Screening for Appropriate Assessment Woodbrook Landfill Coastal Protection Works Co. Dublin

Screening for Appropriate Assessment

Woodbrook Landfill Coastal Protection Works

Co. Dublin

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ISSUE FORM Project number 18649 Document number 6003 Document revision B Document title Screening for Appropriate Assessment: Woodbrook Landfill Coastal Protection Works, Co. Dublin Document status Final Document prepared by HD Document checked by PP, EL (MWP 25-04-18), MKe (MWP 17-04-18)

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Table of contents

1 SUMMARY OF FINDINGS ...... 1 1.1 Screening for Appropriate Assessment ...... 1

2 INTRODUCTION ...... 2 2.1 Purpose of Assessment ...... 2 2.2 Legislative Context ...... 2 2.3 Stages of Appropriate Assessment...... 2

3 ASSESSMENT METHODOLOGY ...... 2 3.1 Appropriate Assessment Guidance ...... 2 3.2 Desk Study ...... 3 3.3 Screening for Appropriate Assessment ...... 3

4 SCREENING FOR APPROPRIATE ASSESSMENT ...... 3 4.1 Management of Natura 2000 sites ...... 4 4.2 Description of Plan/Project ...... 4

4.2.1 Brief Project Description ...... 4 4.2.2 Purpose of the Project ...... 5 4.2.3 Site Location ...... 5 4.2.4 Description of the Site ...... 6 4.2.5 Characteristics of the Project ...... 10 4.3 Identification of Other Projects or Plans or Activities ...... 14 4.4 Identification of Natura 2000 Sites ...... 15

4.4.1 Likely Zone of Impact Influence ...... 15 4.4.2 Identification of Natura 2000 Sites ...... 15 4.4.3 Characteristics of Natura 2000 Sites ...... 16 4.4.4 Conservation Objectives ...... 18 4.5 Identification of Potential Impacts ...... 20 4.6 Assessment of Significance of Potential Impacts ...... 20

4.6.1 Natura 2000 sites outside the zone of potential impact influence ...... 21 4.6.2 Natura 2000 sites within the zone of potential impact influence ...... 22 4.6.3 Water Quality ...... 22 4.6.4 Habitat Loss ...... 23 4.6.5 Habitat Alteration ...... 24 4.6.6 Disturbance and/or Displacement of Species ...... 26 4.6.7 Habitat or Species Fragmentation...... 29 4.6.8 Cumulative/In-combination Impacts ...... 29 4.7 Conclusion of Screening Stage ...... 30

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5 REFERENCES ...... 31

TABLE OF TABLES

Table 1. Estimates of material volumes entering the sediment budget from the landfill site (MWP, 2010) ...... 8 Table 2: Natura 2000 sites within 15km radius of proposal site ...... 15 Table 3: Natura 2000 sites with qualifying features of conservation interest...... 16 Table 4. Natura 2000 sites identified as being outside the zone of potential impact influence ...... 21 Table 5. Designated habitats which have the potential to be impacted by changes in natural coastal processes as a result of the works...... 25

TABLE OF FIGURES

Figure 1. Location of subject site (OSI Licence No. EN 0015718) ...... 5 Figure 2. Aerial photo of approximate proposal site (outlined in red) and surrounding area (Adapted from Bing maps) ...... 5 Figure 3. Sketch of proposed toe protection and cliff-regrading measures ...... 11

LIST OF PLATES

Plate 1. Photo of eroded cliff-face on seaward side of former landfill site, showing exposed landfill waste material overlying natural sediments ...... 4 Plate 2. Photo looking south along shoreline and cliff-face towards Bray Harbour and industrial complex ...... 6 Plate 3. Photo looking north along shoreline and eroded cliff-face ...... 7

LIST OF APPENDICES

Appendix 1 Stages of Appropriate Assessment Appendix 2 Site Synopses Appendix 3 Figures

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1 SUMMARY OF FINDINGS

1.1 SCREENING FOR APPROPRIATE ASSESSMENT Project Title Woodbrook Historic Landfill Coastal Protection Works Project Proponent Dun Laoghaire Rathdown County Council Project Location The site is located approximately 0.1km north of Bray Harbour in south Co. Dublin. Conclusion It has been objectively concluded during the screening process that significant impacts on the following Natura 2000 sites, as a result of the proposal, are not considered likely:

 Bray Head SAC (000714)  Ballyman Glen SAC (000713)  Rockabill to Dalkey Island SAC (003000)  Glen of the Downs SAC (000719)  Knocksink Wood SAC (000725)  Wicklow Mountains SAC (002122)  South Dublin Bay SAC (000210)  The Murrough Wetlands SAC (002249)  Carriggower Bog SAC (000716)  North Dublin Bay SAC (000206)  Dalkey Islands SPA (004172)  Wicklow Mountains SPA (004040)  South Dublin Bay and River Tolka Estuary SPA (004024)  The Murrough SPA (004186)  North Bull Island SPA (004006)

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2 INTRODUCTION

2.1 PURPOSE OF ASSESSMENT This screening for Appropriate Assessment has been undertaken to determine the potential for significant impacts of a proposal to undertake coastal protection measures at a stretch of coastline adjoining the historic Woodbrook landfill, County Dublin, on nearby sites with European conservation designations (i.e. Natura 2000 Sites).

This screening for Appropriate Assessment has been undertaken by staff ecologists with Malachy Walsh and Partners, Engineering and Environmental Consultants.

2.2 LEGISLATIVE CONTEXT The Habitats Directive (92/43/EEC) seeks to conserve natural habitats and of wild fauna and flora by the designation of Special Areas of Conservation (SACs) and the Birds Directive (79/409/EEC) seeks to protect birds of special importance by the designation of Special Protected Areas (SPAs). It is the responsibility of each member state to designate SPAs and SACs, both of which will form part of Natura 2000, a network of protected sites throughout the European Community. The Habitats Directive has been transposed into Irish law and the relevant Regulations are the European Communities (Birds and Natural Habitats) Regulations 2011. The requirement for Appropriate Assessment of the implications of plans and projects on the Natura 2000 network of sites comes from the Habitats Directive (Article 6(3)). Under the European Communities (Birds and Natural Habitats) Regulations 2011 a public authority is required to carry out a Screening for Appropriate Assessment of a proposed development prior to issuing consent. The information presented in this Screening for Appropriate Assessment will be used by the public authority to complete their screening exercise. Further information is available at: http://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/legislation/habitatsdirective/ http://www.npws.ie/planning/appropriateassessment/

2.3 STAGES OF APPROPRIATE ASSESSMENT The Appropriate Assessment process is a four-stage process with issues and tests at each stage. An important aspect of the process is that the outcome at each successive stage determines whether a further stage in the process is required. The stages are set out in Appendix 1.

3 ASSESSMENT METHODOLOGY

3.1 APPROPRIATE ASSESSMENT GUIDANCE This screening for Appropriate Assessment, or Stage 1, has been undertaken in accordance with the European Commission Methodological Guidance on the provision of Article 6(3) and 6(4) of the ‘Habitats’ Directive 92/43/EEC (EC, 2001) and the European Commission Guidance ‘Managing Natura 2000 sites’ (EC, 2000) and guidance prepared by the NPWS (DoEHLG, 2009).

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3.2 DESK STUDY In order to complete the screening for Appropriate Assessment certain information on the existing environment is required. A desk study was carried out to collate available information on the site’s natural environment. This comprised a review of the following publications, data and datasets:

 OSI Aerial photography and 1:50000 mapping  National Parks and Wildlife Service (NPWS)  National Biodiversity Data Centre (NBDC) (on-line map-viewer)  BirdWatch Ireland  Teagasc soil area maps (NBDC website)  Geological Survey Ireland (GSI) area maps  Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) water quality data  Eastern River Basin District (ERBD) datasets (Water Framework Directive)  Remediation Option Appraisal – Historic Landfill at Bray Harbour (FTC, 2017)  Dún Laoghaire-Rathdown Coastal Defence Strategy Study (MWP, 2010)  Dún Laoghaire-Rathdown Coastal Defence Strategy Statement for Appropriate Assessment (MWP, 2010)  Other information sources and reports footnoted in the course of the report

3.3 SCREENING FOR APPROPRIATE ASSESSMENT As set out in the NPWS (DoEHLG, 2009) guidance, the task of establishing whether a plan or project is likely to have an effect on a Natura 2000 site is based on a preliminary impact assessment using available information and data, including that outlined above, and other available environmental information, supplemented as necessary by local site information and ecological surveys. This is followed by a determination of whether there is a risk that the effects identified could be significant. The precautionary principle approach is required. Once the potential impacts that may arise from the proposal are identified the significance of these is assessed through the use of key indicators:

 Habitat loss  Habitat alteration  Habitat or species fragmentation  Disturbance and/or displacement of species  Water quality and resource

4 SCREENING FOR APPROPRIATE ASSESSMENT Screening for Appropriate Assessment (Stage 1) determines the need for a full Appropriate Assessment (Stage 2) and consists of a number of steps, each of which is addressed in the following sections of this report:

 Establish whether the proposal is necessary for the management of a Natura 2000 site  Description of the proposed coastal protection measures at the historic Woodbrook landfill  Identification of Natura 2000 sites potentially affected  Identification and description of individual and cumulative impacts of the project  Assessment of the significance of the impacts on the integrity of Natura 2000 sites  Conclusion of screening stage

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4.1 MANAGEMENT OF NATURA 2000 SITES The proposal is not connected with or necessary to the conservation management of a Natura 2000 site.

4.2 DESCRIPTION OF PLAN/PROJECT

4.2.1 Brief Project Description South of Woodbrook Golf Club, Co. Dublin is an area of eroding cliff shoreline that was formerly used as a landfill site. The cliff bounding the site consists of gravel type material mixed with land fill material sitting on glacial till immediately fronted by a beach of cobbles, gravel and sand. Erosion of waste material from the historic landfill onto the shoreline and into open water is a continuing issue at the site. Thus, long-term coastal protection measures have been recommended.

A number of remediation options for this stretch of coastline have been assessed by Fehily Timoney (2016) and Malachy Walsh and Partners (2017) with the aim of protecting the area from coastal erosion through selection of a preferred option based on agreed criteria with Dún Laoghaire- Rathdown County Council. The preferred and most cost effective option identified is to protect the cliff frontage with a combination of armourstone revetment and cliff regrading measures. The proposed works to be carried out at Woodbrook landfill include:

 Excavation works to regrade the existing cliff to a more stable slope of 1:1.5 to 1:2.  Construction of a revetment comprising armourstone (0.4T to 4.5T) or concrete armour units and gabion mattressing. Excavated beach material will be re-used within the revetment core, as required. Excess beach material will be placed on the beach in front of the revetment.  Deposition of excavated landfill material at the rear of the cliff face, to be covered with topsoil and reseeded.

Plate 1. Photo of eroded cliff-face on seaward side of former landfill site, showing exposed landfill waste material overlying natural sediments

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4.2.2 Purpose of the Project The purpose of the proposal is to address the ongoing issue of erosion of landfill waste material from a cliff-face. This will be addressed through the installation of coastal defences. Such measures will stabilise and protect the cliff-face and thus prevent further erosion.

4.2.3 Site Location The subject site is located approximately 0.1km north of Bray Harbour in County Dublin. The site is bounded by the greens of Woodbrook Golf Club to the north, a small industrial complex to the south, the Dublin-Bray rail line to the west and the coastline to the east.

Site Location

Figure 1. Location of subject site (OSI Licence No. EN 0015718)

Figure 2. Aerial photo of approximate proposal site (outlined in red) and surrounding area (Adapted from Bing maps1)

1 https://www.bing.com/maps/ Accessed 27/03/2018 5

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4.2.4 Description of the Site The proposal area is located within a former domestic waste landfill site, now overgrown and disused, which encompasses an overall area of approximately 2.6 hectares. The exact period of operation of the landfill is not known, however, it is known that it closed in 1968. The site subsequently came into the ownership of Woodbrook Golf Club in 1992, the greens of which are now located immediately north of the site. The landfill is considered a Historic Unregulated Landfill as it was in operation prior to the Waste Management Act (1996) and was not in breach of national legislation at the time.

The subject area comprises the eroding cliff-face which forms the eastern boundary of the landfill site, of length of approximately 300m. The cliff consists of gravel type material mixed with land fill material sitting on glacial till. The cliff is immediately fronted by a beach of cobbles, gravel and sand. In terms of waste depth and general make-up, this length of coastline can be generally divided into two sections, located north and south of ruins of old coastal railway bridge abutments located on the shoreline. South of the ruins, the landfill material generally sits on top of natural underlying soil to a depth of 1 to 2m, while north of the ruins, the landfill material fills the full height of the exposed cliff face to some 5m in height.

Plate 2. Photo looking south along shoreline and cliff-face towards Bray Harbour and industrial complex

The subject site is situated within the townlands of ‘Cork Great’ and ‘Part of Bray Commons (ED Bray No.1)’2 and located within the Electoral Divisions (EDs) of Shankill-Shanganagh and Bray No.1 (CSO Area Codes ED 05062 and ED 15003 respectively). CSO data indicates that, in 2016, these EDs had a combined total population of 7,327 person’s resident, mainly in residential developments arms in the predominantly urban area3. Overall land-use in the area is predominantly urban/sub-urban development encompassing recreational/residential amenity areas. Relatively minor areas of

2 https://maps.biodiversityireland.ie/Map [accessed 26/03/2018] 3 http://census.cso.ie/sapmap/ [accessed 26/03/2018]

18649-6003-B Screening for Appropriate Assessment October 2018 agricultural land also occur in the greater landscape. The Corine Landcover Categories (2012) encompassing the subject site and surrounding area are ‘Discontinuous urban fabric’ and ‘Sport and leisure facilities’4.

Plate 3. Photo looking north along shoreline and eroded cliff-face

Bedrock at the location (Maulin Formation) is described as ‘Dark blue-grey slate, phyllite & schist’. The dominant soil type in the area is ‘Made – made ground’5. A review of the EPA’s on-line mapping database determined that the subject site lies within the ‘Ovoca-Vartry’ river catchment. A culverted watercourse, the Rathmichael River, flows east through the northern part of the site6. According to the EPAs on-line map database this watercourse has a River Waterbody WFD Status (2010-2015) of ‘Good’. The Dargle River drains into Bray Harbour approximately 0.2km south of the site. This river also has a River Waterbody WFD Status (2010-2015) of ‘Good’. The site lies adjacent to the coastal waterbody ‘Southwestern Irish sea – Killiney Bay (HA10)’ which has a WFD status (2010-2015) of ‘High’7. The groundwater is classified by the GSI online mapping as a ‘Locally Important Aquifer’ (LI).

4 http://gis.epa.ie/Envision/ [Accessed 26/03/2018] 5 https://dcenr.maps.arcgis.com/apps/webappviewer/index.html?id=ebaf90ff2d554522b438ff313b0c197a&scale=0 [accessed 26/03/2018] 6 River Waterbody Code: IE_EA_10D010300 7 Water Framework Directive (WFD) European Waterbody Code: IE_EA_100_0000. Available at https://gis.epa.ie/EPAMaps/ (Accessed 26/03/2018)

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4.2.4.1 Summary of Key Findings during Previous Site Assessments

OPTIONS ASSESSMENT IN RESPONSE TO SECTION 55 NOTICE (RPS, 2007) DLRCC in conjunction with Wicklow County Council carried out a site investigation in 2005. This included the excavation of 12 trial pits to depths of up to 5m. It was noted that the waste present was generally residual inert domestic waste and C&D waste. The trial pits were dry with no leachate present. RPS carried out wave modelling and littoral current modelling along the shoreline in the vicinity of the site. Based on the assessment of tidal conditions and the wave climate it was concluded that erosion at the location is event driven and dominated by wave action (RPS, 2007).

DLRCC COASTAL DEFENCE STRATEGY STUDY (MWP, 2010) Malachy Walsh and Partners were commissioned by Dun Laoghaire Rathdown County Council (DLRCC) to undertake a Coastal Defence Strategy Study (CDSS) of the Council's coastline. The study developed a strategy for the management of coastal defence related issues within Dun Laoghaire Rathdown. The strategy was designed to provide a framework for policy decision making and action related to both the provision and the management of sustainable coastal defence policies. Under the study the landfill was identified and discussed as a discrete section of coastline. The junction of the beach and cliff is at about 4.19mODM. The level of the top of the cliff varies, rising gradually from the south to the northern end. The cliff typically has a crest level of 10mODM. Given the nature of the cliff material, the cliff face is over-steep and material from the cliff face will fall to the base of the cliff attempting to form a stable cliff slope. This material is removed from the base of the cliff by wave and tide action.

There are two risk mechanisms at work here, erosion and cliff instability. In order to prevent inappropriate material from falling into the sea in this area it will be necessary to prevent erosion and to stabilize the cliff. The risk from cliff failure is principally to the environment including the amenity value of the shoreline in this area. There is however in addition a loss of land. To a lesser extent there would be a risk to public safety due to cliff instability. The present risk is that some 11,443m3 of inappropriate material is in danger of falling into the sea in this area due to cliff instability alone. Erosion of the shoreline will add considerably to this

The best estimate erosion rate for this area is 0.34m/year. Over the next 50 years therefore a further 56,100m3 of cliff material could erode onto the beach in this area. In total, therefore, some 67,543m3 of cliff material, a substantial proportion of which is inappropriate material, could enter the sediment transport regime of Killiney Bay over the next 50 years. The following table gives the estimate found for material entering the sediment budget from the landfill site.

Table 1. Estimates of material volumes entering the sediment budget from the landfill site (MWP, 2010) % of total sediment budget Medium sand to medium Erosion Volume from the cliffs between gravel Area m3/year Bray Harbour and Erosion Volume Shanganagh1. m3/year Landfill 1122 5.33 376 1 Estimated by comparing erosion rates and cliff heights along the Bray Harbour to Shanganagh frontage. It should be noted that a considerable proportion of this is inappropriate material. It should also be noted that much of this material either remains adjacent to the cliff or is transported offshore. The proportion that is similar in size to that of say Killiney Beach is approximately 33%, Table 3.8, MWP (2010)

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Coastal defence options that were considered for this coastline, therefore, were such that their principal impact on the sediment budget would be a loss of material from the study coastline entering the sediment transport system with no interference on the progress of sediment transport (MWP, 2010). The report concluded that the preferable option is protection of the cliff toe and regrading of the cliff face, where it has been determined that leachate does not pose an environmental risk via migration from the landfill to seawater. This option consists of placing a rock or concrete armour revetment at the toe of the cliff and stabilising the cliff face above by regrading to a long term stable slope. This option would involve the removal of a considerable amount of landfill material from the cliff face (possibly to a licensed landfill). The regraded face could be protected by gabion mattresses or top soiling and seeding. The end result of this option will be the situation whereby landfill material is no longer entering the sediment transport system.

TIER TWO RISK ASSESSMENT (FTC, 2016), REMEDIATION OPTION APPRAISAL (FTC, 2017) The EPA has developed a Code of Practice which sets out a risk based assessment procedure, which is to be applied to sites of this nature in order to evaluate the site and evaluate remediation options. Site investigations undertaken in 2016 as part of a Tier 2 Environmental Risk Assessment for Unregulated Waste Disposal Sites determined a maximum depth of waste within the northern part of the site of 8.7m with evidence of inert domestic waste and possible industrial waste increasing with depth. Inert domestic and construction and demolition (C&D) waste were predominantly encountered in the south of the site with a maximum depth of waste of 3.3m. The total volume of waste within the site was calculated to be approximately 104,028m3 (FTC, 2016).

The site investigation identified very limited contamination, with the majority of the material likely to be inert or non-hazardous. Soil samples were screened for contaminants with no exceedances noted. Groundwater/leachate contamination was marginal and therefore the risk to groundwater and seawater receptors was found to be low given the low permeability of the underlying natural clayey silt. The main risk identified was from asbestos containing material (ACM) being exposed during coastal erosion. Sporadic ACM fragments were encountered in the shallow soils during site clearance. Following the Tier 2 assessment, the site was classified as “Class C – Low Risk” (FTC, 2016).

COASTAL PROTECTION MEASURES AT HISTORIC LANDFILL ASSESSMENT REPORT (MWP, 2017) Following a walkover survey, a re-evaluation was made of the landfill material volumes which are contributing to the sediment budget at the former landfill site. The total area of landfill material exposed on the frontage is approximately 767m2 (as of 28th March 2017). Applying the erosion rate of 0.34m/year estimated for this area in the DLRCC Coastal Defence Strategy Study gives an average rate of erosion of 261m3/year of landfill type material potentially escaping from this frontage. The DLRCC Coastal Defence Strategy Study estimated that a total of some 1,122m3 of material could be eroded from the subject area each year. When considered in terms of the total volume eroded from the Bray to Shanganagh cliffs (some 21,050 m3/year, or excluding landfill material 20,889m3), the volume of appropriate sediment material eroded from the subject area i.e. former landfill, is equivalent to some 4.12% of the total material lost due to erosion along the Bray to Shanganagh coastline. Prevention of erosion at the site will therefore prevent some 4.12% of suitable sediment from entering from the Bray to Shanganagh cliffs (MWP, 2017).

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4.2.5 Characteristics of the Project The project involves the stabilisation and protection of approximately 300m of cliff frontage just north of Bray Harbour and south of Woodbrook Golf Club. The works are to consist of measures to prevent erosion of the base of the cliff and to stabilise the cliff above this level. The cliff frontage forms the eastward boundary of a historic landfill, now overgrown and disused. A shingle beach separates the old landfill site from the inter-tidal zone. A cliff face runs the length of the site. It is at risk of erosion and cliff failure and consequent landfill material entering the adjacent tidal water. The cliff face ranges from approximately 4m to 10m in height. It is however, approximately 7 to 10m high over the majority of its length. The cliff is composed of clay, cobbles, sand and gravel, landfill material and topsoil strata. The arrangement and depth of these strata vary along the cliff face.

There are two elements to the work:

• A rock or concrete armour revetment to protect the lower half of the cliff frontage; • The grading back of the upper half of the cliff to a long term stable slope and the placing of this material directly behind the length of protected cliff.

The works will require a temporary site compound. This will be located on the cliff top at the south end of the site.

The proposed toe protection and cliff-regrading measures are shown in Figure 3 below.

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Figure 3. Sketch of proposed toe protection and cliff-regrading measures

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4.2.5.1 Project Characteristics Summary The proposal is described below and has been confirmed with the client, Dún Laoghaire-Rathdown County Council. Detailed drawings of the proposal are attached as Appendix 2 of this report. The following table provides a summary of the characteristics of the project.

The works will encompass the length of cliff frontage (approximately 300m) which forms the eastern boundary of the former landfill. The works will extend seawards to approximately 19m from the base of the existing cliff-face. The Size, scale, area, land-take overall area encompassed by the works will be 13,500m2.

There is no spatial overlap between the works and any Natura 2000 site; therefore, there will be no land take within any Natura 2000 site. Site Access:  Site access for plant and personnel will be made via the harbour road, off Strand Road R766.  There is a slope down to the beach at the southern end of the site. Works, such as the placement of gravel, may be required to make this access point suitable for vehicular use.  Rock armour or concrete armour units will be brought to site via road through the Bray harbour area.  Other material will be imported to the site by truck.

Site Clearance: Once the contractor takes over the site, they will commence with site clearance and preparation works. This will include the following:  Site compound set up at a suitable location e.g. offices, waste disposal bins, fuel bund;  Site security set-up e.g. gates, fencing, signage;  Clearance of surface debris;  Preparation of surfaces for vehicular use e.g. compacted clause 804.

Details of physical changes Excavation Works: that will take place during Excavation works required will include: the various stages of  Re-grading the existing cliff to a more stable slope of 1:1.5 to 1:2. implementing the proposal Excavated cliff material will be deposited on the landward side of the cliff crest.  Excavation at the toe of the cliff to construct the base of the proposed revetment. Some excavated beach material will be reused in the revetment; the remainder will be deposited on the seaward side of the revetment so as not to remove it from the sediment budget.

Coastal Protection Works:  Excavated beach material will form the core of the new revetment.  High specification geo textile will be laid on top of the core fill to protect it from loss of fines.  Imported 0.4T armourstone will form the revetment under-layer.  Imported 4T armourstone or suitably sized concrete armour units will form the revetment primary armour layer.  Selected larger rocks will be placed at the front of the revetment toe.  The crest level of the primary armour of the revetment will at approximately +5mODM (approximately 4m above the existing beach level)  The toe will be buried some 1.5m into the beach.  Gabion mattressing will be installed on the stabilised cliff face, above the armourstone revetment crest to protect cliff erosion due to wave

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run-up.

Landfill Material Storage Works:  Excavated landfill material will be deposited to the rear of the cliff face at agreed locations.  The material will be covered in a layer of topsoil and grass seeded.

Public access  It is proposed that the works include a path along the cliff top behind the regraded cliff and a pedestrian access down onto the beach through the revetment at its northern end. The pedestrian access will likely replace an existing public access point. Plant/Machinery  Excavators for excavation and deposition of materials, likely 2-4 excavators on site, two on the beach and two on the cliff;  Trucks to deliver materials to site, likely 10 deliveries per day;  Dump trucks to move material along the beach front, 1 no. dump truck Description of resource requirements for the Material Volumes construction/operation and The following material volumes are maximum potential volumes. If concrete decommissioning of the armour units are used then reduced material volumes will apply. proposal (water resources, construction material, 3  9,000m of primary armourstone; human presence etc)  3,000m3 of under layer armourstone;  3,000m2 of geo textile filter layer;  600m2 of gabion mattressing;  3,000m3 of excavation for revetment toe;  5,000m3 of excavation for cliff re-grading. Description of timescale for  Likely start date: Spring 2019 the various activities that  Likely finish date: Summer/Autumn 2019 will take place as a result of  Duration will be approximately 16 weeks implementation (including  Start and finish dates may vary depending on issues that arise in likely start and finish date) planning. Description of wastes  Excavated beach material will either be reused within the revetment arising and other residues core or placed on the beach fronting the revetment. (including quantities) and  Waste material will be minimal their disposal  All waste material will be suitably temporarily stored on site before removal for disposal offsite.  Excavated landfill material will be deposited to the rear of the cliff face. This will be covered in topsoil and reseeded  There may be localised areas of asbestos found on the surface of the Identification of wastes landfill site. These will be identified, handled and disposed off-site by a arising and other residues specialist contractor (including quantities) that  Fuel/oil on-site will be limited to the excavators, delivery trucks and may be of particular other machines on site concern in the context of  Refuelling of all equipment will take place away from the beach at a the Natura 2000 network suitable location on the cliff top  No fuel/oil will be stored on-site. Fuel will be brought to site by small tanker  Spill kits will be available on-site for any potential, albeit unlikely, spills/leaks Description of any additional services required to implement the project or  Offices and welfare facilities plan, their location and  Site compound located on cliff-top at southern end of site means of construction

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4.3 IDENTIFICATION OF OTHER PROJECTS OR PLANS OR ACTIVITIES The subject site is located on the coast in the north-eastern corner of Bray town. With regards to land-use activities in the area surrounding the site, there are two golf courses, located to the north and west of the site. A small industrial complex, involved in electroplating manufacturing, is situated to the south of the site. Bray Harbour is located immediately south of this at the mouth of the River Dargle. This is a relatively small harbour used exclusively for marine leisure activities with associated dockyard and sailing club8 (see Figure. 2 above).

A search of DLRCC’s on-line planning enquiry system determined that there are no current or outstanding grants of planning permission for the townland of ‘Cork Great’9. As per Wicklow County Council’s on-line planning enquiry system, there are two current grants of planning permission for the townland of Ravenswell both pertaining to the development of and modifications to internal roads within the St. John of Gods Complex (Planning ref. 15535 and 1737). Additionally, there are two outstanding applications by Wicklow County Council in relation to access to the River Dargle to maintain the river’s flood defence scheme (Planning ref. 161447) and minor realignment works to the County Brook to reduce the occurrence of flooding (Planning ref. 161448)10.

A search of the EPA’s on-line mapping system determined that there is one IPPC facility located in proximity to the site. This comprises a healthcare device manufacturing facility (IPPC Licence No. PO567-02) located in an industrial complex approximately 0.5km to the west of the proposal area. There are no IEL or waste licensed facilities within proximity of the subject site. With regards to wastewater, a now disused pumping station is located to the south of the site, adjacent to the River Dargle and Bray Harbour11. Following wastewater treatment infrastructure works at Shanganagh, involving construction of a wastewater treatment plant, renovation of the existing Bray pumping station and construction of a transfer pipeline, all wastewater from Bray and its environs is now pumped to the new Shanganagh-Bray facility, located approximately 3.5km north of the proposal area, for secondary treatment12. This facility has an overall compliance of ‘Pass’.

Other Potential Coastal Defence Works Ireland’s coastline faces increasing pressure from rising sea level, more frequent storm events, and increased wave energy as a result of global warming. As part of the Coastal Defence Strategy Study developed by DLRCC the full length of Dun Laoghaire Rathdown’s coastline was examined and a number of other locations considered to be at risk from such pressures were identified. Changes in land use such as coastal defence can impact upon coastal processes, for instance erosion, with consequential impacts. There is, therefore, potential for cumulative or in-combination coastal process effects due to potential interaction between the proposal and other coastal defence works which may take place in the greater area.

In light of the characteristics of the subject site and its surrounds as outlined in section 4.2.4 above, and considering the size and scale of the proposal as outlined in sections 4.2.1 and 4.2.5 above, it is considered that coastal defence works which may take place in the greater area, and to a lesser

8 https://www.wicklow.ie/Living/Services/Environment/Harbours-Ports/Bray-Harbour Accessed 27/03/2018 9 http://planning.dlrcoco.ie/swiftlg/apas/run/wphappcriteria.display Accessed 26/03/2018 10 http://www.eplanning.ie/WicklowCC/searchresults Accessed 26/03/2018 11 https://gis.epa.ie/EPAMaps/ Accessed 27/03/2018 12 http://www.water-technology.net/projects/bray-waste-water/ Accessed 27/03/2018 14

18649-6003-B Screening for Appropriate Assessment October 2018 extent human activity associated with use of the beach as an amenity by locals and tourists during the construction phase, would be the most likely activities which could act in combination with the proposed development to create cumulative impacts. As there is potential for interaction between the aforementioned activities and the proposal, the potential to create significant cumulative impacts on the receiving environment must be determined. This aspect will be considered in section 4.6.8 below.

4.4 IDENTIFICATION OF NATURA 2000 SITES

4.4.1 Likely Zone of Impact Influence As described above, the test for the screening for Appropriate Assessment is to assess, in view of best scientific knowledge, if the development, individually or in combination with other plans or projects is likely to have a significant effect on a Nature 2000 site. If there are any significant, potentially significant, or uncertain effects, it will be necessary to proceed to Appropriate Assessment and submit an NIS. National guidance recommends that a list is compiled of all Natura 2000 sites within what is described as a ‘likely zone of impact of [a] plan or project’ (DoEHLG , 2009, p.32) and which may, or ultimately may not , be impacted upon by the proposal. In the case of plans it is recommended that this zone extends out for a distance of 15km (Scott Wilson et al., 2006, cited in DoEHLG, 2009). With regard to projects such as the proposal considered in this report, the guidance goes on to state, as follows:

For projects, the distance could be much less than 15km, and in some cases less than 100m, but this must be evaluated on a case-by-case basis with reference to the nature, size and location of the project, and the sensitivities of the ecological receptors, and the potential for in combination effects. (DoEHLG, 2009)

The Natura 2000 sites within this ‘likely zone of impact’ and their qualifying features of Special Conservation Interest are identified in section 4.4.2, below, and the conservation objectives of the sites are described in accordance with the guidance. Following this, the potential impacts associated with the proposal will be identified before an assessment is made of the likely significance of these impacts. If, at the end of the screening process, it cannot be objectively concluded that no significant impacts are likely or, if screening concludes that there is uncertainty about the significance of the impacts, it will be necessary to proceed to Stage 2, Appropriate Assessment.

4.4.2 Identification of Natura 2000 Sites Adopting the precautionary principle in identifying potentially affected European sites, it has been decided to include all cSACs and SPAs within 15km of the proposal site.

Table 2, below lists designated cSACs and SPAs within 15km or the zone of influence of the proposal site including their proximity. A map showing these designated sites in relation to the proposal is given in Appendix 3.

Table 2: Natura 2000 sites within 15km radius of proposal site No. Designated Site Site Proximity of subject site to nearest point of Code designated site 1 Bray Head SAC 000714 Located approx. 1.8km to the north-west of the SAC 2 Ballyman Glen SAC 000713 Located approx. 2.8km to the north-east of the SAC 3 Rockabill to Dalkey Island SAC 003000 Located approx. 3.9km to the south-west of the SAC

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No. Designated Site Site Proximity of subject site to nearest point of Code designated site 4 Glen of the Downs SAC 000719 Located approx. 7.6km to the north-east of the SAC 5 Knocksink Wood SAC 000725 Located approx. 7.8km to the north-east of the SAC 6 Wicklow Mountains SAC 002122 Located approx. 8km to the north-east of the SAC 7 South Dublin Bay SAC 000210 Located approx. 9.8km to the south-east of the SAC 8 The Murrough Wetlands SAC 002249 Located approx. 11.4km to the north-west of the SAC 9 Carriggower Bog SAC 000716 Located approx. 11.9km to the north-east of the SAC 10 North Dublin Bay SAC 000206 Located approx. 15km to the south of the SAC 11 Dalkey Islands SPA 004172 Located approx. 6.3km to the south-west of the SPA 12 Wicklow Mountains SPA 004040 Located approx. 8.5km to the east of the SPA 13 South Dublin Bay and River Tolka 004024 Located approx. 9.8km to the south-east of the SPA Estuary SPA 14 The Murrough SPA 004186 Located approx. 12.4km to the north-west of the SPA 15 North Bull Island SPA 004006 Located approx. 15km to the south of the SPA

4.4.3 Characteristics of Natura 2000 Sites The following table lists the qualifying features of conservation interest for the cSACs and SPA sites that lie within 15km of the proposal site. Information pertaining to designated sites is from site synopses, conservation objectives and other information available on www.npws.ie13.

Table 3: Natura 2000 sites with qualifying features of conservation interest Designated Site Qualifying features of conservation interest Bray Head SAC (000714)  Vegetated sea cliffs of the Atlantic and Baltic coasts [1230]  European dry heaths [4030] Ballyman Glen SAC (000713)  Petrifying springs with tufa formation (Cratoneurion) [7220]  Alkaline fens [7230] Rockabill to Dalkey Island SAC  Reefs [1170] (003000)  Phocoena phocoena (Harbour Porpoise) [1351] Glen of the Downs SAC  Old sessile oak woods with Ilex and Blechnum in the British Isles (000719) [91A0] Knocksink Wood SAC  Petrifying springs with tufa formation (Cratoneurion) [7220] (000725)  Alluvial forests with Alnus glutinosa and Fraxinus excelsior (Alno- Padion, Alnion incanae, Salicion albae) [91E0] Wicklow Mountains SAC  Oligotrophic waters containing very few minerals of sandy plains (002122) (Littorelletalia uniflorae) [3110]  Natural dystrophic lakes and ponds [3160]  Northern Atlantic wet heaths with Erica tetralix [4010]  European dry heaths [4030]  Alpine and Boreal heaths [4060]  Calaminarian grasslands of the Violetalia calaminariae [6130]  Species-rich Nardus grasslands, on siliceous substrates in mountain areas (and submountain areas, in Continental Europe) [6230]  Blanket bogs (* if active bog) [7130]  Siliceous scree of the montane to snow levels (Androsacetalia

13 As of 27/03/2018

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Designated Site Qualifying features of conservation interest alpinae and Galeopsietalia ladani) [8110]  Calcareous rocky slopes with chasmophytic vegetation [8210]  Siliceous rocky slopes with chasmophytic vegetation [8220]  Old sessile oak woods with Ilex and Blechnum in the British Isles [91A0]  Lutra lutra (Otter) [1355] South Dublin Bay SAC  Mudflats and sandflats not covered by seawater at low tide [1140] (000210)  Annual vegetation of drift lines [1210]  Salicornia and other annuals colonising mud and sand [1310]  Embryonic shifting dunes [2110] The Murrough Wetlands SAC  Annual vegetation of drift lines [1210] (002249)  Perennial vegetation of stony banks [1220]  Atlantic salt meadows (Glauco-Puccinellietalia maritimae) [1330]  Mediterranean salt meadows (Juncetalia maritimi) [1410]  Calcareous fens with Cladium mariscus and species of the Caricion davallianae [7210]  Alkaline fens [7230] Carriggower Bog SAC  Transition mires and quaking bogs [7140] (000716) North Dublin Bay SAC  Mudflats and sandflats not covered by seawater at low tide [1140] (000206)  Annual vegetation of drift lines [1210]  Salicornia and other annuals colonising mud and sand [1310]  Atlantic salt meadows (Glauco-Puccinellietalia maritimae) [1330]  Mediterranean salt meadows (Juncetalia maritimi) [1410]  Embryonic shifting dunes [2110]  Shifting dunes along the shoreline with Ammophila arenaria (white dunes) [2120]  Fixed coastal dunes with herbaceous vegetation (grey dunes) [2130]  Humid dune slacks [2190]  Petalophyllum ralfsii (Petalwort) [1395] Dalkey Islands SPA (004172)  Roseate Tern (Sterna dougallii) [A192]  Common Tern (Sterna hirundo) [A193]  Arctic Tern (Sterna paradisaea) [A194] Wicklow Mountains SPA  Merlin (Falco columbarius) [A098] (004040)  Peregrine (Falco peregrinus) [A103] South Dublin Bay and River  Light-bellied Brent Goose (Branta bernicla hrota) [A046] Tolka Estuary SPA (004024)  Oystercatcher (Haematopus ostralegus) [A130]  Ringed Plover (Charadrius hiaticula) [A137]  Grey Plover (Pluvialis squatarola) [A141]  Knot (Calidris canutus) [A143]  Sanderling (Calidris alba) [A144]  Dunlin (Calidris alpina) [A149]  Bar-tailed Godwit (Limosa lapponica) [A157]  Redshank (Tringa totanus) [A162]  Black-headed Gull (Chroicocephalus ridibundus) [A179]  Roseate Tern (Sterna dougallii) [A192]  Common Tern (Sterna hirundo) [A193]  Arctic Tern (Sterna paradisaea) [A194]

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Designated Site Qualifying features of conservation interest  Wetland and Waterbirds [A999] The Murrough SPA (004186)  Red-throated Diver (Gavia stellata) [A001]  Greylag Goose (Anser anser) [A043]  Light-bellied Brent Goose (Branta bernicla hrota) [A046]  Wigeon (Anas penelope) [A050]  Teal (Anas crecca) [A052]  Black-headed Gull (Chroicocephalus ridibundus) [A179]  Herring Gull (Larus argentatus) [A184]  Little Tern (Sterna albifrons) [A195]  Wetland and Waterbirds [A999] North Bull Island SPA  Light-bellied Brent Goose (Branta bernicla hrota) [A046] (004006)  Shelduck (Tadorna tadorna) [A048]  Teal (Anas crecca) [A052]  Pintail (Anas acuta) [A054]  Shoveler (Anas clypeata) [A056]  Oystercatcher (Haematopus ostralegus) [A130]  Golden Plover (Pluvialis apricaria) [A140]  Grey Plover (Pluvialis squatarola) [A141]  Knot (Calidris canutus) [A143]  Sanderling (Calidris alba) [A144]  Dunlin (Calidris alpina) [A149]  Black-tailed Godwit (Limosa limosa) [A156]  Bar-tailed Godwit (Limosa lapponica) [A157]  Curlew (Numenius arquata) [A160]  Redshank (Tringa totanus) [A162]  Turnstone (Arenaria interpres) [A169]  Black-headed Gull (Chroicocephalus ridibundus) [A179]  Wetland and Waterbirds [A999]

4.4.4 Conservation Objectives According to the Habitats Directive, the conservation status of a natural habitat will be taken as ‘favourable’ within its bio-geographic range when:

 its natural range and areas it covers within that range are stable or increasing, and  the specific structure and functions which are necessary for its long-term maintenance exist and are likely to continue to exist for the foreseeable future, and  the conservation status of its typical species is favourable as defined below.

According to the Habitats Directive, the conservation status of a species means the sum of the influences acting on the species concerned that may affect the long-term distribution and abundance of its populations. The conservation status will be taken as ’favourable’ within its bio-geographic range when:

 population dynamics data on the species concerned indicate that it is maintaining itself on a long-term basis as a viable component of its natural habitats, and  the natural range of the species is neither being reduced nor is likely to be reduced for the foreseeable future, and

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 there is, and will probably continue to be, a sufficiently large habitat to maintain its populations on a long-term basis.

The specific conservation objectives for each site are available on www.npws.ie. These have been accessed for the sites listed in the tables above on the 27/03/2018.

Site specific and detailed conservation objectives were available for the following sites:

 Bray Head SAC (000714). Produced April 2017. Version 1.  Rockabill to Dalkey Island SAC (003000). Produced May 2013. Version 1.  Wicklow Mountains SAC (002122). Produced July 2017. Version 1.  South Dublin Bay SAC (000210). Produced August 2013. Version 1.  North Dublin Bay SAC (000206). Produced November 2013. Version 1.  South Dublin Bay and River Tolka Estuary SPA (004024). Produced March 2015. Version 1.  North Bull Island SPA (004006). Produced March 2015. Version 1.

Generic conservation objectives were available for the following sites:

 Ballyman Glen SAC (000713). Produced August 2016. Generic version 5.0.  Glen of the Downs SAC (000719). Produced August 2016. Generic version 5.0.  Knocksink Wood SAC (000725). Produced August 2016. Generic version 5.0.  The Murrough Wetlands SAC (002249). Produced August 2016. Generic version 5.0.  Carriggower Bog SAC (000716). Produced August 2016. Generic version 5.0.  Dalkey Islands SPA (004172). Produced August 2016. Generic version 5.0.  Wicklow Mountains SPA (004040). Produced August 2016. Generic version 5.0.  The Murrough SPA (004186). Produced August 2016. Generic version 5.0.

All conservation objectives together with other designated site information are available on http://www.npws.ie/protectedsites/.

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4.5 IDENTIFICATION OF POTENTIAL IMPACTS Potential likely ecological impacts arising from the project are identified in this section.

Description of elements of the project  Construction of a permanent coastal defence structure likely to give rise to potential ecological including: impacts. - Site clearance and excavation works - Regrading of cliff face - Construction of revetment  Use of machinery and human activity  Presence of fuels/oils in fuel tanks of machinery Describe any likely direct, indirect or Construction Phase secondary ecological impacts of the  Localised loss and alteration of habitat to facilitate cliff project (either alone or in combination regrading and revetment works comprising existing eroded with other plans or projects) by virtue of: cliff face and beach material at cliff-base  Localised alteration of habitats within the vicinity of the o Size and scale; construction footprint from ground disturbance associated o Land-take; with construction activity o Distance from Natura 2000 Site or  Possible indirect impacts to coastal water quality: key features of the Site; - Possible risk of run-off/siltation o Resource requirements; - Possible leaks/spills of fuels/oils o Emissions;  Limited potential for species disturbance/displacement due o Excavation requirements; to noise/human activity o Transportation requirements;  Potential cumulative disturbance impacts due to ongoing o Duration of construction, operation use of beach by public etc.; and o Other. Operational Phase  Potential impacts on natural coastal processes: - Possible risk of changes to the sediment budget and sediment transport regime during lifetime of the structure due to prevention of erosion from sea cliffs - Potential for habitat alteration  Possible indirect impacts to coastal water quality: - Possible risk of limited run-off/siltation  Potential for cumulative impacts in-combination with other coastal defence works in the area

4.6 ASSESSMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE OF POTENTIAL IMPACTS This section considers the list of sites identified in section 4.4.2 above, together with the potential ecological impacts identified in the previous section and determines whether the project is likely to have significant effects on a Natura 2000 site.

When assessing impact, Natura 2000 sites are only considered relevant where a credible or tangible source-pathway-receptor link exists between the proposed development and a protected species or habitat type. In order for an impact to occur there must be a risk initiated by having a 'source' (e.g. excavations), a 'receptor' (e.g. a protected habitat/species and/or the habitats on which they depend), and an impact pathway between the source and the receptor (e.g. a waterbody which connects the proposal site to the protected species or habitats). An evaluation based on these factors to determine which Natura 2000 sites are the plausible ecological receptors for potential impacts of the proposed programme of coastal protection works will be conducted in Sections 4.6.1

18649-6003-B Screening for Appropriate Assessment October 2018 and 4.6.2 below. The evaluation takes cognisance of the scope, scale, nature and size of the project, its location relative to the Natura 2000 sites listed in Table 2, above, and the degree of connectedness that exists between the project and each Natura 2000 site’s potential ecological receptors.

4.6.1 Natura 2000 sites outside the zone of potential impact influence With regards to the proposal, it is considered that the project does not include any element that has the potential to significantly alter the conservation objectives for which certain Natura 2000 sites, listed in Table 2, above, are designated. It is considered that these Natura 2000 sites are outside the zone of potential impact influence of the proposal due to the absence of plausible impact pathways and/or the attenuating effect of the distance intervening. Therefore, it is objectively concluded that significant impacts on these sites are not reasonably foreseeable as a result of the programme of works described at Section 4.2.5 above. These sites, which are listed in Table 4 below, along with their distance and the rationale for exclusion, will not be considered further in this document.

Table 4. Natura 2000 sites identified as being outside the zone of potential impact influence Proximity of subject site Natura 2000 site to nearest point of Rationale for exclusion from assessment designated site  Designated for terrestrial habitats 1.8km to the north-west  No spatial overlap with the proposal area Bray Head SAC (000714) of SAC  No plausible impact pathway for significant impacts  Designated for freshwater/terrestrial habitats Ballyman Glen SAC 2.8km to the north-east  No spatial overlap with the proposal area (000713) of the SAC  No plausible impact pathway for significant impacts  Designated for terrestrial habitat Glen of the Downs SAC 7.6km to the north-east  No spatial overlap with the proposal area (000719) of the SAC  No plausible impact pathway for significant impacts  Designated for freshwater/terrestrial habitats Knocksink Wood SAC 7.8km to the north-east  No spatial overlap with the proposal area (000725) of the SAC  No plausible impact pathway for significant impacts  Designated for terrestrial habitat Carriggower Bog SAC 11.9km to the north-east  No spatial overlap with the proposal area (000716) of the SAC  No plausible impact pathway for significant impacts  Designated for merlin and peregrine Wicklow Mountains SPA 8.5km to the east of the  Nature and scale of the proposal (004040) SPA  Species unlikely to be impacted by the works  Designated for variety of wintering species  Nature and scale of the proposal North Bull Island SPA 15km to the south of the  Intervening distance of >15km (004006) SPA  Unlikely to be significantly impacted by the works

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4.6.2 Natura 2000 sites within the zone of potential impact influence Of the designated sites listed in Table 2, above, eight are considered to have the potential to be impacted as a result of the proposal. There is potential for habitat alteration, species disturbance/displacement and/or water quality impacts to occur within these remaining Natura 2000 sites as a result of the proposal. Seven of these Natura 2000 sites are intrinsically linked to the proposal site and to each other through the coastal water bodies ‘Irish Sea Dublin’, ‘Dublin Bay’ and ‘Southwestern Irish Sea – Killiney Bay’14. Therefore, the assessment of significance of potential impacts that follows focuses on the following designated sites:

 Rockabill to Dalkey Island SAC (003000)  Wicklow Mountains SAC (002122)  South Dublin Bay SAC (000210)  The Murrough Wetlands SAC (002249)  North Dublin Bay SAC (000206)  Dalkey Islands SPA (004172)  South Dublin Bay and River Tolka SPA (004024)  The Murrough SPA (004186)

The likelihood of significant effects to a Natura 2000 site from the project was determined based on a number of indicators including:

 Habitat loss  Habitat alteration  Water quality and resource  Habitat or species fragmentation  Disturbance and/or displacement of species

The likelihood of significant cumulative/in-combination effects is assessed in Section 4.6.7.

4.6.3 Water Quality During construction, the proposal has the potential to affect marine water quality adjacent to the site as a result of sediment runoff or accidental spillage of fuels, oils, chemicals or other substances from the construction area. There is also potential for limited run-off and siltation of the adjacent marine area following completion of the works due to sediment being removed from the structure by the tide, although the main risk to water quality is considered to be during the construction phase.

With regards to potential run-off and siltation, and potential water quality effects, this aspect of the proposal is not expected to be significant. There will be some 2,500m3 of material excavated from the revetment foundation and placed on the beach. About 1,000m3 of this will be beach type material and the remainder will consist of cliff type material (underlying the sand and cobbles) of which about 20% is fine sand or below (300m3). This finer material will be gradually winnowed out of the placed material over time. Some 5m3 of finer material will be placed on the beach per day. This fine material will be gradually winnowed into the water column and removed by the tide during the works and after construction. Tidal currents will carry this material alongshore and out to deeper

14 https://gis.epa.ie/EPAMaps/ Accessed 28/03/2018 22

18649-6003-B Screening for Appropriate Assessment October 2018 waters. The concentration of sediment in the water column will be low except in the immediate vicinity of the works. The impact will be ongoing during the works. If all (5m3) the finer material from the revetment foundation entered the water column in one day and spread 500m north and south of the site and 50m seawards with an average water depth of 3m, it would give an increase in suspended sediment concentration of 0.06kg/m3, i.e. 60g/L. The actual concentration will be less because of the slow rate at which the finer material would be winnowed out. Therefore, considering the relatively low volumes of finer material which will be subject to tidal influence, the slow rate at which such material will be removed by tidal processes, and the dilution factor of the wider marine zone which will result in suspended sediment concentrations being highest in marine waters in the immediate vicinity of the works and decreasing with distance from the subject area, it is not expected that this aspect of the works will result in significant marine water quality impacts.

With regards to fuels/oils and other potentially polluting substances, it is noted that the construction vehicle/machinery resource requirement is not considerable. It is estimated that the number of on- site machinery will be limited to a maximum of four excavators (two on beach, two on cliff), required for excavation and deposition of material, with one dump truck transporting material along the beach. Machinery will be present on the foreshore for the minimum time necessary for delivery of materials, excavation and revetment construction. Therefore the volumes of fuel on site will be low. Additional factors considered to reduce the risk of potential vehicle collision/fuel spill include that delivery trucks bringing materials to site will be operated by fully qualified personnel and that banksmen will be used where necessary. As a limited number of machines will be operating on the shoreline, the risk of collision and thus significant fuel leak is considered to be low. In the unlikely event that a fuel spill occurs, spill kits will be available on-site and potentially contaminated material will be removed from the site by a licensed contractor. There will be no storage of fuels on-site. Instead, fuel will be delivered to site by small fuel tanker. No refuelling will take place on the beach further reducing the risk of accidental fuel spills/leakage. Instead, all re-fuelling will take place on top of the cliff away from the shoreline. The specification for the works includes restrictions in relation to environmental best practice, under which the issue of use of fuels/oil etc is further outlined. Bearing the above factors in mind, it is considered that the potential for fuels and oils to enter the marine environment as a result of spills or leakages from on-site machinery is low.

In summary, significant negative impacts to marine water quality are not considered likely to occur during the construction phase of the project due to the nature and scale of the works and the design of the project in relation to protection of water quality. These measures will greatly reduce the potential for polluting material such as fuels/oils, fines to enter the sea in the subject area. It is considered that the operational phase of the project is unlikely to significantly impact on water quality. In conclusion, bearing the above factors in mind, and the intervening distance between the subject area and the nearest Natura 2000 sites which are connected via a plausible impact pathway, namely the Irish sea, it is objectively concluded that significant impacts to water quality which could impact on the conservation objectives of any Natura 2000 site within the zone of impact influence of the proposal is unlikely to occur.

4.6.4 Habitat Loss The subject site is not encompassed within the boundary of a Natura 2000 site and so the proposal will not result in direct loss of any Annex I habitats within a Natura 2000 site.

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The proposal will, however, result in the loss of some partially vegetated boulder clay material comprising the existing eroding cliff face (approximately 5,000m3), which forms the eastern edge of the former landfill, in order to facilitate the regrading of the cliff face to a more stable slope of 1:1.5 to 1:2. Additionally, excavations will be required to construct the armourstone revetment (approximately 3,000m3). Beach material will be removed at the base of the cliff to facilitate construction of the revetment toe. This excavated material will subsequently be used as fill material within the core of the new revetment. While the revetment will prevent further erosion of the cliff face, ground excavations required to construct the revetment and the revetment structure itself will result in the permanent loss of beach habitat comprising cobbles, gravels and sand (overall approximate footprint of revetment 6,000m2); however, this habitat loss will be localised in nature, and will restricted to the stretch of cliff face which forms the eastern boundary of the former landfill (approximately 300m length)(see Figure 2). Furthermore, the localised area of beach which will be permanently lost to facilitate revetment construction is not considered to have any intrinsic ecological value to any of the qualifying interest species for which Natura 2000 sites, outlined in Section 4.6.2 above, are designated, over and above those areas of habitat which are already encompassed within designated site boundaries.

In conclusion, there is no spatial overlap between the proposal site and any Natura 2000 site; therefore, there will be no direct loss of any of the Annex I habitats for which the sites identified as being within the zone of impact influence of the proposal are designated (see Section 4.6.2 above). It is objectively concluded that significant habitat loss within Natura 2000 sites as a result of either the construction or operational phases of the proposal is not likely to occur.

4.6.5 Habitat Alteration

4.6.5.1 Construction Phase While the construction phase of the project will result in the direct alteration of the existing eroding cliff-face and beach immediately adjacent through the cliff regrading works and revetment construction, there is no overlap with any Natura 2000 site, and so significant habitat impacts are not predicted from this aspect of the proposal. Similarly, construction activity within the proposal footprint, and within adjacent habitats in close proximity to the works, such as the site access route, may result in some localised alteration as a result of ground disturbance during construction, minor erosion, accretion etc. However, these habitat impacts will be localised and temporary and are not considered significant with regards to Natura 2000 sites.

With regards to the potential for indirect habitat alteration during the construction phase of the project, it has already been concluded in Section 4.6.3 above that significant water quality effects, such as site run-off/siltation and/or accidental fuel/oil leak, which could result in indirect alteration of Annex I habitats in Natura 2000 sites within the zone of impact influence, are not likely to occur due to the nature and scale of the project, and the standard practice measures which will be adhered to with regards to protection of water quality.

Therefore, it is objectively concluded that significant alteration of Annex I habitats as a result of the construction phase of the project are not considered likely to occur.

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4.6.5.2 Operational Phase Coastal defence work has the potential to alter natural coastal processes and therefore result in indirect alteration of coastal/marine habitats. With regards to the impact of the project’s operational phase on such processes, construction of the revetment will result in a change in the local sediment budget and transport regime, in particular in the Killiney Bay area. This is by virtue of the fact that installation of a rock/concrete armour revetment at the foot of a soft unprotected cliff will prevent erosion of material, as the boulders will absorb the impact of wave and tidal action. This will result in a reduction in the net longshore transport of material downdrift of the revetment, which reduces sediment supply to coastal areas. Avian species associated with SPAs within the zone of impact influence may also be potentially indirectly impacted by the proposal due to changes in the sediment regime, which may result in alteration of foraging habitat, potentially reducing the availability and abundance of prey items.

Designated habitats which have the potential to be impacted by this aspect of the proposal are listed in Table 5 below.

Table 5. Designated habitats which have the potential to be impacted by changes in natural coastal processes as a result of the works Site Qualifying Interests Rockabill to Dalkey Island SAC (003000)  Reefs [1170] South Dublin Bay SAC (000210)  Mudflats and sandflats not covered by seawater at low tide [1140]  Annual vegetation of drift lines [1210]  Salicornia and other annuals colonising mud and sand [1310]  Embryonic shifting dunes [2110] The Murrough Wetlands SAC (002249)  Annual vegetation of drift lines [1210]  Perennial vegetation of stony banks [1220]  Atlantic salt meadows (Glauco- Puccinellietalia maritimae) [1330]  Mediterranean salt meadows (Juncetalia maritimi) [1410] North Dublin Bay SAC (000206)  Mudflats and sandflats not covered by seawater at low tide [1140]  Annual vegetation of drift lines [1210]  Salicornia and other annuals colonising mud and sand [1310]  Atlantic salt meadows (Glauco- Puccinellietalia maritimae) [1330]  Mediterranean salt meadows (Juncetalia maritimi) [1410]  Embryonic shifting dunes [2110]  Shifting dunes along the shoreline with Ammophila arenaria (white dunes) [2120]  Fixed coastal dunes with herbaceous vegetation (grey dunes) [2130]  Humid dune slacks [2190]

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Potential impacts on the sediment transport regime arising as a result of the proposed coastal defences at the historic landfill site were most recently examined in the ‘Coastal Protection Measures at Historic Landfill Assessment Report’ (MWP, 2017). In this study, it was estimated that a total of some 1,122m3 of material could be eroded from the subject area each year. Excluding landfill material, this figure is reduced to 861m3/year. When considered in terms of the total volume eroded from the cliffs along the Bray to Shanganagh coastline (some 21,050 m3/year, or excluding landfill material 20,889m3), the volume of material eroded from the subject area i.e. former landfill, is equivalent to 4.12% of the total material lost due to erosion along this stretch of coastline. Prevention of erosion at the site will therefore prevent some 4.12% of suitable sediment from entering the Bray to Shanganagh cliff coastline (approx.4km) (MWP, 2017).

This reduction in volume of material is not considered to be significant in the context of the overall volume of material which enters the Killiney Bay sediment budget from this stretch of coastline. Furthermore, this reduction in volume will have even less of an implication in terms of the sediment budget in the greater marine zone encompassing the greater Dublin Bay area, where the impacts are likely to be further reduced. As such, it is considered that significant changes to coastal processes are unlikely to occur as a result of the proposal and natural circulation of material in the overall area is unlikely to be significantly affected. In summary, significant alteration of designated habitats within Natura 2000 sites, or habitats potentially utilised by designated species, owing to the predicted reduction in the Bray to Shanganagh cliffs sediment budget, is not considered likely to occur as a result of the proposed coastal defences at the former landfill site.

4.6.6 Disturbance and/or Displacement of Species

4.6.6.1 Rockabill to Dalkey Island SAC This SAC is designated for the protection of harbour porpoise (Phocoena phocoena), a relatively small cetacean, up to two metres in length. While they can be difficult to see, particularly off-shore, they are still the most frequently recorded cetacean around Irish coasts (Berrow et al., 2010). It is Ireland’s only species of porpoise and is widely distributed around the Irish coast throughout the year with concentrations of sightings in counties Dublin and Cork in particular. In Dublin, the main concentration is at Howth Head and along the coast between Dalkey and Bray. The overall status of harbour porpoise is considered Favourable and there is little evidence of population growth or decline in this species (NPWS, 2013).

It has been determined that significant water quality impacts from the proposal are not predicted. Any impacts to water quality, namely siltation, which may arise due to the potential wash-out of sediment from the structure by the tide, will be concentrated in the marine waters immediately adjacent to the subject area. Such impacts are expected to be low away from the works zone as the dilution factor of the sea will reduce siltation effects. This aspect of the proposal is discussed further in Section 4.6.3 above. Therefore, it is objectively concluded that significant disturbance/displacement impacts to harbour porpoise, for which the Rockabill to Dalkey Island SAC is designated, are not reasonably foreseeable and the proposal will not adversely impact on the Conservation Objectives of this qualifying feature.

4.6.6.2 Wicklow Mountains SAC This SAC is designated for the protection of one species, namely otter (Lutra lutra). Otters are found in a variety of aquatic habitats in Ireland such as lakes, rivers, streams, estuaries, marshland, canals

18649-6003-B Screening for Appropriate Assessment October 2018 and along the coast. Otters are highly mobile species, typically with large habitat ranges and distributions. They typically occur at very low population densities with the average home range of a female being around 20km of watercourse while a male’s home range may extend to 32km, although for some males it can be considerably larger than this15. The Glencullen and Dargle river system provides a direct access route for otters between the Wicklow Mountains SAC and the shoreline at Bray Harbour and a review of the NBDC’s on-line species records database determined that historic records exist in proximity to the watercourse (1968)16. Therefore, the stretch of coastline in the vicinity of the proposal site has potential to be used by this species for foraging, resting or commuting and as such otters may potentially be subject to disturbance/displacement impacts during the construction phase arising from a number of sources, namely the release of fugitive noise emissions, the increased level of human activity, or indirectly via water quality impacts.

With regards to noise disturbance, the works are not expected to result in the release of excessive noise emissions by virtue of the nature of the works and that the project is not inherently large in scale. Excavations will be localised and there is no requirement for large numbers of plant on-site. Therefore, any noise generated as a result of the construction phase of the project is not expected to be of any scale as to cause significant disturbance or displacement of otters which may occur in the area. At most, it is expected that the works may potentially result in avoidance of the area by otters although this impact will be temporary and so is not considered significant. With regards to increased human activity for the duration of the construction phase, it is noted that the human resource requirement is not expected to be large given the scale of the proposal, and that all operations will take place during daylight hours when otters are least active. Therefore, increased human activity associated with the proposal is not expected to be considerably over and above normal day-to-day levels in the area given the location of the proposal site on a public beach. As discussed in Section 4.6.3 above, the proposal is not expected to result in any significant impairment of water quality within Killiney Bay which could potentially impact on otter, such as the species prey resource. Any water quality impacts arising from the proposal will be localised and temporary and so are not expected to be significant. The proposal will not result in any modification of coastal habitats which otter may utilise as coastal defence works will be restricted to the existing eroding cliff-face.

Bearing the above factors in mind, it is considered that the proposal does not have the potential to result in significant disturbance/displacement impacts to otter given the nature, scale and duration of the works. Therefore, it is objectively concluded that significant disturbance/displacement impacts to otter, for which the Wicklow Mountains SAC is designated, are not reasonably foreseeable and the proposal will not adversely impact on the Conservation Objectives of the qualifying feature.

4.6.6.3 North Dublin Bay SAC This SAC is designated for the protection of one species, namely petalwort (Petalophyllum ralfsii). “P. Ralfsii typically grows on mildly to strongly base-rich, damp ground in dune slacks and in short, sandy turf, usually close to the sea” (BBS, 2010). Petalwort mainly occurs on the west coast of Ireland. Due to the availability of good-quality habitat and the apparent absence of any significant pressures on the species, the most recent assessment of conservation status determined that petalwort has an Overall Status of ‘Favourable’ in Ireland (NPWS, 2013). A review of on-line records held for this species by the NBDC determined that the closest record for this species to the proposal area occurs

15 http://www.snh.org.uk/publications/on-line/wildlife/otters/biology.asp 16 https://maps.biodiversityireland.ie/Map Accessed 29/03/2018 27

18649-6003-B Screening for Appropriate Assessment October 2018 approximately 3.7km to the north (unconfirmed record), with additional records further north within the SAC boundary17. The habitats at the subject location do not comprise suitable habitats for this species, with no records in proximity to the site. Therefore, it is objectively concluded that significant disturbance/displacement impacts to petalwort for which North Dublin Bay SAC is designated are not reasonably foreseeable and the proposal will not adversely impact on the Conservation Objectives of the qualifying feature.

4.6.6.4 Dalkey Islands SPA, South Dublin Bay and River Tolka Estuary SPA, The Murrough SPA Dalkey Islands SPA is designated for the protection of three species of tern. The site is an important breeding site for these summer visitors, with birds arriving in March/April. The SPA, along with other parts of South Dublin Bay, also comprises a major post-breeding/pre-migration autumn roost area (late-July and September)18.

South Dublin Bay and River Tolka Estuary SPA is designated for a range of wintering waterfowl which utilise intertidal, estuarine and marsh habitats within the site, including an internationally important population of light-bellied brent goose and nationally important populations of a further nine wintering species. Several species of tern also breed within the site, including a nationally important colony of common tern. South Dublin Bay is an internationally important staging/passage site for three tern species in the autumn (mostly late July to September)19.

The Murrough SPA comprises a coastal wetland complex encompassing a range of freshwater and brackish habitats including a tidal lake, saltmarsh and reed-marsh. The site contains a traditional breeding site for little tern which supports one the largest colonies in Ireland. The SPA is an important site for a wide variety of wintering waterbird species, at an international level for light- bellied brent goose and at a national level for six other species20.

Birds are potentially at risk of disturbance and/or displacement during the construction phase of the project due to fugitive noise emissions/increased human activity and/or impairment of marine water quality, as increased turbidity could affect their ability to hunt. Birds could also be potentially affected during the operational phase of the proposal through potential indirect impacts on suitable habitats or prey resources arising as a result of changes to the sediment budget.

With regards to potential disturbance/displacement of SCIs within the SPAs due to noise/human activity it is considered that the intervening distances between the sites and the proposal area (ranging from 6km to 12km) is sufficient to negate any potential for significant disturbance/displacement effects within the SPAs given the nature and scale of the works. Noise emissions associated with the project will be temporary and are not expected to be excessive. There is some potential for some SCIs to occur within the vicinity of the site while foraging or loafing, therefore, temporary avoidance of the area by designated bird species may occur during construction works; however, this impact is not considered significant due to its temporary nature and as there is an abundance of similar feeding and foraging habitat in the overall coastal area.

17 https://maps.biodiversityireland.ie/Map Accessed 29/03/2018 18 https://www.npws.ie/sites/default/files/protected-sites/synopsis/SY004172.pdf Accessed 29/03/2018 19 https://www.npws.ie/sites/default/files/protected-sites/synopsis/SY004024.pdf Accessed 29/03/2018 20 https://www.npws.ie/sites/default/files/protected-sites/synopsis/SY004186.pdf Accessed 29/03/2018 28

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Therefore, it is considered that the proposal does not have the potential to result in significant disturbance/displacement impacts to birds as a result of these aspects of the project.

With regard to the potential for indirect species disturbance/displacement via potential impairment of water quality during the construction phase, it is noted that significant water quality effects are not envisaged from the proposal, as discussed in detail in Section 4.6.3 above. With regards to the operational phase of the project, potential impacts on the marine sediment transport regime arising from the proposal have been assessed (see Section 4.6.5), and is has been determined that significant impacts on the sediment budget of Killiney Bay and the greater Dublin Bay area are not predicted as a result of the coastal defence structure. It has therefore been concluded that significant alteration of coastal habitats within the bay and further afield within the SPAs, such as mudflats and sandflats which comprise important foraging and roosting areas for waterfowl and other species, are not likely to occur.

Bearing the above factors in mind, it is considered that the proposal does not have the potential to result in changes in either population size or distribution of SCIs for which the SPAs are designated and significant disturbance/displacement effects are not reasonably foreseeable. Therefore, in summary, it is objectively concluded that significant disturbance/displacement impacts to any of the SCI species for which Dalkey Islands SPA, South Dublin Bay and River Tolka Estuary SPA or The Murrough SPA are designated, are not reasonably foreseeable and the proposal will not adversely impact on the Conservation Objectives of the qualifying features.

4.6.7 Habitat or Species Fragmentation Habitat fragmentation has been defined as ‘reduction and isolation of patches of natural environment’ (Hall et al., 1997 cited in Franklin et al., 2002) usually due to an external disturbance such that an alteration of the spatial composition of a habitat occurs that alters the habitat and ‘create[s] isolated or tenuously connected patches of the original habitat’ (Wiens, 1989 cited in Franklin et al., 2002). This results in spatial separation of habitat units which had previously been in a state of greater continuity. Adverse effects of habitat fragmentation on species/populations can include increased isolation which can detrimentally impact on their resilience or robustness potentially altering species abundance and leading to a reduction in overall diversity.

As the proposal site does not occur within a Natura 2000 site, direct habitat or species fragmentation is not considered likely to occur. Indirect habitat or species fragmentation is also not likely to occur owing to the localised nature and small scale of the proposed works, in particular the minor impacts predicted to the sediment transport regime, as discussed in the preceding sections. The coastal defence structure may result in localised fragmentation of habitat at the location; however, any fragmentation which does occur is not expected to have any impact on the conservation objectives of Natura 2000 sites due to the localised nature of the works and the distance intervening between the subject area and designated sites.

4.6.8 Cumulative/In-combination Impacts With regards to public use of the beach in the vicinity of the works during the construction phase, and the potential for cumulative species disturbance impacts arising from human activity, it is noted that the likely start date for the works comprises springtime i.e. ‘off-season’, when visitor numbers can be expected to be relatively low. Furthermore, the works will be of a temporary nature as outlined in Section 4.2.5. Bearing these factors in mind, and the conclusions regarding species

18649-6003-B Screening for Appropriate Assessment October 2018 disturbance/displacement (Section 4.6.6) it is considered that the proposal does not have the potential to result in significant cumulative impacts to any of the qualifying features for which the Natura 2000 sites outlined in Section 4.6.2 above are designated.

With regards to the potential for cumulative impacts in-combination with other coastal defence works, such as Corbawn Lane, the proposed works will result in a relatively small loss of material to the sediment budget. The impact of potential sediment losses as a result of the works will be greatest in the immediate vicinity and will decrease with increasing distance from the study area. Numerical modelling of net transport rates in the vicinity of the proposed works indicates a net potential to accrete in this area. However, during storms material can be taken from the area and moved northwards along the shoreline resulting in a lack of material protecting the cliffs in this area and in adjacent areas. While this might indicate that there may be some impacts from the works they are likely to be localised and relatively small. The relatively small loss to the sediment budget from the proposed works would indicate that potentially cumulative impacts to the sediment budget will not be significant.

In light of this, and bearing in mind the nature and scale of the proposal, and the intervening distances between the subject area and designated sites, significant cumulative or in-combination impacts to Natura 2000 sites within the zone of potential impact influence of the proposal as a result of interaction between the project’s impacts to the sediment transport regime and other potential coastal defence works in the greater area are not expected to occur.

4.7 CONCLUSION OF SCREENING STAGE In conclusion, to determine the potential impacts, if any, of the proposed coastal defence works at Woodbrook historic landfill, on nearby Natura 2000 sites, a screening process for Appropriate Assessment was undertaken. The proposed development is within 15km of fifteen Natura 2000 Sites.

It has been objectively concluded during the screening process that there will be no significant impacts to the following sites as a result of the proposed development:

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5 REFERENCES BBS, 2010. Mosses and Liverworts of Britain and Ireland - a field guide. 1st ed. Plymouth, United Kingdom: British Bryological Society.

Department of the Environment, Heritage and Local Government (DoEHLG) (2009). Appropriate Assessment of Plans and Projects in Ireland: Guidance for Planning Authorities. Department of Environment, Heritage and Local Government.

EC (2000). Managing Natura 2000 Sites: The provisions of Article 6 of the ‘Habitats’ Directive 92/43/EEC. Luxembourg: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities.

EC (2001). Assessment of Plans and Projects Significantly Affecting Natura 2000 Sites: Methodological guidance on the provisions of Article 6(3) and (4) of the Habitats Directive 92/43/EEC. Luxembourg: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities.

Franklin, A., Noon, B. & Luke, G., 2002. What is Habitat Fragmentation?. Studies in Avian Biology, Volume 25, pp. 20-29.

FTC, 2016. Tier 2 Risk Assessment - Historic Landfill at Bray Harbour, Co. Dublin, Ireland: Fehily Timoney and Company for Dun Laoighre Rathdown County Council.

FTC, 2017. Remediation Option Appraisal Historic Landfill at Bray Harbour, Co. Dublin, Ireland: Fehily Timoney and Company for Dun Laoighre Rathdown County Council.

MWP, 2010. Dun Laoighre Rathdown County Council Coastal Defence Strategy Study, Ireland: Malachy Walsh and Partners for Dun Laoighre Rathdown County Council.

MWP, 2017. Coastal Protection Measures at Historic Landfill Assessment Report, Cork, Ireland: Malachy Walsh and Partners for Dun Laoighre Rathdown County Council.

NPWS, 2013. The Status of EU Protected Habitats and Species in Ireland. Species Assessments Volume 3. Version 1.0, Dublin, Ireland: Unpublished report, National Parks and Wildlife Service, Department of the Arts, Heritage and Gaeltacht.

RPS, 2007. Woodbrook Golf Club: Options Assessment in Response to Section 55 Notice issued by Dun Laoghaire Rathdown County Council, Ireland: RPS.

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Appendix 1 Stages of Appropriate Assessment

Appendix

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Stage 1 - Screening

This is the first stage of the Appropriate Assessment process and that undertaken to determine the likelihood of significant impacts as a result of a proposed project or plan. It determines need for a full Appropriate Assessment.

If it can be concluded that no significant impacts to Natura 2000 sites are likely then the assessment can stop here. If not, it must proceed to Stage 2 for further more detailed assessment.

Stage 2 - Natura Impact Statement (NIS)

The second stage of the Appropriate Assessment process assesses the impact of the proposal (either alone or in combination with other projects or plans) on the integrity of the Natura 2000 site with respect to the conservation objectives of the site and its ecological structure and function. This is a much more detailed assessment that Stage 1. A Natura Impact Statement containing a professional scientific examination of the proposal is required and includes any mitigation measure to avoid, reduce or offset negative impacts.

If the outcome of Stage 2 is negative i.e. adverse impacts to the sites cannot be scientifically ruled out, despite mitigation, the plan or project should proceed to Stage 3 or be abandoned.

Stage 3 - Assessment of alternative solutions A detailed assessment must be undertaken to determine whether alternative ways of achieving the objective of the project/plan exists.

Where no alternatives exist the project/plan must proceed to Stage 4.

Stage 4 - Assessment where no alternative solutions exist and where adverse impacts remain The final stage is the main derogation process examining whether there are imperative reasons of overriding public interest (IROPI) for allowing a plan or project to adversely affect a Natura 2000 site where no less damaging solution exists.

Appendix

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Appendix 2 Site Synopses

Appendix

SITE SYNOPSIS

Site Name: Bray Head SAC

Site Code: 000714

This coastal site is situated in the north-east of Co. Wicklow between the towns of Bray and Greystones. The bedrock geology is Cambrian quartzites and shales (with mudstones and greywackes). Bray Head consists of a plateau of high ground, with five prominent quartzite knolls and has a maximum height of 241 m. The more exposed higher ground has a covering of shallow acidic soils, with protruding bedrock and scree. Elsewhere, deeper soils are formed by drift deposits and are calcareous in character.

The site is a Special Area of Conservation (SAC) selected for the following habitats and/or species listed on Annex I / II of the E.U. Habitats Directive (* = priority; numbers in brackets are Natura 2000 codes):

[1230] Vegetated Sea Cliffs [4030] Dry Heath

Dry heath is the principal habitat over much of Bray Head. The vegetation of the upper plateau area is dominated by dwarf shrubs, mainly Heather (Calluna vulgaris), Bell Heather (Erica cinerea) and gorse (Ulex europaeus and U. gallii). Broom (Cytisus scoparius) also occurs, and associated with the gorse and broom is the Red Data Book species Greater Broomrape (Orobanche rapum-genistae). In the areas where the shrubs are less dense Tormentil (Potentilla erecta), Common Milkwort (Polygala vulgaris), Heath Bedstraw (Galium saxatile) and a variety of grasses (e.g. Aira praecox, Agrostis tenuis, Deschampsia flexuosa) are present. Where rock outcrops occur species such as English Stonecrop (Sedum anglicum) and Sheep’s-bit (Jasione montana) are found. Bracken (Pteridium aquilinum) is dominant in some areas.

The heath communities which occur on the dry slopes above the sea cliffs, especially those south-facing, are more open in character and dominated by grasses rather than dwarf shrubs. The annual plant communities which develop here are typical of those found only on sites in south-eastern Ireland. Common species include Wood Sage (Teucrium scorodonia), clovers (Trifolium dubium and T. campestre), Scarlet Pimpernel (Anagallis arvensis) and Field Madder (Sherardia arvensis). An uncommon annual species which can appear abundantly in the heath after a fire event is Yellow Fumitory (Corydalis claviculata). Some rare plants are found in this habitat, notably Bird’s-foot (Ornithopus perpusillus) and Spring Vetch (Vicia lathyroides), both Red Data Book species.

Calcareous dry grassland, typically species-rich, occurs on deposits of glacial till. The primary grass species are Quaking-grass (Briza media), Smooth Meadow-grass (Poa

Version date: 23.09.2013 1 of 3 000714_Rev13.Doc pratensis) and Red Fescue (Festuca rubra). Typical calcicole herbs include Pale Flax (Linum bienne), Salad Burnet (Sangusiorba minor), Burnet-saxifrage (Pimpinella saxifraga), Carline Thistle (Carlina vulgaris) and Kidney Vetch (Anthyllis vulneraria). Orchids are a feature of this habitat, with five species known from the area - Pyramidal Orchid (Anacamptis pyramidalis), Common Spotted-orchid (Dactylorhiza fuchsii), Common Twayblade (Listera ovata), Fragrant Orchid (Gymnadenia conopsea) and Bee Orchid (Ophrys apifera). Bloody Crane’s-bill (Geranium sanguineum) was re- found recently in this community at Bray Head - this is a typical species of the Burren and associated areas, and is very rare in eastern Ireland.

Rocky sea cliffs, another Annex I habitat, form most of the seaward boundary at this site and extend for approximately 2 km. Steep clay cliffs extend southwards for a further 1 km, with a small area of clay cliff also at the northernmost part of site. The rocky cliffs are divided by a railway track built in the 1800s. The lower cliffs are fairly steep in places but above the track they are less steep, and often support heath or dry grassland vegetation. In parts the cliffs are up to 60 m in height. Typical species of the more exposed rock areas are Common Scurvygrass (Cochlearia officinalis), Rock Sea-spurrey (Spergularia rupicola), Thrift (Armeria maritima), Sea Campion (Silene vulgaris subsp. maritima), and Sea Samphire (Crithmum maritimum). On some sections of the cliff face, the locally scarce Tree Mallow (Lavatera arborea) is found. Species of the upper cliff flora include Kidney Vetch and Red Fescue. A widespread species found from the mid to upper zones of the cliff face is Ivy (Hedera helix), and associated with this is the scarce Wild Madder (Rubia peregrina). The clay cliffs in the southern part of the site are steep and unstable and have little vegetation.

A stand of mostly native woodland occurs in the northern part of the site. This is a fairly pure Sessile Oak (Quercus petraea) dominated woodland, with some Ash (Fraxinus excelsior) and Downy Birch (Betula pubescens). Understorey trees include Holly (Ilex aquifolium) and Hawthorn (Crataegus monogyna). The wood is on shallow drift and the ground flora often has species more associated with heath than woodland. Other habitats which are found at this site include bedrock shore, a sandy/shingle beach and an area of shallow marine water.

Bray Head has an important seabird colony. A census in 1999 gave the following populations: Fulmar (55 pairs), Shag (8 pairs), Kittiwake (781+ pairs), Guillemots (286 individuals), Razorbills (191 individuals) and Black Guillemots (123 individuals). A few pairs of gulls also breed. Both the Kittiwake and Black Guillemot populations are of national importance.

Peregrine Falcon, an Annex I species of the E.U. Birds Directive, breeds at the site, as do Raven and Kestrel. Characteristic bird species of the heath areas include Stonechat, Whitethroat, Linnet and Skylark.

The heath and grassland habitats at this site are threatened by reclamation for agriculture and also by frequent burning. The site is a popular recreational area and is especially used by walkers.

Version date: 23.09.2013 2 of 3 000714_Rev13.Doc Bray Head is of high conservation importance as it has good examples of two habitats (sea cliffs and dry heath) listed on Annex I of the E.U. Habitats Directive. It also supports a number of rare plant species and has ornithological importance.

Version date: 23.09.2013 3 of 3 000714_Rev13.Doc SITE SYNOPSIS

Site Name: North Dublin Bay SAC

Site Code: 000206

This site covers the inner part of north Dublin Bay, the seaward boundary extending from the Bull Wall lighthouse across to the Martello Tower at Howth Head. The North Bull Island is the focal point of this site.

[1140] Tidal Mudflats and Sandflats [1210] Annual Vegetation of Drift Lines [1310] Salicornia Mud [1330] Atlantic Salt Meadows [1410] Mediterranean Salt Meadows [2110] Embryonic Shifting Dunes [2120] Marram Dunes (White Dunes) [2130] Fixed Dunes (Grey Dunes)* [2190] Humid Dune Slacks [1395] Petalwort (Petalophyllum ralfsii)

North Bull Island is a sandy spit which formed after the building of the South Wall and Bull Wall in the 18th and 19th centuries. It now extends for about 5 km in length and is up to 1 km wide in places. A well-developed and dynamic dune system stretches along the seaward side of the island. Various types of dunes occur, from fixed dune grassland to pioneer communities on foredunes. Marram Grass (Ammophila arenaria) is dominant on the outer dune ridges, with Lyme-grass (Leymus arenarius) and Sand Couch (Elymus farctus) on the foredunes. Behind the first dune ridge, plant diversity increases with the appearance of such species as Wild Pansy (Viola tricolor), Kidney Vetch (Anthyllis vulneraria), Common Bird's-foot-trefoil (Lotus corniculatus), Common Restharrow (Ononis repens), Yellow-rattle (Rhinanthus minor) and Pyramidal Orchid (Anacamptis pyramidalis). In these grassy areas and slacks, the scarce Bee Orchid (Ophrys apifera) occurs.

About 1 km from the tip of the island, a large dune slack with a rich flora occurs, usually referred to as the 'Alder Marsh' because of the presence of Alder trees (Alnus glutinosa). The water table is very near the surface and is only slightly brackish. Saltmarsh Rush (Juncus maritimus) is the dominant species, with Meadowsweet (Filipendula ulmaria) and Devil's-bit Scabious (Succisa pratensis) being frequent. The orchid flora is notable and includes Marsh Helleborine (Epipactis palustris), Common

Version date: 12.08.2013 1 of 3 000206_Rev13.Doc

Twayblade (Listera ovata), Autumn Lady's-tresses (Spiranthes spiralis) and Marsh Orchids (Dactylorhiza spp.).

Saltmarsh extends along the length of the landward side of the island. The edge of the marsh is marked by an eroding edge which varies from 20 cm to 60 cm high. The marsh can be zoned into different levels according to the vegetation types present. On the lower marsh, Glasswort (Salicornia europaea), Common Saltmarsh-grass (Puccinellia maritima), Annual Sea-blite (Suaeda maritima) and Greater Sea-spurrey (Spergularia media) are the main species. Higher up in the middle marsh Sea Plantain (Plantago maritima), Sea Aster (Aster tripolium), Sea Arrowgrass (Triglochin maritima) and Thrift (Armeria maritima) appear. Above the mark of the normal high tide, species such as Common Scurvygrass (Cochlearia officinalis) and Sea Milkwort (Glaux maritima) are found, while on the extreme upper marsh, the rushes Juncus maritimus and J. gerardi are dominant. Towards the tip of the island, the saltmarsh grades naturally into fixed dune vegetation.

The habitat ‘annual vegetation of drift lines’ is found in places, along the length of Dollymount Strand, with species such as Sea Rocket (Cakile maritima), Oraches (Atriplex spp.) and Prickly Saltwort (Salsola kali).

The island shelters two intertidal lagoons which are divided by a solid causeway. The sediments of the lagoons are mainly sands with a small and varying mixture of silt and clay. The north lagoon has an area known as the "Salicornia flat", which is dominated by Salicornia dolichostachya, a pioneer glasswort species, and covers about 25 ha. Beaked Tasselweed (Ruppia maritima) occurs in this area, along with some Narrow-leaved Eelgrass (Zostera angustifolia). Dwarf Eelgrass (Z. noltii) also occurs in Sutton Creek. Common Cordgrass (Spartina anglica) occurs in places but its growth is controlled by management. Green algal mats (Enteromorpha spp., Ulva lactuca) cover large areas of the flats during summer. These sediments have a rich macrofauna, with high densities of Lugworms (Arenicola marina) in parts of the north lagoon. Mussels (Mytilus edulis) occur in places, along with bivalves such as Cerastoderma edule, Macoma balthica and Scrobicularia plana. The small gastropod Hydrobia ulvae occurs in high densities in places, while the crustaceans Corophium volutator and Carcinus maenas are common. The sediments on the seaward side of North Bull Island are mostly sands. The site extends below the low spring tide mark to include an area of the sublittoral zone.

Three rare plant species which are legally protected under the Flora (Protection) Order, 1999 have been recorded on the North Bull Island. These are Lesser Centaury (Centaurium pulchellum), Red Hemp-nettle (Galeopsis angustifolia) and Meadow Saxifrage (Saxifraga granulata). Two further species listed as threatened in the Red Data Book, Wild Clary/Sage (Salvia verbenaca) and Spring Vetch (Vicia lathyroides), have also been recorded. A rare liverwort, Petalophyllum ralfsii, was first recorded from the North Bull Island in 1874 and has recently been confirmed as still present. This species is of high conservation value as it is listed on Annex II of the E.U. Habitats Directive. The North Bull is the only known extant site for the species in Ireland away from the western seaboard.

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North Dublin Bay is of international importance for waterfowl. During the 1994/95 to 1996/97 period the following species occurred in internationally important numbers (figures are average maxima): Brent Goose 2,333; Knot 4,423; Bar-tailed Godwit 1,586. A further 14 species occurred in nationally important concentrations - Shelduck 1505; Wigeon 1,166; Teal 1,512; Pintail 334; Shoveler 239; Oystercatcher 2,190; Ringed Plover 346; Grey Plover 816; Sanderling 357; Dunlin 6,238; Black-tailed Godwit 156; Curlew 1,193; Turnstone 197 and Redshank 1,175. Some of these species frequent South Dublin Bay and the River Tolka Estuary for feeding and/or roosting purposes (mostly Brent Goose, Oystercatcher, Ringed Plover, Sanderling and Dunlin).

The tip of the North Bull Island is a traditional nesting site for Little Tern. A high total of 88 pairs nested in 1987. However, nesting attempts have not been successful since the early 1990s. Ringed Plover, Shelduck, Mallard, Skylark, Meadow Pipit and Stonechat also nest. A well-known population of Irish Hare is resident on the island

The invertebrates of the North Bull Island have been studied and the island has been shown to contain at least seven species of regional or national importance in Ireland (from the Orders Diptera, Hymenoptera and Hemiptera).

The main land uses of this site are amenity activities and nature conservation. The North Bull Island is the main recreational beach in Co. Dublin and is used throughout the year. Much of the land surface of the island is taken up by two golf courses. Two separate Statutory Nature Reserves cover much of the island east of the Bull Wall and the surrrounding intertidal flats. The site is used regularly for educational purposes. North Bull Island has been designated a Special Protection Area under the E.U. Birds Directive and it is also a statutory Wildfowl Sanctuary, a Ramsar Convention site, a Biogenetic Reserve, a Biosphere Reserve and a Special Area Amenity Order site.

This site is an excellent example of a coastal site with all the main habitats represented. The site holds good examples of nine habitats that are listed on Annex I of the E.U. Habitats Directive; one of these is listed with priority status. Several of the wintering bird species have populations of international importance, while some of the invertebrates are of national importance. The site contains a numbers of rare and scarce plants including some which are legally protected. Its proximity to the capital city makes North Dublin Bay an excellent site for educational studies and research.

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Site Name: South Dublin Bay SAC

Site Code: 000210

This site lies south of the River Liffey in Co. Dublin, and extends from the South Wall to the west pier at Dun Laoghaire. It is an intertidal site with extensive areas of sand and mudflats. The sediments are predominantly sands but grade to sandy muds near the shore at Merrion Gates. The main channel which drains the area is Cockle Lake.

[1140] Tidal Mudflats and Sandflats [1210] Annual vegetation of drift lines [1310] Salicornia and other annuals colonising mud and sand [2110] Embryonic shifting dunes

The bed of Dward Eelgrass (Zostera noltii) found below Merrion Gates is the largest stand on the east coast. Green algae (Enteromorpha spp. and Ulva lactuca) are distributed throughout the area at a low density. Fucoid algae occur on the rocky shore in the Maretimo to Dún Laoghaire area. Species include Fucus spiralis, F. vesiculosus, F. serratus, Ascophyllum nodosum and Pelvetia canaliculata.

Several small, sandy beaches with incipient dune formation occur in the northern and western sectors of the site, notably at Poolbeg, Irishtown and Merrion/ Booterstown. The formation at Booterstown is very recent. Drift line vegetation occurs in association with the embryonic and incipient fore dunes. Typically drift lines occur in a band approximately 5 m wide, though at Booterstown this zone is wider in places. The habitat occurs just above the High Water Mark and below the area of embryonic dune. Species present are Sea Rocket (Cakile maritima), Frosted Orache (Atriplex laciniata), Spear-leaved Orache (A. prostrata), Prickly Saltwort (Salsola kali) and Fat Hen (Chenopodium album). Also occurring is Sea Sandwort (Honkenya peploides), Sea Beet (Beta vulgaris subsp. maritima) and Annual Sea-blite (Suaeda maritima). A small area of pioneer saltmarsh now occurs in the lee of an embryonic sand dune just north of Booterstown Station. This early stage of saltmarsh development is here characterised by the presence of pioneer stands of glassworts (Salicornia spp.) occurring below an area of drift line vegetation. As this is of very recent origin, it covers a small area but ample areas of substrate and shelter are available for the further development of this habitat.

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Lugworm (Arenicola marina), Cockles (Cerastoderma edule) and annelids and other bivalves are frequent throughout the site. The small gastropod Hydrobia ulvae occurs on the muddy sands off Merrion Gates.

South Dublin Bay is an important site for waterfowl. Although birds regularly commute between the south bay and the north bay, recent studies have shown that certain populations which occur in the south bay spend most of their time there. The principal species are Oystercatcher (1215), Ringed Plover (120), Sanderling (344), Dunlin (2628) and Redshank (356) (average winter peaks 1996/97 and 1997/98). Up to 100 Turnstones are usual in the south bay during winter. Brent Goose regularly occur in numbers of international importance (average peak 299). Bar-tailed Godwit (565), a species listed on Annex I of the E.U. Birds Directive, also occur.

Large numbers of gulls roost in South Dublin Bay, e.g. 4,500 Black-headed Gulls in February 1990; 500 Common Gulls in February 1991. It is also an important tern roost in the autumn, regularly holding 2000-3000 terns including Roseate Terns, a species listed on Annex I of the E.U. Birds Directive. South Dublin Bay is largely protected as a Special Protection Area.

At low tide the inner parts of the south bay are used for amenity purposes. Bait- digging is a regular activity on the sandy flats. At high tide some areas have wind- surfing and jet-skiing.

This site is a fine example of a coastal system, with extensive sand and mudflats, and incipient dune formations. South Dublin Bay is also an internationally important bird site.

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Site Name: Ballyman Glen SAC

Site Code: 000713

Ballyman Glen is situated approximately 3 km north of Enniskerry and straddles the County boundary between Dublin and Wicklow. It is orientated in an east-west direction with a stream running through the centre. The glen is bounded mostly by steeply sloping pasture with Gorse (Ulex europaeus) and areas of wood and scrub.

[7220] Petrifying Springs* [7230] Alkaline Fens

Ballyman Glen contains a small strip of alkaline fen which is associated with petrifying spring/seepage areas that have given rise to thick deposits of marl. The vegetation of the main part of the fen is dominated by Greater Tussock-sedge (Carex paniculata), Tall Fescue (Festuca arundinacea), butterworts (Pinguicula vulgaris and P. lusitanica), Black Bog-rush (Schoenus nigricans) and Broad-leaved Cottongrass (Eriophorum latifolium). The site is particularly notable for its orchids, with species including Early Marsh-orchid (Dactylorhiza incarnata), Narrow-leaved Marsh-orchid (D. traunsteineri) and Marsh Helleborine (Epipactis palustris) occurring. In addition, twenty species of sedge have been recorded in the area, including the scarce Long- stalked Yellow-sedge (Carex lepidocarpa). The fen area is being invaded by Downy Birch (Betula pubescens).

Associated with the fen, and also with the woodland elsewhere in the site, are petrifying springs. These lime-encrusted seepage areas are rich in bryophytes including such diagnostic species as Cratoneuron commutatum and C. filicinum.

Wet woodland and scrub occur along the margins of the stream for most of the length of the glen, extending outwards in areas to create inaccessible and species-rich patches of woodland. The canopy is dominated by Alder (Alnus glutinosa), willow (Salix spp.) and Ash (Fraxinus excelsior). The woodland has a dense shrub layer which includes Hawthorn (Crataegus monogyna) and Spindle (Euonymus europaeus), and a diverse ground flora with Marsh Hawk’s-beard (Crepis paludosa), Sanicle (Sanicula europaea), Herb-Robert (Geranium robertianum), Bugle (Ajuga reptans), horsetails (Equisetum spp.), Meadowsweet (Filipendula ulmaria) and some sedges (Carex spp.). Areas of marsh are found in the wetter areas by the stream, particularly at the western end of the site.

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There is an area of broadleaved woodland on the steeper southern slopes of the glen. Common species occurring here are Ash and Sycamore (Acer pseudoplatanus), with Bramble (Rubus fruticosus agg.) colonizing the more open areas.

An area of land that slopes towards the fen has been used as a landfill site for domestic refuse. The site is also used for a clay pigeon shoot and shattered clay pigeons are scattered throughout the area.

The fen vegetation at this site is well developed, with an unusually large number of sedge species present. The presence of alkaline fen and of petrifying spring/seepage areas is also particularly notable, as these habitats are listed, the latter with priority status, on Annex I of the E.U. Habitats Directive. Fens are rare in Wicklow and Dublin, and this is one of only two sites in Wicklow for the Narrow-leaved Marsh- orchid.

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Site Name: Carriggower Bog SAC

Site Code: 000716

Carriggower Bog is situated on Calary plateau at the eastern edge of the Wicklow Mountains. The site is an area of wet bog and poor fen, flanked by the Vartry River on the south-western side.

[7140] Transition Mires

The bog was exploited for peat extraction until 100 years ago and the peat cuttings are now flooded. The remaining bog vegetation is characterised by bog moss (Sphagnum spp.) hummocks. Several species of Sphagnum are found including S. recurvum. On top of the hummocks Heather (Calluna vulgaris) and Cross-leaved Heath (Erica tetralix) are dominant. Between the hummocks, in the wet areas, Bog Asphodel (Narthecium ossifragum), Bogbean (Menyanthes trifoliata) and Common Cottongrass (Eriophorum angustifolium) are common, while Purple Moor-grass (Molinia caerulea) is locally abundant.

Downy Birch (Betula pubescens) and willow (Salix spp.) dominate an area of scrub at the centre of the site.

Very wet areas of transition mire occur on the south-western side of the site. The whole area is quaking and is characterised by a mosaic of sedges, grasses and rushes. Bottle Sedge (Carex rostrata) is the most abundant sedge, but others include White Sedge (Carex curta), Star Sedge (Carex echinata) and Carnation Sedge (Carex panicea). Purple Moor-grass and Sharp-flowered Rush (Juncus acutiflorus) are also present.

Towards the northern side of the site there are rock outcrops of quartzite which form low knolls. This area is partly covered by heath vegetation, dominated by Gorse (Ulex europaeus), Bell Heather (Erica cinerea) and Heather, all of which are growing over a grassy sward grazed by sheep. The main grasses are Sweet Vernal-grass (Anthoxanthum odoratum), Yorkshire-fog (Holcus lanatus), Creeping Soft-grass (Holcus mollis) and bent grasses (Agrostis spp.)

The mosaic of transition bog habitats supports a wide range of poor fen/bogland invertebrates, including a suite of wetland species of international importance (most within the Order Diptera).

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Carriggower Bog is a notable site for wintering Snipe (117 – mean winter count 1996/97 to 2000/01) and Jack Snipe (16 – mean winter count 1996/97 to 2000/01). These numbers are probably of national importance and the site has consistently held the highest national count for Jack Snipe in recent years. The very wet bog is prime habitat for both of these species.

This site is of conservation importance because it shows a good transition between fen and bog vegetation (with the fen being colonised by characteristic bog species). Transition mire, which is present at the site, is listed in Annex I of the E.U. Habitats Directive. The area holds a rich and varied flora, and it provides a habitat for some rare invertebrates. Carriggower Bog is the last remaining site in Wicklow from which some of these invertebrates are recorded. It also has ornithological interest, being an important site for Jack Snipe.

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Site Name: Glen of the Downs SAC

Site Code: 000719

[91A0] Old Oak Woodlands

Glen of the Downs is a semi-natural oak wood situated within an impressive glacial overflow channel. It is located on the Dublin-Wexford road, about 7 km south of Bray, Co. Wicklow. The underlying rock is mostly quartzite and it outcrops in a few places. The soil is a sandy loam, brown earth to brown podzolic, and is very dry over much of the site. Most of the site has been a Nature Reserve since 1980.

Much of the site comprises Sessile Oak (Quercus petraea) woodland referable to the Blechno-Quercetum petraeae association. Sessile Oak is especially dominant on the mid to upper slopes. The quality of the Oak-dominated areas is variable - the association is well developed and especially pure on the western side, while in some places it occurs as coppice scrub. The shrub layer is sparse, but Holly (Ilex aquifolium) is locally common. On the ground, Great Wood-rush (Luzula sylvatica) forms a dense carpet over much of the area, with other species such as Bilberry (Vaccinium myrtillus), Heather (Calluna vulgaris) and Wood Sage (Teucrium scorodonia) occurring occasionally. Bramble (Rubus fruticosus agg.) and ferns such as Soft Shield-fern (Polystichum setiferum) are abundant in places, especially on the south-western slopes.

The site includes some areas of mixed woodland, in which Beech (Fagus sylvatica), Sycamore (Acer pseudoplatanus), Scots Pine (Pinus sylvestris) and other non-native species occur. Bryophytes are notably scarce within the valley and may reflect the dryness of the site. However, some rare species have been recorded. The site is notable for the presence of the rare bryophytes Cephaloziella turneri, Pterigynandrum filiforme and Plagiothecium curvifolium, the last named in its only Irish site. There are also several rare or scarce Myxomycete fungi, namely Echinostelium colliculosum, Licea marginata, L. perexigua, Perichaena vermicularis, Comatricha ellae (only known Irish site), Diderma chondrioderma and Didymium crustaceum.

A narrow band of alluvium associated with a small stream occurs on the valley floor. Here, the woodland is dominated by Ash (Fraxinus excelsior) and Hazel (Corylus avellana), with a species-rich herb layer that includes Ramsons (Allium ursinum), Dog Violet (Viola riviniana) and Bluebells (Hyacinthoides non-scripta).

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Glen of the Downs is notable for some rare invertebrates, including Mycetobia obscura (Order Diptera) which is found in only one other locality in Britain and Ireland.

A breeding bird census carried out in 1990 recorded a total of 21 species holding territory. Wren, Robin, Blue Tit, Chaffinch and Great Tit were the most abundant species. Blackcap and Jay also breed, and the rare Wood Warbler has been recorded. Grey Wagtail breeds along the stream.

Although exploited heavily in the past, this woodland is well developed, rich in species and is of high conservation significance. The site supports oak woodland of a type that is listed on Annex II of the E.U. Habitats Directive. The glacial overflow channel is the largest example of such a feature in the country.

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Site Name: Knocksink Wood SAC

Site Code: 000725

Knocksink Wood is situated in the valley of the Glencullen River, just north-west of Enniskerry in Co. Wicklow. The fast flowing Glencullen River winds its way over granite boulders along the valley floor. The steep sides of the valley are mostly covered with calcareous drift, and support extensive areas of woodland.

[7220] Petrifying Springs* [91E0] Alluvial Forests*

Some of the slopes of Knocksink Wood are dominated by Sessile Oak (Quercus petraea), with a sparse shrub layer of Holly (Ilex aquifolium) and Hazel (Corylus avellana). In many areas the ground layer consists of a carpet of Great Wood-rush (Luzula sylvatica). Other areas are characterised by mixed woodland, with oak, Ash (Fraxinus excelsior), Beech (Fagus sylvatica), Sycamore (Acer pseudoplatanus) and occasional conifers. The ground flora includes Ivy (Hedera helix) and Bramble (Rubus fruticosus agg.), and often luxuriant ferns, including species such as Hart's-tongue (Phyllitis scolopendrium), Soft Shield-fern (Polystichium setiferum), and mosses. Lichens occur abundantly on some trees.

A notable feature of the wooded slopes are the frequent and extensive springs and seepage areas, and there is tufa formation in several places. Bryophytes are abundant in some areas, and species include Cratoneuron filiciinum, Palustriella commutata, P. falcata and Leiocolea turbinata. Associated vascular plant species include Golden- saxifrage (Chrysosplenium oppositifolium), Water-cress (Nasturtium officinale) and Great Horsetail (Equisetum telmateia).

Associated with the springs and the river are stands of wet alluvial forest. These areas are dominated by Ash and Alder (Alnus spp.), and are assigned to the group Carici remotae-Fraxinetum. Other species which occur include willows (Salix spp.), Downy Birch (Betula pubescens) and Hazel.

Islands in the river and open gravelly areas provide further habitat diversity in this site.

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A number of scarce or rare plants occur within the site including Blue Fleabane (Erigeron acer), Ivy-leaved Bellflower (Wahlenbergia hederacea) and Yellow Archangel (Lamiastrum galeobdolon).

This site has one of the most diverse woodland invertebrate faunas in Ireland, including some wet woodland organisms which are threatened at an international level. Vertebrates noted in the vicinity, either by tracks, sett or sight, include Red Squirrel, Badger, Rabbit and Deer. The woodland supports large populations of birds, including many common passerines (Robin, Blackbird, Song Thrush, Wren, Chaffinch) and crows, such as Rook, Hooded Crow, Magpie, Jackdaw and Raven. Buzzard have been recorded in the area and Dipper are occasionally seen on the river.

The importance of this site lies in the diversity of woodland habitats which occur. Two habitats listed in Annex I of the E.U. Habitats Directive, both with priority status, occur at this site (petrifying springs and alluvial woodland). The presence of rare or threatened plants and invertebrates adds to the interest. Much of this site has been designated a Statutory Nature Reserve and there is an educational centre within the site.

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Site Name: Wicklow Mountains SAC

Site Code: 002122

Wicklow Mountains SAC is a complex of upland areas in Counties Wicklow and Dublin, flanked by the Blessington reservoir to the west and Vartry reservoir in the east, Cruagh Mountain in the north and Lybagh Mountain in the south. Most of the site is over 300 m, with much ground over 600 m. The highest peak is 925 m at Lugnaquilla. The Wicklow uplands comprise a core of granites flanked by Ordovician schists, mudstones and volcanics. The form of the Wicklow Glens is due to glacial erosion. The topography is typical of a mountain chain, showing the effects of more than one cycle of erosion. The massive granite has weathered characteristically into broad domes. Most of the western part of the site consists of an elevated moorland, covered by peat. The surrounding schists have assumed more diverse outlines, forming prominent peaks and rocky foothills with deep glens. The dominant topographical features are the products of glaciation. High corrie lakes, deep valleys and moraines are common features of this area. The substrate over much of the area is peat, usually less than 2 m deep. Poor mineral soil covers the slopes, and rock outcrops are frequent. The Wicklow Mountains are drained by several major rivers including the Dargle, Liffey, Dodder, Slaney and Avonmore. The river water in the mountain areas is often peaty, especially during floods.

[3110] Oligotrophic Waters containing very few minerals [3160] Dystrophic Lakes [4010] Wet Heath [4030] Dry Heath [4060] Alpine and Subalpine Heaths [6130] Calaminarian Grassland [6230] Species-rich Nardus Grassland* [7130] Blanket Bogs (Active)* [8110] Siliceous Scree [8210] Calcareous Rocky Slopes [8220] Siliceous Rocky Slopes [91A0] Old Oak Woodlands

[1355] Otter (Lutra lutra)

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The vegetation over most of Wicklow Mountains SAC is a mosaic of heath, blanket bog and upland grassland (mostly on peaty soil, though some on mineral soil), stands of dense Bracken (Pteridium aquilinum), and small woodlands mainly along the rivers. Mountain loughs and corrie lakes are scattered throughout the site.

The two dominant vegetation communities in the area are heath and blanket bog. Heath vegetation, with both wet and dry heath well represented, occurs in association with blanket bog, upland acid grassland and rocky habitats. The wet heath is characterised by species such as Heather (Calluna vulgaris), Cross-leaved Heath (Erica tetralix), cottongrasses (Eriophorum spp.), Tormentil (Potentilla erecta), Mat-grass (Nardus stricta), bent grasses (Agrostis spp.) and bog mosses (Sphagnum spp.). In places the wet heath occurs in conjunction with flush communities and streamside vegetation, and here species such as Heath Rush (Juncus squarrosus) and sedges (Carex spp.) are found. Dry heath at this site is confined to shallow peaty soils on steep slopes where drainage is better and particularly in sheltered conditions. It is characterised by species such as Heather, gorse (Ulex spp.), Bell Heather (Erica cinerea), Bilberry (Vaccinium myrtillus), Purple Moor-grass (Molinia caerulea) and lichens (Cladonia spp.). In places the heath grades into upland grassland on mineral soil.

Blanket bog is usually dominated by cottongrasses, Heather and bog mosses. On steeper slopes there is some flushing and here Purple Moor-grass, Heath Rush and certain Sphagnum species become more common. The Liffey Head blanket bog is among the best of its kind in eastern Ireland, with deep peat formations and an extensive system of dystrophic pools developed among the hummocks and hollows on the bog surface. The vegetation is largely dominated by Heather and Cross-leaved Heath, with cottongrasses (Eriophorum vaginatum and E. angustifolium), Deergrass (Scirpus cespitosus) and Bog Asphodel (Narthecium ossifragum). In drier areas, Bilberry and Cowberry (Vaccinium vitis-idaea) are common, while the scarce Bog-rosemary (Andromeda polifolia) is also found. Blanket bog occurs over extensive areas of deeper peat on the plateau and also on gentle slopes at high altitudes.

Due to the underlying rock strata, the water of the rivers and streams is acid rather than alkaline. The water is generally oligotrophic and free from enrichment. The lakes within the area range from the high altitude lakes of Lough Firrib and Three Lakes, to the lower pater-noster lakes of Glendalough, Lough Tay and Lough Dan. Spectacular corrie lakes, such as Loughs Bray (Upper and Lower), Ouler, Cleevaun, Arts, Kellys and Nahanagan, exhibit fine sequences of moraine stages. The deep lakes are characteristically species-poor, but hold some interesting plants including an unusual form of Quillwort (Isoetes lacustris var. morei), a stonewort (Nitella sp.) and Floating Bur-reed (Sparganium angustifolium).

Alpine vegetation occurs on some of the mountain tops, notably in the Lugnaquilla area, and also on exposed cliffs and scree slopes elsewhere in the site. Here alpine heath vegetation is represented with heath species such as Crowberry (Empetrum nigrum) and Cowberry, and others such as Dwarf Willow (Salix herbacea), the grey- green moss Racomitrium lanuginosum, and scarce species such as Mountain Clubmoss

Version date: 26.11.2015 2 of 4 002122_Rev15.Docx (Diphasiastrum alpinum), Firmoss (Huperzia selago), and Starry Saxifrage (Saxifraga stellaris). Some rare arctic-alpine species have been recorded, including Alpine Lady’s-mantle (Alchemilla alpina) and Alpine Saw-wort (Saussurea alpina).

Old lead mine workings at Glendasan support an estimated 3.6 hectares of Calaminarian Grassland, with a suite of rare metallophyte (metal-loving) bryophytes, including the moss Ditrichum plumbicola and the liverworts Cephaloziella integerrima, C. massalongi and C. nicholsonii.

Small areas of old oakwood (Blechno-Quercetum petraeae type) occur on the slopes of Glendalough and Glenmalure, near Lough Tay and Lough Dan, with native Sessile Oak (Quercus petraea) trees, many of which are 100-120 years old. On wetter areas, wet broadleaved semi-natural woodlands occur which are dominated by Downy Birch (Betula pubescens). Mixed woodland with non-native tree species also occurs.

The site supports a range of rare plant species. Parsley Fern (Cryptogramma crispa), Marsh Clubmoss (Lycopodiella inundata), Lanceolate Spleenwort (Asplenium billotii), Small-white Orchid (Pseudorchis albida) and Bog Orchid (Hammarbya paludosa) are all legally protected under the Flora (Protection) Order, 2015. Greater Broomrape (Orobanche rapum-genistae), Alpine Saw-wort and Alpine Lady's-mantle are listed in the Irish Red Data Book. The rare Myxomycete fungus Echinostelium colliculosum has been recorded from the Military Road.

The Red Data Book fish species Arctic Char has been recorded from Lough Dan, but this population may now have died out.

Mammals and birds which occur are typical of the uplands. Deer are abundant, mainly hybrids between Red and Sika Deer. Other mammals include Hare, Badger and Otter, the latter being a species listed on Annex II of the E.U. Habitats Directive. Pine Marten has recently been confirmed as occurring within the site. Among the birds, Meadow Pipit, Skylark, Raven and Red Grouse are resident throughout the site. Wheatear, Whinchat and the scarce Ring Ouzel are summer visitors. Wood Warbler and Redstarts are rare breeding species of the woodlands. Dipper and Grey Wagtail are typical riparian species. Merlin and Peregrine, both Annex I species of the E.U. Birds Directive, breed within the site. Recently, Goosander has become established as a breeding species.

Large areas of the site are owned by the National Parks and Wildlife Service (NPWS) and are managed for nature conservation based on traditional land uses of upland areas. The most common land use is traditional sheep grazing, but others include turf cutting, mostly hand-cutting but some machine-cutting also occurs. These activities are largely confined to the Military Road, where there is easy access. Large areas which had been previously hand-cut and are now abandoned are regenerating. In the last 40 years, forestry has become an important land use in the uplands, and has affected both the wildlife and the hydrology of the area. Amenity use is very

Version date: 26.11.2015 3 of 4 002122_Rev15.Docx high, with Dublin city close to the site. Peat erosion is frequent on the peaks. This may be a natural process, but is likely to be accelerated by activities such as grazing.

Wicklow Mountains is important as a complex, extensive upland site. It shows great diversity from a geomorphological and a topographical point of view. The vegetation provides examples of the typical upland habitats with heath, blanket bog and upland grassland covering large, relatively undisturbed areas. In all, twelve habitats listed on Annex I of the E.U. Habitats Directive are found within the site. Several rare or protected plant and animal species occur, adding further to its value.

Version date: 26.11.2015 4 of 4 002122_Rev15.Docx SITE SYNOPSIS

Site Name: The Murrough Wetlands SAC

Site Code: 002249

The Murrough is a coastal wetland complex which stretches for 15 km from Ballygannon to north of Wicklow town, and in parts, extends inland for up to 1 km. A shingle ridge stretches the length of the site and carries the mainline Dublin- Wexford railway.

[1210] Annual Vegetation of Drift Lines [1220] Perennial Vegetation of Stony Banks [1330] Atlantic Salt Meadows [1410] Mediterranean Salt Meadows [7210] Cladium Fens* [7230] Alkaline Fens

On the seaward side of the shingle bank which runs along The Murrough Wetlands SAC site drift line vegetation includes species such as Sea Rocket (Cakile maritima), Sea Sandwort (Honkenya peploides), Sea-holly (Eryngium maritimum) and Yellow Horned-poppy (Glaucium flavum). The rare and legally protected Oysterplant (Mertensia maritima) (Flora (Protection) Order, 1999) has been recorded on the gravelly shore in the past but is now considered to be extinct from this locality.

Low sand hills occur at Kilcoole, with Marram (Ammophila arenaria) and Lyme-grass (Leymus arenarius). In other areas and further inland a rich grassy sward, which is most extensive at the south of the site, has developed. Typical species include Sweet Vernal-grass (Anthoxanthum odoratum), Crested Dog’s-tail (Cynosurus cristatus), Common Bird’s-foot-trefoil (Lotus corniculatus), Burnet Rose (Rosa pimpinellifolia) and Pyramidal Orchid (Anacamptis pyramidalis). A community dominated by Silverweed (Potentilla anserina) and Strawberry Clover (Trifolium fragiferum) occurs in some of the wetter, grassy areas. In some places, particularly at the south of the site, a gorse (Ulex sp.) heath has developed on the stony ridge.

Saltmarsh is present within the site in two distinct areas. At the southern end of the site is found Broad Lough. This is a brackish, partly tidal lake, and has a well developed saltmarsh community which includes Saltmarsh Rush (Juncus gerardi), Common Saltmarsh-grass (Puccinellia maritima), Sea Aster (Aster tripolium), Sea Purslane (Halimione portulacoides) and Common Scurvygrass (Cochlearia officinalis).

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Common Reed (Phragmites australis) is abundant along the western shore, along with some Sea Club-rush (Scirpus maritimus). Saltmarsh is also present in the northern end of the site in the vicinity of The Breaches. Though this has been greatly affected by drainage in the late 1980s and early 1990s, localised Sea Couch (Elymus pycnanthus) still occurs. The grassland which was created and improved as a result of the drainage is now influenced by seepage and flooding of saline waters.

Fen vegetation is well developed in the Murrough wetlands, with both alkaline and calcareous fen with Great Fen-sedge (Cladium mariscus) represented. The fens occur mostly between Five Mile Point and Six Mile Point, especially in the townland of Blackditch and also in the Leamore and Grange areas. The alkaline fen is dominated by Black Bog-rush (Schoenus nigricans), with Marsh Pennywort (Hydrocotyle vulgaris), Purple Moor-grass (Molinia caerulea), Devil’s-bit Scabious (Succisa pratensis), Heather (Calluna vulgaris), Cross-leaved heath (Erica tetralix), and a wide variety of orchids also present. The rare, Narrow-leaved Marsh-orchid (Dactylorhiza traunsteineri) has also been recorded here. Great Fen-sedge occurs in mosaic with several vegetational elements but chiefly with alkaline fen. Its many forms can range from pure stands of Great Fen-sedge, through to occurring as a dominant with Greater Tussock-sedge (Carex paniculata) and Blunt-flowered Rush (Juncus subnodulosus). Cladium fen also occurs at Blackditch within stretches of swamp woodland or fen carr dominated by Rusty Willow (Salix cinerea subsp. oleifolia) and Downy Birch (Betula pubescens).

A fine wet woodland occurs at Blackditch. Downy Birch is the dominant species, with some Alder (Alnus glutinosa), willows (Salix spp.) and Ash (Fraxinus excelsior) also present. The ground flora of this wooded area is often quite dense. This wood also contains a rich invertebrate community with at least eight rare or notable species of fly (Order Diptera) occurring, including Syntormon setosus, a species unknown elsewhere in Britain or Ireland.

A wide range of freshwater and brackish marsh habitats occur within the site. These vary from reed-marsh dominated by reeds and rushes (Juncus spp.), to those of sedges (Carex spp.), with other areas supporting a mixture of sedges and Yellow Iris (Iris pseudacorus). A wide variety of grasses and herbs are also found. These include Meadowsweet (Filipendula ulmaria), Silverweed and Common Spike-rush (Eleocharis palustris). The scarce Red Data Book species Marsh Pea (Lathyrus palustris) occurs in one area. The marshes merge into wet grassland in many areas. Where grazing pressure is low, a herb-rich sward occurs with species such as Ragged-Robin (Lychnis flos-cuculi), Cuckooflower (Cardamine pratensis), Meadowsweet and Heath Spotted- orchid (Dactylorhiza maculata) occurring. Sedges are abundant in the wetter areas. Where drains have been cut, there are many other species such as Greater Spearwort (Ranunculus lingua), Bogbean (Menyanthes trifoliata) and the scarce Reed Sweet-grass (Glyceria maxima).

The Murrough is an important site for wintering waterfowl and breeding birds. Species listed on Annex I of the E.U. Birds Directive include Little Egret, Whooper Swan, Greenland White-fronted Goose, Golden Plover, Kingfisher and Little Tern. Average peak winter counts from 1994/95 - 1997/98 showed the site to have an

Version date: 4.01.2014 2 of 3 002249_Rev13.Doc internationally important population of Brent Goose (1,318, higher than in the early 1990s), nationally important populations of Wigeon (1,518), Teal (772) and Lapwing (3,140), and regionally or locally important populations of Whooper Swan (80), Little Grebe (22), Shelduck (95), Gadwall (9), Mallard (391), Shoveler (22), Golden Plover (615), Curlew (605) and Redshank (181). Greylag Goose numbers were nationally important in the early 1990s but these numbers have dropped off. The average peak is now 213.

Little Tern breed on the shingle beach near The Breaches and this is the largest colony on the east coast (approx. 50 pairs in 1993, an average of 37 pairs over the ten year period 1988-1998 ). Redshank, Oystercatcher, Ringed Plover and Water Rail also breed. The reedbeds at Broad Lough provide habitat for Reed Warbler and the rare Bearded Tit has bred here.

Otter has been reported regularly from the Murrough. This is a Red Data Book Species, and is also listed on Annex II of the Habitats Directive.

Recent farming and drainage practices and afforestation have greatly reduced the area and quality of the wetlands habitats - the area between Kilcoole and Newcastle is particularly affected. In 1997 there was some levelling of the sand hills below Killoughter station. Pollution, reclamation and further drainage would adversely affect this site. A section of the wetlands at Blackditch, which includes alkaline and Cladium fen, has been acquired by BirdWatch Ireland and is being managed for nature conservation.

This site is of importance as it is the largest coastal wetland complex on the east coast of Ireland. Although much affected by drainage, it still contains a wide range of coastal and freshwater habitats, including six listed on Annex I of the E.U. Habitats Directive, some of which contain threatened plants. Areas on the site contain a rich invertebrate fauna, including several rarities. It is an important site for both wintering and breeding birds and supports a variety of species listed on Annex I of the E.U. Birds Directive.

Version date: 4.01.2014 3 of 3 002249_Rev13.Doc SITE SYNOPSIS

Site Name: Rockabill to Dalkey Island SAC

Site Code: 003000

This site includes a range of dynamic inshore and coastal waters in the western Irish Sea. These include sandy and muddy seabed, reefs, sandbanks and islands. This site extends southwards, in a strip approximately 7 km wide and 40 km in length, from Rockabill, running adjacent to Howth Head, and crosses Dublin Bay to Frazer Bank in south Co. Dublin. The site encompasses Dalkey, Muglins and Rockabill islands.

[1170] Reefs [1351] Harbour Porpoise (Phocoena phocoena)

Reef habitat is uncommon along the eastern seaboard of Ireland due to prevailing geology and hydrographical conditions. Expansive surveys of the Irish coast have indicated that the greatest resource of this habitat within the Irish Sea is found fringing offshore islands which are concentrated along the Dublin coast. A detailed survey of selected suitable islands has shown areas with typical biodiversity for this habitat both intertidally and subtidally. Species recorded in the intertidal included Fucus spiralis, Fucus serratus, Pelvetia canaliculata, Ascophyllum nodosum, Semibalanus balanoides and Necora puber. Subtidally, a wide range of species include Laminaria hyperborea, Flustra folicacea, Alaria esculenta, Halidrys siliquosa, Pomatocereos triqueter, Alcyonium digitatum, Metridium senile, Caryophyllia smithii, Tubularia indivisa, Mytilus edulis, Gibbula umbilcalis, Asterias rubens, and Echinus esculentus. These reefs are subject to strong tidal currents with an abundant supply of suspended matter resulting in good representation of filter feeding fauna such as sponges, anemones and echinoderms.

The area selected for designation represents a key habitat for the Annex II species Harbour Porpoise within the Irish Sea. Population survey data show that porpoise occurrence within the site boundary meets suitable reference values for other designated sites in Ireland. The species occurs year-round within the site and comparatively high group sizes have been recorded. Porpoises with young (i.e. calves) are observed at favourable, typical reference values for the species. Casual and effort-related sighting rates from coastal observation stations are significant for the east coast of Ireland and the latter appear to be relatively stable across all seasons. The selected site contains a wide array of habitats believed to be important for Harbour Porpoise including inshore shallow sand and mudbanks and rocky reefs scoured by strong current flow. The site also supports Common Seal and Grey Seal,

Version date: 10.02.2014 1 of 2 003000_Rev13.Doc for which terrestrial haul-out sites occur in immediate proximity to the site. Bottle- nosed Dolphins has also occasionally been recorded in the area. A number of other marine mammals have been recorded in this area including Minke, Fin and Killer Whales and Risso’s and Common Dolphins.

The coastal environment of Co. Dublin is a very significant resource to birds with some nationally and internationally important populations. Of particular note in this site are the large number of terns (Arctic, Common and Roseate) known to use Dalkey Island as a staging area (approx. 2,000) after breeding. Other seabirds commonly seen include Kittiwake, Razorbill, Guillemot, Puffin, Fulmar, Shag, Cormorant, Manx Shearwater, Gannet and gulls.

This site is of conservation importance for reefs, listed on Annex I, and Harbour Porpoise, listed on Annex II, of the E.U. Habitats Directive.

Version date: 10.02.2014 2 of 2 003000_Rev13.Doc SITE SYNOPSIS

SITE NAME: NORTH BULL ISLAND SPA

SITE CODE: 004006

This site covers all of the inner part of north Dublin Bay, with the seaward boundary extending from the Bull Wall lighthouse across to Drumleck Point at Howth Head. The North Bull Island sand spit is a relatively recent depositional feature, formed as a result of improvements to Dublin Port during the 18th and 19th centuries. It is almost 5 km long and 1 km wide and runs parallel to the coast between Clontarf and Sutton. Part of the interior of the island has been converted to golf courses.

Saltmarsh extends along the length of the landward side of the island and provides the main roost site for wintering birds in Dublin Bay. The island shelters two intertidal lagoons which are divided by a solid causeway. These lagoons provide the main feeding grounds for the wintering waterfowl. The sediments of the lagoons are mainly sands with a small and varying mixture of silt and clay. Green algal mats (Ulva spp.) are a feature of the flats during summer. These sediments have a rich macro-invertebrate fauna, with high densities of Lugworm (Arenicola marina) and Ragworm (Hediste diversicolor).

The site is a Special Protection Area (SPA) under the E.U. Birds Directive, of special conservation interest for the following species: Light-bellied Brent Goose, Shelduck, Teal, Pintail, Shoveler, Oystercatcher, Golden Plover, Grey Plover, Knot, Sanderling, Dunlin, Black-tailed Godwit, Bar-tailed Godwit, Curlew, Redshank, Turnstone and Black-headed Gull. The site is also of special conservation interest for holding an assemblage of over 20,000 wintering waterbirds. The E.U. Birds Directive pays particular attention to wetlands and, as these form part of this SPA, the site and its associated waterbirds are of special conservation interest for Wetland & Waterbirds.

The North Bull Island SPA is of international importance for waterfowl on the basis that it regularly supports in excess of 20,000 waterfowl. The site supports internationally important populations of three species, Light-bellied Brent Goose (1,548), Black-tailed Godwit (367) and Bar-tailed Godwit (1,529) - all figures are mean peaks for the five winters between 1995/96 and 1999/2000. The site is one of the most important in the country for Light-bellied Brent Goose. A further 14 species have populations of national importance – Shelduck (1,259), Teal (953), Pintail (233), Shoveler (141), Oystercatcher (1,784), Grey Plover (517), Golden Plover (2,033), Knot (2,837), Sanderling (141), Dunlin (4,146), Curlew (937), Redshank (1,431), Turnstone (157) and Black-headed Gull (2,196). The populations of Pintail and Knot are of particular note as they comprise 14% and 10% respectively of the all-Ireland population totals. Other species that occur regularly in winter include Grey Heron, Little Egret, Cormorant, Wigeon, Goldeneye, Red-breasted Merganser, Ringed Plover and Greenshank. Gulls are a feature of the site during winter and, along with the nationally important population of Black-headed Gull (2,196), other species that occur include Common Gull (332) and Herring Gull (331). While some of the birds also frequent South Dublin Bay and the River Tolka Estuary for feeding and/or roosting purposes, the majority remain within the site for much of the winter. The wintering bird populations have been monitored more or less continuously since the late 1960s and the site is now surveyed each winter as part of the larger Dublin Bay complex.

The North Bull Island SPA is a regular site for passage waders, especially Ruff, Curlew Sandpiper and Spotted Redshank. These are mostly observed in single figures in autumn but occasionally in spring or winter.

The site formerly had an important colony of Little Tern but breeding has not occurred in recent years. Several pairs of Ringed Plover breed, along with Shelduck in some years. Breeding passerines include Skylark, Meadow Pipit, Stonechat and Reed Bunting. The island is a regular wintering site for Short-eared Owl, with up to 5 present in some winters.

The North Bull Island SPA is an excellent example of an estuarine complex and is one of the top sites in Ireland for wintering waterfowl. It is of international importance on account of both the total number of waterfowl and the individual populations of Light-bellied Brent Goose, Black-tailed Godwit and Bar-tailed Godwit that use it. Also of significance is the regular presence of several species that are listed on Annex I of the E.U. Birds Directive, notably Golden Plover and Bar-tailed Godwit, but also Ruff and Short-eared Owl. North Bull Island is a Ramsar Convention site, and part of the North Bull Island SPA is a Statutory Nature Reserve and a Wildfowl Sanctuary.

25.3.2014 SITE SYNOPSIS

SITE NAME: SOUTH DUBLIN BAY AND RIVER TOLKA ESTUARY SPA

SITE CODE: 004024

The South Dublin Bay and River Tolka Estuary SPA comprises a substantial part of Dublin Bay. It includes the intertidal area between the River Liffey and Dun Laoghaire, and the estuary of the River Tolka to the north of the River Liffey, as well as Booterstown Marsh. A portion of the shallow marine waters of the bay is also included.

In the south bay, the intertidal flats extend for almost 3 km at their widest. The sediments are predominantly well-aerated sands. Several permanent channels exist, the largest being Cockle Lake. A small sandy beach occurs at Merrion Gates, while some bedrock shore occurs near Dun Laoghaire. The landward boundary is now almost entirely artificially embanked. There is a bed of Dwarf Eelgrass (Zostera noltii) below Merrion Gates which is the largest stand on the east coast. Green algae (Ulva spp.) are distributed throughout the area at a low density. The macro- invertebrate fauna is well-developed, and is characterised by annelids such as Lugworm (Arenicola marina), Nephthys spp. and Sand Mason (Lanice conchilega), and bivalves, especially Cockle (Cerastoderma edule) and Baltic Tellin (Macoma balthica). The small gastropod Spire Shell (Hydrobia ulvae) occurs on the muddy sands off Merrion Gates, along with the crustacean Corophium volutator. Sediments in the Tolka Estuary vary from soft thixotrophic muds with a high organic content in the inner estuary to exposed, well-aerated sands off the Bull Wall. The site includes Booterstown Marsh, an enclosed area of saltmarsh and muds that is cut off from the sea by the Dublin/Wexford railway line, being linked only by a channel to the east, the Nutley stream. Sea water incursions into the marsh occur along this stream at high tide. An area of grassland at Poolbeg, north of Irishtown Nature Park, is also included in the site.

The site is a Special Protection Area (SPA) under the E.U. Birds Directive, of special conservation interest for the following species: Light-bellied Brent Goose, Oystercatcher, Ringed Plover, Grey Plover, Knot, Sanderling, Dunlin, Bar-tailed Godwit, Redshank, Black-headed Gull, Roseate Tern, Common Tern and Arctic Tern. The E.U. Birds Directive pays particular attention to wetlands, and as these form part of the SPA, the site and its associated waterbirds are of special conservation interest for Wetland & Waterbirds.

The site is an important site for wintering waterfowl, being an integral part of the internationally important Dublin Bay complex – all counts for wintering waterbirds are five year mean peaks for the period 1995/96 to 1999/2000. Although birds regularly commute between the south bay and the north bay, recent studies have shown that certain populations which occur in the south bay spend most of their time there. An internationally important population of Light-bellied Brent Goose (368) occurs regularly and newly arrived birds in the autumn feed on the Eelgrass bed at Merrion. At the time of designation the site supported nationally important numbers of a further nine species: Oystercatcher (1,145), Ringed Plover (161), Grey Plover (45), Knot (548), Sanderling (321), Dunlin (1,923), Bar-tailed Godwit (766), Redshank (260) and Black-headed Gull (3,040). Other species occurring in smaller numbers include Great Crested Grebe (21), Curlew (127) and Turnstone (52). Little Egret, a species which has recently colonised Ireland, also occurs at this site.

South Dublin Bay is a significant site for wintering gulls, with a nationally important population of Black-headed Gull, but also Common Gull (330) and Herring Gull (348). Mediterranean Gull is also recorded from here, occurring through much of the year, but especially in late winter/spring and again in late summer into winter.

Both Common Tern and Arctic Tern breed in Dublin Docks, on a man-made mooring structure known as the E.S.B. dolphin – this is included within the site. Small numbers of Common Tern and Arctic Tern were recorded nesting on this dolphin in the 1980s. A survey in 1995 recorded nationally important numbers of Common Tern nesting here (52 pairs). The breeding population of Common Tern at this site has increased, with 216 pairs recorded in 2000. This increase was largely due to the ongoing management of the site for breeding terns. More recent data highlights this site as one of the most important Common Tern sites in the country with over 400 pairs recorded here in 2007.

South Dublin Bay is an important staging/passage site for a number of tern species in the autumn (mostly late July to September). The origin of many of the birds is likely to be the Dublin breeding sites (Rockabill and the Dublin Docks) though numbers suggest that the site is also used by birds from other sites, perhaps outside the state. This site is selected for designation for its autumn tern populations: Roseate Tern (2,000 in 1999), Common Tern (5,000 in 1999) and Arctic Tern (20,000 in 1996).

The South Dublin Bay and River Tolka Estuary SPA is of ornithological importance as it supports an internationally important population of Light-bellied Brent Goose and nationally important populations of a further nine wintering species. Furthermore, the site supports a nationally important colony of breeding Common Tern and is an internationally important passage/staging site for three tern species. It is of note that four of the species that regularly occur at this site are listed on Annex I of the E.U. Birds Directive, i.e. Bar-tailed Godwit, Common Tern, Arctic Tern and Roseate Tern. Sandymount Strand/Tolka Estuary is also a Ramsar Convention site.

30.5.2015 SITE SYNOPSIS

SITE NAME: WICKLOW MOUNTAINS SPA

SITE CODE: 004040

This is an extensive upland site, comprising a substantial part of the Wicklow Mountains. Most of the site is in Co. Wicklow, but a small area lies in Co. Dublin. The underlying geology of the site is mainly of Leinster granites, flanked by Ordovician schists, mudstones and volcanics. The area was subject to glaciation and features fine examples of glacial lakes, deep valleys and moraines. Most of site is over 300 m, with much ground being over 600 m; the highest peak is Lugnaquillia (925 m). The substrate over much of site is peat, with poor mineral soil occurring on the slopes and lower ground. Exposed rock and scree are features of the site. The predominant habitats present are blanket bog, heaths and upland grassland.

The site is a Special Protection Area (SPA) under the E.U. Birds Directive, of special conservation interest for the following species: Merlin and Peregrine.

A series of surveys of the Wicklow Mountains SPA indicates that up to 9 pairs of Merlin breed within the site in any one year. Traditionally a ground-nesting species, Merlin in the Wicklow Mountains are usually found nesting in old crows nests in conifer plantations. The open peatlands provide excellent foraging habitat for Merlin with small birds such as Meadow Pipit being their main prey. The cliffs and crags within the site also provide ideal breeding locations for Peregrine (20 pairs in 2002). Other birds of the open peatlands and scree slopes that have been recorded within the site include Ring Ouzel and Red Grouse.

The Wicklow Mountains SPA is of high ornithological importance as it supports nationally important populations of Merlin and Peregrine, both species that are listed on Annex I of the E.U. Birds Directive. Part of Wicklow Mountains SPA is a Statutory Nature Reserve.

7.7.2014 SITE SYNOPSIS

SITE NAME: DALKEY ISLANDS SPA

SITE CODE: 004172

The site comprises Dalkey Island, Lamb Island and Maiden Rock, the intervening rocks and reefs, and the surrounding sea to a distance of 200 m. Dalkey Island, which is the largest in the group, lies c. 400 m off Sorrento Point on the Co. Dublin mainland from which it is separated by a deep channel. The island is low-lying, the highest point of which (c. 15 m) is marked by a Martello Tower. Soil cover consists mainly of a thin peaty layer, though in a few places there are boulder clay deposits. Vegetation cover is low-growing and consists mainly of grasses. Dense patches of Bracken (Pteridium aquilinum) and Hogweed (Heracleum sphondylium) occur in places. Lamb Island lies to the north of Dalkey Island, and at low tide is connected by a line of rocks. It has a thin soil cover and some vegetation, mainly of grasses, Nettles (Urtica dioica) and Hogweed. Further north lies Maiden Rock, a bare angular granite rock up to 5 m high that is devoid of higher plant vegetation.

This site is a Special Protection Area (SPA) under the E.U. Birds Directive, of special conservation interest for the following species: Roseate Tern, Common Tern and Arctic Tern.

Dalkey Islands SPA is both a breeding and a staging site for Sterna terns. There is a good history of nesting by terns though success has been variable over the years. Common Tern is the most common species, usually outnumbering Arctic Tern by at least 3:1. Up to 1988, the range given for Common Tern was 15-53 pairs, and for Arctic Tern ‘a few’ pairs. Also, Roseate Tern attempted nesting in 1986, with 2 pairs recorded. A tern conservation scheme, co-ordinated by BirdWatch Ireland / National Parks and Wildlife Service, began in 1995, with wardening, nestbox deployment and monitoring being carried out. The ultimate aim was to attract Roseate Tern to breed. Numbers of terns increased in subsequent years, though numbers and breeding success is still variable between years. In 2003 62 pairs of Common Tern and 24 pairs of Arctic Tern were recorded. Of great significance is that Roseate Tern has returned, with 5 pairs recorded in 2003 and 11 pairs in 2004 - this is one of only three known sites in the country for this rare species.

The site, along with other parts of south Dublin Bay, is used by the three tern species as a major post-breeding/pre-migration autumn roost area. The site is linked to another important post-breeding/pre-migration autumn tern roost area in Dublin Bay. Birds are present from about late-July to September, with c. 2,000 terns, comprising individuals of all three species, recorded in 1998. The origin of the birds is likely to be the Dublin breeding sites (Rockabill and Dublin Docks) though the numbers recorded suggests that birds from other sites, perhaps outside the State, are also present.

The site also has breeding Great Black-backed Gull (7 pairs in 2001), Shelduck (1-2 pairs) and Oystercatcher (1-2 pairs). Herring Gull bred in large numbers in the past but is now very scarce (14 pairs recorded in 1999). The site is known to be frequented in winter by Turnstone and Purple Sandpiper but recent count data are not available.

Dalkey Islands SPA is of particular importance as a post-breeding/pre-migration autumn roost area for Roseate Tern, Common Tern and Arctic Tern. The recent nesting by Roseate Tern is highly significant. All three tern species using the site are listed on Annex I of the E.U. Birds Directive.

20.1.2015 SITE SYNOPSIS

SITE NAME: THE MURROUGH SPA

SITE CODE: 004186

The Murrough SPA comprises a coastal wetland complex that stretches for 13 km from Kilcoole Station, east of Kilcoole village in the north to Wicklow town in the south, and extends inland for up to 1 km in places. The site includes an area of marine water to a distance of 200m from the low water mark. A shingle ridge runs along the length of the site and carries the Dublin-Wexford railway line.

Beside the shingle shore is a stony ridge supporting perennial vegetation. Driftline vegetation on the seaward side includes species such as Sea Rocket (Cakile maritima), Sea Sandwort (Honkenya peploides), Sea Holly (Eryngium maritimum) and Yellow- horned Poppy (Glaucium flavum). Low sand hills occur at Kilcoole, with Marram (Ammophila arenaria) and Lyme-grass (Leymus arenarius). In other areas and further inland a rich grassy sward, which is most extensive in the south end of the site, has developed. A community dominated by Silverweed (Potentilla anserina) and Strawberry Clover (Trifolium fragiferum) occurs in some of the wetter, grassy areas. In some places, particularly at the south of the site, a Gorse (Ulex) heath has developed on the stony ridge.

At the southern end of the site, Broad Lough, a brackish, partly tidal lake, has a well- developed saltmarsh community. Common Reed (Phragmites australis) is abundant along the western shore, along with some Sea Club-rush (Scirpus maritimus). Saltmarsh is also present in the northern end of the site in the vicinity of the Breaches. An area of fen occurs at Five Mile Point. Here, Black Bog-rush (Schoenus nigricans) is dominant. Fen Sedge (Cladium mariscus) is present where the ground is wetter. This merges into areas dominated by Common Reed. A wide range of freshwater and brackish marsh habitats occur within the site. These vary from reed-marsh dominated by reeds and rushes (Juncus spp.), to those of sedges (Carex spp.) with other areas supporting a mixture of sedges and Yellow Iris (Iris pseudacorus) also occurring. The marshes merge into wet grassland in many areas and where grazing pressure is low, a herb-rich sward occurs. Sedges are abundant in the wetter areas. Where drains have been cut, there are many other species such as Greater Spearwort (Ranunculus lingua), Bogbean (Menyanthes trifoliata) and Reed Sweet-grass (Glyceria maxima).

The site is a Special Protection Area (SPA) under the E.U. Birds Directive, of special conservation interest for the following species: Red-throated Diver, Greylag Goose, Light-bellied Brent Goose, Wigeon, Teal, Black-headed Gull, Herring Gull and Little Tern. The E.U. Birds Directive pays particular attention to wetlands, and as these form part of this SPA, the site and its associated waterbirds are of special conservation interest for Wetland & Waterbirds.

The shingle ridge at Kilcoole is a traditional nesting area for Little Tern, and the site now supports one of the largest colonies in the country. Numbers vary between years, with 36 pairs recorded in 1995 and 106 pairs in 2006. A tern protection scheme and research programme, co-ordinated by BirdWatch Ireland and the National Parks and Wildlife Service, has been in operation since 1985. Breeding success varies from year to year, largely due to predation by foxes, crows and other species.

During the winter this site is important for a number of waterbirds - all population sizes are the mean of peak counts for the 5 years, 1995/96 – 1999/2000. Light-bellied Brent Goose occurs here in internationally important numbers (859). Other species that visit here in nationally important numbers are Red-throated Diver (32), Greylag Goose (300), Wigeon (1,209), Teal (644), Black-headed Gull (997) and Herring Gull (506). Other species that are known to occur here are Little Grebe, Grey Heron, Cormorant, Mute Swan, Whooper Swan, Greenland White-fronted Goose, Shelduck, Gadwall, Shoveler, Mallard, Golden Plover, Ringed Plover, Lapwing, Dunlin, Curlew, Greenshank and Redshank.

Short-eared Owl is recorded here during the winter. Little Egret has bred locally in recent years and this site is a main feeding area, with several birds present regularly. While formerly a rare bird in Ireland, Little Egret is now well-established with most birds occurring in the south-east and south (Counties Wexford, Waterford and Cork). The Murrough is presently at the edge of the species’ range. This site is one of the few sites in Ireland where Reed Warbler breeds regularly. It is considered that 1-4 pairs bred each year during the 1980s and early 1990s, with a minimum of 6 birds in song in 1993. An absence of records since 1996 may be due to under-recording. Kingfisher regularly uses the site. Sandwich Tern are recorded from the site during the autumn.

The Murrough SPA is an important site for wintering waterbirds, being internationally important for Light-bellied Brent Goose and nationally important for Red-throated Diver, Greylag Goose, Wigeon, Teal, Black-headed Gull and Herring Gull. It is probably the most important site in the country for nesting Little Tern. The regular occurrence of Red-throated Diver, Little Egret, Whooper Swan, Greenland White-fronted Goose, Golden Plover, Little Tern, Sandwich Tern, Short-eared Owl and Kingfisher is of note as these species are listed on Annex I of the E.U. Birds Directive. Part of the Murrough SPA is a Wildfowl Sanctuary.

15.5.2015 18649-6003-B Screening for Appropriate Assessment October 2018

Appendix 3 Figures

Appendix