Environmental Impact Assessment

Public Disclosure Authorized ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT

FOR Public Disclosure Authorized

A PROPOSED WORLD BANK LOAN FINANCED

AGRICULTURAL TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER PROJECT Public Disclosure Authorized

CENTER OF ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT CHINESE ACADEMY OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES

Public Disclosure Authorized AUGUST 2004

Agricultural Technology Transfer Project – Environmental Impact Assessment

AGRICULTURAL TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER PROJECT ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT

TABLE OF CONTENTS

1. SUMMARY...... 1

1.1. Foreword...... 1 1.2. Evidence of Report Compilation...... 2 1.2.1. Planning Documents...... 2 1.2.2. Project Documentation...... 3 1.2.3. Assessment Standards and Grades ...... 3 1.2.4. World Bank Safeguard Policy ...... 3 1.3. Scope of Assessment...... 4

2. BRIEF PROJECT DESCRIPTION ...... 4

2.1. Project Name, Implementing Agency and Categories ...... 4 2.2. Project Investment ...... 4 2.3. Project Contents and Scale...... 4 2.3.1. Contents and Scale of Cropping Projects ...... 5 2.3.2. Contents and Scale of Breeding Projects...... 5 2.3.3. Contents and Scale of Processing Projects...... 5 2.3.4. Contents and Scale of Agricultural Technology Market, Service Systems and Training Projects...... 5

3. ENVIRONMENTAL DESCRIPTION OF PROJECT PROVINCES ...... 5

3.1. Natural Environment...... 6 3.1.1. Anhui Province...... 6 3.1.2. Heilongjiang Province...... 6 3.1.3. Hunan Province ...... 6 3.1.4. Shaanxi Province...... 6 3.2. Socioeconomic Environment ...... 7 3.2.1. Anhui Province...... 7 3.2.2. Heilongjiang Province...... 7 3.2.3. Hunan Province ...... 7 3.2.4. Shaanxi Province...... 7

i Agricultural Technology Transfer Project – Environmental Impact Assessment

4. CURRENT STATUS OF AND IMPACT ASSESSMENT ON CROPPING PROJECTS...... 8

4.1. Current Status of and Impact Assessment on Socioeconomic Environment...... 8 4.1.1. Analysis on the Current Status of Socioeconomic Conditions in the Project Area 8 4.1.2. Impact Analysis on Socioeconomic Environment in the Project Area...... 9 4.2. Current Status of and Impacts Assessment on Ecological Environment...... 16 4.2.1. Bio-safety Impact Analysis ...... 16 4.2.2. Landscape Ecology Analysis...... 18 4.2.3. Analysis Assessment on Soil Erosion...... 20 4.2.4. Comprehensive Assessment on Impacts of Cropping Projects on Ecological Environment 26 4.3. Impacts Analysis on Environment Quality ...... 26 4.3.1. Brief Description of Current Status of Environment Quality...... 26 4.3.2. Impacts Analysis on Environment Quality...... 26 4.4. Conclusion ...... 32 4.5. Countermeasures and Suggestions...... 33

5. IMPACTS ASSESSMENT ON BREEDING PROJECTS...... 35

5.1. Project Summary...... 35 5.2. Project Analysis ...... 35 5.2.1. Main Technical Points ...... 36 5.2.2. Water Resources Consumption...... 36 5.3. Environmental Impacts Analysis ...... 44 5.3.1. Predictive Analysis on Socioeconomic Environmental Impacts ...... 44 5.3.2. Analysis on Ecological Environmental Impacts...... 52 5.3.3. Impacts on Agricultural Ecosystem...... 52 5.3.4. Impact Analysis on Biodiversity and Bio-safety...... 53 5.3.5. Impact Analysis on Water Environment...... 53 5.3.6. Impacts Analysis on Anaerobic Environment ...... 54 5.3.7. Impacts Analysis on Noise Environment ...... 55 5.3.8. Impacts Analysis on Solid Wastes...... 56 5.3.9. Impacts Analysis on People’s Health ...... 56 5.4. Environmental Impacts Mitigation Measures and Control Countermeasures for Breeding Components...... 56 5.4.1. Pollution Control Countermeasures for Selecting Venue of Breeding Farm... 56 5.4.2. Countermeasures for Promoting Clean Production and Water Saving and Pollution Mitigation...... 57 5.4.3. Pollution Control Countermeasures for Storage of Livestock and Poultry Dung 58

Agricultural Technology Transfer Project – Environmental Impact Assessment

5.4.4. Pollution Control Countermeasures for Treatment and Utilization of Livestock and Poultry Dung...... 58 5.4.5. Countermeasures for Treatment and Disposal of Corpses of Livestock and Poultry Died of Illnesses...... 61

6. ENVIRONMENT IMPACT ASSESSMENT (EIA) FOR PROCESSING PROJECTS ...... 62

6.1. Brief Description of the Projects ...... 62 6.2. Project Analysis ...... 62 6.2.1. Technical Requirements...... 63 6.2.2. Pollution Sources and Pollutants Discharge ...... 63 6.3. Environment Impact Analysis...... 63 6.3.1. Predictive Analysis on Socioeconomic Environmental Impacts...... 63 6.3.2. Air Environmental Impact Analysis on Processing Projects...... 70 6.3.3. Noise Environmental Impact Analysis on Processing Projects ...... 70 6.3.4. Solid Wastes Impact Analysis on Processing Projects...... 70 6.3.5. Eco-environmental Impact Analysis on Processing Projects...... 70 6.4. Environmental Impact Mitigation Measures and Control Countermeasures for Processing Projects ...... 71

7. ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ANALYSIS ON TECHNOLOGY MARKETS, SERVICES AND TRAINING PROJECTS...... 72

8. ENVIRONMENTAL ECONOMIC BENEFIT ANALYSIS ...... 75

8.1. Environmental Economic Gains and Losses Analysis...... 75 8.1.1. Reduction in Use of Fertilizer and Pesticides has Protected the Environment 75 8.1.2. An Ecological Cycle Has Been Formed under the Cropping and Processing Projects 75 8.1.3. Analysis on Other Projects...... 75 8.2. Socioeconomic Gains and Losses Analysis ...... 76 8.2.1. Specialized Farmer Associations...... 76 8.2.2. Participation of Women and Minority Nationalities...... 76 8.2.3. Cropping and Breeding Projects Have Driven Development of Processing Projects, Raising Value Added of Agricultural Produce ...... 77 8.2.4. Conclusion...... 77

9. PUBLIC INVOLVEMENT AND CONSULTATION...... 77

9.1. Purpose and Principles of Work...... 78 9.1.1. Purpose of Work...... 78

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Agricultural Technology Transfer Project – Environmental Impact Assessment

9.1.2. Principles of Work...... 79 9.2. Methodologies for Public Opinion Survey and Consultation ...... 79 9.2.1. Forms of Public Involvement and Consultation...... 79 9.2.2. Methodologies for Data Collection and Analysis...... 81 9.2.3. Scope and Targets of Survey ...... 82 9.3. Survey Results ...... 82 9.3.1. Questionnaire...... 83 9.3.2. Workshops...... 83 9.4. Assessment Conclusion...... 84 9.5. Achievements in Public Consultation...... 85 9.6. Review of Public Involvement and Consultation...... 85

10. ASSESSMENT CONCLUSION...... 86

10.1. Environmental Quality in the Project Area ...... 86 10.2. Selection of Project Venue is Reasonable ...... 86 10.3. Project Design is of High Technical Content with Little Pollution Discharge...... 87

11. ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN AND GUIDELINES...... 87

11.1. Management Institutions and Responsibilities...... 87 11.2. Setting Up Improved Specialized Agricultural Institutions ...... 88 11.3. Environmental Monitoring...... 89 11.3.1. Cropping Subproject...... 89 11.3.2. Breeding Component and Breeding Households...... 89 11.3.3. Pollutants Emission of Processing Subproject...... 90 11.3.4. Comprehensive Subproject...... 90 11.4. Project Environmental Management Plan...... 90 11.5. Project Environmental Management Guidelines ...... 111 11.5.1. Projects with Undecided Factors ...... 111 11.5.2. Projects Needing Separate Environmental Assessment...... 111 11.6. Training Plan and Publicity...... 111

Agricultural Technology Transfer Project – Environmental Impact Assessment

Summary

Foreword

The project area of the World Bank Loan Financed Agricultural Technology Transfer Project (the Project) includes the provinces of Hunan, Anhui, Heilongjiang and Shaanxi. There are four subprojects, involving cropping, breeding, processing and technological, agricultural services and training.

The proposed Project is of solid foundation, strong technical backup, and thus its poverty reduction benefits should be prominent and meanwhile, it also stresses the participation of women and poor population. The Project will have direct and indirect contributions to resolving China’s San Nong issues (referring to rural, agricultural and farmer issues) and it provides a new type of concept for agricultural development in China through making adequate use of local resources and advantages, applying technical demonstration and dissemination and increasing the value added of agricultural produce.

The proposed Project will adopt the cooperative operational model of companies + associations + farmer households. Companies have sufficient funds and understand the market, their involvement has facilitated to resolve the issue of farmers lacking funds and marketing channels; the agricultural associations manages and coordinates to address the issues and problems in the process of project operations, and they actively mobilize farmers’ participation; when selecting the participating farmer households, extensive considerations are given to the vulnerable groups such as the poor population, women and minority nationalities. The implementation of the type of project is of great significance in promoting the agricultural restructuring in poor mountainous areas of minority nationalities, resolving the issue of employment of women and surplus labor force in rural areas, raising farmers’ income levels, strengthening local finance, developing economy in minority nationality areas, and promoting sustainable agricultural development and social stability.

In the four Project provinces, there are 33 scientific and technological research institutions, universities and colleges participating in the project. These institutions are of strong scientific and technological research capacity and have been integrating their work closely with the actual needs of the farmers. According to incomplete statistics, there are over 500 specialists having involved in technical guidance for 78 components, including Academicians Yuan Longping and Zhu Zhidi and Professor Chen Zhangliang from the Chinese Academy of Engineering, who are well known both at home and abroad. Their role in project implementation is mainly providing technical guidance and monitoring and offering advice, including selection of varieties, making technical plans, providing site

1 Agricultural Technology Transfer Project – Environmental Impact Assessment guidance, compiling training materials and technical books and pamphlets, and supervision and examination of product quality, etc.

Project implementation will greatly facilitate agricultural technological progress across the country and help more farmers increase their income.

Invited by the Center For Environmental Engineering Appraisal (Appraisal Center) under the State Environmental Protection Agency, the Center of Environmental Impacts Assessment (EIA Center) of the Chinese Academy of Environmental Sciences bid, with Terms of Reference (TOR) as the bidding document, for the Environmental Impact Assessment for the World Bank Loan-financed Agricultural Technology Transfer Project. On March 26, 2004, the Center of Environmental Engineering Appraisal held at the Yudu Hotel of Beijing a TOR review meeting participated by over ten experts and eight responsible staff from the agricultural PMOs and Environmental Protection Bureaus of the project provinces. Based on the approval of the TOR, the EIA Center would prepare and compile the environmental impact assessment report.

In the process of preparing and compiling the report, the Center has received enormous support from the Appraisal Center, Director Luo Luyong from the State Office for Comprehensive Agricultural Development (SOCAD) under the Ministry of Finance (MOF) and various local comprehensive agricultural development offices. Here, the EIA Center would like to express its sincere thanks.

Evidence of Report Compilation

Planning Documents

1) Circular of State Development and Planning Commission (SDPC) on Requesting Instructions for Plans of Proposed Projects Using World Bank Loan During the Fiscal Years between 2000-2002, (Jiwaizi1 [2000] No. 189); 2) State Council General Office-transmitted Circular of Ministry of Finance on Various Suggestions about Comprehensive Agricultural Development, (Guobanfa2 [2002[ No. 13]; 3) Announcement of the National Development and Reform Commission (NDRC3) on Requesting Instructions for Plans of Proposed Projects Using World Bank Loan During the Fiscal Years between 2003-2005, (Jiwaizi [2002] No. 8); 4) SOCAD Circular on Relevant Matters Concerning the Preparation of Project Proposal for the Third Irrigated Agricultural Intensification Loan Project (IAIL 3), issued on June 27, 2003, (Guonongban4 [2003] No. 179);

1 Foreign Capital Utilization Department of SDPC. 2 Issued by the General Office of the State Council. 3 Former SDPC.

2 Agricultural Technology Transfer Project – Environmental Impact Assessment

5) National Tenth Five-year Plan for Comprehensive Agricultural Development; 6) SOCAD Circular on Relevant Issues Concerning Using World Bank Loan to Implement the Agricultural Technology Project, (Guonongban [2002] No. 201).

Project Documentation

1) Project Proposal for the World Bank Loan-financed Agricultural Technology Project, June 2003, Research Institute of Planning and Design, Ministry of Agriculture (MOA); 2) Project Proposal for the World Bank Loan-financed Irrigated Agricultural Project, June 2003, Research Institute of Planning and Design, MOA; 3) World Bank Loan-financed Social Evaluation Report of the China Agricultural Technology Report (Second Stage), August 2003, China Nationalities and Races Research Center, Zhongshan University.

Assessment Standards and Grades

1) Air Environment Quality Standards (GB3095-2001); Grade II; 2) Surface Water Environment Quality Standards (GHZB-1999); Grade II; 3) Comprehensive Sewerage Discharge Standards (GB8978-96); 4) Noise Standards at the Boundaries of Industrial Enterprises (GN3096-93); Category II; 5) Noise Standards at the Boundaries of Construction Sites (GB12523-90); Category III; 6) Farmland Irrigation Water Quality Standards (GB5084-92); 7) Soil Environment Quality Standards. Category II in GB15618-1995; 8) Discharge Standards of Pollutants from Livestock and Poultry Breeding Industry (GB18596-2001); 9) Pollutants Discharge Standards (GB14554-1993); 10) Standards for Safe Use of Pesticides (GB4285-89); 11) Sanitary Standards for Beef, Mutton and Hare Meat (GB2708-94); 12) Boiler Environmental Air Pollutants Discharge Standards. Time Interval II of Category II Region.

World Bank Safeguard Policy

1) Environmental Assessment (OP/BP/GP4.01) 2) Pest Management (OP/4.09) 3) Forests (OP/BP4.36) 4) Indigenous Peoples (OD4, being revised as OP4.10) 5) Cultural Property (OPN11.03, being revised as OP 4.11

4 SOCAD

3 Agricultural Technology Transfer Project – Environmental Impact Assessment

Scope of Assessment

1) Scope of air assessment is regions within 1 km in radius around the project area; 2) Scope of water environment assessment is regions within 1 km in radius around the project area; 3) Sound environment assessment is noise at the project’s plant boundaries; 4) Ecological environment assessment mainly includes ecological safety and soil erosion.

Brief Project Description

Project Name, Implementing Agency and Categories

Project Name: World Bank Loan-Financed Agricultural Technology Transfer Project (the Project). Implementing Agency: State Office for Comprehensive Agricultural Development (SOCAD). Project Categories: The project is consisted of 78 components and is separated to four categories according to their features: cropping, breeding, processing, and technology market and agricultural service systems and training projects.

Project Investment

Total investment of the project is 1.849 billion yuan, of which the investment for cropping projects is 832.16 million yuan, accounting for 45% of the total; that for breeding projects is 647.23 million yuan, 35% of the total; 277.39 million yuan for processing projects, 15% of the total; and 92.46 million yuan for technology market, agricultural service systems and training projects, 5% of the total.

Project Contents and Scale

Forty counties from four provinces of Anhui, Heilongjiang, Hunan and Shaanxi are selected to be the project area according to the realities of China’s agriculture and rural areas and considering geographical location, regional scope, current status of agricultural production, rural economic development levels, infrastructure conditions and agricultural technological development levels, etc. There are four categories of projects, of which cropping projects mainly involve the construction of quality agricultural products bases; breeding projects mainly deal with introducing, breeding and raising improved variety pigs and cattle; agro processing projects involve the production of quality fruits, soybean, milk, meat, medicinal herbs, organic fertilizer, and non-polluting pesticides; and technology market, agricultural service systems and training projects.

4 Agricultural Technology Transfer Project – Environmental Impact Assessment

Contents and Scale of Cropping Projects

Cropping projects focus on development and construction of quality agricultural products bases, mainly involving the production of quality agricultural products, nuisance-free vegetables, and the construction of demonstration bases for quality economic forest and fruits seedling and planting. Total area of improved variety grain and beans breeding bases is 550 ha, that of grain and beans production bases is 6,461 ha, that of nuisance-free vegetables planting (production) bases is 1,490 ha, that of quality melon and fruit seedling bases is 2,125 ha, that of melon and melon production bases is 8,257 ha, and that of demonstration bases for economic forest and fruits is 7,006 ha. The cropping projects cover a total area of 25,889 ha, or 2.59% of 9.95 million ha of total land resources of the four provinces.

Contents and Scale of Breeding Projects

Breeding projects mainly involve introducing, breeding of improved varieties, breeding management and disease control technologies, under which there will be 7,348 improved variety cattle, 15,705 fattening cattle, 12,000 improved variety pigs, 165,000 fattening pigs, 4,100 improved variety sheep and 10,000 fattening sheep.

Contents and Scale of Processing Projects

Project activities will involve the processing of quality fruits, soybean, milk, meat, medicinal herbs, organic fertilizer and non-polluting pesticides, etc. Products to be processed include 11,400 tons of juice, 4,800 tons of dairy products, 100 tons of soybean peptide powder, 2,930 tons of traditional Chinese herbal medicine, 11,600 tons of organic fertilizer and 200 tons of non-polluting pesticides.

Contents and Scale of Agricultural Technology market, Service Systems and Training Projects

There are total eight such projects, of which seven are in Shaanxi Province and one in Heilongjiang Province, one is farm and sideline products trading market, one is agricultural technologies market, five are technical extension and training projects and one is research projects.

Environmental Description of Project Provinces

This section briefly discusses the environmental conditions of the project provinces. The natural and socioeconomic conditions are indicated in Table 1 of Annex 1.

5 Agricultural Technology Transfer Project – Environmental Impact Assessment

Natural Environment

Anhui Province

The province is located in the transitional belt of warm temperate zone and subtropical zone. It is warm temperate zone subhumid monsoon climate in the north of the Huai River and subtropical monsoon climate in the south of the Huai River, with clearly divided four seasons, mild climate and moderate precipitation. The annual average temperature is between 14-17oC, which is declining from the south to the north. The temperature for Northern Huai River and Dabieshan mountainous areas is below 15 C, areas south to the Huai River are above 16 oC and other areas are between 15-16 oC. The annual average frost-free period is between 200-250 days; average annual precipitation is between 770-1,700 mm, and rainfall is mainly concentrated in spring and summer. The province has got sufficient sunshine and rich luminous energy resources with sunshine time between 1,800-2,500 hours, which are suitable for the growth and breeding of multiple plants and animals.

Heilongjiang Province

Situated on northeastern China, the province has got the highest latitude. It is between 121o11’ – 135 o 05' East Longitude and 43 o 26' – 53 o 33' North Latitude. Apart from Mohe, most of the areas belong to temperate zone continental monsoon climate with clear four seasons. In spring, with solar radiation getting stronger, warm air becomes active and temperature rises gradually. This climate is suitable for growing soybean, corn, rice, wheat, potato and beet, etc.

Hunan Province

The province belongs to continental middle subtropical monsoon humid climate. The southeastern border is 400 km and the province is closely related to the impacts of East Asian monsoon circular current. The annual sunshine time is between 1,300-1,800 hours, average annual temperature is between 16-18 oC. Non-frost period reaches up to 260-310 days and that for most of the areas is between 280-300 days. Average annual precipitation is rich between 1,200-1,700 mm.

Shaanxi Province

The province is a long and narrow strip in topography, with three unique landforms stretching from the north to the south, with Loess Plateau in the north, the Guanzhong Plain in the middle and Qinba Mountains in the south. The north and the south are very different in climate, which strands over from the north to the south three climate zones of temperate zone, warm temperate zone and north subtropical zone. The annual average rainfall is 648 mm, temperature is 13.6 oC and non-frost period is 218 days.

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Socioeconomic Environment

Anhui Province

The province’s cropping area during a regular year is 8.467 million ha, of which grain area is 5.667 million ha, taking up 65% of the total, economic crops are 2.8 million ha, accounting for 35%. Population by end 1999 was 62.37 million, of which agricultural population accounts for 81%, with rural labor force reaching 27.97 million people. The province administers 17 prefecture level units (including 15 municipalities, 2 administrative offices), 107 county level units. The average GDP growth rate of the province is 10.4%, of which the average growth rate of primary industry is 5.7%, secondary industry is 11.4% and tertiary industry is 12.2%. The province’s total land area is 139,600 km2, about 1.46% of the national total.

Heilongjiang Province

Heilongjiang is a multi-nationality province of 46 different nationalities. It administers 12 prefecture level cities, one prefecture, 46 counties, 19 county level cities and one autonomous county. Total area of the province is 454,000 km2, and total population is 38 million. The province has got 450 institutions engaging in scientific and technical research and dissemination, within which 93,000 staff have got middle to senior professional title, of which 11,000 people are agricultural technicians. Cultivated land of the province is 11.54 million ha, and is concentrated and continuous. Most of its soil is black, with rich organic substances and is suitable for the growth of crops.

Hunan Province

The province is situated on the southern middle reach Yangtze River, which administers 14 cities and prefectures, 122 counties (cities/districts), 2,353 towns and townships. Total population of the province is 65.97 million, of which 51.97 million are agricultural population, with rural labor force reaching 30.96 million people. Total land area is 211,800 ha, of which arable land is 39.12 million ha, 15.2% of the total; forest area is 9.58 million ha, with forest coverage rate reaching 52.76%; grassland area is 4.007 million ha; water area is 1.513 million ha and fresh water breeding area is 422,500 ha.

Shaanxi Province

Population of the province is 36.05 million and its area is 190,000 km2. The province has got 45 grain, cotton and edible oil base counties, 25 quality apple base counties, 20 cattle base counties, 20 lean-pig base counties and 3.2 million mu of greenhouse vegetables. It boasts more than 2,000 scientific research institutes, of which 50 are taking the lead in the country, employing 831,000 various professionals and technicians, making the province rank the third in the country in comprehensive scientific and technical capacity.

7 Agricultural Technology Transfer Project – Environmental Impact Assessment

Yangling is the country’s sole national-level high-tech industries demonstration zone, which gathers over 4,000 talented people from 64 disciplines of agriculture, forest and water resources.

Current Status of and Impact Assessment on Cropping Projects

Cropping projects include planting, forest and fruit projects and those in the comprehensive projects relevant to planting. They focus on development and construction of quality agricultural products bases, mainly involving the production of quality agricultural products, nuisance-free vegetables, and the construction of demonstration bases for quality economic forest and fruits seedling and planting. Total area of improved variety grain and beans breeding bases is 550 ha, that of grain and beans production bases is 6,461 ha, that of nuisance-free vegetables planting (production) bases is 1,490 ha, that of quality melon and fruit seedling bases is 2,125 ha, that of melon and melon production bases is 8,257 ha, and that of demonstration bases for economic forest and fruits is 7,006 ha.

Current Status of and Impact Assessment on Socioeconomic Environment

Analysis on the Current Status of Socioeconomic Conditions in the Project Area

The project area is selected to be at 120 towns and townships from 60 counties (cities/districts) of four provinces.

In Hunan, key technologies will be disseminated and applied in hybrid paddy, quality vegetables, quality melon and fruits, citrus and rape, etc.

In Anhui, key technologies will be disseminated and applied in vegetables, quality wheat and paddy, peanuts, flowers and forest seedling, economic forest and fruits, etc.

In Heilongjiang, key technologies will be disseminated and applied in quality soybean, virus-free potato and seedling, etc.

In Shaanxi, key technologies will be disseminated and applied in forest nursery, non- polluted vegetables, quality fruit, medicinal herbs and plants, etc.

The distribution of cropping projects and status of socioeconomic environment in the project area are indicated in Maps 4-1-1, 4-1-2, 4-1-3, 4-1-4 and 4-1-5, and detailed description is listed in Table 1 of Annex 1.

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Impact Analysis on Socioeconomic Environment in the Project Area

The implementation of cropping projects will produce many positive impacts on the project area, such as promoting socioeconomic development and industrial restructuring, raising land use efficiency in the project and surrounding areas, improving land resources use conditions, increasing farmers’ income, raising living standards of community residents, rationalizing distribution of social resources, etc.

Based on the analysis on the projects’ feasibility studies, Maps 4-1-1 to 4-1-5 and Table 1 of Annex 1, the implementation of all cropping projects will not change the nature of rural socioeconomic environment in the project area, but will improve agricultural conditions, improve and optimize the planting varieties, adjust planting structure, implement and disseminate agricultural technologies, etc. For example, Xinhuang Dong Nationality County Borneol Camphor Development Project, Changde Triploid Chinese White Poplar Project of Hunan, Qinba Mountainous Area Mulberry Fruit Project, Chunhua County Medicinal Herbs Project of Shaanxi will turn some degraded or secondary grassland, waste mudflat and unused land into land for forest, fruits and medicinal herbs with higher economic value. The changes in the land use still take place within the agricultural scope and will not produce unfavorable impacts on the socioeconomic environment in the project area.

The mode of “Company + Farmer Household” is adopted in most of the cropping project areas, under which the local ‘dragon-head’ enterprises take the lead to engage in industrial development, which is of some positive impacts on the economic restructuring, optimization of industrial structure and diversification of planting structure in the subproject and surrounding areas. The widespread application of agricultural technologies, especially in improved variety breeding and extension, plating, organic and green agricultural production and processing, balanced fertilizer applying and integrated pest management, etc. will raise production efficiency and product quality and at the same time, improve farmers’ technological knowledge and production skills, productive conditions and living environment, as a result, farmers’ income will be raised, which will effectively facilitate to improve the socioeconomic and environmental conditions in the subproject and surrounding areas. See case: Xinhuang Dong Nationality Autonomous County Borneol Camphor Development Project.

9 Agricultural Technology Transfer Project – Environmental Impact Assessment

Borneol Camphor Development Component, Xinhuang Dong Nationality Autonomous County

1. Construction Contents 1) Seedling Base: 2.8 ha of cutting seedling base is to be built in Aobeiluo Village of Fangjiatun Township; 28 ha of transplantation seedling base and 20 ha of cutting orchard are to be built at Tianlongtou, Miaochong, Bozhou and Mushanping Villages of Bozhou Town and Changle Village of Xinglong Town. 2) Borneol Camphor Raw Material Base: totaling an area of 466.67 ha, the base is to be built at Bozhou and Xinglong Towns on the either side of the Wushui River Basin along the National Highway 320 within the county. 3) Processing Base: six coarse camphor-processing plants are to be built in Bozhou and Xinglong Towns and the venue of intensive processing plant(s) is selected to be within the development zone of the Xinglongao Village of Dawanluo Township.

2. Construction Scale 1) Borneol Camphor Raw Material Base: producing 14,000 tons of branches and leaves per year. 2) Processing Base: extracting 35 tons of natural dextrorse borneol.

3. Construction Implications Xinhuang County is an economically underdeveloped minority nationality county located in the mountainous areas of western Hunan Province and is one of the 18 designated provincial poor counties of the Province. The total area of the county is 150,000 ha, of which mountainous areas are 126,700 ha, accounting for 84.1% of the total, with average per capita mountainous area of 0.56 ha, where the resources are rich and the soil and climate conditions are suitable for growing kapor. The implementation of the project can facilitate the use of rich land and Chinese herbal medicine resources in the local areas, promote agricultural restructuring in poor mountainous areas, and raise the income of poor households through applying the operational model of “company + farmer households (associations) + base”, and plays a major role in resolving the employment of the rural women and surplus labor force, developing the economy in nationality areas, increasing local financial and tax revenue, protecting ecological environment, ensuring sustainable agricultural development and maintaining rural social stability. Meanwhile, the project implementation can speed up the development of China’s natural borneol and promote the development of ‘green’ traditional Chinese medical industry.

4. Assessment Analysis The county administers 23 towns and townships, whose total population is 260,000, of which the Dong Minority Nationality population takes up 76%. The project area involves 50,600 villages from 613 village groups of 65 villages, 25,000 ha of mountainous area and 2,700 ha of cultivated land, of which paddy fields are 2,100 ha and dry land is 600 ha. The annual average per capita income of farmers is 1,470 yuan. The rich mountainous resources in the project area make it possible for disseminating the plantation of kapor. At present, the farmers are willing to plant borneol camphor tree since the net income per mu can amount to 800-1,000 yuan, 3-4 times over that of average crops. Presently, the industrialization of the plantation has not been shaped and the economic benefits are not obvious. After the completion of the project, scaled plantation can be achieved, which will improve the local ecological environment, and promote the development of ecological economic model at the local level. The project will absorb 5,000 seasonal workers, of which women account for 70%. Meanwhile, the income from the seedling and raw material bases can reach 11.22 million yuan, which will promote poverty reduction and accelerate economic development in minority nationality mountainous

Overall, cropping projects will be of favorable impacts on socioeconomic environment.

10 Agricultural Technology Transfer Project – Environmental Impact Assessment

Map 4-1-1: Distribution of Cropping Projects

11 Agricultural Technology Transfer Project – Environmental Impact Assessment

Map 4-1-2: Distribution of Cropping Projects and Economic Environment Around Project Areas, Hunan Province

Agricultural Technology Transfer Project – Environmental Impact Assessment

Map 4-1-3: Distribution of Cropping Projects and Economic Environment Around Project Areas, Anhui Province

Agricultural Technology Transfer Project – Environmental Impact Assessment

Map 4-1-4: Distribution of Cropping Projects and Economic Environment Around Project Areas, Shaanxi Province

Agricultural Technology Transfer Project – Environmental Impact Assessment

Map 4-1-5: Distribution of Cropping Projects and Economic Environment Around Project Areas, Heilongjiang Province

Agricultural Technology Transfer Project – Environmental Impact Assessment

Current Status of and Impacts Assessment on Ecological Environment

Bio-safety Impact Analysis

It is an important aspect of environmental assessment whether there exists hidden biological safety peril with introducing, breeding and planting improved varieties. The degree of hidden bio-safety peril from introduction varies with different varieties and is decided by natural environmental conditions in the project and surrounding areas and by the surrounding sensitive areas and sensitive species. Most of the project activities will be implemented within the agricultural ecosystemthat is subject to high degree of artificial interference and there haven’t found any major sensitive areas and sensitive species within the system and surrounding areas, therefore, the impacts on bio-safety are minor.

Summary of Varieties to be Planted

There are total 39 cropping components under the Project, mainly involving planting of hybrid paddy, nuisance-free vegetables, melon, fruits and seedling. Most of the varieties have been planted and promoted in the local areas and the rest have been examined and approved by the National Cropping Varieties Examination and Approval Committee or the provinces. Details are described in Table 2 of Annex 1.

Biological Safety Impact Analysis

According to analysis, apart from the five areas of Xinhua County in Hunan Province (Borneol Camphor Development Project), Dongting Lake area (Triploid Chinese White Poplar Project) and Chaling County (Oil Tea Project) of Changde City, Zhouzhi County (Kiwi Fruit Project) and Chunhua County (Medicinal Herbs Breeding and Planting Project) of Shaanxi Province, all the other areas are artificial agricultural ecological systems majoring in farmlands, and there are no sensitive species and areas. Besides, the varieties or similar varieties have been planted in other areas under their respective system, and those introduced to the projects have been verified and approved by national or local authorities, or have been planted in the local areas for many years, therefore, project implementation will not bring about unfavorable impacts on the regional biological safety.

Around the proposed Changde Triploid Chinese White Poplar Project area, is mainly mountainous areas and lake-area agricultural ecological system, under which main crops include cotton and sugarcane. In view of the sensitivity of Dongting Lake area, biological safety analysis on triploid Chinese white poplar is indicated below:

Agricultural Technology Transfer Project – Environmental Impact Assessment

Triploid Chinese white poplar is very adapted to the environment in Dongting Lake area. It breeds and grows very fast and is of strong competitiveness. Will the plantation of the species under the proposed project affect the environment for the growth of other plants around the project area? Will it produce unfavorable impacts on the local biodiversity?

Triploid Chinese white poplar is a new variety through hybridization (backcross) of Chinese white poplar and Xinjiang poplar. During the process, the chromosome of triploid Chinese white poplar pollen is doubled and substituted. The birth of the poplar is a high-tech result of chromosome cell engineering, and is not a transgene result under which only a single shape is improved. Transgene technology cannot improve some harmful features of Chinese white poplar, such as seedling hardening in advance, leaf rust disease, leaf mottle, being prone to infection, cannot be rotated within five years, etc. Propagation of triploid Chinese white poplar is purely of vegetative type (relying on graft, cutting and rootcutting, etc.) and in its nucleus there are three chromosome groups, which are a barrier in meiotic reproduction, therefore, the triploid poplar, same as triploid watermelon, cannot form seeds. It excludes sexual process, therefore, there are no genefrequency changes, genetic drift or possibilities of unordered propagation. Furthermore, seedling is raised within the planned base, and therefore, it will not affect the population amount of other plants in the region.

Disease and insect damages of triploid poplar include angular leaf spot, longicorn, cutworm, etc. These disease and insects also damages the local poplars and introduced European and American poplar (black poplar). Triploid poplar will not introduce new diseases or insects, and it is of strong disease and insect resistance, therefore, it will not produce major impacts on the surrounding organisms.

Although the project areas of Chaling County of Hunan, Zhouzhi County and Chunhua Counties of Shaanxi have got mixed ecological system, forestland is basically artificial forest and most of the grassland is degraded or lies waste, and overall, these areas are still within the scope of agricultural ecological system. The introduced varieties have been planted in the local areas for many years. Chaling County is the home of oil tea; Zhouzhi County is a major kiwi fruit-planting county, “Haiwade” Kiwi Fruit has been planted for five years; Chunhua County is located at the gully areas of the Loess Plateau, mountain apricot, wild jujube, skullcap, senega and Chinese thorowax are average local varieties. In addition, there haven’t found any sensitive species and areas in the project and surrounding areas, therefore, project implementation will not bring about unfavorable impacts on regional bio-safety.

Although Xinhuang County Borneol Development Component area belongs to the ecosystemwhere mountainous area, dry land farming and forest are mixed, it used to be cultivated land. Two camphor trees containing dextrorse borneol were found at the county in 1988, based on which the borneol processing industry is developed. The area is the origin of kapor and therefore, component construction will not produce any adverse impacts on ecological safety.

Although the varieties to be introduced have not been decided for the Yintai Forest and Fruit Seedling Project and Yufeng Zhenxi Edible Fungus Development Project of Tongchuan City, they will be bred and planted within the allowable range of local

Agricultural Technology Transfer Project – Environmental Impact Assessment agricultural technological zone and respectively inside the greenhouses and fungus experimental rooms, and therefore, the biological safety of the introduced varieties can be easily controlled and they will not produce any harmful impacts on biological safety outside the system.

In summary, the introduction, breeding and planting of varieties under the cropping subproject will not result in any harmful impacts on the regional biological safety.

Landscape Ecology Analysis

Analysis on the Current Status of Landscape Ecology

Landscape ecology survey, conducted applying the theories and relevant research methodologies of landscape ecology, analyzes and compares from landscape perspective the macro structure, functions and human activities of the ecosystemin the project area. The purpose of the survey is to provide evidence for macro and integrated assessment of the project. According to the principles and approaches of landscape ecology categorizing, the four key elements of topography, vegetation, land-use status and modern geographical process in the project area are the evidence for dividing the basic landscape units.

Cropping subproject activities are distributed widely in 120 towns and townships from 60 counties of four project provinces while the planting area of each component is fairly small. From the macro perspective, most of the components are distributed in and belong to the farmland landscape category, and some are distributed in farmland-forest or farmland-grassland category. From a macro perspective, analysis assessment on the project will be conducted, applying a categorized analysis approach, according to the distribution of planting bases, relevant contents and features impacting the landscape, and landscape categories the project area falls under. Details are listed in Table 3 of Annex 1.

Landscape Ecology Impact Assessment

Sustainable Agricultural Technology and Capacity Building Project, Maoji County, Anhui Province focuses on dissemination and application of comprehensive modern agricultural technologies; Water Saving Technology Demonstration Component, Yangling, Shaanxi Province mainly demonstrates in sections drought-resistant seeds, water conservation agent, drought-resistant agent and new water saving equipment and technologies of different countries. Yufeng Edible Fungus Industrial Development Component, Heilongjiang Province breeds fungus inside the structures. These components will not change the original landscape structure and will not have any impact on landscape ecology.

Agricultural Technology Transfer Project – Environmental Impact Assessment

Nine projects will have some impact on landscape ecology, which is mainly increase in forestland spots, including Yuanjiang Citrus Project, Xinhuang Borneol Camphor Project, Changde Triploid Chinese White Poplar Project and Chaling County Oil Tea Proejct, Hunan Province, Apple Project Development Project, Baishui County, Zhouzhi County Organic Kiwi Fruit Project, Qinba Mountainous Area Mulberry Project, Qianyang Quality Fruit Tree Seedling Detoxification Project and Yangling Quality Fruits Planting Project. Most of the project areas are located at the hilly areas or gullies of the Loess Plateau, where farmland, grassland and forest alternate with each other. Although there are more forest spots, the size of them is small and they will not bring about obvious changes in the overall spatial structure of landscape. Furthermore, the increase in forest spots will be of positive impacts on ecological environment in these areas.

Regarding the Chunhua County Medicinal Herbs Breeding and Plating Project and the Medicinal Herbs GAP Production and Processing Project, most of the herbs plating bases are located at the gully areas of the Loess Plateau and the planted herbs include mountain apricot, wild jujube, Hippophae rhamnoides, and bi-annual and perennial herbs of skullcap, senega, Chinese thorowax, etc. As a result of project implementation, the vegetation in the area will be increased. The area of the two projects is fairly large, which is 1,780 ha and 784 ha respectively, therefore, project implementation will have major impacts on the regional landscape ecology, with remarkable increase of high-coverage artificial forest and grass landscape and remarkable decrease of farmland and degraded grass landscape. Higher coverage of forest and grass will effectively lower water and soil erosion in the area and improve regional ecological environment. Overall, project implementation will produce positive impacts on landscape ecology.

Apart from the above, the rest of the cropping projects will be of minor impacts on the landscape, which are originated from farmland modernization, such as construction of field paths, irrigation and drainage ditches, and protective belt and network, etc. They fragment the continuous farmland landscape to form many landscape galleries, which are conducive to improving agricultural production conditions. Their common features are that there are basically no changes to the original farmland landscape category while the changes only take place in plant types or varieties, for example, some projects focus on improving the original varieties, some turn grain crops to economic crops of melon, fruit and vegetable, etc., and some are built with facilities and greenhouses, etc. Although some of the projects are implemented by farmer households and there are some minor changes in the landscape, which, however, still belongs to the same type and will not produce harmful impacts on the overall regional ecological environment.

In summary, the impacts of cropping projects will be of minor or below minor impacts on landscape ecology while most of the impacts are positive and are conducive to improving ecological environment and ensuring agricultural production.

Agricultural Technology Transfer Project – Environmental Impact Assessment

Analysis assessment on Soil Erosion

Analysis on the Current Status of Soil Erosion in the Project Area

Soil erosion status of cropping projects is indicated in Maps 4-2-1, 4-2-2, 4-2-3, 4-2-4.

In view of the distribution of soil erosion regions under the projects, there are 15 projects are distributed in the region without obvious erosion, 5 projects are in the region with slight water erosion, 9 projects are in the region with medium water erosion and 1 project in region with severe water erosion, 4 projects are in region with severe water erosion and slight wind erosion, 7 projects are in region with slight wind erosion and slight water erosion, 3 projects are in region with slight wind erosion. The location of projects in each of the soil erosion regions is listed in Table 4 of Annex 1.

Analysis on Impacts of Project Implementation on Soil Erosion

According to the contents and characters of the cropping projects, the elements impacting soil erosion are categorized as follows:

1) Project activities during construction, such as land leveling, building of drainage ditches, farmland paths, relevant facilities and houses, etc. will severely disturb surface vegetation and soil and will result in wind and water erosion and exacerbate soil erosion in the project area. Since project construction is conducted within the agricultural ecological system, the increased soil erosion only takes place during construction period and after construction is completed, soil erosion will be decreased. In addition, some of the activities include some soil erosion control contents, such as land leveling, lining of ditches, etc. Therefore, the impacts of project activities during construction on soil erosion are acceptable to the system, are minor on external systems and are thus acceptable in view of the environmental protection. 2) Cropping activities. Since the cropping methods are not changed totally, therefore, the activities will not produce negative impact on soil erosion. The cropping varieties of some projects will be changed, especially in vegetation type and vegetation coverage, such as the Xinhuang Borneol Camphor Development Project and Chaling County Oil Tea Project distributed in the region with slight water erosion. The implementation of these projects will increase forestland and grassland coverage in the project areas, reduce degraded land and low-coverage grassland and will thus reduce and mitigate water and soil erosion in the project areas. See case: Shaanxi Medicinal Herbs Breeding and Planting Project.

Agricultural Technology Transfer Project – Environmental Impact Assessment

Shaanxi Medicinal Herbs Breeding and Planting Project

1. Contents and Scale Setting up an improved-variety medicinal herbs breeding base with 750 mu, providing reliable improved seedling for large-scale planting of the herbs. Meanwhile, an efficient and standardized herbs planting base of 10,000 mu will be set up within the planting area and an extensive extraction and processing production line will be installed. Of the 10,000 mu, companies will take 1,000 mu and farmers will plant 8,000-9,000 mu.

2. Natural Environment Status The project is located at the Chewu Township, Chunhua County, Xianyang City, which is of Loess Plateau gully topography with highland, beams, ditches and gullies. The climate at the planting base is of temperate zone subhumid continental monsoon type, which is suitable for growth of various economic crops. Next to the project area is the Jing River system of the Wei River basin. The Heilu and loessal soil in the area is of poor fertility.

3. Socioeconomic Situation Chunhua is a poor county. The Longwu Village of Chewu Township is far off the beaten track, where there are no industries and agriculture is of conventional agricultural economic type. The project involves 1095 people from 273 households of 9 administrative villages. Population density is sparse, average per capita arable land is 5 mu, the grain crops are wheat and corn and the economic crops include mountain apricot, Hippophae rhamnoides and senega, etc. Average annual income per capita of the village is 520 yuan (lower than the county’s average) and average per capita grain is 196 jin (half a kilo).

4. Impacts on Soil Erosion Medicinal herbs planting is one of the agricultural activities. The main tasks of the project are to select and breed herbal varieties that are adaptable to the local natural, geographical and climate conditions and introduce new breeding technology of graft on top of the traditional planting methods, raise land use efficiency and increase farmers’ income. The roots of perennial medicinal herbs can conserve water and soil. The project area is located in semiarid area, where rainfall is low, groundwater distribution is complicated, topographical conditions are changeable and drinking and irrigation water mainly relies on rainwater and collected water. The project will invest 800,000 yuan in constructing water cellars, which will not only provide part of the drinking and irrigation water, but also prevent water and soil erosion to some degree. Terraces in the mountainous areas have served to improve land quality and also prevented water, soil and fertility from losing and is thus good for the environment.

The negative impacts of cropping projects on soil erosion only take place during construction period of ancillary facilities and are acceptable. Overall, most of the impacts are positive, especially the projects in hilly and mountainous areas and the Loess Plateau that are prone to water and soil erosion will have positive role in improving ecological environment and mitigating water and soil erosion in these areas.

Agricultural Technology Transfer Project – Environmental Impact Assessment

Map 4-2-1: Soil Erosion In Regions Where Cropping Projects Are Located, Hunan Province

Agricultural Technology Transfer Project – Environmental Impact Assessment

Map 4-2-2: Soil Erosion In Regions Where Cropping Projects Are Located, Anhui Province

Agricultural Technology Transfer Project – Environmental Impact Assessment

Map 4-2-3: Soil Erosion In Regions Where Cropping Projects Are Located, Shaanxi Province

Agricultural Technology Transfer Project – Environmental Impact Assessment

Map 4-2-4: Soil Erosion In Regions Where Cropping Projects Are Located, Heilongjiang Province

Agricultural Technology Transfer Project – Environmental Impact Assessment

Comprehensive Assessment on Impacts of Cropping Projects on Ecological Environment

Analysis assessment on ecological environment resulting from cropping projects is conducted according to the status of ecological environment in various project areas, after summarizing the above assessment results, integrating the ecological environmental protection and construction measures to be taken under the projects and considering the major construction stages and characters of various components.

According to matrix analysis on ecological impacts, the impacts of surface disturbances as a result of construction of structures during implementation on vegetation and soil are long term and irreversible. Soil erosion during construction period will produce negative impact, which, however, will be short time and take place in only a few areas, and is acceptable.

The negative impacts of cropping projects will be within the controllable range and can be mitigated through some measures. Therefore, the project will play a positive role in improving the ecological environment in the project area, and is thus feasible.

Impacts Analysis on Environment Quality

Brief Description of Current Status of Environment Quality

Cropping projects mainly involve the production of quality agricultural products, non- polluted vegetables, the construction of quality economic forest and fruits breeding and planting bases. Project objectives and contents have set up fairly high requirements on environmental quality, which, therefore, has become a basic condition and element for selecting project area.

According to the analysis on the environmental status of various project and surrounding areas, there are no environmental sensitive areas 500 meters around the project area;

Impacts Analysis on Environment Quality

Impacts of cropping projects on environmental quality are analyzed from two aspects: one is impact of cropping part (including construction of cropping bases) on environmental quality; the other is impact of processing part on environmental quality.

Impacts of Cropping Part on Environmental Quality

Agricultural Technology Transfer Project – Environmental Impact Assessment

The impacts are divided to two types: one is the various activities concerning the construction of cropping bases, including land leveling, construction of roads, cannels and relevant facilities. These activities will produce dust, vehicle exhaust, equipment noise, construction and living wastes, which will bring about short-term or instantaneous impacts on air, sound and water environment in the project area. However, the degree of impacts is limited and there are no targets extremely sensitive to the impacts in the project and surrounding areas, therefore, the impacts can be lowered to the acceptable level provided construction management is strengthened and construction work is standardized. The other is the surface source pollution originated from application of chemical fertilizers and pesticides within the cropping process. A series of technologies including balanced fertilizer application, integrated pest management, organic and non- polluted production, etc will be adopted in the cropping projects, and there will be significant changes in the selecting of pesticide and fertilizer varieties and application amount comparing with the conventional use of chemical fertilizers and pesticides, therefore, project implementation will effectively mitigate environmental pollution.

The application amount of pesticides and chemical fertilizers will be increased in the areas of Xinhuang Borneol Camphor Development Project in Hunan, Mulberry Fruit Project and Medicinal Herbs Breeding and Planting Project in Shaanxi. However, modern agricultural technologies will be adopted, pesticide and chemical fertilizer varieties will be selected and the amount will be applied according to the non-pollution production standards. In addition, these projects can raise water and soil conservation capacity in the project areas. Therefore, their environmental impacts are minor.

Use of Non-polluted Pesticides

Non-polluted pesticides refer to carefully selected biorational pesticides that are of effective preventive results on harmful organisms, but are biologically safe to human and livestock and other non-targeted organisms, are easily degraded under natural conditions, and will not produce obvious impacts on environmental quality. Non-polluted pesticides are set to five types including mineral, animal-source, microorganism, plant and non- polluted synthetic chemical pesticides. Non-polluted pesticides are mainly used on production of non-polluted fruits and vegetables.

Pest under the project will be controlled applying non-polluted synthetic chemical pesticides on the basis of biological pest disinfestation technology. Farmers are a key factor in the use of pesticides, who should be properly trained in advance on chemical pest management during critical periods and on critical targets. Meanwhile, fruit products associations should strengthen guidance and monitoring on pesticides application. Details are provided in “Methods on Pest Monitoring and Control” of the project provinces. The

Agricultural Technology Transfer Project – Environmental Impact Assessment use of pesticides and chemical fertilizers and the environmental impact analysis are described in Table 4-3-1.

Agricultural Technology Transfer Project – Environmental Impact Assessment

Table 4-3-1: Use of Fertilizers and Pesticides and Environmental Impacts Analysis

Prov. Project Name Product Target Methods and Application Status Environmental Impacts Two-system Hybrid Hybrid rice Mainly organic fertilizers with some non-poisonous and Pollution to be Super Paddy seeds non-polluting chemical fertilizers; application of biological reduced pesticides with very few or no low-poison chemical pesticides. Changsha County Non- pollution Application of IPM and bio-pesticides with high efficiency Pollution to be H Nuisance Free and low poison in nuisance-free vegetable cultivation, soil reduced U Vegetable test and prescribed fertilizer spreading technologies, N which can lower 3-4% of total fertilizer application, and A lower more than 45% of total pesticide use. N Shaoyang City Melon & fruit Dissemination of virus-free organic, biological fertilizers; Pollution to be Quality Melon and seeds, seedling organic, matrix and protective cultivation and bio- reduced Fruit Farm and products pesticide pest management technologies. Qidong County Non-polluted Selection of anti-disease varieties; application of virus- Unfavorable Non-polluted Day- day-lily free organic fertilizer, bacterial fertilizer; use of organic impacts to be lily cultivation, biological pest management technologies. mitigated Yuanjiang City Non-polluted Mainly organic fertilizers with some non-poisonous and Unfavorable Citrus fruits non-polluting chemical fertilizers; application of biological impacts to be not chemical fertilizers for pest control. mitigated Chaling County Oil Oil tea seeds Mainly agricultural, physical and biological measures for Pollution to be Tea pest control supplementing with chemical measures. reduced Application of organic, chemical and farm fertilizers. Changde Triploid Seedling and Complex fertilizer as base fertilizer. Urea and carbon Pollution to be Chinese White raw material ammonia as top-dressing. Pesticides: , 22226 reduced Poplar forest Longicorn insecticide. Xinhuang County Seedling and Mainly complex and mixed chemical fertilizers. Minor pollution to Borneol Camphor raw material be increased Development forest Shexian Organic Organic tea Organic tea production technology. Favorable Tea Production impacts A Chizhou Non- Non-polluted Application and dissemination of integrated pest Pollution to be N polluted Sweet sweet potato, management, soil improvement and balanced fertilizer reduced H Potato and Beans sugar bean and spreading technologies, as a result, times and amount of U hair bean pesticide use is to be greatly reduced with 20 yuan saved I per mu for pesticides and fertilizers. Quality Rice and Quality rice and Application of balanced fertilizer spreading and IPM Pollution to be Wheat Varieties wheat varieties technologies; selection of varieties with strong resistance; reduced Development and application of a little nitrogenous fertilizer and use of Dissemination pesticides with high efficiency and low residue. Dangshan Pear Non-polluted Application of safe pest management technology, soil and Unfavorable Production and pear fertilizer management technology, quality for non-polluted impacts to be Ozone Fresh- products and pesticide residue monitoring system. mitigated keeping Feixi Unique Unique seedling Balanced fertilizer spreading and integrated seedling and Pollution to be Seedling & Flower and flower flower pest management technology. reduced Demonstration Sustainable Sustainable Soil fertility and plant nutritional management for multi- Favorable Agricultural agriculture crop and intensive planting, comprehensive use of straw, impacts Technologies and water saving agriculture, integrated soil erosion control, Dissemination integrated management of harmful organisms, agricultural information technologies. Nanling IPM for Addressing non- Dissemination of IPM. Unfavorable Rice Production pollution for rice impacts to be mitigated

Agricultural Technology Transfer Project – Environmental Impact Assessment

S Baishui County Non-polluted Application of IPM, integrated fertility management Pollution to be H Non-polluted Apple apple for export technologies; mainly organic fertilizers, with very few reduced A Production chemical fertilizer; application of agricultural, physical and A biological measures to control pests in orchards; N biological, mineral-source, high-efficiency, low-poison and X low-residue pesticides are allowed. I Strawberry Nuisance-free Enforcement of non-pollution production standard. Unfavorable Production and strawberry Technical guidance & monitoring over use of chemical impacts to be Processing fertilizers and pesticides by farmer households. mitigated Ginger Production, Improved ginger Selection of varieties with strong stress and water Pollution to be Fengxiang tolerance and against stem rot and anthrax, reduction in reduced use of chemical fertilizers. Kiwi Fruit Dev., Organic kiwi fruit Organic agriculture production technologies Favorable Zhouzhi impacts Grape & Wine Quality grape for Application of grape planting new technology to lower Pollution to be Production wine brewery amount of chemical fertilizer and pesticides. reduced Mulberry Fruit Mulberry tree None Minor pollution to Production, seedling and be increased Yangling mulberry fruit Virus-free Fruit Seedling and Non-polluting fertilizer application and non-polluting pest Unfavorable Tree Nursery, Xi’an non-polluted fruit management measures. impacts to be mitigated Chinese Herbal Medicinal herbs According to GAP standard, applying some chemical Minor pollution to Medicine, Xianyang fertilizers and pesticides. be increased Forest and Fruit Flowers, Using greenhouses based on biogas generating pits, Unfavorable Seedling, Yintai vegetables, water cellars, pigsties and toilets to develop non-polluted impacts to be medicinal herbs flowers and vegetables. mitigated & improved varieties. Quality Fruit Organic cherry Organic production in 550 mu of demonstration orchard, Favorable Production, and other dissemination of biological pest management in 1,500 mu impacts Yangling famous quality orchard. Mainly applying organic fertilizer with litter fruits chemical fertilizer, and refraining from use of pesticides. Organic Vegetable Organic Organic agricultural production Favorable Production, vegetables impacts Yangling Medicinal Herbs Traditional Not to use any types of synthetic pesticides, fertilizers, Pollution to be GAP Production Chinese herbs in herbicides, and growth hormone. Physical methods and reduced and Processing, GAP standard natural plant insecticides for pest management; to ban Yangling use of organic phosphorous, organic nitrogen and DDT. Organic fertilizer to be composted, aged and examined, then can be used. Water Saving Original varieties To lower water use and reduce losses. Pollution to be Technology reduced Demonstration, Yangling Edible Fungus Organic edible Non Development, fungus Yufeng Virus Free Potato Potato Non Seedling, Hongqi Township Silage Silage corn Soil test and prescribed fertilizer application; seed coating Pollution to be Development, technology; biological and chemical weeding technology; reduced Shuangcheng pest management technology, etc.

Agricultural Technology Transfer Project – Environmental Impact Assessment

Soybean Original and Promotion use of stems as fertilizer, soil-test and Pollution to be H Improvement, Fujin improvement prescribed fertilizer application, spraying efficient leaf reduced E soybean fertilizer, more application of complex organic fertilizer, I varieties and and integrated pest and weed management. L commodities O Soybean Original and Promotion of soil-test and prescribed fertilizer application Pollution to be N Improvement, improvement and biological organic fertilizer application technologies. reduced G Binxian soybean J varieties and I commodities A Soybean Original and Promotion use of biological organic fertilizers, ‘stem back Pollution to be N Improvement, improvement to farmland’, spraying leaf fertilizer, soil-test and reduced G Hailun soybean prescribed fertilizer application and water saving varieties technologies; limited use of chemical fertilizers and pesticides in the process of production. Seed Potatoes Seed potatoes Use of more organic and biological fertilizers, use of less Pollution to be Production, Nehe chemical fertilizers and pesticide with large residue and reduced reducing residue of harmful substances in the soil. Red Table Grapes, Non-polluted red Organizing production according to non-polluting Pollution to be Harbin table grapes standards, refraining from use or little use of chemical reduced pesticides, more use of farm and complex biological fertilizers. Vegetable Seedling Non-polluted Use of mainly complex organic fertilizer, supplemented Pollution to be Improvement, vegetable with urea, potassium dihydrogen phosphate and reduced Hailin seedling potassium dihydrogen suphate; mainly using pesticides chlorothalonil, and mancozeb, etc. Agricultural Resistance Resistance seedling production, applying non-polluted Non Demonstration, seedling pesticides of plant and biological origins. Daqing Comprehensive Quality fruits, Efficient organic fertilizer application, cold-tolerant Pollution to be Use of New Energy vegetables, technology for mosquito-driving sweet grass; 1,000 kg of reduced and Non-polluted flowers, aged organic fertilizer and 2 kg of biological fertilizer per Products Dev., seedling, sweet mu. Hongqi Township corn and sweet waxy corn.

Agricultural Technology Transfer Project – Environmental Impact Assessment

Impacts of Processing Part on Environmental Quality

Of the 39 cropping projects, 28 have got processing contents, most of which deal with primary processing, such as seed processing, vegetable and fruit separation, etc. Their pollution on the environment is minor and can meet the standards for environmental functional districts and pollution charge after necessary protection measures are taken. Additional three processing projects including Yiyang Citrus Project, Chaling County Oil Tea Project and Xinhuang County Borneol Camphor Project will discharge some pollutants, producing some pollution on air, water and sound environment. Environmental protection measures should be strengthened for these projects and environmental assessment should be properly done in accordance with local environmental protection authorities. Detailed impacts of processing activities out of the cropping projects on environmental quality are described in Table 5 of Annex 1.

Conclusion

The 39 cropping projects under the Project will play a positive role in social and economic development and industrial restructuring, raising land resources use rate, increasing farmers’ income and improving living standards of community residents from the project and surrounding areas and will produce favorable impacts on social and economic environment. z The project areas belong to agricultural ecosystemmajoring in farmland with high degree of artificial interference, within which there are no important sensitive species and areas; the introduced varieties are basically those approved by national and local authorities, or have been planted in the localities for many years. Therefore, project implementation will not produce harmful impacts on regional bio-safety. z The original landscape structure has not been changed under most of the cropping projects, thus implementation of them will not produce any impacts on the landscape ecology. Forest and grassland coverage will be increased under some projects, resulting in minor impacts on landscape ecology. Furthermore, most of the impacts are favorable and are good for improving ecological environment and ensuring agricultural production. z Negative impacts on soil erosion will mainly take place during construction of ancillary facilities, but the impacts are acceptable. As a whole, the cropping projects will produce positive impacts on soil erosion, which will play a positive role in improving ecological environment and slowing down water and soil erosion in the project areas. z Overall, negative impacts on ecological environment will only take place during the construction period and within a limited scope and are thus acceptable. z The projects will improve regional ecological environment and unfavorable impacts can controlled within the limited scope and can be mitigated through some measures, therefore, in view of environmental protection, the Project is feasible.

Agricultural Technology Transfer Project – Environmental Impact Assessment z Most of the processing projects deal with primary processing. Their pollution on the environment is minor and can meet the standards for environmental functional districts and pollution charge after necessary protection measures are taken. A few processing projects will discharge some pollutants, producing some pollution on air, water and sound environment. Environmental protection measures should be strengthened for these projects and environmental assessment should be properly done in accordance with local environmental protection authorities.

Countermeasures and Suggestions

1) Ensuring that comprehensive modern agricultural production technologies are carried out in during project implementation, such as for improved varieties breeding, balanced fertilizer application, integrated pest management and organic agricultural production, etc., which will effectively reduce environmental impacts. 2) Strengthening project management and supervision and conducting environmental survey and monitoring on a regular basis according to plan. 3) Stepping up construction management during the construction period. Site mounds should be cleared and transported in a time manner and those not move away should be sprayed with water and covered to control dust. Access roads should be kept clean. Balance should be achieved in soil excavation and backfill to reduce construction spoil and extra spoil should be placed in low-lying sections and filled with soil. Sludge from channel dredging is prohibited for random placement, so as to avoid new water erosion that may block the channels again. Noise Standards at the Boundaries of Construction Sites should be strictly enforced, avoiding construction at night. When roads are renovated, rational route should be selected and foundation construction should avoid rainy season, so as to reduce water and soil erosion. Meanwhile, wastes from road construction should be cleaned in time and should be abandoned into water bodies to avoid water pollution. Production and living garbage should be treated separately, and corruptible substances should be composted. 4) Setting up files for registration and management of introduced varieties, timely monitoring changes in the environment in and around the new varieties planting areas; applying various comprehensive physical measures in pest management to create environmental conditions against the pests and for the breeding of various natural enemies and lower damages resulted from pests. Developing management procedures s to prohibit or restrict the use of pesticides in the project area; developing operational procedures on integrated pest management technologies; establishing technical center for integrated pest management; correctly and timely releasing to farmers the prediction and forecast on pest and grass disasters; integrating prediction and forecast, pesticide supply, and time frame for pest management. Setting up archiving system for pest and chemical pesticides application management to conduct effective monitoring over the application of chemical pesticides, and the use of nationally banned pesticides and those with high residues should be prohibited.

Agricultural Technology Transfer Project – Environmental Impact Assessment

5) Making the soil nutrients balanced soil test, nutrient analysis and balanced application of fertilizer to lower the initial amount of poisonous and harmful organisms and improve the self-resistance of plants. Applying mainly organic fertilizers supplemented with other fertilizers. Reasonably deciding fertilizer types, amount, the ratio between base and dressing fertilizers, and the dressing times and effect according to fertilizer demand rules of seedling, soil fertilizer supply characters and fertilizer effect. Organic farm fertilizer should be sufficiently aged and safely treated to kill pest ovum and weed seeds. Microelement fertilizers should be reasonably used. Apart from boron fertilizer, other microelement fertilizers should be applied through foliar dressing. 6) Selecting safe, low-poison and low-residue herbicides according to the varieties, distribution, damage, community structure and migrant trends of weeds to control weed damages. 7) Expanding the area of protection forest to raise forest coverage, adjust climate conditions, improve ecological environment and effectively bring water and soil erosion under control. For processing projects, afforestation should be carried out within plant compound. 8) Environmental protection department should be set up and full-time/part-time environmental management staff be arranged within the implementing agencies. The department and staff are responsible for enforcing laws and regulations on environmental protection, monitoring the changes in water, air and soil environmental quality within the project area, dealing with and reporting to the upper levels environmental issues and arranging for training on environmental protection know- how. 9) During project construction, local environmental protection agencies should be entrusted to conduct regular monitoring and supervision over noise and air pollution from construction activities. During the operational period, the major surface water sources, smoke and dust from boilers and air quality should be monitored on a regular basis and issues/problems be addressed in a timely manner. 10) Implementing agencies for Yuanjiang City Citrus Project, Chaling County Oil Tea Project and Xinhuang County Borneol Camphor Development Project of Hunan Province should keep close contacts with and report to the local environmental protection agencies regarding the status of their respective project, conduct their separate environmental impact assessment (EA) and take corresponding environmental protection measures in accordance with the requirements in the approval of the EA.

Agricultural Technology Transfer Project – Environmental Impact Assessment

Impacts Assessment on Breeding Projects

Project Summary

There are 26 processing projects to be financed with the World Bank loan. The varieties include cow, beef cattle, milk sheep, goat, pig, chicken, duck and goose, etc. The distribution of breeding projects is detailed in Table 5-1.

Table 5-1: Distribution of Breeding Projects

Type Beef Milk Mutton Cow Pig Chicken Duck Goose Subtotal Province Cattle Sheep Sheep Anhui 1 1 1 1 1 1 6 Heilongjiang 5 5 Hunan 1 2 1 4 Shaanxi 5 2 1 3 1 11 Total 11 5 1 4 3 1 1 1 26

The project basics are described in Tables 6 to 9 of Annex 1 and the environmental status of the project areas is provided in Tables 10 to 13 of Annex 1.

Project Analysis

Project contents: the main contents of processing projects are to disseminate advanced breeding technologies, improve economic benefits of animal husbandry and raise farmers’ income, including improved varieties breeding, construction of standardized farms, technical service systems and training on technicians, etc., some projects will involve processing.

Project operational and management mode: the mode is “companies + bases + farmer households” or “associations + specialists + farmer households, one under which production, learning and researches are integrated. To ensure the interests of farmer households, companies will sign “order agriculture” contracts, according to which companies will provide studs to farmers, apply same technical specifications, conduct integrated disease control, quality monitoring and test and purchase products.

Keeping method: pen-raising method is normally adopted at various livestock and poultry breeding centers and bases; standardization will be achieved at the demonstration bases and districts; pen-raising is also the main method for individual farmer households.

Agricultural Technology Transfer Project – Environmental Impact Assessment

Main Technical Points

The technical plans and pollutant discharge control points are described in Table 3 of Section 11 – Environmental Management Plan.

Water Resources Consumption

Water consumption includes drinking water for livestock and poultry and domestic water. Livestock and drinking water and wastewater production coefficient are indicated in Table 5-2-1, which are calculated under dung dry cleaning conditions. Water consumption and sewerage amount from breeding projects are listed in Table 5-2-2.

Table 5-2-1: Unit Water Use and Wastewater Production Coefficient at Scaled Farms

Unit Wastewater Water Use and/or Unit Water Use Production Coefficient Type Dung Cleaning Coefficient (kg/single (kg/single livestock or Methods livestock or bird/day) bird/day) Dry picking of Pig 15 7.5 dung Beef Cattle 40 20 Cow 80 48 Sheep 4 Layer and Dry picking of 0.5 0.25 broiler dung Duck Drinking trough 1.5 1.5

Table 5-2-2: Water Consumption and Sewerage Amount from Breeding Projects

Water Consumption /(m3/a) Sewerage Amount /(m3/a) Province Concentration Separation Subtotal Concentration Separation Subtotal Anhui 1230794.6 6785350 8016144.6 383804.8 309155 692959.8 Heilongjiang 225200.75 1029300 1254500.75 120515.34 519030 639545.34 Hunan 201626 534725 736351 102857 279042.5 381899.5 Shaanxi 60487.8 426050 486537.8 31813.4 226081 257894.4 Total 1718109.15 8775425 10493534.15 638990.54 1333308.5 1972298.04

Breeding industry, especially milk cow breeding, consumes large amount of water. Breeding projects consume 1049×104m3/a, of which concentrated farms consume 16%,

Agricultural Technology Transfer Project – Environmental Impact Assessment separated farms/individual households consume 83.6%; sewerage amount is 197×104m3/a, 18.8% of total water consumption. However, the project agencies have attached great importance to water saving, applying multiple water saving and dung dry cleaning techniques, such as automatic drinker and milking machine, program-controlled cleaning system, recycled use of cleaning agent and dung dry cleaning, etc. As a result, breeding industry water consumption will be reduced by a large margin.

Pollution Sources

Originated from breeding projects, pollution sources refer to solid wastes, urine discharged by livestock and poultry of various farms, sewerage from cleaning pens and breeding compounds and apparatus and odor. z Solid waste sources: average solid wastes including dung, materials spread on pigsties, cowsheds and chicken coops, etc., fodder leftovers and scattered fur and feather, and dangerous solid wastes of corpses of livestock and poultry died of diseases; z Wastewater: sewerage from washing dung and cleaning apparatus and urine; z Odorous gases: irritant gases from dung and urine discharged by livestock and birds; z Microorganism pollution: anthrax, bird’s flu, brucellosis and TB, etc.; z Other pollutions: heavy metal pollution, livestock medication residue pollution, biological invasion from introduction of varieties, etc.;

Environmental impacts from livestock and poultry breeding are summarized in Table 5-2- 3 and environmental condition of a milk cow farm is shown in Figure 5-1.

Pollution Source Strength and Amount of Pollutants

The amount of pollutants produced by livestock and poultry relates not only to their varieties, but also to dung cleaning methods. The amount of dung, urine and major pollutants from the farms is normally worked out applying unit coefficient of dung and urine produced. The captioned coefficient is listed in Table 5-2-4.

Agricultural Technology Transfer Project – Environmental Impact Assessment

Table 5-2-3: Environmental Damages from Livestock and Poultry Breeding

Pollution Pollution Source Impacts Outcome Category Type Producing odor and greenhouse gas, harming growth of animals Waste gas Odor NH , H S, CO , CH , N , Carbinol 3 2 2 4 2 and plants, producing greenhouse effect. Dung, corpses, embryo and egg shells of livestock and birds, dust Spreading diseases and Solid waste from fodder processing plants, coal polluting air cinder and dust from corpses. Urine and Producing water eutrophication, wastewater Wastewater CODcr, NH -N, N, P harming water organisms and from pen 3 polluting groundwater. cleaning Mineral Polluting water bodies and soil, elements Ca, Cu, Zn, Mn, Co, I endangering human health. pollution Others Heavy metal Polluting water bodies and soil, As, Hg, Se pollution endangering human health. Livestock Polluting food and poisoning Antibiotics and hormone medication human body. Anthrax, birds’ flu, brucellosis, and Spreading epidemic diseases to Microorganism pollution TB, etc. human being.

Table 5-2-4: Livestock and Poultry Pollutants Discharge Coefficient (kg/single livestock or bird/a)

Type Dung Urine CODcr NH3N TP TN Milk cow 9125.00 7300.00 248.2 25.15 10.07 61.10 Beef cattle 7300.00 3650.00 248.2 25.15 10.07 61.10 Pig 398.00 656.70 26.61 2.07 1.70 4.51 Sheep 950.00 4.40 0.57 0.45 2.28 Domestic 26.30 1.165 0.125 0.115 0.275 fowl

The amount of dung, urine and major pollutants is indicated in Table 5-2-5. Amount of pollutants by province is described in Tables 5-2-6 to 5-2-9.

Agricultural Technology Transfer Project – Environmental Impact Assessment

Table 5-2-5: Total Pollutants from Processing Projects Unit: t/a

Province Anhui Heilongjiang Hunan Shaanxi Total % Pollutant Concentration 192345.8 53048.13 138410.5 28082.25 411886.68 27.49 Dung Separation 619445 85327.5 264100 117345 1086217.5 72.51 Subtotal 881796.8 138375.63 402510.5 145427.25 145427.25 Concentration 59110.2 48863.91 192855 17702.5 318531.61 43.33 Urine Separation 96720 22770.6 211655 85625.8 416771.4 56.67 Subtotal 155830.2 71634.51 404510 103328.3 735303.01 Concentration 5148.4 1974.85 7820.76 847.55 15791.56 24.23 CODcr Separation 29684.95 5162.1 10692.9 3845.93 49385.88 75.77 Subtotal 34833.35 7136.95 18513.66 4693.48 65177.44 Concentration 2432.78 181.68 647.87 74.95 3337.28 39.82 NH3N Separation 3248.4 410.36 989.55 394.48 5042.76 60.18 Subtotal 5681.18 592.01 1637.42 469.43 8380.04 Concentration 7253.66 340.41 1438.4 185.23 3217.7 22.73 TN Separation 6738.1 903.45 2326.2 971.4 10939.15 77.27 Subtotal 7991.76 1243.86 3734.6 1156.63 14156.85 Concentration 451.84 89.34 485.91 30.8 1057.89 18.30 TP Separation 3602.02 321.11 526.89 269.35 4719.37 81.69 Subtotal 4053.86 410.45 1012.8 300.15 5777.26

Table 5-2-5 shows that the breeding projects discharge 149.8×104t/a of urine, 65177.44t/a of CODcr, 8380.04t/a of NH3N, 4156.85t/a of TN, and 5777.26t/a of TP. Concentrated dung discharge accounts for 27.49% of total and separated (household) discharge accounts for 72.51% of total, which indicate that discharges are mainly from surface sources.

Agricultural Technology Transfer Project – Environmental Impact Assessment

Table 5-2-6: Total Pollutants from Processing Projects, Anhui Province Unit: t/a

SM3 Broiler Project Native Lean Pig Goat Breeding Broiler Goose Chicken Name Cattle, Production, Demonstration, Chicken, Production, Total Production, Pollutant Mengcheng Dangtu Yeji Guangde Shouxian Huaibei Co.* 554.8 41392 98325 35505 4734 11835 192345.8 Dung FH* 80300 39800 285000 36820 131500 46025 619445 Subtotal 80854.8 81192 383325 72325 136234 57860 811790.8 Co. 277.4 58832.8 59110.2 Urine FH 40150 56570 96720 Subtotal 40427.4 115402.8 155830.2 Co. 18.86 2767.44 55.4 1572.75 209.7 524.25 5148.4 CODcr FH 2730.2 2661.0 120 16310 5825 2038.75 29684.95 Subtotal 2749.06 5428.44 175.4 17882.75 6034.7 2563 34933.35 Co. 1.911 215.28 59 168.75 22.5 56.25 2432.78 NH3N FH 276.65 207.0 171 1750 625 218.75 3248.4 Subtotal 278.56 422.28 230 1918.75 647.5 275 5681.18 Co. 4.14 469.04 235.98 371.25 49.5 123.75 1253.66 TN FH 672.1 451.0 684 3850 575 481.25 6738.1 Subtotal 676.24 920.04 919.98 4221.25 624.5 605 7991.76 Co. 0.76 176.8 46.58 155.25 20.7 51.75 451.84 TP FH 110.77 170.0 135 1610 1375 201.25 3602.02 Subtotal 111.53 346.8 181.58 1765.25 1395.7 253 4053.86 *Co. = company; FH = farmer households

Agricultural Technology Transfer Project – Environmental Impact Assessment

Table 5-2-7: Total Pollutants from Processing Projects, Heilongjiang Province Unit: t/a

Project Dairy Cattle Gender Dairy & Fodder Dairy Cattle Haishun Cow & Pig Pig Name Control, Daqing Improvement, Improvement, Breeding, Hongqi Breeding, Total Sanyuan Pollutant Tianfeng Daqing Yinluo Zhaodong Township Co. 1870.6 9125 20075 21659.13 318.4 53048.13 Dung FH 13687.5 71640 85327.5 Subtotal 15558.1 9125 20075 21659.13 71958.4 138375.63 Co. 1496.5 7300 14143.75 25398.3 525.36 48863.91 Urine FH 10950 11820.6 22770.6 Subtotal 12446.5 7300 14143.75 25398.3 12345.95 71634.51 Co. 50.88 248.2 589.48 1065 21.29 1974.85 CODcr FH 372.3 4789.8 5162.1 Subtotal 423.18 248.2 589.48 1065 4811.09 7136.95 Co. 5.16 25.15 56.73 92.98 1.66 181.68

NH3N FH 37.73 372.6 410.33 Subtotal 42.89 25.15 56.73 92.98 374.26 592.01 Co. 12.52 61.10 145.12 118.06 3.61 340.41 TN FH 91.65 811.8 903.45 Subtotal 104.17 61.10 145.12 118.06 815.41 1243.86 Co. 2.06 10.07 23.93 51.92 1.36 89.34 TP FH 15.11 306 321.11 Subtotal 17.17 10.07 23.93 51.92 307.36 410.45

*Co. = company; FH = farmer households

Agricultural Technology Transfer Project – Environmental Impact Assessment

Table 5-2-8: Total Pollutants from Processing Projects, Hunan Province Unit: t/a

Project Jiahua Beef Zhenghong Pig Milk Cow Embryo Beef Cattle Breeding, Name Cattle, Production, Total Transplant, Hunan Lianyuan Pollutant Hunan Hunan Dung 52012.5 140160 47158 163180 402510.5 Urine 41610 70074 23579 269247 404510 CODcr 1234.74 4765.44 1603.38 10910.1 18513.66

NH3N 143.36 482.89 162.47 848.7 1637.42 TN 348.27 1173.12 394.71 1848.5 3764.6 TP 57.4 193.35 65.05 697 1012.8

Figure 5-1: Environmental Condition at a Milk Cow Farm

Agricultural Technology Transfer Project – Environmental Impact Assessment

Table 5-2-9: Total Pollutants from Processing Projects, Shaanxi Province Unit: t/a

Dung Urine CODcr NH3N TN TP Project Name Co. FH Subtotal Co. FH Subtotal Co. FH Subtotal Co. FH Subtotal Co. FH Subtotal Co. FH Subtotal Dairy Production, Yangling 36500 36500 29200 29200 992.8 992.8 100.6 100.6 244.0 244.0 40.28 40.28

Dairy Dev. Delicon, Baoji City 4562.52737.5 7300 3650 21900 25550 124.1 774.6 898.7 12.58 75.45 88.03 30.55 183.3 213.85 5.04 30.21 35.25

Dairy Dev., 2025.7 2025.75 1020.6 1020.6 55.1 55.1 5.58 5.58 13.56 13.56 2.24 2.24 Chencang, Baoji City 5 Milk Cow Breed5i0n1g8.75018.7 10037.5 4015 4015 8030 248.75 248.75 497.5 13.83 13.83 27.66 33.60 33.60 67.20 5.54 5.54 11.08 Base 5 5 Dairy Dev., She8n2g1u2o.5 8212.5 6570 6570 223.38 223.38 22.64 22.64 54.99 54.99 9.06 9.06 Beef Cattle Breeding & fattening 3066 36500 39566 1533 18250 19783 104.24 1241 1345.24 10.56 125.75 136.31 25.66 305.5 331.16 423 50.35 127.54

Qinchuan Beef Cattle, 3869 14600 18469 19345 7300 92345 131.55 296.4 427.95 13.33 50.30 63.63 32.38 122.20 154.58 5.34 122.2 127.54 Fufeng ‘Safe’ Pork Production, Yangling 2388 2388 3940.2 3940.2 155.88 155.88 12.42 12.42 27.06 27.06 10.2 10.2

Paul Goat Breed3i1n3g.5 1425 1738.5 1.45 6.6 8.05 0.19 0.86 1.05 0.75 3.42 4.17 0.15 0.68 0.83 ‘Ecological’ Goat Breeding Bas1e140.0 4750 5890.0 5.28 22.0 27.28 0.68 2.85 3.53 2.74 11.4 14.14 0.54 2.25 2.79

Goat Breeding, Fuping 1900 11400 13300 8.8 52.8 61.60 1.14 6.84 7.98 4.56 27.36 31.92 0.9 5.40 6.30 28082. 145427.25 Total 25 117345 17702.5 85625.8 103328.3 847.55 3845.93 4693.48 74.95 394.48 469.43 185.23 971.4 1156.63 30.8 269.35 300.15

43 Agricultural Technology Transfer Project – Environmental Impact Assessment

Waste Gas Pollution Sources and Source Strength Waste gas is mainly originated from discharge and fermentation of dung, which mainly includes NH3, H2S and R·NH2. A farm of 30,000 chickens discharges 1.8kg of NH3 per day. NH3 and H2S monitoring results are indicated in Table 5-2-10.

3 Table 5-2-10: Results on Monitoring of NH3 and H2S at Small Farms Unit: Mg/m

Venue of Sampling Location of Sampling NH3 Concentration H2S Concentration Inside pen 6.52 1.31 2,100-pig farm outside 5m outside pen 5.44 1.26 village 20m outside pen 0.98 1.18 Inside pen 9.14 1.55 200-pig farm inside 5m outside pen 8.08 1.78 village 20m outside pen 5.18 1.73 Inside pen 9.05 1.58 1000-layer farm inside 5m outside pen 8.29 1.48 village 20m outside pen 5.43 1.43 Inside pen 8.04 1.40 20000-layer farm 5m outside pen 6.75 1.29 outside village 20m outside pen 1.14 1.24

The above table indicates that the discharged dung contains harmful gases of NH3 and H2S, and the concentration of which will be doubled if the dung is not cleaned on time or not treated promptly after cleaning. The odorous gases of methyl mercaptan, dimethyl disulfide ether and dimethylamine not only adversely affect the growth of livestock and birds, but also harm the health of nearby residents. However, dung dry cleaning will be adopted under these projects, dung will be promptly treated, as a result, the of source strength of harmful gases discharges will be lowered or reduced.

Environmental Impacts Analysis

Environmental impact analysis on the processing projects is described in Table 5-3-1.

Predictive Analysis on Socioeconomic Environmental Impacts

The development mode of “company + household” or “company + association + household” will be adopted in most of the 26 breeding projects. The objectives of them are to popularize, disseminate and apply the advanced agricultural technology projects and promote transfer of scientific and technological results through applying advanced biological and engineering technologies to produce provenance products, training on farmer households, technical services and standardized production.

Agricultural service systems should be improved through project implementation to form a technical services network under which farmer households will be trained before production, integrated technical guidance and advice provided during production and products be purchased after production.

Agricultural Technology Transfer Project – Environmental Impact Assessment

Table 5-3-1: Summary Environmental Impact Analysis on Breeding Projects P N Project Environmental Impact Analysis R O. Name Surface Water Groundwater Air Environment Sound Solid Waste Ecological Environment Socioeconomic Environment V. Environment Environment Environment 1 Dairy Wastewater to be used Dung & urine Farming district Minor impact All dung to be Straw will be used as Project objectives are to serve farmer, Production, as fertilizer and for will be properly should be distant on sound fermented as fodder, reducing destruction especially poor households and produce Yangling irrigation after treatment treated and from residential environment biogas sludge to vegetation. After more economic benefits driven by and not to be discharged used, not to areas. Slight impact fertilizer. Solid treatment, dung will be used breeding districts. Project will be able to into surface water pollute on air quality after water not to as fertilizer for Yangling absorb surplus rural labor force, bodies, not polluting groundwater deodorization & pollute Organic Agricultural especially women and drive development surface water environment. cleaning of environment. Products Base, improving of relevant industries, and thus will be of environment. cowsheds. agricultural ecological remarkable social benefits. environment. 2 Dairy Dev. Wastewater to be used Dung & urine Farming district Minor impact All dung to be Use of straw as feed to Project implementation to mobilize 600 Delicon, as fertilizer and for will be properly should be distant on sound fermented as reduce vegetation damages. farmer households to raise 3,000 milk Baoji City irrigation after treatment treated and from residential environment biogas sludge Dung and urine can be cows, with average annual additional and will not be used, not to areas. Slight impact fertilizer. Solid treated as fertilizer, to income per household to reach 23,057 discharged into surface pollute on air quality after water not to improve agricultural yuan; local straw resources to be water bodies, not groundwater deodorization & pollute ecological environment. extensively used, lowering S polluting surface water environment. cleaning of environment environmental pollution as a result of environment. cowsheds. straw burning. H 3 Dairy Dev., Wastewater will be used Dung & urine Farming district Minor impact All dung to be Use of straw as feed to Average annual additional income to A Chencang, as fertilizer and for will be properly should be distant on sound fermented as reduce vegetation damages. reach 5,000 yuan per cow, additional A Baoji City irrigation after treatment treated and from residential environment biogas sludge Dung and urine can be jobs to reach 800 to 1,000. Meanwhile, N and will not be used, not to areas. Slight impact fertilizer. Solid treated as fertilizer, to over 3,000 other households in the X discharged into surface pollute on air quality after water not to improve agricultural project area to be mobilized to raise cows I water bodies, not groundwater deodorization & pollute ecological environment. and plant grass, forming a prevailing polluting surface water environment. cleaning of environment cow-raising industry and playing a major environment. cowsheds. role for people to get rich. 4 Milk Cow Wastewater to be used Dung & urine Farming district Minor impact All dung to be Cow feed includes grass, dry Milk cow breeding to drive development Breeding for irrigation after will be properly should be distant on sound fermented as grass, straw and Lucerne, of other relevant industries, to absorb Base treatment via biogas treated and from residential environment biogas sludge etc. Cows to be raised in /employ 600 rural surplus laborers and generating pits, and will used, not to areas. Slight impact fertilizer. Solid sheds, not to damage 1,900 redundant urban workers (600 of not be discharged into pollute on air quality after water not to ecological environment as a them are women). surface water bodies, groundwater deodorization & pollute result of grazing. not polluting surface environment. cleaning of environment water environment. cowsheds.

45 Agricultural Technology Transfer Project – Environmental Impact Assessment

5 Milk Cow Wastewater to be used Dung & urine Farming district Minor impact All dung & Cow feed includes grass, dry Through technical training, households Breeding for irrigation after will be properly should be distant on sound urine to be grass, straw and Lucerne, to grasp milk cow breeding and Base, treatment, and will not treated and from residential environment fermented as etc. Cows to be raised in management technologies, laying a solid Shenguo be discharged into used, not to areas. Slight impact organic sheds, not to damage foundation for future industrialization of surface water bodies, pollute on air quality after fertilizer. Solid ecological environment as a milk cow breeding. Meanwhile, project not polluting surface groundwater deodorization & waste not to result of grazing. to absorb surplus rural labor force and water environment. environment. cleaning of pollute increase farmers’ income. cowsheds. environment. 6 Beef Cattle Wastewater to be used Anti-seepage Farming district Minor impact All dung & Use of straw as feed to “Company + household” and “dragon- Breeding & for irrigation after for dung & should be distant on sound urine to be reduce vegetation damages. head enterprise” strategy to set up beef Fattening treatment, and will not urine treatment from residential environment fermented as Dung and environmental cattle breeding bases of top standards. be discharged into facilities and areas. Slight impact organic pollution from burning Each household to set up a fattening surface water bodies, water storage on air quality after fertilizer. Solid straw. Dung & urine can be house for 30 milk cows, with annual net not polluting surface tanks, not to deodorization & waste not to treated as fertilizer, to income to reach 36,840 yuan. water environment. pollute cleaning of cattle- pollute improve soil conditions and groundwater sheds. environment. agricultural ecological environment. 7 Qinchuan Wastewater to be used Anti-seepage Farming district Minor impact All dung & Use of straw as feed to Project implementation to protect fine Beef for irrigation after measures for should be distant on sound urine to be reduce vegetation damages. varieties of Qinchuan cattle, upgrade Cattle, treatment, and will not sewage storage from residential environment fermented as Dung and environmental beef cattle industrialization in project Fufeng be discharged into tanks, treatment areas. Slight impact organic pollution from burning area and help farmers get rich through surface water bodies, facilities, not on air quality after fertilizer. Solid straw. Dung & urine can be scaled cattle raising. not polluting surface polluting deodorization & waste not to treated as fertilizer, to water environment. ground water cleaning of cattle- pollute improve soil conditions and environment sheds. environment. agricultural ecological environment. 8 ‘Safe’ Pork Pig dung to be treated at Dung & urine Household breeding Very little Dung & urine All fluid and sludge from “Co. + Institutes + Households” mode to Production, biogas generating pits, to be treated in is a conventional impact on to be treated in biogas pits to be used as mobilize 3,000 households from 20 Yangling no sewage discharge biogas pits and method in rural areas. sound biogas fertilizer, to improve villages to raise pigs, will absorb over and will not pollute regional soil is All dung and urine to environment. generating pits agricultural ecological 3,000 surplus rural labor force surface water bodies. thick, not to enter biogas and sludge to environment, not to produce (especially women). Annual project pollute generating pits with be used as adverse impacts on investment to reach 12.40 yuan to groundwater minor impact on air fertilizer. Solid environment. support pig raising, as a result, additional environment environment. waste not to annual income to reach 2,400-3,200 yuan pollute per household and to provide 100,000 environment. ‘safe’ pigs to market. Remarkable Social environmental benefits. 9 Paul Goat Very little wastewater, Anti-seepage Odor from goat dung Little noise Dung will be Goats to be penned, grass to ‘Co. + households’ production & Breeding to irrigate grassland for compost and to be effectively from goat composted and be mowed on rotational technical service systems to improve after treatment in septic septic tanks, not controlled after farms, since used as basis, leaving high stubbles, farmers’ living environment, raise tank, not to be polluting compost and they are fertilizer, not to not to result in water and income and restructure agricultural discharged, not groundwater. deodorization distant from pollute soil erosion, very little production, promote industrialization of polluting water villages. environment. environmental impact. goat breeding. environment.

46 Agricultural Technology Transfer Project – Environmental Impact Assessment

10 ‘Ecological Very little wastewater, Anti-seepage Odor from goat dung Farm is distant Dung to be Goats to be kept in pens, Project implementation to mobilize 4,000 ’ Goat to irrigate grassland for compost and to be effectively from villages composted as extensive use of local straw to 5,000 goat-raising households, absorb Breeding after treatment in septic septic tanks, not controlled after and low noise fertilizer, not to and grass resources, not to large amount of rural surplus laborers Base tank, not to be polluting compost and from goat, no pollute lead to water and soil (women and the aged taking up more discharged, not groundwater. deodorization noise environment. erosion or soil degradation. than 60%), and to be of great polluting water pollution to Little ecological impact. significance in accelerating agricultural environment. villages. restructuring, improving ecological environment, developing local economy and enriching farmers. 11 Goat Very little wastewater, Anti-seepage Odor from goat dung Farm is distant Dung to be Goats to be kept in pens, Project completion to provide job Breeding, to irrigate grassland for compost and to be effectively from villages composted as extensive use of local straw opportunities for 1,000 laborers from 600 Fuping after treatment in septic septic tanks, not controlled after and low noise fertilizer, not to and grass resources, not to households, making it possible for them tank, not to be polluting compost and from goat, no pollute lead to water and soil to get rid of poverty. discharged, not groundwater. deodorization noise environment. erosion or soil degradation. polluting water pollution to Little ecological impact. environment. villages. 12 Native Wastewater to be used Dung & urine Farming district Minor sound All dung & Use of straw as feed to Project completion to directly or Cattle, as fertilizer and for will be properly should be distant impact of urine to be reduce vegetation damages. indirectly provide job opportunities for Mengchen irrigation after treated and from residential breeding part, fermented as Dung and environmental 35,000 women, relieving social pressure g treatment; slaughtering used, not to areas. Slight impact noise level at fertilizer. Solid pollution from burning and promoting social stability. wastewater to be pollute on air quality after boundaries of waste not to straw. Dung & urine can be discharged after groundwater deodorization & slaughtering pollute treated as fertilizer, to biochemical treatment, environment. cleaning of cattle- and environment. improve soil conditions and not polluting surface sheds. processing agricultural ecological water environment. plants to reach environment. A standard after N treatment, H producing U minor sound I impact. 13 Lean Pig Wastewater to be used Dung & urine Farming district Farm is distant Dung & urine Dung and urine after Project implementation to directly Production, for irrigation after will be properly should be distant from to be treated in treatment to be used to increase farmers’ income and provide Dangtu treatment, not to be treated and from residential residential biogas improve soil conditions, more job opportunities for farmers, discharged not polluting used, not to areas. Slight impact areas, minor generating pits improving agricultural especially women. surface water pollute on air quality after sound impact. as fertilizer. ecological environment. environment. groundwater deodorization & Solid waste not environment. cleaning of pigsties. to pollute environment.

47 Agricultural Technology Transfer Project – Environmental Impact Assessment

14 Goat Little wastewater to Not to pollute Odor from goat dung Project is Dung to be Goats to be kept in pens, Mode of “association + technology + Breeding, irrigate grassland after groundwater to be effectively distant from treated in extensive use of local straw household” to be adopted, to benefit Yeji biogas pit treatment, not controlled after residential biogas pits as and grass resources, not to farmer households (especially poor to be discharged, not treatment in biogas areas, very fertilizer, not to lead to water and soil households, provide 5,000 job polluting water generating pits. little impact pollute erosion or soil degradation. opportunities. environment on sound environment. Little ecological impact. environment. 15 Broiler Little wastewater, to Not to pollute Farming district Very little Dung to be Dung after treatment to be Mode of “company + household” to Chicken, irrigate farmland after groundwater should be distant impact on treated as used to improve soil mobilize 4,000 households to raise Guangde septic tank treatment, from residential sound organic conditions, improving broiler chicken, their additional income not to be discharged, not areas. Slight impact environment. fertilizer, not to agricultural ecological to be 35% higher over those from outside polluting water on air quality after pollute environment. the project area. Project implementation environment. deodorization & environment. to provide 4,300 jobs – 4,000 household timely transportation chicken farms to employ 4,000 women. of dung. 16 SM3 Little wastewater to be Not to pollute Odor from duck dung Very little Dung to be Dung and urine after Project implementation to provide 1,000- Broiler used as fertilizer after groundwater to be effectively impact on treated in treatment to be used to 1,500 job opportunities, mainly for Duck biogas pit treatment, not controlled after sound biogas pits as improve soil conditions, women. Women’s social status to be Production, polluting water treatment in biogas environment. fertilizer, not to improving agricultural improved remarkably through organizing Huaibei environment. generating pits. pollute ecological environment. them to learn knowledge and environment. technologies. 17 Goose Little amount of Not to pollute Slight odor from Noise source Little dung Drylot feeding of goose; Project implementation to provide more Production, wastewater from goose groundwater goose dung to be strength from discharge from dung to be treated and used job opportunities for women. For 2,000 Shouxian breeding, and to be used effectively controlled goose is low, goose, to be as fertilizer to raise soil grass planting households, additional as fertilizer after after treatment in not producing treated in fertility, improve soil annual income to reach 2,080.8 yuan per treatment in biogas biogas generating any sound biogas pits as structure and agricultural household and for 3,500 goose raising generating pits, not to pits. impact. fertilizer, not to ecological environment. households, additional annual income to pollute surface water. pollute reach 3,295 yuan per household environment. 18 Dairy After treatment, Anti-seepage Farming district Very little All dung & Project is situated outside Project implementation to speed up H Cattle sewerage to be pumped for dung & should be distant impact on urine to be the Longfeng Lake Natural breeding of quality milk cows, lower L Gender and transported to urine treatment from residential sound fermented as Reserve and should be over breeding cost, which is good for J Control, farmland as fertilizer, facilities, not to areas. Slight impact environment. fertilizer. Solid 500 m away from buffer promotion of quality cows, help local Daqing not to be discharged into pollute on air quality after waste not to area; wastewater is not to be farmers get rich and promote local Tianfeng Longfeng Lake, not to groundwater deodorization & pollute discharged to water bodies; economic development. pollute water cleaning of cattle- environment. proper disease prevention environment of sheds. and control to be done. Longfeng Lake Natural Minor impacts on surround Reserve. environment.

48 Agricultural Technology Transfer Project – Environmental Impact Assessment

H 19 Dairy & After treatment, Anti-seepage Farming district Very little All dung & Drylot feeding of milk cow, Project implementation to directly E Fodder sewerage will be used as for dung & should be distant impact on urine to be feed to be supplied from mobilize 10,000 and indirectly mobilize I Improveme fertilizer and will not be urine treatment from residential sound fermented as pasture, silage and grass 20,000 farmer households to raise cow L nt, discharged to surface facilities, not to areas. Slight impact environment. fertilizer. Solid production areas, project not and engage in other related production, Daqing water bodies, not pollute on air quality after waste not to to damage ecological absorb/employ 800 laid-off workers and O Yinluo polluting surface water groundwater deodorization & pollute environment. accelerate agricultural restructuring, with N environment. cleaning of cattle- environment. economic benefits to reach two billion G sheds. yuan. J I 20 Dairy After treatment, Anti-seepage Farming district Very little All dung & Drylot feeding of milk cow, Demonstration and dissemination of A Cattle sewerage will be used as for dung & should be distant impact on urine to be feed to be supplied from advanced applicable technologies and N Improveme fertilizer and will not be urine treatment from residential sound fermented as pasture, silage and grass improvement in comprehensive technical G nt, discharged to surface facilities, not to areas. Slight impact environment. fertilizer. Solid production areas, project not service systems to cultivate and Zhaodong water bodies, not pollute on air quality after waste not to to damage ecological strengthen local dairy processing polluting surface water groundwater deodorization & pollute environment. ‘dragon-head’ enterprises, increase environment. cleaning of cattle- environment. farmers’ income and promote sheds. agricultural transformation. 21 Haishun After anaerobic and Anti-seepage Boiler smoke to be Very little All dung & Drylot feeding of milk cow; Project to provide standardized Cow & Pig biological treatment, for dung & removed via cyclone impact on urine to be feed to be supplied from production model for farmers to follow, Breeding, sewerage will be used as urine treatment dust extractor, oily sound fermented as pasture, silage and grass increasing their income; to attract rural Hongqi fertilizer and will not be facilities and smoke from canteens environment. fertilizer. Solid production areas; pigs to be labor force to transfer from agriculture to Township discharged to Yunliang water storage can be discharged Noise on dung waste not to raised in pigsties. Project not enterprise, maintaining social stability. River, not polluting tanks, not to after being purified; processing pollute to damage ecological surface water pollute farming district plant border environment. environment. environment. groundwater should be distant can reach from residential areas environmental and slight air quality standards after impact after dung control deodorization and measures. timely cleaning of cowsheds and pigsties. 22 Pig Sewerage to be used as Not to pollute Farming district Very little Dung to be Pigs to be raised in pigsties, Mode of “company + association + Breeding, fertilizer after treatment groundwater should be distant impact on fermented & not to damage ecological household” to promote 100,000 units of Sanyuan in biogas generating pits from residential sound urine to treated environment. Use of organic improved variety pig semen per year to and not be discharged areas. Slight impact environment. in biogas pits as fertilizer to improve farmers and improve 12,000 sows. Pig into surface water on air quality after fertilizer. Solid agricultural ecological raising cost to be lowered by 3,000 yuan bodies, thus not deodorization & waste not to environment. per year and additional annual income to polluting surface water. timely transportation pollute reach 12,000 yuan. of dung. environment.

49 Agricultural Technology Transfer Project – Environmental Impact Assessment

23 Milk Cow After anaerobic + Anti-seepage Odor pollution to be Very little Dung to be Milk cow breeding to Project to make extensive use of Embryo aerobic treatment, for dung & effectively controlled impact on composted as eliminate environmental resources to raise cultural and technical Transplant, wastewater to reach urine treatment after timely dry sound organic pollution resulted from levels of farmers, especially women, Hunan “Pollutants Discharge facilities, not to cleaning of dung and environment. fertilizer, fluid abandoning crop straws. making people from poor counties get Standards for Livestock pollute deodorization. and sludge from Development of breeding rich at an earlier date and promoting & Poultry Breeding groundwater biogas pits to industry to promote planting sustainable social and economic Industry, and will not be used as of grass and feed crops, development in nationality areas from increase pollution to farmland expanding vegetation western Hunan Province. Qingxi and Majia fertilizer. No coverage, promoting Rivers. Wastewater solid waste ecological balance and from household pollution. sustaining agricultural breeding to be used as development. fertilizer after treatment H in biogas pits, thus not U polluting surface water. N 24 Beef Cattle After anaerobic + Anti-seepage Odor pollution to be Very little Dung to be Strengthening greening in The mode of “market + (production) Breeding, aerobic treatment, for dung & effectively controlled impact on composted as and around plant compound base + household” to help local farmers A Lianyuan wastewater to reach urine treatment after timely dry sound organic can improve environment. get rich. N “Pollutants Discharge facilities, not to cleaning of dung and environment. fertilizer. No Standards for Livestock pollute deodorization. solid waste & Poultry Breeding groundwater pollution. Industry, and will not increase pollution to Sunshui River. Wastewater from household breeding to be used as fertilizer after treatment in biogas pits, thus not polluting surface water. 25 Jiahua Beef After treatment, For long, use of Through balanced Noise source Dung to be More herbage, shrubs with Of three project areas, two are poor Cattle, wastewater to be used sewerage for feed, adding strength is low taken to some economic forest and counties. Project implementation is an Hunan for grassland irrigation irrigation may deodorant in fodder and farm is biological and arbors to be planted to important measure to carry out national and not to be discharged pollute shallow and spreading distant from organic improve ecological poverty alleviation strategy through to surface water bodies, groundwater. materials in cattle- residential fertilizer plant environment in and around extensive using abundant resources to thus not polluting Attention to be sheds, and timely areas, not to and processed the compound of center of develop beef cattle, improving overall surface water paid to ground transportation of produce sound as organic variety improvement and quality of farmers, especially women, environment. water quality dung, not impacting impact. fertilizer. No fattening plant. thus improving living standards of poor around pasture. environmental air solid waste people. quality in residential pollution. areas.

50 Agricultural Technology Transfer Project – Environmental Impact Assessment

26 Zhenghong After anaerobic, aerobic Local residents Odor pollution to be Very little All dung to be Very little earth and rock ‘Co. + household’ mode to be adopted. Pig and oxidation pond using ground effectively controlled impact on processed and works under the project, ‘Dragon-head’ enterprises and technical Production, treatment and reaching water 50-60-m after timely dry sound fermented as trees not to be cut down, not training to promote rural economic Hunan “Pollutants Discharge deep. cleaning of dung and environment. organic producing water & soil development, increase farmers’ income, Standards for Livestock Monitored being processed as fertilizer. Solid erosion. Trees to be planted provide 1,800 jobs, especially that & Poultry Breeding water quality is organic fertilizer or waste not to around factory, breeding women have got opportunities to engage Industry, wastewater to up to standard. made as biogas. pollute districts, stud pig farms, in pig raising, improving their social be discharged into Wastewater environment. channels and roads to status to some extent. rivers, little impact on after treatment mitigate water and soil surface water will not pollute erosion and improve local environment. groundwater ecological environment. environment.

51 Agricultural Technology Transfer Project – Environmental Impact Assessment

Analysis on Ecological Environmental Impacts

Feed resources include stems and leaves of trees and shrubs, herbal plants of pastures, straws of crops, organic wastes from agro processing and concentrated feed needing to be supplemented, etc. Sufficient feed resources are the basis for development of breeding industry. However, it will affect the stability of local ecosystemif mainly relying on feed resources of natural forests and pastures. For example, overgrazing in Inner Mongolia exhausted pasture resources and resulted in land desertification and degradation.

Although breeding projects involve many varieties including cattle, sheep/goat, pig, chicken, duck and goose, etc., they have got two common characters:

1) Feed is mainly straws of crops and artificial herbage. The project provinces of Shaanxi, Anhui, Heilongjiang and Hunan are China’s agriculturally development areas with sufficient straw resources. Estimates show straw usage in these areas is only 50- 60%, and there have great development potentials. Abundant straw resources ensure the development of breeding industry. Grass will be mowed by sections, leaving high stubbles, which will reduce damages to soil structure and prevent water and soil erosion, and further maintain stability of the ecological system. 2) No matter scaled farms or household breeding, livestock and poultry will be kept in pens, which will avoid adverse impacts on the ecosystemfrom overgrazing.

Impacts on Agricultural Ecosystem

Analysis on Ecological Agriculture

Breeding is only an element of ecological agriculture. After being used by breeding industry, crops and straws can serve to develop animal husbandry, produce meat, egg and milk and achieve smooth cycle of the ecological agricultural system. The excrement after treatment is quality organic fertilizer. The conversion of pig, cattle and chicken manure to chemical fertilizer is listed in Table 5-3-2. Table 5-3-2: Conversion of Pig, Cattle and Chicken Manure to Chemical Fertilizer

Conversion of Calcium Calcium- 50kg manure to Ammonium Ammonium Ammonium Ammonium Potassium Urea Super- Magnesium chemical Sulphate Bicarbonate Nitrate Chloride Sulphate phosphate Phosphate fertilizer Pig Manure 1.45 1.25 0.95 12 0.7 1.5 1.7 0.6 Cattle Manure 1.5 1.75 0.85 1.2 0.65 0.8 0.9 0.15 Chicken Manure 3.9 4.8 2.55 3.25 1.75 4.1 4.55 1.7

5.3.2.2. Improving Soil Structure and Agricultural Ecological Environment

In recent years, with the improvement in intensification levels of breeding industry and extensive use of chemical fertilizers, the good practice of livestock and poultry dung being returned to farmland has been abandoned by the people, which has not only resulted in more serious environmental problems, but also led to soil structural damages and poor product quality due to improper use of chemical fertilizers. Livestock and poultry dung

Agricultural Technology Transfer Project – Environmental Impact Assessment can be dehydrated, fermented and deodorized to become quality complex organic fertilizer, which, comparing with chemical fertilizer, has got more complete nutrients, longer efficiency and is easier to be absorbed by crops, and is good for raising crop yield and quality and improving soil quality, and is disease resistant. Dung has got abundant nutrients, including organic substances, nitrogen, phosphorous, potassium and multiple microelements, which can serve to promote the breeding of soil microorganisms, improve soil structure and raise soil fertility, thus increasing crop yield and stabilizing the structure and functions of soil ecological system.

Impact Analysis on Biodiversity and Bio-safety

After a new exotic species is introduced to a new environment, if long-term experimental and observation work is not done, once uncontrolled straggling happens, it will result in serious destructions to the original biodiversity and bio-safety. The problems on bio-safety from improper species introduction have been attracted great attention from relevant government authorities.

There are 21 breeding components under the Project involving the introduction and breeding of improved varieties. Seen from the current status, new varieties are introduced through the following channels: z Stock seeds of improved varieties introduced from abroad or other area of China (the varieties already introduced to other areas and there are no new varieties to be introduced to the Project from foreign countries this time); z Improved varieties researched within China, such as the results of the 863 Plan; z Protection and optimization of local improved varieties;

In view of the above channels, the introduced varieties are the old ones introduced to China before and have been raised and bred in China for many years, and so far, no bio- safety problems have been found. Comparing with the past introduction, the introduction this time will not constitute threat to biodiversity and bio-safety in the introduced areas. All of the varieties introduced from within China have been improved, and there are no transgenic types; some of the varieties, such as the Qinchuan improved beef cattle, are improved based on the local varieties. Therefore, they will not threat local biodiversity and bio-safety either.

Impact Analysis on Water Environment

Waster pollution load is heavy from livestock and poultry breeding. The population equivalent of annual pollution load (in BOD5) from one chicken, one pig and one cattle is 0.5-0.7 people, 10-13 people and 30-35 people respectively. The pollution load of a ten- thousand-pig farm is equivalent to that of 100,000 to 130,000 people. Although sewerage amount from large and medium-sized livestock and poultry farms is not big, the pollution load is heavy.

Random discharge of wastewater from breeding farms will pollute surface and groundwater. The flow of wastewater into channels and ditches, pits and ponds, rivers and lakes will impact the aquatic ecosystem, making water black, odorous and eutrophicated, and further impacting landscape and water quality. Direct discharge of wastewater will also pollute shallow groundwater in the following aspects: first, nitrate and chlorine ion

Agricultural Technology Transfer Project – Environmental Impact Assessment pollute groundwater. Nitrogen in dung and urine enters soil in the three modes of hydrogen nitride, amide and nitrate, which will eventually become nitrate after being transformed by microorganisms. Nitrate is easily migrated with water and is apt to pollute groundwater. Second, biological pollution, which refers to that pathogenic microorganisms and parasite ovum are able to live and breed in soil for a long time.

Among the six categories of breeding components under the Project, milk cow breeding produces the largest amount of wastewater, followed by beef cattle breeding. The adoption of dry dung cleaning technique consumes 40-50% less water than average water cleaning of dung and the concentration of main pollutants is to be reduced by 6-10 times. Pollution will be reduced remarkably and water consumption lowered at factory pig farms due to the adoption of artificial dry dung cleaning technique, supplemented with water cleaning method. Dry cleaning of dung has been adopted and good effect been achieved at many of the pig farms in Hubei, Beijing and others. Little amount of wastewater (urine) is produced from goat, chicken, duck and goose breeding. Separated/scattered breeding households produce very little amount of wastewater due to their small scale.

Except for a few breeding projects that discharge wastewater to surface water bodies, wastewater from most of them is treated through biogas generating pits, oxidation ponds, aerobic and anaerobic treatment and is used as fertilizer, and thus they will not produce pollution to surface water environment. Wastewater from Milk Cow Embryo Transplant Project, Lianyuan City Beef Cattle Breeding Project and Zhenghong Pig Production Project of Hunan Province is discharged after aerobic and anaerobic treatment. According to environmental impact analysis, wastewater discharged to surface water bodies is diluted, producing very little pollution on surface water environment.

Anti-seepage structure has been set up for livestock and birds’ pens, wastewater treatment and storage facilities and wastewater will not be penetrated to and pollute groundwater. Concentration of pollutants in the discharged wastewater after treatment has been lowered remarkably; for the part used as fertilizer, if properly applied, it will produce minor impact on groundwater since organic substances will be absorbed and resolved by soil. However, for sandy soil with strong seepage, wastewater may pollute shallow groundwater. In this case, reasonable wastewater irrigation plan needs to be worked out and quality of groundwater in and around the project areas should be closely monitored.

Impacts Analysis on Anaerobic Environment

Impact Analysis on Odor from Breeding Industry

Odor mainly comes from pens, oxidation ponds and dung transportation and treatment, which includes inorganic gases of NH3H2S and organic gases of methyl mercaptan and secaline, etc. Normally, the amount of odor is large and concentration is high under anaerobic conditions. The sequence of degree of odor impact on the environment is chicken > milk cow > pig > goat. Average concentration of odorous substances from cow/beef cattle breeding at different distance is indicated in Table 5-3-3.

Agricultural Technology Transfer Project – Environmental Impact Assessment

Table 5-3-3: Average Concentration of Odorous Substances at Different Distances. Unit: Mg/m3 Distancem Odor 5m 10m 20m 40m 80m

NH3 0.46 0.37 0.35 0.34 0.25 -3 -3 -3 CH3-SH 1.58×10 0.01 5.94×10 0.00 1.56×10 -3 -3 -3 -3 H2S 0.01 1.81×10 3.72×10 2.59×10 3.03×10 -3 -3 -3 (CH3)2N2 2.49×10 1.04×10 1.94×10 0.00 0.00

For a cow/cattle farm, under normal circumstances when the distance is around 5 meters, the concentration can reach the standard set in Odorous Pollutants Discharge Standards (GB14554-93). However, for a pig or chicken farm, the concentration at the points 20 meters away from the pigsties/chicken coops is dozens or even a hundred times over the standard. To mitigate odor impacts, the venues of scaled farms should be selected to be at least 500 meters away from and at downwind of the residential areas, and other controlling measures be taken.

For scattered breeding households, odorous pollution is normally minor due to their small scale. However, they should strengthen management and treatment of manure and take measures to control odor to reduce pollution source strength.

Impact Analysis on Smoke from Boilers

Heilongjiang and Shaanxi Provinces need boilers in winter for livestock and birds’ breeding or existence of spawns. Survey data from Heilongjiang shows that boiler tonnage at farms is normally small at around 1 ton/hour. To effectively control pollution, environment friendly coal-burning boilers should be used. According to assessment by Heilongjiang Provincial Institute of Environmental Protection, smoke and SO2 discharge concentration can meet the requirements of Category II region at time interval II in Boiler Environmental Air Pollutants Discharge Standards. Petroleum or natural gas boilers are used at a few farms; as a result, the smoke pollution is much slighter. In general, boiler smoke pollution on the environment is fairly minor.

Impacts Analysis on Noise Environment

Noise of a farm is originated from the yelling of livestock and birds. Normally, a farm would take up a large area and is over 500 meters away from the residential areas, and noise at its boundaries can meet the standard at daytime, producing minor impacts on residential blocks.

The amount of livestock and poultry raised by households is normally small; they are raised in pens, are active mostly at daytime and their yelling frequency is low. Therefore, the impacts on residential areas are minor.

Agricultural Technology Transfer Project – Environmental Impact Assessment

Impacts Analysis on Solid Wastes

Solid wastes include dung, spreading materials at pens, fodder leftovers, falling fur and feather and slag from boilers, etc. Dung is of most serious environmental impact. It contains abundant organic substances and large amount of elements needed for the growth of crops, such as nitrogen, phosphorous and potassium, etc.

Dung disposal methods under the Project mainly include compost, complex organic fertilizer processing, and fertilizer processing at biogas generating pits, etc. Manure after treatment is good organic fertilizer, which is of great significance in improving soil fertility and soil structure and sustaining soil productivity. Under normal circumstances, treated manure can be absorbed by soil and will not constitute environmental threat.

Boiler slag can be used to build roads and as material for house construction and will not pollute the environment.

Dead livestock and poultry need to be burned or buried according to requirements stipulated in the Technical Specifications for Pollution Control with Livestock and Poultry Breeding Industry, to avoid spread of diseases.

Impacts Analysis on People’s Health

Inside the intensified farms, the number of livestock is large, intensity is high, oxygen demand is big within the microenvironment, the concentration of CO2 discharged by livestock and poultry is high, and there are microorganism and dung pollutions. If the houses are promptly cleaned and dung and urine properly treated, the impacts on the health of workers will be greatly mitigated.

The impacts on the health of people outside the farms are mainly that diseases are spread through air, dung, soil and drinking water sources. The farms under the project are normally 500 meters away from the residential areas, and thus the possibilities of diseases being spread through air and impacting the health of residents are minor. It is required that dung and urine should be aged and treated aerobically and anaerobically, wastewater can only be reused when pathogenic bacteria and pollutants reach the set standards, meanwhile, the project venue should be selected to avoid water sources.

Livestock and poultry died of diseases will be disposed of through burning and safe burying, to avoid the spread of diseases. For those died of epidemic diseases, especially animal-human diseases, once found, the “Emergency Preparedness Plan for Control of Animal Epidemics should be activated and livestock and poultry should be slaughtered, safely buried or burned, so as to alleviate threat on the health of the people.

Environmental Impacts Mitigation Measures and Control Countermeasures for Breeding Components

Pollution Control Countermeasures for Selecting Venue of Breeding Farm

Livestock and poultry farms are prohibited to set up in the following areas:

Agricultural Technology Transfer Project – Environmental Impact Assessment

1) Domestic drinking water source protection area, scenic spots, the core and buffer areas of natural reserves; 2) Residential areas of cities and towns, including educational, scientific research areas, medical, commercial, industrial and sightseeing areas; 3) The forbidden areas set by county governments according to laws and regulations; 4) Other areas, designated by the state and according to law and regulation stipulations, need to be specially protected.

The venues of farms to be set up, renovated and expanded should be selected to avoid the above areas. When the venues are close to the forbidden areas, they should be on the prevailing downwind of these areas, and farm boundaries should not be less than 500 meters away from the captioned areas.

Countermeasures for Promoting Clean Production and Water Saving and Pollution Mitigation

Pollution control of livestock and poultry breeding should be managed from the source and through the breeding process. Reasonable feed, advanced dung cleaning techniques and standardized management should be adopted to improve usage of breeding resources, save water and eventually reduce pollution discharge.

1) Developing Environment Friendly and Ecological Feed

Feed should be rationally prescribed, such as the ideal protein type of prescription, to improve the efficiency in the absorption of protein and other nutrients. Active materials such as microorganism preparation, enzyme preparation and abstracted fluid from plants should be used so as to reduce discharge of pollutants and odorous substances.

2) Promoting Dung Dry Cleaning Technique

Dung cleaning techniques include dry cleaning, washing and soaking, which are technique good for saving water, reducing pollution discharge, maintaining manure quality and reducing the losses of nitrogen and phosphorous. The Project is to promote and disseminate the technique as the major measure for pollution control under each of the breeding projects. Wastewater quality and amount of different techniques are listed in Table 5-4-1. Table 5-4-1: Wastewater Quality and Amount at Pig Farms Applying Different Techniques of Dung Cleaning Washing Soaking Dry Cleaning Technique Technique Average Per 35~40 20~25 10~15 Water PigL/d Consumption 10,000-pig 210~240 120~150 60~90 Farmm3/d BOD5 5000~6000 4000~10000 400~800 Water Quality CODcr 11000~13000 8000~24000 1000~2000 SS 17000~20000 28000~35000 100~340

Agricultural Technology Transfer Project – Environmental Impact Assessment

Seen from the above table, dung dry cleaning technique is superior over the washing and soaking techniques in both water consumption and wastewater quality.

Dung dry cleaning technique should be applied in all of the breeding projects. Through taking prompt and effective measures, dung should be cleaned separating from urine and wastewater, and dung sludge should be timely transported to storage or disposal sites.

Pollution Control Countermeasures for Storage of Livestock and Poultry Dung

1) Exclusive dung storage facilities should be set up at livestock and poultry farms, whose odor and pollutants’ emissions should be in tally with Discharge Standards of Pollutants from Livestock and Poultry Breeding Industry; 2) The location of storage facilities should be far (no less than 400 meters) from the various functional surface water bodies and should be set up the prevailing downwind of the production and living areas of the farms; 3) Anti-seepage measures should be taken for the storage facilities to prevent dung from polluting groundwater; 4) For farms with both cropping and breeding activities, the capacity of the storage facilities should be greater than the total dung produced within the maximum interval for applying fertilizer on crops; 5) Water/rainwater-proof installations should be set up for the storage facilities.

Pollution Control Countermeasures for Treatment and Utilization of Livestock and Poultry Dung

Methods of Livestock and Poultry Dung Treatment

Dung treatment measures have been proposed under the various breeding projects in accordance with local environmental conditions, which include composting, production of organic fertilizers, building biogas generating pits, and making use of biological energy, etc. These measures have been proven successful within China, the basic idea of which is to conduct treatment on dung and wastewater and use them as solid and liquid fertilizers, and therefore, they have been advocated by the State Environmental Protection Agency as ‘a method integrating environmental and ecological protection’.

1) Compost Method

The compost method is a simple and feasible method for dung treatment. Dung can be composted after adding a little carbon sources (straws and feed leftover) since its carbon/nitrogen content is low. Under normal circumstances, ratio of carbon and nitrogen is 30-35:1 and water content is 60-65% for raw materials. The buttress piled up is normally 2-3 meters in width, 1.5-2.0 meters in height and the length is not restricted. The aging period is normally between 30 to 35 days. Carbon/nitrogen ratio of the aged compost should be less than 20:1 and organic ingredients should be more than 35%. Rainproof shelters should be set up at the compost and storage compounds. Dung can be used only after treatment and reaching Non-pollution Sanitary Standards for Manure. This method is normally suitable for the dry and little-rainfall northern areas.

2) Method of Producing Organic and Complex Fertilizers

Agricultural Technology Transfer Project – Environmental Impact Assessment

The raw materials for producing organic and complex fertilizers are dung of poultry (chicken, duck and goose), livestock (pig, goat/sheep and cow/cattle), straws, cake dregs, and wastes from agro processing, etc.

The production techniques include pre-treatment of raw materials, inoculation of microorganisms, fermentation, dewatering, grinding, separation, packaging and measurement, etc. The specific methods vary with different raw materials and products.

Key technical points: among the raw materials, carbon/nitrogen proportion is better at 30- 35%, that of organic substances at 50-70% and that of water at around 50%. The technique flow chart for production of organic and complex fertilizers is listed below:

Coal Burning Air Heater

Wet Manure Lifting Storage Feeding Drying Cooling Fermenting Hopper Down Additives

Storage Room Grinding Blending Stirring Granule Separation

CPK

Cooling Down Storage Room Packaging Manufactured Product

A treatment project implemented by the Yinluo Dairy Company of Daqing, Heilongjiang Province is borne with the development of breeding industry. Its treatment technique flow chart is: cowshed dung sunning fermenting adding biological bacteria stirring and fermenting sunning grinding granule making packaging. The features of the technique are quick removal of odor, quick rising in temperature, short aging period and low energy consumption. Dung can be deodorized within 24 hours and temperature of it can reach 70oCwithin 48 hours.

3) Anaerobic fermentation to make biogas. The technique of anaerobic fermentation takes more time and is apt to impact of natural conditions, which is normally applied in making biogas. As a clean energy, biogas has been disseminated and applied in China. The flow process is:

Agricultural Technology Transfer Project – Environmental Impact Assessment

Manure Scraper Chicken Manure Collecting Tank Pretreatment Trough Regulating Tank (Pig Manure)

Biogas Storage User

Anaerobic Tower or Biogas Generating Pit Sludge Tank Fertilizer

As a side product in the processing of biogas making, biogas sludge contains some nutrients and can be made as feed or fertilizer. Biogas fluid can be used as bait for breeding industry or liquid fertilizer.

Different areas should select suitable dung treatment methods in accordance with their respective climate conditions and breeding types. In northwest of China, the breeding targets are mainly beef cattle and goats with a few pigs. Dung of beef cattle and goats should be treated applying dry cleaning and composting and that of pigs should be treated applying biological fermentation to produce organic fertilizer. These methods involve little investment and can engage surplus labor force in rural areas, which are thus in tally with environmental and economic levels in the northwest.

Hunan Province is situated on the northern border of subtropical zone, where the climate is warm and humid with abundant rainfall. It is better to treat dung applying the methods of producing organic fertilizer and anaerobic fermentation to make biogas.

In Heilongjiang Province, the climate is cold and winter lasts long. Based on the experiences of Haishun and Sanyuan Farms, it is more suitable to use the treatment technique of producing organic fertilizer or complex organic fertilizer.

The breeding targets of Anhui Provinces vary from cattle/cow, pig and goat/sheep to chicken, duck and goose, etc. In accordance with their respective local conditions, various project agencies have proposed to treat dung of cattle, pig, goat, duck and goose applying the biogas (producing) scheme and to treat chicken dung applying the method of producing organic fertilizer. The two methods are feasible. It is suggested that the Huaibei Duck Farm adopt the treatment method of making organic fertilizer.

Countermeasures for Dung Utilization

When treated dung is used as fertilizer for agricultural production, attention should be paid to the following points:

1) Dung can only be used after reaching Non-pollution Sanitary Standards for Manure and untreated dung is prohibited to apply in the farmland; 2) The application amount cannot exceed the nutritional demand needed for crop growth during the year; when the appropriate amount is decided, soil fertility and fertilizer efficiency need to be tested and evaluated;

Agricultural Technology Transfer Project – Environmental Impact Assessment

3) Soil in rainy areas, that can lead to runoff and has got strong penetration, such as slope land and sandy land are not suitable for the application of manure. Otherwise, surface or ground water may be polluted.

Countermeasures for Sewerage Treatment and Pollution Control

1) Sewerage produced in the process of livestock and poultry breeding should better be used as fertilizer; 2) Sewerage can be discharged to the environment after treatment, however, it must be in tally with the stipulations in the Discharge Standards of Pollutants from Livestock and Poultry Breeding Industry; 3) The sewerage treatment methods mainly include: biogas fermentation and aerobic- anaerobic biochemical treatment. Non-chlorination treatment should be advocated for sewerage sterilization to avoid secondary pollution; 4) Effective sewerage delivery network should be set up between the farms and the farmland. When treated sewerage is transported to the farmland via vehicles or sewers, abandonment and leakages along the way should be strictly controlled; 5) Before sewerage is discharged to the farmland, it must be pre-treated (applying grille, anaerobic and settlement treatment techniques), meanwhile, storage tanks should be set up on the farmland.

Countermeasures for Odorous Pollution Control

The sequence of degree of odor impact on the environment is chicken and duck > pig > cattle. Odor impacts also relate to the breeding and management methods. The impacts are smaller in farms that are spacious, have got good ventilation and are cleaned promptly. The pollution control measures include a) dung and urine inside the houses should be cleared in time; b) ensure and maintain good ventilation; c) the cleared dung should be taken to the treatment site so as to reduce the odor resulting from long-time anaerobic fermentation; d) deodorization bacteria should be inoculated when dung is composted to control the production of odorous gases; e) in the process of compost, ventilation should be ensured and dung should be stirred on periodically; f) biological deodorization measures should be applied for odor, such as the use of sawdust, biological deodorization tower, etc.; adding some zeolite in the feed can also remove some odor; g) the greening area around the farm compound should not be lower than 40%. Plants can absorb through photosynthesis some odor, thus purifying the environment around the farm compound; h) spraying various deodorants in the houses and spreading grass of cattle-sheds to reduce odor strength, such as natural zeolite, ferrous sulphate, enzyme and microorganism preparations, sawdust, straw, particles and peanut shells, etc.

Countermeasures for Treatment and Disposal of Corpses of Livestock and Poultry Died of Illnesses

Corpse, placenta and stillborn fetus are normally the pathogen for spreading various livestock and poultry diseases and are thus of strong infectivity, which may produce major impacts on the health of human, livestock and poultry. Corpses should be promptly treated and are prohibited from being abandoned randomly and sold as feed. The methods for corpse disposal include:

Agricultural Technology Transfer Project – Environmental Impact Assessment

1) Burning. The best option to dispose of the corpses of livestock and poultry died of epidemic diseases is burning, which can kill eliminate the epidemic diseases carried by the pathogen, effectively control the spread of diseases and lower economic losses. In areas with concentrated farms, a regional plant for burning harmful solid wastes should be built; meanwhile, measures should be taken to purify the smoke discharged from the plant. If possible, after coordination with units burning medical or dangerous wastes, the harmful wastes can be burned together.

2) Use of safe-burying well. With reinforced concrete structure, the depth of the well should be greater than 2 meters and diameter is 1 meter, and an airtight cover should be used. A layer of over 10-cm-thick hydrated lime should be cover on top of the corpses. Cost for the type of well is little, but the disposal amount is large. Hunan Province has adopted similar method, however, the disposal must be standardized in accordance with stipulations of the Regulations on Pollution Control for Livestock and Poultry Breeding Industry. It is proposed under the Guangde County Broiler Chicken Production Project to produce feed using the dead chickens after biological treatment. However, this method is strictly prohibited in China. It is suggested that chicken corpses be disposed of applying the safe-burying well.

Environment Impact Assessment (EIA) for Processing Projects

6.1. Brief Description of the Projects

The World Bank Agricultural Technology Program contains 8 processing projects, of which 5 are independently formulated and the remaining 3 processing projects are affiliated with the larger livestock development project. The basic information of the above projects and the environment perspectives of the projects are described in Table 14 and Table 15 in Annex 1.

6.2. Project Analysis

Project Contents: the Agricultural Technology and Processing Project contains: animal and poultry slaughtering, dairy product processing, wine production, mulberry beverage production, traditional Chinese medicine processing, production of bio-degradable starch resin and production of soybean and dairy protein peptide products. Project Business Management Model: agro-livestock product processing is a significant reflection of large-scale commercialization and modernization of agricultural production, is an urgent need for materializing high-yield, high-quality and highly efficient agriculture and is the necessity of the agricultural hi-tech development. The business management model is that the companies buy products for further processing.

Processing mode: turning primary products from crop farming, forestry and animal and poultry husbandry into high value added food commodities requires to develop processing industry, which helps to add value to farm, forestry, animal and poultry products, increase farmers’ income, generate more employment opportunities and provide market with safe,

Agricultural Technology Transfer Project – Environmental Impact Assessment hygienic and health food. The processing mode is that the dragon-head enterprises of crop farming, forestry and animal husbandry projects take a leading role in production of products.

6.2.1. Technical Requirements

For the technical schemes of the processing projects and pollution discharge control points, please see Table 6-3, Annex 1.

6.2.2. Pollution Sources and Pollutants Discharge

For discharge of waste gas pollutants, please see Table 6-2-1. For discharge of wastewater pollutants, please see Table 6-2-2.

Table 6-2-1: Statistics on Waste Gas Discharge from Processing Projects

Smoke Boiler smoke SO SO Smoke dust dust 2 2 discharge production Discharge Project Name discharge discharge volume volume volume 3 densityt/a volume 10000m t/a t/a t/a Native Cattle, Mengcheng County, Anhui 2367 180 38.02 800 42.07 Meat Goose Project, Shouxian, Anhui 2367 180 38.02 800 42.07 Biodegradable Starch Resin Production 8580 137.28 Medicinal Herbs GAP Production and Processing, Shaanxi Grape and Wine Production, Yangling 2613 47.04 4.7 20.9 20.9 Manure Treatment, Heilongjiang 4734 84.14 8.42 76.14 37.38 Soybean Improvement, Binxian 34364 614.86 50.56 546.64 256.23

Table 6-2-2: Statistics on Wastewater Discharge from Processing Projects

Wastewater COD COD NNH3 COD discharge Production Discharge Source Discharge Project Name volume volume volume Strength volume 3 10000m /a t/a t/a t/a t/a Native Cattle, Mengcheng County, Anhui 1.16 1300 20.8 115 1.39 Meat Goose Project, Shouxian, Anhui 2563 0 275 0 Biodegradable Starch Resin Production 21.1 26 5.2 Medicinal Herbs GAP Production and 5.2 106.02 79.54 Processing, Shaanxi Grape and Wine Production, Yangling 8.58 25.05 3.4 1.25 0.63 Manure Treatment, Heilongjiang 5.94 77.22 6.83 2.38 1.19 Soybean Improvement, Binxian 0.37 1.82 0.44

6.3. Environment Impact Analysis

See Table 6-3-1 for environment impact analysis on processing projects

6.3.1. Predictive Analysis on Socioeconomic Environmental Impacts

Agricultural Technology Transfer Project – Environmental Impact Assessment

Project implementation will significantly increase employment opportunities, especially employment opportunities for rural women. Of the new increased employment, employment rate of women will account for 45% of the total. The project will bring into full play the industrious spirit and wisdom of women. Provision of technical training for women will upgrade women’s knowledge on science and technology as well as their general quality, generate more income for women and raise women’s social status. With the operation of the project, the income per capita for farmers in the project areas will increase on average by 30~50% over the current level and the increase of income for farmers in poor regions will even be more significant.

Agricultural Technology Transfer Project – Environmental Impact Assessment

Table 6-3-1: Brief analysis On Environmental Impacts of Processing Projects Province No. Project Environment Impact Analysis Surface water environment Groundwater Air environment Sound Solid wastes Eco- Socio-economic environment environment environment environmen t Shaanxi 1 Grape & After treatment, the wastewater No impact on After treatment of After noise All the solid No impact An outstanding feature of the Province Wine will be up to standard and will be underground smoke from treatment, it will wastes will be on the eco- project is that it is in line with the Production, discharged to the irrigation system water boilers, it will be meet the noise comprehensively environment. industry policy of supporting Yangling for irrigation of farmland. It will up to the standard standard within the utilized and will agriculture and assisting farmers to not pollute the surface water. for discharge and it boundary of the not contaminate get rid of poverty. It will help 3000 will not pollute the plant. It will have the environment. farmer households get rid of environment. little impact on the poverty, so it has tangible noise environment economic and social benefits. quality. 2 Mulberry Wastewater discharge volume is All the waste After noise After noise All the solid No impact By adopting the organizational Fruit 52,000 t/a. After treatment, it will water will be treatment, it will treatment, it will wastes will be on the eco- form of “company + base + Production, be up to Class 1 standard set in treated until it is meet the noise meet the noise comprehensively environment. farmers”, the project will provide Yangling Waste Water Comprehensive up to discharge standard within the standard within the utilized and will farmers free mulberry saplings and Discharge Standards. It will have standard and will boundary of the boundary of the not contaminate technical services. Mulberry fruits little impact on surface water be discharged plant. It will have plant. It will have the environment. will be purchased by companies. It environment. into the Yuehe little impact on the little impact on the will help farmers to get rich. The River. It will not noise environment noise environment social benefits are significant. contaminate the quality. quality in the area. underground water environment.

65 Agricultural Technology Transfer Project – Environmental Impact Assessment

3 Traditional After sedimentation, wast water No impact on After treatment of After noise All the solid No impact The enterprise will provide new Chinese will be comprehensively utilized. underground smoke and dust treatment, it will wastes will be on the eco- varieties and arrange farmers to Medicine It has little impact on surface water. from boilers, it meet the noise comprehensively environment. grow traditional Chinese medicinal GAP water environment. will be up to the standard within the utilized and will herbs so that they will not dig out Production standard for boundary of the not contaminate wild medicinal herbs. It will help to and discharge and it plant. The noise the environment. protect wild resources and eco- Processing will not pollute the environment quality environment, adjust the Project, environment. in the area will be monotonous industrial structure Shaanxi up to the set predominated by food production, standard. and raise farmers’ income. 4 ‘Safe’ Pork After treatment, the waster water The project area Boiler smoke can The project does not Excrement and The project The project will adopt the model of Production from the project will meet the set has thick and meet the set have much noise- sludge will be is located in “company + science and Project, standard and will be discharged deep layer of standard and be producing turned into the technology + farmer households”. Yangling into the waste water drainage soil. After being discharged. The equipment. After compost and used agricultural It will promote 3000 farmer system of the Yangling absorbed, plant is distant treatment, the noise as manure for high-tech households in 20 villages for Agricultural High-tech Park. It degraded and from villages and in the boundary of agriculture and no park and will livestock development. The will be discharged with other filtered by the will not produce the plant will meet solid wastes will have no slaughterhouse will provide over waste water from the park. It will soil, the odor. Therefore, it the set standard. The be produced. impact on 300 employment positions. not tangibly contaminate the discharged waste will not project is distant the eco- Participating farmer households surface water and has little impact water will not contaminate the from the residence environment. can earn 60-80 yuan more for each on surface water environment. contaminate the environment air in areas and will have of their commercial pig than other underground the surrounding no impact on the farmers, generating an additional water. residence areas. noise environment annual income of 3000 yuan for of the residence each household. It also helps areas. farmers to solve their problems of market outlet for their pigs and facilitates rural industrialization. The project has significant social and economic benefits.

66 Agricultural Technology Transfer Project – Environmental Impact Assessment

5 Bio- After treatment, the waste water No impact on No waste gas After sound The rubbish will 30% of the Wide application of bio-degradable degradable will be up to the set standard and underground pollution. insulation and noise be treated by the plant area resin products is of pivotal starch resin will be discharged into the water. reduction treatment, environmental will be importance to overcome “white dev. municipal sewage system. It will the noise in the sanitation covered by pollution”, to protect eco- have very limited impact on boundary of the department, and meadow and environment and to facilitate the surface water environment. plant will be up to all the by-products trees. It development of agricultural the set standard, and will be recycled could economy and green industry. has little impact on and utilized. No effectively the areas outside the solid waste improve the plant. pollution. quality of the environment. It is a high- tech product and is easily degradable. It has inestimable impact on protection of eco- environment. Anhui 6 Native Mengcheng Environment Control [2004]019 Document by the Environment Protection Bureau of Mengcheng County on the review of EIA Report of the Native Cattle Project Province Catlle, concludes that the pollution control measures proposed in the EIA Report fully satisfy the requirements of the local environment quality. Therefore, the project has little impact on Mencheng the environment and can satisfy the requirements of environment quality.

67 Agricultural Technology Transfer Project – Environmental Impact Assessment

7 Meat Geese After bio-chemical treatment No impact on After treatment of All the Boiler sludge to Since the geese are Shouxian County is a nationally Breeding of waste water, it will meet underground water. boiler smoke, the main equipment be used as civil raised in sheds, it designated poor county. It is and the set standards and be pollutant- smoke dust noise sources building will have no resource deficient, has very

Extension, discharged. Part of the treated and SO2 will meet the are distributed materials. impact on the eco- weak industry base and is Shouxian waste water can be used for set standard and be in the slaughtering environment. predominantly crop farming. irrigation. It will have slight discharged. It will have workshops. wastes to be Implementation of the project impact on water environment. no significant impact With noise developed into will facilitate agricultural on environment. reduction high protein restructuring, promote measures for air feed . Corpses agriculture growth and help blowers and of geese died of farmers to get rid of poverty. It absorbers , the diseases to be will have significant economic area sound safely buried, and social benefits. environment not to produce quality will negative meet the set environmental standard. impact. Heilongjian 8 Antibiotics- The dung and urine of dairy No impact on the The dung and urine Little impact on Cattle dung and No impact on the Implementation of the project g Province free Milk cows raised by farmers will underground water. will be treated with sound urine will be eco-environment. will encourage farmers to raise Production, be treated with bio-gas and bio-gas and it can environment. made into cattle, which will contribute to Hulan will be used as farm manure effectively prevent the Dairy methane liquid the establishment of a new and they will not be occurrence of odor. processing and methane interest relationship between the discharged into the open field. produces residue to be enterprises and the farmers. It is The waste water will be limited noise. used as farm estimated that it will help treated up to the set standard Located in the manure. No farmers to increase income by and discharged into the development solid waste that 2.25 million yuan, employ 3750 sewage treatment plant of the zone, producing will people, of whom 2100 are development zone. It will not slight impact on contaminate the women. contaminate the surface water the surrounding environment. environment. sound environment.

68 Agricultural Technology Transfer Project – Environmental Impact Assessment

9 Soybean The project will produce The project will Boiler smoke and Noise source All the solid The project will be The project will adopt the 3 Imporve- limited waste water (10m /d), produce limited waste industrial dust will be will be treated wastes will be established in the approach of “order agriculture” and it could be discharged. It water and has slight strictly treated up to the through sound treated and existing plant and will sign contracts with ment has little impact on surface impact on set standard and insulation and comprehensivel location and will 1000 farmer households for Project, water environment. underground water discharged. No noise reduction y utilized. It not produce 2000 mu of soybeans. The Binxian environment. pollution is expected and make sure will not cause negative impact on purchase price will be 100 for the surrounding that the noise in contamination the eco- yuan/t more than the market residents. the boundary of to the environment of the price, generating 2000 yuan the plant meets environment. surrounding areas. additional income for each the set standard. farmer household; development At the same of further processed soybean time, it will products will promote the also meet the agricultural restructuring, noise standard transforming resource for the advantages into product surrounding advantages and economic areas. It will advantages, mitigating the have fairly difficulty of farmers in selling slight impact on their grains. It can annually the sound place 300 local surplus labor and environment in sets no restriction for women’ s the area. employment. The project has significant social and economic benefits. 10 Manure The project will produce no The project Odor and dust are the Noise reduction The project Non-hazardous Processing of cattle dung Treatment production wastewater and production process all primary pollutants of and sound produces no treatment of cattle contributes to improving takes place in the the project. Strict insulation solid wastes dung will produce environment quality of the Project will only produce limited life workshops and in the measures must be taken measures must and will cause organic manure. project areas and promotes waste water, which will be equipment, and it will to remove odor and be taken for no solid waste As a result, it will development of relevant discharged into the sewage produce no production dust to ensure up-to- noise producing pollution. prevent industries; the pollution-free system of the development waste water. In the standard discharge and equipment. contamination manure that it provides will zone after treatment in the area, the surface is to make sure that it When it meets when it is contribute to the production of covered by black meets the set standard the set standard discharged without green food and organic food in septic tank. It will be calcium earth and in the plant boundary. for the plant treatment, and the project areas, leading to discharged externally after under the surface is The project is located boundary, it when it is made sustainable agricultural treatment by the sewage sticky earth, which is development zone and will have no into organic development and increased system of the development favorable for is distant from the impact on the manure, it will benefits; it can also provide 160 zone. It only has very slight preventing seeping. residential areas. Up- sound improve the eco- employment positions, Social Therefore, it will not to-standard discharged environment of environment of the and economic benefits are impact on the surface water contaminate the will have slight impact the surrounding soils. It will not do significant. environment. underground water. on the surrounding areas. harm to the eco- environment. environment.

69 Agricultural Technology Transfer Project – Environmental Impact Assessment

6.3.2. Air Environmental Impact Analysis on Processing Projects

Waste gas from processing projects mainly includes boiler smoke, processing dusts, odor from production and oil smoke from the kitchens. Based on the characteristics of the waste gas of different projects, these projects have all taken corresponding treatment measures. For example, dust remover is used to control boiler smoke; pocket dust remover is used to control dusts from various kinds of processing activities; biological odor removal devices are used to control odor from making manure and oil smoke purifiers are used to treat oil smoke from kitchens. The treated pollutants are discharged when they meet the set standard. The scope and extent of their impacts on the air are rather limited.

6.3.3. Noise Environmental Impact Analysis on Processing Projects

Based on different noise source strength, the projects have adopted such corresponding measures as silencing, sound insulation and confining the workshops to control noise. After treatment, the noise of the plant boundary will meet the required noise standard for corresponding functional areas and for plant boundary. Currently, in China the noise standards for plant boundary and for corresponding functional areas are the same. For this reason, the impacts of enterprise noise on the surrounding environment will meet the requirements for corresponding environment functional areas.

6.3.4. Solid Wastes Impact Analysis on Processing Projects

Processing projects generally produce four types of solid wastes: the first type is the residues from processing of farm and livestock products, e.g. medicinal residues, mulberry residues and dung of livestock and poultry. Such solid wastes can be utilized as farm fertilizer and will not pose threats to the environment. The second type is the defective products, e.g. waste bio-degradable grog. These defective products can be recovered and recycled as raw materials. The third type is the sludge from sewage disposing devices. Generally, the sludge contains poisonous and hazardous matters that are hard to be degraded as well as heavy metals. They are normal solid wastes. After being nitrified, it can be utilized as farm manure and will not contaminate the environment. The fourth type is the boiler slag. It can be utilized as civil building materials. It is obvious that the solid wastes from the processing projects can all be utilized and will not contaminate the environment of the project locations.

6.3.5. Eco-environmental Impact Analysis on Processing Projects

All the processing projects use artificially farmed crop and animal products as raw materials. The Shaanxi Province Traditional Chinese Medicine Processing Project also uses the artificially grown medicinal herbs as raw materials. Therefore, the projects do

Agricultural Technology Transfer Project – Environmental Impact Assessment not involve any felling of trees and do not damage the eco-environment. They have very little impact on the eco-environment.

The products produced by the Bio-degradable Starch Resin Project are the bio-degradable starch film that can replace plastic film. This can alleviate white pollution on agricultural eco-system.

6.4. Environmental Impact Mitigation Measures and Control Countermeasures for Processing Projects

All the projects are for processing of agricultural and livestock products. The waste water that the projects produce is organic waste water, which can be biologically treated. In terms of wastewater treatment, the projects have followed the respective discharge standards and have taken different degrees of in-depth bio-chemical disposing. Waste water for external discharge may meet the requirements set in the Waste Water Comprehensive Discharge Standards (GB8978-1996), the treatment measures are viable.

Primary waste gas pollutants of the processing projects include boiler smoke, processing dusts, odor from the processing process and kitchen oil smoke. Pursuant to the characteristics of the different waste gas, different mature control measures have been made in place. Various externally discharged waste gas pollutants and discharge speed, as well as the density at the unorganized discharge monitoring and control points in the plant boundary can all meet the corresponding requirements set in Boiler Air Pollutants Discharge Standards (GB132712001), Air Pollutants Comprehensive Discharge Standards (GB162971996), Odor Pollutants Discharge Standards (GB1455493), Oil Smoke Discharge Standards for the Food and Beverage Industries (GB184832001), and the waste gas treatment measures are viable.

The enterprises, pursuant to the characteristics of the noise sources, have respectively taken such control measures as noise alleviation, sound insulation and workshops confining. They can ensure that the noise in the plant boundary meets the set standards. The noise control measures are viable.

The solid wastes produced by the enterprises are all common solid wastes. All the organic solid wastes derived from production process are utilized as farm manure or feed. Boiler slag is all used as building materials. There is no discharge of solid wastes. Measures for comprehensive utilization of solid wastes are viable.

Agricultural Technology Transfer Project – Environmental Impact Assessment

Environmental Impact Analysis on Technology Markets, Services and Training Projects

The Project contains 8 technology markets, services and training projects, of which 7 are in Shaanxi Province and 1 in Heilongjiang Province. Of the 7 projects in Shaanxi Province, 5 are located in Yangling Hig-tech Demonstration Zone. See Table 17 of Annex 1 for environment overview of the project areas. See Table 16 of Annex 1 for project overview. See Table 7-1 for environment impact analysis for the technology markets, services and training projects.

Agricultural Technology Transfer Project – Environmental Impact Assessment

Table 7-1: Environmental Impact Analysis on Technology markets, Service Systems and Training Projects

Project Name Contents Environmental Impacts Environmental Mitigation Measures Dairy Cattle The project areas are reliant on the 3 levels of the service By high-standard shed-based livestock Follow up and monitor the effectiveness of the extension Extension Service, system for dairy breed improvement, coordination of feed development, it could effectively save service and handle the animal dung and wastewater in Fuyu County, production, and for extension and application of practical forage resources, reduce stocking accordance with the requirements of the animal farming Heilongjiang technologies pertaining to scientific farming and disease volume and the pressure on the project. monitoring and control for dairy development. The grassland to protect the eco- primary functions of the service system include technical environment of the grassland. The training, technical consulting, animal husbandry and impacts are positive. veterinary technical services (breeding, disease prevention and treatment). New Sunshine Farm Build an 80 m2 rubbish station and install a set of rubbish Close the existing warn-out Qindu During the construction period, night construction Produce Trading disposing equipment. The project will cover a building Market and reduce environment should be avoided. For civil engineering, water should Market, Shaanxi area of 13170 m2, and occupy 150 mu of land (including impacts on the municipal residents; the be sprayed on a regular basis for reducing floating dusts. 50 mu of land acquired for roads) rotten vegetable leaves from the new Ensure that rubbish disposing facilities are in operation, market will contaminate the rain and sewage should be diverted to different systems environment. Life waste water, and sewage should be discharged into the municipal discharge of boiler waste gas, smoke sewage system; strengthen market management, special

dust and SO2 will contaminate the staff should be in place for inspection of the sanitation environment. of the market. For discharge of boiler pollutants, permits should be obtained from the local environment protection department and dust remover devices should be equipped. Yangling Market for on-line, current products, futures trading and Noise and dust pollution during the During the construction period, night construction Agricultural auctions of seeds and seedlings demonstration, sales, market construction, environment should be avoided. For civil engineering, water should Polytechnic training and extension, quality animal and poultry breeds, sanitation and life rubbish during the be sprayed on a regular basis for reducing floating dusts. University Market Chinese and foreign high-quality feed, additives, operation of the market. During the operation period, special staff should be in veterinary medicine, animal products processing place for inspection of the sources of seeds and machinery and for exchanges of veterinary scitntech seedlings to ensure their safety; special staff should be research outcomes and personnel. sent to inspect the sanitation of the market on daily basis.

73 Agricultural Technology Transfer Project – Environmental Impact Assessment

Agricultural Research, field visits. Negligible Negligible Sustainable Agricultural Development Strategy Study For Western Areas Shaanxi Rural Build demonstration bases, whose functions are to Chicken droppings, odor Chicken droppings should be comprehensively utilized Women Technical raise and hatch high-quality breeding chicken, as farm manure, chicken droppings should be collected Training and special feed processing for special and unique in a timely manner. Dropping sites should be far from Business Operation chickens; their roles are to demonstrate chicken resident areas. Project raising for farmers and supply breeding chicken and feed for special and unique chickens. Establish eco- agriculture sight-seeing parks, where farmers build their own green houses and train women. IPM Development The key objective of IPM is to correct and change farmers’ Implement IMP to protect Follow up the effectiveness of extension and training. and Services for consciousness and behavior through continuous or environment, overcome pesticide Shaanxi Farmers circulatory training, instructions and consulting for residues, safeguard food safety and application of IPM techniques in apple orchards, vegetable achieve sustainable development. and oil-bearing vegetable field to achieve the long-term Reduced agro-chemicals and physical objective of scientific production and environment control of pests and diseases will protection and significantly reducing the costs of disease contribute to improvement of the local and pest prevention and control. environment.

Shaanxi Organic Project construction scale: the project will establish 1 Discharge of wastewater from organic Wastewater from testing should meet the required Consulting, Testing office and two centers, e.g. organic testing office, organic testing office, chemicals used for standard and be discharged into the municipal sewage and Certification consulting center and organic certification center. Primary testing. system. Safe disposing of the wastes from testing. Support construction contents: procurement of organic product testing equipment, improving organic certification to be consistent with international practice, providing organic consulting services and training farmers on organic production technologies. Shaanxi Provision of support in terms of technologies, management Negligible None Agricultural Support and coordination for agricultural projects. Project

74 Agricultural Technology Transfer Project – Environmental Impact Assessment

It can be seen from above that 6 of them are technical extension and training projects. With implementation of the projects, the use of agro-chemicals and fertilizer will be significantly reduced, the soils will be improved and environment pollution will be mitigated. Women’s training project focuses on life skills training for women and provides them with development opportunities. Xianyang New Sunshine Technology Market Project requires large investment and has got many contents, and it can not be elaborated on in detail in this section. Details are described in the Table on Environmental Impacts in Annex 2.

Environmental Economic Benefit Analysis

Environmental Economic Gains and Losses Analysis

Reduction in Use of Fertilizer and Pesticides has Protected the Environment

The implementation of the Project will disseminate agricultural technologies, train large amount of personnel and improve the capability of farmers, especially that of the women. More importantly, maximum environmental benefits will be achieved through integrated pesticide management and application of the more organic fertilizers to reduce amount of pesticides and chemical fertilizers. According to incomplete statistics, the amount of pesticides and chemical fertilizers will be reduced by 30-50% over the past figure, and the cost of pesticides and chemical fertilizers is to be reduced by about 20 yuan per mu.

An Ecological Cycle Has Been Formed under the Cropping and Processing Projects

Dung and wastewater from breeding projects can be fermented as organic fertilizer for cropping projects, which will both raise quality of products, but also effectively lower pollution. Some farms and households discharge dung and wastewater into the biogas generating pits and use the produced biogas as fuel to warm baby livestock and for cooking.

Analysis on Other Projects

The New Sunshine Farm Produce Trading Market has invested 1.36 million yuan to install categorized garbage treatment facilities. After being separated, leaves of vegetables will be treated right away, which has greatly improved sanitation of the market.

Traditional Chinese Herbal Medicine Tablets and Fruit Processing Projects have set up cleaning water storage tanks. After being settled, clear water will be recycled. By so doing, water is saved.

Agricultural Technology Transfer Project – Environmental Impact Assessment

Socioeconomic Gains and Losses Analysis

Specialized Farmer Associations

The founding of various specialized farmer associations is an important aspect of the Project. The associations are economic cooperative organizations of farmers themselves set up on a voluntary basis through grassroots organizations in rural areas. The objectives of various associations are, through cooperation among members, to convey information and knowledge on disease prevention and treatment and accelerate breeding of improved varieties. During project implementation, companies sign cooperative agreements with associations, who then organize households to sign agreements with companies. On behalf of the households, associations also reflect to and consult with companies and experts comments and suggestions of farmers. Specialized associations and major households engaging in cropping and breeding provide technical guidance to regular households and collect technical questions raised by them. They also assist associations in disease control for cow/cattle and goat, organizing training on cropping technologies and providing technical services.

Specialized associations bring along households to engage in specialized production and integrate production, processing and marketing, and manage large agricultural machinery and irrigation facilities, etc. Farmers believe the setup of specialized associations is conducive to safeguarding the interests of themselves and the companies.

Specialized associations under the Project include Goat Producer Association, Cow/Cattle Producer Association, Cropping Association, Medicinal Herbs Producer Association and Women’s Association. Farmers select to join associations according to their own realities and their membership needs to be approved by the associations. The approval criteria include whether the households are poor, lack labor force and have got enthusiasm.

Participation of Women and Minority Nationalities

The Project focuses on disseminating technologies, improving farmers’ productive and living capacity, and helping them alleviate poverty. It also focuses on the participation of women and minority nationalities. Women are the main participators of some projects, such as Qidong Yellow Day-lily Project of Hunan, Dangtu Lean Pig Production Project of Anhui, Yangling Women’s Technical Training Project of Shaanxi, Harbin Red Table Grape Production Project of Heilongjiang, etc. There are a few other projects under which the beneficiaries are mainly nationality people, such as Xinhuang Dong Nationality Borneol Camphor Development Project of Hunan, where minority nationality population takes up 86.6% of the total and Dong nationality population accounts for 76%; Fuyu County Dairy Cattle Extension Service Project of Heilongjiang, where minority

Agricultural Technology Transfer Project – Environmental Impact Assessment nationality people account for 74% of the total and Dawoer nationality people take up 70%. The participation of minority nationality peoples is significant to improving their technical levels and offering chances for them to transform the conventional production methods. (See Social Assessment Report of Agricultural Technology Transfer Project for details).

Cropping and Breeding Projects Have Driven Development of Processing Projects, Raising Value Added of Agricultural Produce

Apart from the Degradable Resin Production Project, other projects will be interlinked. For example, processing of Chinese herbal medicine tablets, strawberry, beef and organic pork is based on cropping and breeding products purchased by companies from the farmers. As a result, the marketing channels are open for farmers, marketing intermediaries are reduced, the value added of agricultural produce increased and overall income of farmers raised.

Conclusion

The implementation of the Project will bring to the rural areas of the four project provinces opportunities for scientific and technical development, training of farmers to grasp more technical knowledge, improving their production capability and living standards and for further development of women and minority nationality peoples near the project area.

Use of pesticides and chemical fertilizers is to be reduced under the Project and an ecological circulating system is to be formed. After the Project is implemented, local environment and soil elements are to be improved remarkably.

Public Involvement and Consultation

Project construction is to produce some impacts on natural and social environment in the project area, directly or indirectly affecting the interests of the public involved. Public involvement and consultation in the process of environmental impact assessment are to understand the attitude and viewpoints of the public and relevant groups from the project area on the proposed project and meanwhile, listen to their comments and suggestions so that the environmental impacts as a result of project implementation can be minimized, and economic, social and environmental benefits can be achieved at the same time.

Agricultural Technology Transfer Project – Environmental Impact Assessment

Purpose and Principles of Work

Purpose of Work

The purpose of work is to: 1) Make people understand the significance of the proposed project and possible

Agricultural Technology Transfer Project – Environmental Impact Assessment

2) environmental impacts to be produced, mobilize the participation of the public in environmental protection and monitoring. Based on the comments, suggestions and requirements of the public, project design plans and mitigation measures in conformity with realities are to be developed. 3) Through public involvement and consultation, a communicational channel is set up among the owner, planning and design institutes, environmental protection agencies, people from the project area and those from all walks of life, through which, information transmission is strengthened and common understanding is achieved. All serve to promote coordinated development of local economy, society and environment. 4) Through public involvement, the people can be mobilized to protect the environment, laying a solid foundation for sustainable development.

Principles of Work

Public survey is to be conducted based on the following principles:

1) Truthfulness. Providing to the public truthful and reliable project information and possible environmental impacts from project construction so that they can understand the real situation of project. 2) Extensiveness. The survey targets should be of extensive representation, including people of different professions, educational levels and ages. Meanwhile, the location and distribution of the survey targets should be taken into consideration to reflect the comments and suggestions of the majority of local residents on project construction. 3) Fairness. The public should be allowed to extensively express their comments and suggestions, which should be later on analyzed on a fair and objective basis. 4) Sustainability. The public should be allowed to get involved in the process at an earlier stage and throughout the project cycle.

Methodologies for Public Opinion Survey and Consultation

Forms of Public Involvement and Consultation

Pubic involvement and consultation are set to TOR-compilation and report-writing stages and are carried out in three forms of questionnaire, interview and workshop.

1) Project information release: in March 2004, information was released at TOR stage to the public by the local agricultural project offices/World Bank project offices and assessment conducting agencies through the forms of interview, circular, releasing printed matters and advertisement boards. The purpose is to let people know about project information at an earlier stage and give them time to think over the project impacts. Take Hunan Province as an example, release of information by the assessment-conducting agency is indicated in Table 9-1.

Agricultural Technology Transfer Project – Environmental Impact Assessment

Table 9-1: Release of Information Concerning the World Bank Loan Financed Agricultural Technology Transfer Project, Hunan Province

World Bank Loan Financed Agricultural Technology Transfer Project, Hunan Province Project Information Release

Hunan Provincial Office For Comprehensive Agricultural Development (POCAD) is to use World Bank loan between 2004-2005 to implement the proposed Agricultural Technology Transfer Project. The objectives of the project are to raise quality of agricultural produce, develop quality, high-yield and high-efficiency agriculture and raise farmers’ income through speeding up transformation of traditional agriculture; improve the technical skills of farmers, raise comprehensive benefits of agriculture and raise farmers income through technical training on farmers. The project area of Hunan Province is distributed in Dongtinng Lake area and central Hunan. Key technologies will be disseminated and applied in the production of hybrid rice, quality vegetables, beef cattle, pigs, milk cows, quality melons and fruits, citrus and rape, etc. The specific project information is detailed in the following table:

No. Project City Specific Project Area Project Name Changsha County Nuisance-free 1 Changsha Changsha Coutny Vegetable Demonstration Project 2 Yuanjiang Yuanjiang City Citrus Project Banqiao Township of Daxiang District, Tanjaing Township, Baima Township of Shuangqing District, Shaoyang City Quality Fruit Seeds 3 Shaoyang Guzhou Town of Shaoyang County, Zhushi Town of Production Project Dongkou County and Yuantai Town of Wugang City. Aobeiluo Village, Fangjiatun Township and Changleping Xinhuang Borneol Camphor 4 Xinhuang Village, Xinglong Town, Xinhuang County. Development Project Changde City Triploid Chinese 5 Changde Lixian and western Dongting Lake administrative area. White Poplar Development Project Miluo & Hunan Zhenghong Pig Production 6 Quyuan Project Qingdong County Non-polluted 7 Hengyang Qidong County Day-lily Project Wangcheng County and Chengbu Miao Nationality Hunan Milk Cow Embryo 8 Autonomous County Transplant Project Hunan Two-system Super Hybrid 9 Chenzhou Suxian District and Rucheng County Paddy Project 1 Chaling County Chaling County Oil Tea Project 0 1 Loudi Hunan Lianyuan Beef Cattle Project 1 According to China’s laws and regulations, people from the project area are entitled to understand relevant project information including project construction, project impacts, etc. and propose comments and suggestions on mitigating impacts. The project province and the World Bank hope that people from the project area can get active involvement in proposing comments and suggestions on mitigating the unfavorable impacts of the project. We are going to address the feedback in a systematic approach, the results of which would be impacting and useful for project implementation. For more information or proposing relevant comments and suggestions, please contact Gong Ciyuan on 07315165201 (tel.) of Hunan POCAD or Zhao Yanhua on 010-84915347 and 13901355329 from Environmental Assessment Center of the Chinese Academy of Environmental Sciences. Through understanding of the project, the public has shown their enthusiasm. They

Agricultural Technology Transfer Project – Environmental Impact Assessment

hope that Specialized Farmer Associations and Village Committees could take part in the project implementation, the project could be started as soon as possible so that the villagers could benefit from it at an earlier date, and the environmental assessment agencies could elaborate the role of the proposed project in economic development and poverty alleviation. They also hope to get more involved in the project so as to understand more about the overall cycle and outcome of the project.

2) From end April to End May 2004, a questionnaire-survey was conducted during the reporting-writing stage through the local PMOs and assessment agencies. Apart from the data to be collected, the questionnaire also includes the following contents: survey purpose, rights of those to be surveyed, the method to process the information obtained from the survey and the degree of survey impact on decision-making. The survey targets would fill out the questionnaire, provide contact information and hand in the filled-out questionnaire all on a voluntary basis. 3) Interview: face-to-face talk with villagers who are nearest to sites of the projects that would produce heavier pollutions, briefing them on the project information and listening to their comments and suggestions. The questions for interview are similar to those in the questionnaire and are subject to revision based on the specific characters of projects. 4) Public involvement and consultation workshop: workshops were held in the project concentrated areas and nationality areas that would be impacted by the project. Participants include representatives from the government, project implementing agencies and associations and staff from the assessment agencies. Project implementing agencies or the assessment agencies briefed the people on the project situation, major potential environmental elements, possible environmental impacts and mitigation measures to be taken during project implementation. The participating villagers expressed their views on the issues mentioned above. 5) Comprehensive information processing and decision-making: quantitative and qualitative analysis was conducted on the information obtained from questionnaire- survey, interviews and workshops to obtain the overall comments and suggestions of the public on various projects. The comments and suggestions were summarized as the evidence of decision making for environmental assessment.

Methodologies for Data Collection and Analysis

Data is originated from the returned questionnaire. SPSS software is used to analyze the collected data, to obtain the single variable characters of the data (mode, average and frequency, etc.), based on which the participatory approach preferred by the general public is defined, progress of preparation work is examined and the comments and suggestions of the public are collected. The data includes project type, the basic information of the public (age, sex, nationality, residential duration and educational background, etc.), the methods and sources of information obtained by the public, the

Agricultural Technology Transfer Project – Environmental Impact Assessment degree of interest in project environmental impacts, their attitude towards participation, the participatory approaches they prefer and comments and suggestions proposed on the project.

Scope and Targets of Survey

1) The survey scope includes villages around the proposed project and existing project sites, and relevant management departments; 2) Total 592 people were surveyed including villagers, workers from enterprises and institutions, staff of government departments, women, minority nationality and NGO representatives and experts, of which, 500 took part in questionnaire survey, 30 participated in workshops, 62 were interviewed. Questionnaires were randomly issued to the villagers, workshop participants were randomly selected, with the emphasis on selecting women (Lantian and Xiabu Dong Nationality villages), and the workshop in Yangling was organized in advance, while the workshop in Xianyang was arranged on the spot. 3) The overall features of survey:

(1) More men than women were surveyed though with the focus on women; (2) Survey is mainly targeted at the middle and old aged; (3) The educational level of the survey targets is fairly low, with mainly primary and middle school education; (4) Most of the survey targets are farmers and average workers near the proposed project area; (5) More questionnaires were issued in minority nationality areas.

4) Quantitative Data of Questionnaire Survey

About 40 people were surveyed, most of which are local farmers, agricultural specialists from research institutes and representatives from enterprises. The quantitative statistics is: women account for 32.5% of the total; in Hunan, minority nationality people account for 6.2%, and the rest are Han people; 43% of the total people surveyed are aged between 30- 40 years, 26% of them are aged between 40-50 years and 17% are between 20-30 years; 77% of the surveyed have lived in the local areas for more than 10 years and are quite familiar with local conditions; 89.2% received education below high middle school level; 10.8% or 35 people received education above college level.

Survey Results

The assessment agency issued 500 copies of questionnaire to and collected 500 copies from the public during the TOR compilation stage in latter half of March 2004 and the report-writing stage from end April to end May 2004, organized four special-group

Agricultural Technology Transfer Project – Environmental Impact Assessment seminars with about 50 participants and conducted special interviews on about 40 people. The survey reveals that people are fairly familiar with the contents of the proposed project, and therefore, they could propose some useful comments and suggestions.

Questionnaire

All of the 500 copies of questionnaire issued were returned. 323 copies that were filled out properly with sufficient and truthful information were analyzed systematically, of which 58 copies involve processing projects, 120 involve breeding projects and 145 involve cropping projects. Additional 110 copies were conducted special analysis. 78.6% of the surveyed indicate that they know about the information concerning the proposed project; 29.1% and 35.9% of them obtained the information from the government and project agency respectively, only less than 5% of them obtained information from the internet; more than 40% hoped to obtain information from newspaper, television and others; 91% expressed that they are concerned about the proposed project, of which 62.5% of them offered their contact information in a hope to get more involvement in the future; 99.8% expressed that they are concerned about the environmental impacts, of which 64.4% provided comments and suggestions. Overall, 78.3% believe that favorable impacts of the proposed project would be greater than the unfavorable ones. However, the situation varies with specific projects, which will be discussed in Section 9.4.

Workshops

Two workshops were held at Lantian Village (Paul Goat Project), Xi’an, Shaanxi Province, Xiabu Dong Nationality Village (Borneol Processing Project), Xinhuang County, Hunan Province.

1) Lantian Village Workshop

Time: April 28, 2004. Participants: responsible personnel from Xi’an City Agricultural Project Office; representatives from the project agency, people to be impacted (eight goat-raising farmers, two are women), environmental assessment agencies (two people). See Picture 8-1. Conclusion: 2 km away from and to the northeast of the project area is the site of the Lantian Ape-man. Project implementation will not produce any impact on the cultural relics because of far distance. Local farmers believe that project will not produce major impacts on the environment, the reasons are: the farm is more than 500 meters away from the village, thus there will be no noise impact; dung will be picked up and put in bags and sold; little amount sewerage will be produced from the project and there is a backup sewerage storage pond. Villagers believe that the project can help them get rich and many of them hope to join the Goat Raiser Association.

Agricultural Technology Transfer Project – Environmental Impact Assessment

Picture 8-1: Paul Goat Breeding District Workshop, Lantian Village

2) Xiabu Dong Nationality Village

Time: May 31, 2004. Participants: 12 representatives from farmer households, of them, 4 men and 8 women, and 10 nationality people, of which 9 from Dong Nationality and 1 from Miao Nationality; 1 government representative (Xinhuang County Office for Comprehensive Agricultural Development); 2 people entrusted by the environmental assessment agency (Huaihua City Environmental Protection Research Institute). Conclusion: most of the villagers believe local environmental quality is good, but sanitation is poor; most are concerned about the project, believing project implementation would promote economic development, raise income and improve living standards. Suggestions proposed are: 1) direct participation of government in the project and there should be set up special management agency and associations and special personnel arranged to provide technical guidance; 2) financial support from the government to the households; 3) project wastewater be recycled and treated; 4) transportation to improved and purchasing price be reasonable.

Assessment Conclusion

Degree of people’s awareness: project companies, technicians, township governments and village committees and associations have conducted publicity in the project villages. The methods include the holding of villagers’ assembly or technical training organized by village committees or associations and participated by representatives from companies and technicians; field visits to demonstration bases and model households organized by

Agricultural Technology Transfer Project – Environmental Impact Assessment the project companies. Most of the villagers survey know about the contents of the project to be implemented in their respective village, the name of the companies and the commitments the companies made to them.

Degree of interest: most of the people are interested.

View on the project: most believe the favorable impacts of the project will be greater than the unfavorable impacts.

Achievements in Public Consultation

The comments and suggestions proposed by the public have been reported to the project owner and SOCAD, which will call on the relevant agencies to attach important to them during project implementation. On the issues that can be resolved during construction, doable suggestions will be proposed for reference by relevant agencies/units for improving engineering decision-making and strengthening project management during implementation and operational phases. z The hope of the public has been conveyed to the project agency and goat producer association, who indicated that they would strengthen training and follow-up, arrange staff to work on the spot and provide technical support at any time; z Key breeding households signed agreements with cropping project agencies. By so doing, the outlet of dung has been ensured; z Management has been strengthened at the major technology markets through keep them clean both inside and outside;

The project agencies would improve environmental awareness of their staff and take measures to reduce impacts on the living environment of the public.

Review of Public Involvement and Consultation

1) The survey results indicate that the public supports the project, believing it will be good for local agricultural and economic development and improving the living standards of local people and should be implemented as soon as possible, hoping more farmers could get involved in the project. 2) The comments and suggestions of the public are summarized as the following major points: z Publicity on environmental protection should be strengthened and the environmental protection awareness of the people be improved; z Noise should be lowered during project construction; z Project management should be strengthened after implementation: pigs should be raised in pigsties and dung be cleaned in time;

Agricultural Technology Transfer Project – Environmental Impact Assessment

z Project sewerage should be treated and cannot be discharged directly into the river(s) nearby; z Governments at all levels should get involved in working out prices for milk and agricultural products when they are purchased to ensure the interests of farmer associations; z Management of farm produce trading markets should be strengthened and cheating and dominating conducts be cracked; z Project should be implemented as soon as possible and more women be allowed to participate in implementation.

Assessment Conclusion

Environmental Quality in the Project Area

Project construction activities will be conducted mostly in agricultural areas, around which there are no industrial pollution sources and the environmental quality is good. Air quality meets Class II requirements, most of surface water is of Category II and regional environmental noise is Category II.

Selection of Project Venue is Reasonable

There are no ecological sensitive areas within the project area and there are no conservation zones or animals around the project area. The venue for scaled farms has been selected to be far from and at the prevailing downwind of the residential areas. The distance away from residential areas is normally 1 km and only a few are around 500 m. Dung and urine will be controlled of discharging odor. Due to the far distance, the possibilities of diseases spreading through the farms are low. The regions where the project is located belong to agriculturally developed areas, which have got sufficient farmland to absorb the dung from the farms, and therefore, dung will not pollute the environment if it is applied reasonably. Project impacts on the surrounding environment are acceptable.

Located inside the Yangling High-tech Development Zone, most of the processing projects are of extensive processing type and pollution from them is minor. Located next to an expressway on the city border, the venue selected for the New Sunshine Farm Produce Trading Market complies with the overall planning of the Xianyang Municipal Government.

The venue for organic fertilizer project has not been decided yet, but should be far from the residential areas and at the prevailing downwind of them.

Agricultural Technology Transfer Project – Environmental Impact Assessment

Project Design is of High Technical Content with Little Pollution Discharge

1) The varieties introduced are all improved ones of other areas and have been planted in the country for over two years. The variety introduction and breeding of cropping and breeding projects will not produce impacts on regional bio-safety. 2) Overall, the project can effectively mitigate pollution and other harmful impacts on the environment resulting from conventional application of chemical fertilizers and pesticides, especially the adoption of organic agricultural production technologies. The impacts of cropping projects on landscape ecology are minor, and most of them are positive and are conducive to improving production environment and ensuring agricultural production. 3) The comprehensive use of dung from breeding projects is good for ecological circle. Dung and urine from livestock and poultry will be aged as organic fertilizer for orchards and organic fruits and vegetables, and wastewater will be utilized after aerobic treatment while only a minor part is discharged, producing minor impacts on groundwater. 4) Most of wastewater from the project is cleaning water, which will be recycled and discharged, resulting in minor impacts on the environment. Solid waste from processing projects can be fully used and will not impact the environmental quality of the project areas. Smoke emission from boilers is little and will produce minor impacts on the air environment after dust elimination. Impacts of noise from enterprises on the surrounding environment can meet requirements for corresponding functional districts. 5) Specialized rural associations will play a key role in livestock disease control and treatment and reducing livestock mortality through effectively organizing companies and farmer households and coordinating relationship among them.

The assessment indicates that project impacts are minor and acceptable if the recommended mitigation measures are taken during project implementation, and most of them are positive.

Environmental Management Plan and Guidelines

Management Institutions and Responsibilities

There are four levels of project management agencies:

a) State Examination and Appraisal Center for Comprehensive Agricultural Development (the Center). It will be responsible for overall project management, coordinating and monitoring project design and implementation and for liaison with the World Bank;

Agricultural Technology Transfer Project – Environmental Impact Assessment

b) Provincial Agricultural Technology Project Management Offices (PPMOs). The PPMOs conduct management and monitoring over the mitigation measures and monitoring requirements in environmental assessment and will be responsible for reporting major environmental issues/problems during the project operation to the Center (Foreign Investment Division) and for liaison with the upper and lower project agencies; c) County/City Agricultural Project Offices (CPOs). The CPOs keep contacts with the local environmental protection agencies so as to obtain in time corresponding guidance, relevant environmental protection laws and regulations and requirements. They will submit the monitoring report to their respective PPMO every six months or according to the time intervals required by the World Bank; meanwhile, they will be responsible for the monitoring of and guidance on the various components and should promptly report any major environmental accidents during project operation to the local environmental protection agencies and their respective PPMO and take proper measures to address them; d) Various Construction Units. A person should be selected and designated to keep contact with local environmental protection agencies so as to obtain in time corresponding laws and regulations; he/she should contact with local environmental monitoring departments to conduct necessary monitoring. The units should develop monitoring plans and submit the monitoring report to the PPMOs every six months or according to the time intervals required by the State Office for Comprehensive Agricultural Development or the World Bank.

Setting Up Improved Specialized Agricultural Institutions

Organizational Structure: the Members’ Assembly (The Representatives’ Congress), Executive Council and Board of Supervisors should be set up. The Executive Council is to employ experienced production and operation staff to form four groups of technical guidance, marketing, information and liaison and training as the standing body of the Executive Council. The four groups will be specifically responsible for providing services to the members before, during and after production. z Technical Guidance Group. It will be mainly responsible for technical guidance and training on cultivating fruits trees. Technical training will be conducted on fruit tree breeding and fruit harvest by the chairperson and vice chairpersons of the association mainly through lectures by technicians, site meetings, circulating technical materials and cable broadcasting; z Marketing Group. It will be mainly responsible for fruit trees and fruits market investigations and researches and making guiding prices for purchasing fruits so that prices can be adapted to the market changes, the marketing channels are open and smooth and the businessmen from other places and the farmers can both benefit;

Agricultural Technology Transfer Project – Environmental Impact Assessment z Information and Liaison Group. It will be mainly responsible for collecting, releasing and transmitting information concerning sales at fruits market. First, it should get to know the market situation in other places through study tours to provide reliable information for fruits marketing. Second, it should promote fruits sales on the Internet through releasing information concerning the fruit varieties, output, marketing time and price, etc. Third, it should feed market information back to the fruit farmers and guide them on fruit variety and technical improvement and post- production (harvest) cleaning, grading and packing, etc.; z Training Group. It will be mainly responsible for keeping updated the knowledge of the management and technical staff, conducting training on the management capacity of the project managers, providing training to the project’s farmer households on professional knowledge and training on women’s production ability and skills.

Environmental Monitoring

There are no major pollution sources under the proposed Agricultural Technology Project. However, project monitoring should be incorporated into the routine monitoring plan of local environmental protection agencies. Besides, the construction units should arrange monitoring in accordance with the following requirements:

Cropping Subproject z Whether low-poison and harmless chemical fertilizers and pesticides will be used or whether the biological pesticides or chemical fertilizers will be used. z Whether the use quantity of chemical fertilizers and pesticides will be kept unchanged or be reduced. z The role of cropping and pesticides-use farmers’ associations. z Whether Integrated Pesticide Management has been implemented, and how the efficiency is. z Monitoring over the changes in soil environmental quality in the subproject area. z Periodic monitoring over key surface water sources in the subproject area.

Breeding Component and Breeding Households z Whether the collection and treatment of dung are in compliance with the requirements of environmental protection/environmental management plan. z The treatment of dung from individual pig- and cattle-raising households, its impacts on local environment. z Cow and beef cattle breeding: whether dung is treated properly according to requirements; whether wastewater discharge is increased, and whether discharge impacts nearby rivers. z Whether livestock and poultry disease control and treatment are in place. z Whether the corpses of livestock and poultry died of illnesses are treated harmlessly.

Agricultural Technology Transfer Project – Environmental Impact Assessment z Role of specialized breeding associations and whether they have got lessons learned. z Broiler soot and dust and SO2 should be monitored in winter for projects of Heilongjiang.

Pollutants Emission of Processing Subproject z Borneol processing: whether sewerage treatment facilities are in effective operation. z Wine processing: waste residue treatment. z Degradable resin processing: noise; whether trees are planted on the plant boundaries according to requirements to lower noise impacts. z Meat packing and processing: routine monitoring will be conducted on sewerage discharge in accordance with local environmental protection requirements.

Comprehensive Subproject

Monitoring will include:

z Environmental management for large markets; boiler soot and dust and SO2 emissions; operation of garbage compressing and sewerage treatment facilities; sanitation within the markets. z Examination of the capacity of trainers for comprehensive pesticide management component. z Training effectiveness and the improvement of women’s ability. z Farmers’ acceptance of ‘comprehensive pesticide management’ and improvement of their ability. z Whether participation of women and minority nationalities is guaranteed and the access to information needed is open. z Whether public involvement is continued. z Whether local offices for comprehensive agricultural development/World Bank PMOs and project units keep providing information to the interested people and whether there are special agencies conveying messages to the general public.

Project Environmental Management Plan

The plan requires that internal mechanism of the project implementing agencies be strengthened, management levels be raised, the comprehensive capacity of the responsible staff be upgraded so that they are able to adapt to market changes.

An improved monitoring mechanism should be set up. Considering there are multiple operating models for project companies of Anhui Province and there are widespread participation of the government and various social elements, it is suggested that

Agricultural Technology Transfer Project – Environmental Impact Assessment independent intermediary institutions engage in evaluation and monitoring so to ensure objectiveness and that farmers benefit equally.

The predicted impacts of the project are easy to be controlled, especially after the control/mitigation measures are taken, the project impacts are fairly minor. In integration with the outcome of environmental impact assessment, requirements before and during project construction and during the operational period are made in the Environmental Management Plan (EMP). The order of the EMP is: z Environmental impacts control measures during construction period z Environmental impacts control measures during operational period 1) Cropping Subproject 2) Breeding Subproject 3) Processing Subproject 4) Market, Technological Extension and Training

Agricultural Technology Transfer Project – Environmental Impact Assessment

Table 11-1: Environmental Pollution Control Measures During Construction Phase

Project Environmental Concrete Control Measures and Methods Pollution Construction Site Dust The earth pile on the construction spot should be timely cleaned up or moved away. Where it cannot be timely cleaned up, measures such as spraying water on dry earth or covering the earth should be taken to prevent dust floating; keep the roads of the construction spot clean to reduce dust floating. Dust cleaning on the In dry and windy weather, dusts are easy to float on the construction spot, so construction in windy weather should be site avoided; clean up the surface/minimize the extent of exposure and exposure time; spray water to reduce floating of dusts. Construction spoils Balance the excavation and backfilling during construction, reduce dregs from construction, surplus dregs should be located in low-lying places, cover the soil and fill it. Construction and Use temporary sound insulation devices; construction time should be limited to 6:00-22:00; reduce construction during machinery noise night; keep the equipment in good working conditions; ensure the effectiveness of the silencing devices in the construction equipment; place the noise-producing equipment (such as diesel power generator) relatively distant from sensitive areas; make sure to turn off construction equipment, electric machinery and vehicles when they do not work; make sure that noise-producing construction equipment and electric machinery do not work all at the same time to avoid accumulation of noise. Construction Site Earth excavation, Cover the material piles or spray water on them; spray water to the construction zone, semi-closed accompanying storage and roads/transport passages to prevent spreading of dusts; minimize damage to the earth cover while the construction is backfilling ensured; once the construction is over, the damaged surface should be recovered as soon as possible by growing appropriate local species; separate the surface soil from underground soil and carefully backfill the soils pursuant to the soil section prior to the construction to avoid mixture of different layers of soils. Excavation and Water and soil Resume the landform prior to the construction, avoid negative impacts on the neighbouring rivers. Avoid construction in road construction erosion rainy season. Opening up Water pollution A temporary drainage system should be established for opening up channels and road construction to divert the sewage channels, road into the precipitating tank and discharge it after being precipitated. construction

Table 11-2: Control Measures for Environment Pollution of Cropping Projects

Project Pollution Control Measures Concrete Management Measures All the Registration management of A record should be maintained for introduced species and timely monitor the changes of the surrounding environment cropping introduced species regarding the growing of new species (varieties). projects Record system for disease Establish a record system for prediction & forecast, pest control and chemicals application management, carry out soil in the and pest control and agro- testing, nutrients analysis and balanced fertilization to ensure the balance of nutrients in soil, reduce the initial amount of project chemicals application poisonous and hazardous matters to improve plants’ fastness; where necessary, regular investigation and monitoring provinces management activities are organized every year; expand the farming area with green manure.

92 Agricultural Technology Transfer Project – Environmental Impact Assessment

Strengthen IPM Strengthen the protection and use of the natural enemies of the pests, develop operational procedures for integrated pest management; establish an IPM center; accurately and timely notify the farmers on diseases and grass pests prediction and forecast; unify prediction and forecast, unify chemicals supply and unify timing for pest control; train farmers and provide instructions guidance; selectively use safe, low-hazard, low-residue herbicide pursuant to the varieties, distribution, harm of weeds as well as the weed cohort structure and evolving trend for the purpose of control of weeds and preventing weed cohorts from frequent evolution. Correct use of chemicals Strictly prohibit the use of high-poisonous, high-residue chemicals (such as Methamidophos, Phorate, Monocrotophos, Methyl Parathion, Furadan, Dicofol), and to the extent possible use low-poisonous and low residue chemicals (such as Imidacloprid, Malathion, , Azocyclotin, , , etc). In addition, when applying chemicals, it is not viable to randomly increase density and dosage and it is advisable to apply the chemicals by strictly following the safety intervals. Advocacy of application of Main bio-chemicals include, Polyoxin, Diflubenzuron, Bacillus ThuringiensisBt, , Matrine, etc bio-chemicals Measures for application of Mainly apply base fertilizer and supplement with additional fertilizer and limit the application of chemical fertilizer. Rationally pollution-free fertilization set the types, amount of fertilizers, the ratio of base fertilizer and additional fertilizer, times and prescription of additional fertilizer according to the rule of fertilizer needs by seedlings, the features of fertilizer supply by soil and the effect of fertilizers. Meantime, set the approaches of fertilization in accordance with the characteristics of fertilizers. Reasonably apply trace element fertilizers. Of the trace element fertilizers, boron fertilizers can be used as base fertilizer, other trace fertilizers can be sprayed on the leaves as additional fertilizer. Organic manure must be decomposed and treated by removing the hazardous elements for the purpose of killing pathogenic bacteria, insect eggs and weed seeds. Points for attention for 1. Avoid use of nitric ammonium. During the growing period of fruit trees, they can easily take in nitric nitrogenous fertilizers. fertilization If nitric ammonium is applied, the nitric acid radical ion taken in by fruit trees will cause accumulative poisoning. 2. Avoid application of carbonic ammonium where there lacks water. Carbonic ammonium is extremely unstable and volatile. Therefore, whether carbonic ammonium is applied as base or additional fertilizer, it should be applied when the orchard is humid. Immediately after application, it should be covered with earth. If the soil is extremely dry, carbonic ammonium may be applied after watering. 3. Avoid repeated application of sulphurous ammonium. In the orchards of acid soil and slightly alkali soil, if sulphurous ammonium is repeatedly applied, it will increase soil acidity, leading to soil hardening and constraining the growing of tree roots. 4. Avoid watering after application of urea. The nitrogenous elements in urea can only be absorbed by tree roots after they are decomposed by microbes in soil and turned into carbonic ammonium. Watering immediately after application of urea will cause significant loss of nitrogenous elements. It should be kept in mind that watering can be done only in 5-7 days after the application of urea.

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Table 11-3: Pollution Discharge Control Points and Pollution Control Measures for Breeding Projects

Province No. Project Technical plan and Pollution Discharge Control Points Pollution control measures Anhui 1 Quality Ox Animal and poultry dropping TMR Province Resources Fodder crop Silage & mixed disposing: dry cleaning up of Utilization production production droppings, dropping treatment with and Technical Frozen meat and anaerobe or bio-gas; Fattening Quality Demonstratio Imported breeding bull beef, beef further Waste water and urine disposing: Artificial slaughte beef n, Top-class processing separate flow of rain and sewage, bio- insemination ring beef Mengcheng Breeding cow chemical or bio-gas treatment; gene bank Selenium County beef Odor control: ventilation of animal Fattening with sheds, proper handling of dung, proper Amino acid organic selenium selenium selection of sites and growing of grass and trees in the livestock development Organic Silage and mixing areas; selenium Dead bodies handling: safe burial well. TMR

waste gas waste water noise solid waste Heilongjan 2 Daqing City (1) young bull semen sorting technology Animal and poultry dropping handling: g Province Dairy Cow semen collection qualified semen sex identity and sorting low-temperature freezing de-freezing dry cleaning up, production of organic Sex Control check storing in liquid nitrogen compound fertilizers; Project 2Sex-controlled dairy cow embryo production and transplant technology Waste water and urine disposing: selection of supplying cattle hyper-number ovulating separate flow of rain and sewage, bio- artificial insemination sex-controlled embryo collection embryo check chemical or bio-gas treatment; Odor control: ventilation of animal selection of recipient cattle synchronized oestrus sheds, proper handling of dung, proper oestrus check sex-controlled fresh embryo transplant selection of sites and growing of grass and trees in the livestock development embryo freezing areas; farmer-raised dairy cow embryo transplant embryo preservation Dead bodies handling: burning

94 Agricultural Technology Transfer Project – Environmental Impact Assessment

3 Daqing 1. embryo production and transplant technology Animal and poultry dropping handling: Yinluo Dairy 1supplying cattle over ovulating collection of ovum ovum check frozen preservationembryo tank dry cleaning up, production of organic Scientech de-freezing transplant 2selection of supplying cattle hyper-number ovulating collection of compound fertilizers; Demonstratio embryo embryo check embryo freezing embryo preservation embryo transplant 3highly productive dairy Waste water and urine disposing: n Project cows collection of ovum female cell from living bodies external development of ovum female cells to separate flow of rain and sewage, bio- maturity external fertilization external cultivation of embryo embryo transplant 4sperm chemical or bio-gas treatment; freezing preservation de-freezing injection of sperm gestation diagnosis Odor control: ventilation of animal 2. Establishment and selective breeding of core cohorts of highly productive dairy cows. sheds, proper handling of dung, proper 3. Highly productive diary cow raising management technology selection of sites and growing of grass and trees in the livestock development areas; Dead bodies handling: burning

Heilongjian 4 Haishun 1. Embryo Transplant R&D Center and matching technologies: synchronized oestrus technology, hyper- Animal and poultry dropping handling: g Province Livestock number ovulating technology, external fertilization technology, embryo sex control and sex identification dry cleaning up, production of organic Company technology, embryo partition and tabling technology, embryo transplant technology. compound fertilizers; Dairy Cow & 2. Nutrition metabolizing and feed regulating center: establish a nutrition metabolizing and feed regulating Waste water and urine disposing: Pig Technical center, raise the production capacity of dairy cows via regulating dairy cow nutrition and feed supply with separate flow of rain and sewage, bio- Development nutrition monitoring technology, DHI testing of dairy cow production system, dairy cow nutrition regulating chemical or bio-gas treatment; technology, TMR complete compound feed technology, coarse feed structure adjustment matching technology, Odor control: ventilation of animal additive substitution technology. sheds, proper handling of dung, proper 3. Disease, sanitation and environment monitoring and control center: proceduralized disease prevention and selection of sites and growing of grass control technology; raising environment assessment and wastes disposing technology; dairy cow and shed and trees in the livestock development monitoring and control technology. areas; Dead bodies handling: burning 4. Pig artificial insemination technical extension center; center fro breeding of pigs without special pathogen.

5. Feed processing. 5 Zhaodong Animal and poultry dropping handling: City Dairy dry cleaning up, production of organic Cow Project compound fertilizers; artificial insemination and selection of breeds and mating — core cohorts of highly productive dairy cows— Waste water and urine disposing: dairy cattle development communities— concentrated milking separate flow of rain and sewage, bio- chemical or bio-gas treatment; Odor control: ventilation of animal sheds, proper handling of dung, proper solid wastes waste water selection of sites and growing of grass and trees in the livestock development areas; Dead bodies handling: burning

95 Agricultural Technology Transfer Project – Environmental Impact Assessment

Hunan 6 Lianyuan 1. embryo partition and transplant technology: over ovulating of the supplying cattle collection of ovum Animal and poultry dropping handling: Province Beef Cattle ovum check frozen preservation (embryo tank) de-freezing transplant dry cleaning up, piled fertilization, Project 2. Quality breed hybridization for breed improvement. biological removal of odor, treatment 3. Standard slaughtering and processing of beef cattle: with anaerobe or bio-gas; cattle drinking water showering stonkered bloodletting skinned remove viscera Waste water and urine disposing: separate flow of rain and sewage, bio- cut off head, tail and legs halving carcase partition quality grading packing chemical or bio-gas treatment; Odor control: ventilation of animal sheds, proper handling of dung, proper 4. Demonstration and dissemination of key technologies. selection of sites and growing of grass and trees in the livestock development areas; Dead bodies handling: safe burial well Hunan 7 Yahua Dairy Animal and poultry dropping handling: Province Cow Embryo dry cleaning up, treatment with High quality Transplant bulls Fertilization anaerobe or bio-gas; Project Waste water and urine disposing: separate flow of rain and sewage, bio- AI and gestation Rinsing Freezing Supplying Hyper-number chemical or bio-gas treatment, bio- bulls ovulating chemical treatment with anaerobe and oxygen; Recipient Synchronized Embryo Odor control: ventilation of animal Gestation Calves Mature cattle bulls oestrus transplant sheds, proper handling of dung, proper selection of sites and growing of grass and trees in the livestock development areas; Dead bodies handling: safe burial well

96 Agricultural Technology Transfer Project – Environmental Impact Assessment

8 Jiahua Beef 1Technical route of beef cattle quality improvement Animal and poultry dropping handling: Cattle Project dry cleaning up, production of organic Improved bulls Bulls for fattening compound fertilizers; Waste water and urine disposing: Improved cows Cows for breeding Cross-breeding separate flow of rain and sewage, bio- chemical or bio-gas treatment, biogas water solid chemical treatment with anaerobe and oxygen; 2Technical route of beef cattle fattening farm and farmer household production: Odor control: ventilation of animal sheds, proper handling of dung, proper For Beef cattle fattening selection of sites and growing of grass Feeder Transitional General farm or farmer Fattening slaughter and trees in the livestock development cattle raising fattening areas; households ing Dead bodies handling: safe burial well Shaanxi 9 Improved 1Technical route of Improved Qinchuan Beef Cattle Breeding Animal and poultry dropping handling: Province Beef Cattle Improved Qinchuan bulls dry cleaning up, piled fertilization, Breeding and Improved Qinchuan cows mating and reproduction selection of calves providing breeding biological removal of odor, treatment Fattening with anaerobe or bio-gas; Project bulls and cows Waste water and urine disposing: separate flow of rain and sewage, bio- 2Technical route of beef cattle fattening: 8-12 month old feeder cattle quarantine raising and fattening by chemical or bio-gas treatment; farmers slaughtering disinfection of the sheds and barns Odor control: ventilation of animal sheds, proper handling of dung, proper selection of sites and growing of grass and trees in the livestock development areas; Dead bodies handling: safe burial well Shaanxi 10 Yangling Construct 20 standard dairy cow development communities ; Animal and poultry dropping handling: Province Standard Develop 400 farmer households in the neighbouring areas to raise dairy cows . dry cleaning up, treatment with Dairy Cow anaerobe or bio-gas; Development Waste water and urine disposing: bio- Community chemical or bio-gas treatment; Project Odor control: proper disposing of droppings; Dead bodies handling: safe burial well

97 Agricultural Technology Transfer Project – Environmental Impact Assessment

11 Qinchuan Pure Qinchuan cattle development technology Animal and poultry dropping handling: dry cleaning up, Cattle Qinchuan cattle standard raising technology piled fertilization, biological removal of odor, treatment Development Qinchuan cattle fast fattening technology with anaerobe or bio-gas; and Qinchuan cattle disease control technology Waste water and urine disposing: separate flow of rain and Extension sewage, bio-chemical or bio-gas treatment; Odor control: ventilation of animal sheds, proper handling of dung, proper selection of sites and growing of grass and trees in the livestock development areas; Dead bodies handling: safe burial well

12 Baoji City Adopt the industrialization business model of “company + farmers”, Animal and poultry dropping handling: dry cleaning up, Standard construct an improved dairy cow breeding and production center piled fertilization, biological removal of odor, treatment Dairy Cow with a stock of 500 cattle , develop 10 standard dairy cow raising with anaerobe or bio-gas; Development communities with a stock of 300 cattle Waste water and urine disposing: separate flow of rain and Community sewage, bio-chemical or bio-gas treatment; Project Odor control: ventilation of animal sheds, proper handling of dung, proper selection of sites and growing of grass and trees in the livestock development areas; Dead bodies handling: safe burial well Shaanxi 13 Improved 1. Give financial assistance to farmers for construction of dairy cow development bases Animal and poultry dropping handling: dry cleaning up, Province Dairy Cow piled fertilization, biological removal of odor; Development, 2. 15 milking stations: dairy cow breasts, nipples and milk check cow nipple cleaning put Waste water and urine disposing: separate flow of rain Chencang and sewage, bio-chemical or bio-gas treatment; District, Baoji into the milking cup vacuum milking measure milk pump filtering by tube filters Odor control: ventilation of animal sheds, proper City handling of dung, proper selection of sites and growing of cooling milk pump heat preservation tin waiting for transportation grass and trees in the livestock development areas; Dead bodies handling: safe burial well 3. Veterinary service station

14 Xi’an City Introduction of breeds cow raising delivering calves selection of calve cows Animal and poultry dropping handling: dry cleaning up, Dairy Cow piled fertilization, biological removal of odor; Development development of dairy cows raising by farmers mechanized milking Waste water and urine disposing: separate flow of rain Base Project and sewage, bio-chemical or bio-gas treatment; Odor control: ventilation of animal sheds, proper handling of dung, proper selection of sites and growing of grass and trees in the livestock development areas; Dead bodies handling: safe burial well

98 Agricultural Technology Transfer Project – Environmental Impact Assessment

15 Shenguo 1. investment in dairy association for construction of 3 dairy cow development communities, each community Animal and poultry dropping handling: Dairy Cow raising 300 dairy cows . dry cleaning up, piled fertilization, Development 2. investment in the places when cow-raising villages cluster for establishment of 8 modern milking stations , biological removal of odor; Base Project each milking station has a daily capacity of producing 8 tons of milk. Waste water and urine disposing: 3. expansion of improved-breed cow production farms, use embryo transplant and sex control technology, separate flow of rain and sewage, bio- promote and popularize new dairy cow raising technologies, establish an embryo transplant center. chemical or bio-gas treatment; 4. provision of applied technical training pertaining to dairy cow raising and disease control. Odor control: ventilation of animal sheds, proper handling of dung, proper selection of sites and growing of grass and trees in the livestock development areas; Dead bodies handling: safe burial well

Animal and poultry dropping handling: Anhui 16 Dangtu 1. use the local pig breeds, “863” Research Project pigs and PIC pigs for artificial insemination, and produce dry cleaning up, treatment with Province County high quality lean meat commodity pig breeds. anaerobe or bio-gas; Pollution-free 2. production of pollution-free lean meat pigs Waste water and urine disposing: bio- Quality Lean chemical or bio-gas treatment; Meat Pig Pig immunity Disease control Raising of Odor control: proper disposing of Development quality lean droppings; Scientech Farm products and offal Feed production technology meat pigs Dead bodies handling: safe burial well Demonstratio Scientific raising and management techniques 3. technology for comprehensive utilization of wastes: n Project dungstraw Fermenting by Development of manure Farmland powder anaerobe for farm crops Pig farm Fermenting by Bio-gas Fuel Urine and anaerobe in bio- waste water Bio-liquid Farmland & orchard digester

99 Agricultural Technology Transfer Project – Environmental Impact Assessment

Heilongjian 17 Harbin City Animal and poultry dropping handling: g Province Sanyuan Breeding boar artificial collection artificial quality pig raising dry cleaning up, production of organic Breeding Pig of semen insemination piglets by farmers compound fertilizers; Expansion Waste water and urine disposing: and separate flow of rain and sewage, bio- Production oestrus sow chemical or bio-gas treatment; Scientech Odor control: ventilation of animal Demonstratio sheds, proper handling of dung, proper n Project selection of sites and growing of grass and trees in the livestock development areas; Dead bodies handling: burning Shaanxi 18 Organic Type 1. The base adopts the approach of “companyscience and technologyfarmer”, 20 villages around Yangling Animal and poultry dropping handling: Province Safe Pork will be selected, covering 3000 farmer households for pig raising. dry cleaning up, treatment with Industrializati 2. Pig slaughtering technics: (for disposing the wastes, see No. 8 in the attached Table 2) anaerobe or bio-gas; on Waste water and urine disposing: bio- Demonstratio pig drinking water showering stonkered bloodletting scalding hair, de-hairing cleaning chemical or bio-gas treatment; n Project Odor control: proper disposing of paunching and taking out viscera testing cutting off head, tail and legs droppings; Dead bodies handling: safe burial well weighing grading cooling down.

100 Agricultural Technology Transfer Project – Environmental Impact Assessment

Animal and poultry dropping handling: Hunan 19 Hunan 1. feed additive processing dry cleaning up, treatment with Province Zhenghong anaerobe or bio-gas, production of Live Pig Natural plants Cutting, cleaning & cooking Evaporation & concentration organic compound fertilizers; Project pre-preparation Waste water and urine disposing: separate flow of rain and sewage, bio- 80% ethanol 95% ethanol Extracted liquid chemical or bio-gas treatment, bio- sediment flavone, glycoside Spray drying Dry extracts chemical treatment with anaerobe and oxygen; Extracted amyloseoligosaccharide Odor control: ventilation of animal ethanol Finished Vacuum drying Dry extract mixing packing sheds, proper handling of dung, proper flavone, glycoside product selection of sites and growing of grass and trees in the livestock development Alcohol extract areas; 2. breeding pig farm technics flow chart Dead bodies handling: safe burial well artificial collection of droppings

Fresh pig dung Artificial collection of dung Double-wheel dump truck Dung ground

washing off pig dung leftover Dung & Dung collection Separation of solid Solid Processing & urine tank matter from liquid matter drying Processing of compound fertilizer Liquid Anaerobe Aeration tank Sedimentation Oxidation pool matters tank tank

Discharge Sale

3. Zhenghong Village integrated environment management scenario. Its technical flow chart is as follows:

Dung and Bio-gas Lighting, fuel Bio-digester urine Bio-liquid and Fertilizing farmland residues and fish farming

101 Agricultural Technology Transfer Project – Environmental Impact Assessment

Anhui 20 Yeji 1. introduce improved breeding goat and quality pasture & relevant technologies: Animal and poultry dropping handling: Province Experiment dry cleaning up, treatment with Zone Goat Improved anaerobe or bio-gas; Semen Feed processing Industry Breeding he-goat Odor control: proper handling of dung, Scientech goat farm proper selection of sites and growing Demonstratio of grass and trees in the livestock Local she- Artificial Raising of F1 lambs Fattening Sale n 2. development areas; goat insemination by farmers Dead bodies handling: safe burial well Crop straws Green pasture, Feed hay, silage, Feeding Fattening Quality processing granulate with feed pasture Shaanxi 21 Boer Goat Animal and poultry dropping handling: Province High-tech Establish Boer goat core cohorts embryo production embryo transplant to farmers’ recipient dry cleaning up, piled fertilization, Breeding biological removal of odor, treatment Demonstratio with anaerobe or bio-gas; n Zone goats enclosed raising of recipient goats by farmers Waste water and urine disposing: bio- chemical or bio-gas treatment; Odor control: proper handling of dung, proper selection of sites and growing of grass and trees in the livestock development areas; Dead bodies handling: safe burial well 22 EcologicalGo Animal and poultry dropping handling: at Raising dry cleaning up, piled fertilization, Demonstratio Improved goat breeding farm improved goat breeding improved goat fattening biological removal of odor, treatment n Base, goat raising by farmers with anaerobe or bio-gas; Yaozhou Odor control: proper handling of dung, District, proper selection of sites and growing Tongchuan of grass and trees in the livestock City development areas; Dead bodies handling: safe burial well

102 Agricultural Technology Transfer Project – Environmental Impact Assessment

Shaanxi 23 Fuping Animal and poultry dropping handling: Province County Dairy 1. improved dairy goat raising technology: introduce breeds raise adult dairy goats breeding dry cleaning up, treatment with Goat anaerobe or bio-gas; Development gestation delivery raise dairy goats Waste water and urine disposing: and Product separate flow of rain and sewage, bio- Processing chemical or bio-gas treatment; 2. adopt the model of “company + science & technology + farmers”, and stick to the principle: “promote the Odor control: proper handling of dung, model through demonstration, concentrated raising, scattered raising by farmer households and unified market proper selection of sites and growing operations”. of grass and trees in the livestock development areas; Dead bodies handling: safe burial well Anhui 24 Guangde 1. Technics for production of quality meat chicken: Animal and poultry dropping handling: Province County Breeding farm breeding eggs hatchery chicks farmers’ chicken farms quality dry cleaning up, production of organic Pollution-free compound fertilizers; Meat Chicken pollution-free meat chicken Odor control: ventilation of animal Raising sheds, proper handling of dung, proper Demonstratio 2. Green feed production technical flow chart selection of sites and growing of grass n Bio-products: energy protein and trees in the livestock development Medicinal preparafteieodnsm: ill meat chicken complete chicken farm areas; mineral organic trace elements compound feed Dead bodies handling: safe burial well

3. Chicken processing: breeding chicken farm chicken droppings and filling-ups chicken dropping processing mill drying smashing mixing packing organic fertilizer transporting out of the mill

Trace elements 25 Huaibei City Animal and poultry dropping handling: Meat Duck introduce breedSM3 breeding ducks raising to maturity laying eggs hatching raising dry cleaning up, treatment with

SM3 anaerobe or bio-gas; Improved of young ducks by farmers fattening for slaughtering Odor control: ventilation of animal Breed sheds, proper handling of dung, proper Extension selection of sites and growing of grass and trees in the livestock development areas; Dead bodies handling: safe burial well

103 Agricultural Technology Transfer Project – Environmental Impact Assessment

Anhui 26 Shouxian 1. pasture production flow chart: screening of pasture seeds sowing fertilizing, management harvesting Animal and poultry dropping handling: Province County Meat dry cleaning up, treatment with Geese 2. breeding geese and meat geese raising: anaerobe or bio-gas; Breeding and Male geese Odor control: ventilation of animal Extension raising of young breeding geese to maturity laying eggs sheds, proper handling of dung, proper Female geese selection of sites and growing of grass hatching young commodity geese fattening for slaughtering and trees in the livestock development areas; 3. meat geese slaughtering techniques: Dead bodies handling: safe burial well

live geese quarantine slaughtering scalding feather de-feathering waxing cut open

chest taking out viscera pre-cooling packing fast freezing refrigerated storage

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Table 11-4: Pollution Discharge Control Points and Pollution Control Measures for Processing Projects

Province No. Project Technical plan and Pollution Discharge Control Points Pollution control measures Heilongjiang 1 Manure Waste water treatment measures: a little amount of life waste water is treated in septic tank and Province Treatment Cattle Manure technique flow chart: discharged into the sewage system of Limin Project Development Zone. cattle shed dung drying of dung entering fermentation workshop adding biological fungi Waste gas control measures: 1. hermetical sealing of transport vehicles, fermentation and decomposition workshops; 2. waste gas from stirring and fermenting drying of dung fermented dung transport fermentation is channeled to biological odor removal devices and discharged when it meets the set standard; 3. dusts from smashing, granule smashing mixing and stirring granule making finished products making and griddling should be inducted into hop-pocket dust remover and discharged when they meet the set standard. Noise control measures: all the noise-producing equipment should be settled in workshops; air- absorber should be equipped with silencing devices. Solid waste treatment measures: the life rubbish should be buried hygienically. 2 Hulan County Nonreactive Protein Peptide Production Technique Flow Chart: Waste water treatment measures: the waste water is primarily Highly Pure from cleaning up the equipment and the ground. The waste Dairy Protein tali seeds fresh milk water must be bio-chemically treated and discharged when it Peptide meets the corresponding standards set in Waste Water Development Comprehensive Discharge Standards. expansion of cultivation degreasing Waste gas control measures: boiler smoke must be treated and New & with highly efficient humid dust remover, which should be High-tech class1 liquid seeds killing bacteria certified by the state environment protection industry and the Demonstration indicators must meet the corresponding requirements of Project Section II of Boiler Air Pollutants Discharge Standards; the class 2 liquid seeds cooling down to 35 waste gas from spraying and drying of dairy protein peptide must be treated with pocket dust remover or other highly efficient dust remover. It should be discharged through > 15m fermenting exhaust pipe after it meets the class 2 standards set in the Air Pollutants Comprehensive Discharge Standards. Noise control measures: noise mainly comes from production killing bacteria in high temperature equipment, driers, centrifugal machine, boiler air-blower. Noise reduction measures include sound insulation in filtering workshops and walls, installation of silencing devices in blowers and reducing vibration of equipment. Noise in the plant boundary should meet the class 2 standards set in Plant membrane separation clean liquid centrifuging precipitation by-products Boundary Noise Standards for Industrial Enterprises. Solid waste treatment: boiler slag will all be used as building materials. anti-infiltration concentration spraying & drying packing product

105 Agricultural Technology Transfer Project – Environmental Impact Assessment

Heilongjiang 3 Binxian County Wastewater treatment measures: waste water Province Soybean comes from cleaning up equipment, the 3 Improvement Induced Tali Class 1, 2, 3 discharge volume is 10 m /d. Waste water will Project improvement of bacterial strains culture Sediments be channeled to the existing treatment station for communal treatment. The quality of water bacterial strains strains asfeed Diluting, discharged should meet class 2 standards of Degreased Crushin Killing Centrifuging Table 4 of Waste Water Comprehensive Fermentation soybean meal mixing, bacteria Discharge Standards. adjusting PH, Waste gas control measures: boiler smoke killing bacteria Washing Sedimentatio must be treated with highly efficient humid dust remover as certified by SEPA. Density of Highly pure Spray Vacuum Separation Electro- Infiltrati 2nd, 3rd dust in the smoke should be200mg/m3, the peptide drying concentr of indicators should meet the requirements set in dialysis on separation powder Boiler Air Pollutants Discharge Standards; ation membrane dusts from bean crushing and waste gas from Smoke Separated matters as feed drying of spray should be treated by pocket dust remover and discharged through 15 m Steam high exhaust pipe. Externally discharged Boiler powder dusts should meet the class 2 standards Coal Ash slag set in the Air Pollutants Comprehensive Discharge Standards. Noise control measures: the main noise sources are production equipment, air compressors, air blowers and boiler air absorbers. Noise reduction measures include sound insulation in workshops and walls, Water installation of silencing devices in blowers and reducing vibration of equipment. Noise in the plant boundary should meet the class 2 standards set in Plant Boundary Noise Standards for Industrial Enterprises. Solid waste control measures: sediments from centrifuging and separation as well as filtered matters will all be used as feed; boiler slag will be used as civil building materials. No solid wastes will be discharged. Shaanxi 4 Bio-degradable Sewerage treatment measures: domestic Province Starch Resin 60% starch, 10% PVA sewerage is treated in oil separation tank Development and septic tank, is mixed with cycle Project highly efficient double-screw mixing cooling water of production and is other crosslinkers; discharged as it meets the set standard. couplint agents film blower sets film granule making machine sets Waste gas control measures: it is filtered oftener, lubricant and purified up to the set standard and discharged. Noise control measures: noise sources are settled in production workshops. Air compressors are equipped with noise silencing devices. Solid waste control measures: defective products and raw materials are recycled and re-used.

106 Agricultural Technology Transfer Project – Environmental Impact Assessment

Shaanxi 5 Traditional 1. Demonstration garden improved varieties breeding technics flow chart Waste water treatment measures: waste water is Province Chinese land preparation field planting of seedlings standardized field management (irrigation, treated bio-chemically up to the set standard and discharged. Medicine GAP fertilization, pest and disease control) collection of seeds seeds handling supply to growing Production and Dried sprays and powder dusts are treated with bases. Processing pocket dust remover and are discharged via exhaust pipe when they meet the class 2 standard set in the Project 2. Technics flow chart of standardized traditional Chinese medicine growing bases land preparation seedling culture field planting standardized field management (irrigation, Air Pollutants Comprehensive Discharge Standards. Noise control measures: boiler air blowers are fertilization, furrowing, pest and disease control) harvesting medicinal herbs at appropriate equipped with silencing devices, various kinds of time cleaning and drying storing primary processing. air blowers are installed in enclosed engine rooms 3. Technics flow chart of traditional Chinese medicinal herb primary processing: or workshops. processing of herbal medicine pieces Solid waste control measures: the disbanded residues are disbanded herbs, the parts not for medicinal purpose, mud and sand. They can be used coarse herbs sorting cleaning cooking cutting into pieces drying cooling packing storing. as fertilizer for farmland. The coal slag from boilers production of extracts can be used as building materials or for road construction. medicinal herbs extraction spraying and drying crushing griddling packing storing

6 Grape and Wine Production technics flow chart Waste water treatment measures: sedimentation + Production a. Dry red wine production technics flow chart (simplified) hydrolysis and acidization + contact oxidization for Project treating the waste water. It is discharged when red grapes removing peduncle and crush multi-functional fermentation tank meeting class 2 standard set in Waste Water compressing post-fermentation tank filtration storing tank Comprehensive Discharge Standards. dry red wine bottling Waste gas control measures: boiler smoke is treated by dust remover up to class 2 standard set in Boiler Air Pollutants Discharge Standards. b. Dry white wine production technics flow chart (simplified) Noise control measures: boiler air blowers are white grapes remove peduncle compressing sedimentation fermentation equipped with silencing devices, various air filtration storing tank dry white wine bottling blowers, pumps, refrigerators and crushers are installed in enclosed engine rooms or workshops. Solid waste control measures: boiler slag is used as building materials or for road construction. Unqualified fruits and skin residues are comprehensively utilized as fertilizer and feed.

107 Agricultural Technology Transfer Project – Environmental Impact Assessment

Shaanxi 7 Mulberry Fruit 1.Mulberry seedling planting technics adopts quality fruit mulberry grafting and production Waste water treatment measures: production and Province Production technologies. life waste water is treated through de-coloring + Project 2.Primary processing technics will use sophisticated “mobile vehicle” equipment, which will sedimentation & filtration + bio-chemical treatment. complete extracting, heating and hygienic filling altogether. Externally discharged water can be used to irrigate 3.Mulberry serial fruits further processing technics will adopt international sophisticated the orchards in the project areas. Waste gas control measures: boiler smoke is treated complete set of fruit juice further processing production lines. In addition to modern juice by dust remover up to class 2 standard set in production technics, it will add pre-extracting and fruit residues disposing technics. Boiler Air Pollutants Discharge Standards. Noise control measures: boiler air blowers and air compressors are equipped with silencing devices. Noise producers are installed in air blower and compressor engine rooms. Solid waste control measures: the residues from production of mulberry fumet and fermented fruit residues can both be used as raw materials for production edible fungi. 8 ‘Safe’ Pork Pig slaughtering technics: Waste water treatment measures: pig slaughtering Production produces a large amount of highly dense organic Project Pig drinking water showering stonkered bloodletting waste water. It can be treated with physical- chemical and bio-chemical technical route of “grille + grease intercepting tank + pre-aeration regulation scalding hair, de-hairing cleaning and washing + sedimentation + hydrolysis & acidization + SBR”. The externally discharged water can meet the class 2 standard set in the Standards for External Discharge of Industrial Water Pollutants of Meat cutting open chest and removing viscera testing cutting off Processing Industry. Waste gas control measures: boiler smoke is treated with highly efficient humid dust remover to ensure head, tail and legs weighing grading pre-cooling. that smoke dust, SO2, blackness and chimney height meet the requirements set in the Boiler Air Pollutants Discharge Standards. Offal from slaughtering should be processed timely, dung and sludge in sewage station should be handled promptly to mitigate odor. Noise control measures: boiler air blowers and absorbers are installed in enclosed workshops or sound-insulated rooms. The outgoing and incoming places are equipped with silencing devices. For other noise sources, sound insulation and silencing measures are taken to ensure that noise in plant boundary meets the set standard. Solid waste control measures: pig dung and urine, and sludge in sewage stations should be timely removed and used for piling fertilizer.

108 Agricultural Technology Transfer Project – Environmental Impact Assessment

Anhui 9 Mengcheng Slaughtering technics: The Environment Impact Report of the project has Province County Native been completed. Mengcheng County Environment Cattle Project Fattened cattle quarantine slaughtering skinning cutting open chest out-letting Bureau has reviewed the report through its document No.[2004]019, holding the view that the proposed environment protection measures of the acid removing viscera segmentation packing fast freezing refrigerated storage project are viable and should be strictly enforced during project development.

10 Shouxian Waste water treatment measures: pig slaughtering County Meat Meat geese slaughtering technics: produces a large amount of highly dense organic Geese Breeding waste water. Pursuant to comparison with and study of similar enterprises in the country, it can be and Extension Live geese quarantine slaughtering scalding in hot water removing feather treated through physical-chemical and bio-chemical technical route of “grille + grease intercepting tank waxing cutting open chest removing viscera pre-cooling packing fast freezing + pre-aeration regulation + sedimentation + hydrolysis & acidization + SBR”. The externally discharged water can meet the class 2 standard set refrigerated storage in the Standards for External Discharge of Industrial Water Pollutants of Meat Processing Industry. Waste gas control measures: boiler smoke is treated with highly efficient humid dust remover to ensure that smoke dust, SO2, blackness and chimney height meet the requirements set in the Boiler Air Pollutants Discharge Standards. Offal from slaughtering should be processed timely, dung and sludge in sewage station should be handled promptly to mitigate odor. Noise control measures: boiler air blowers and absorbers are installed in enclosed workshops or sound-insulated rooms. The outgoing and incoming places are equipped with silencing devices. For other noise sources, sound insulation and silencing measures are taken to ensure that noise in plant boundary meets the set standard. Solid waste control measures: boiler slag can be used as building materials. Dung and urine of meat gees, and sludge of sewage station should be removed promptly for piling fertilizer. Geese feather can be used for making clothes. The castoffs from production and processing can be used to produce high protein feed with the existing bio- chemical equipment of the company.

109 Agricultural Technology Transfer Project – Environmental Impact Assessment

Table 11-5: Measures for Control of Pollution from Scientech Market, Technical Extension and Training Project

Province No. Project Contents and management measures Pollution control measures 1 Xianyang Farm and Sideline Products Vegetable processing, fruit grading and sorting, fast Solid wastes such as disbanded vegetable leaves, rotten fruits should be Shaanxi Trading Market freezing, dried vegetable processing and fruits collected to fertilize the land as manure; cleaning water should be Province storage precipitated for reuse. Boiler should be treated withdust remover before it is discharged into the open air; kitchen oil smoke should be treated with oil smoke purifiers. 2 Yangling Scientech Market Seeds trading A record system should be set up and maintained for seed trading with such information as the sources of seeds. The weather and characteristics of the growing areas should be considered for the purpose of giving farmers instruction and bringing into full play the advantages of the scientech market. 3 Professional Association Establish contacts with project management offices Establish IPM center; accurately and timely notify the farmers on or government organizations to obtain their support diseases and grass pests prediction and forecast; unify prediction and and bring into play the role of the association. On forecast, unify chemicals supply and unify timing for pest control; the basis of providing support to farmers, it aims at establish a record system for prediction and forecast, pest control and raising environment protection requirements for the chemicals application management for effective monitoring and testing purpose of improving farmers’ livelihood and of the application of chemicals, making sure that chemicals can only be reduce project pollution. applied when the residues do not go beyond the set limits. 4 Women’s Training Chicken raising and growing of flowers Chicken droppings should be collected frequently and the soonest possible to mitigate odor and pay close attention to disease control and treatment. And other relevant pollution control measures for livestock development projects.

110 Agricultural Technology Transfer Project – Environmental Impact Assessment

Project Environmental Management Guidelines

Seen from the above assessment, some elements of a few projects are yet to be decided, the techniques of some are fairly complicated. These projects need further analysis and assessment, for which the environmental management guidelines are specially proposed.

Projects with Undecided Factors

The assessment work has revealed that the venue for some of the projects has not been finalized, such as the Cattle Dung Processing Project; the planting varieties of some components have not been decided, such as the seedling and flower varieties under the Tongchuan City Seedling Breeding Project. In view of the above situation, the following guidelines are proposed. The project agencies should comply with these guidelines when implementing their respective project: z Venue selection: downwind of and far from the residential blocks; far from water source and wetland; avoiding cultural relics; z Variety selection: considering local environmental features and listening to experts’ suggestions and trying to selected fine domestic varieties; z Technical routes: selecting advanced domestic techniques while referencing the pollution control measures in EMP of this report and any environmental issues during the construction and operational periods; z When necessary, keeping contacts with local environmental protection agencies to obtain management advice.

Projects Needing Separate Environmental Assessment

Yuanjiang Citrus Project, Chaling Oil Tea Project and Xinhuang Borneol Camphor Development Project of Hunan Province. The reasons for a separate assessment are that the production techniques for processing contents under these cropping projects are fairly complicated and the environmental impact assessment for the overall Project cannot meet the requirements for environmental protection. They should be viewed as independent processing projects and separate assessment needs to be done.

Training Plan and Publicity

The training on environmental protection under the Project comprises domestic training and international training, of which domestic training includes local training and training in other cities.

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Contents of training: technologies relevant to pesticide management, non-polluted agricujlture, manure (non-pollution) treatment, environmental monitoring; project management, project monitoring information management, modes of rural economic organizations and environmental protection knowledge, etc.

Time frame of training: within five years of project implementation for about 45 men/month.

Costs of training: about 4 million yuan, of which 3.2 million yuan for international training; 200,000 yuan for various publicity activities in order to keep the public informed of the project information and developments.

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