and the British House of Commons concerning their institutional dynamics that influence the e-participation process and the tools sponsored by these Houses. The research is based on three hypotheses: H1) The institutionalization of initiatives, i.e. documentation of actions for making them part of the legislative process, contributes to a better shape of the tools, and a better interaction of parliaments or parliamentarians through them; H2) Amongst the internal factors pointed out by Leston-Bandeira (2007), only characteristics related to (a) Parliamentary work structure, (b) Parliamentary administrative organization, and (c) Resources and infrastructure are variables for influencing the development of e-participation projects; H3) The Brazilian initiative (Portal e-Democracia) achieves a better quality of structure and institutional interaction than the British ones, because the portal is a permanent mechanism, elaborated and managed by the parliament itself. The methodology consists on qualitative and quantitative content analysis and the empirical sources are: 1) Documents; 2) Interviews; and 3) the online mechanisms for engagement and participation. The three levels of analysis are: a) parliamentary dynamics; b) structure quality (IQE); and c) institutional interaction quality (IQI) on the initiatives. The two last analytical strategies are investigated through indexes established from the literature. Amongst the results, we can see that four characteristics are important to the development of e-participation tools into the Houses observed: 1) institucionalization
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